@zahidtg

The following presentation is intended for educational

purposes only. There are references to information in public
domain (books, websites, standard documents, etc.) in this
material. Sincere attempt has been made to give credit to all
such references wherever possible. The original copyright
holders retain the copyright to their material. E&OE.

Thanks to Dr. Triantafyllos (Aldo) Kanakis for preparing some

of the slides and Parallel Wireless for giving me time off from
the hectic schedule to complete this presentation.

2
3
 Control Information /
Software Updates

Connectivity

Base Station Core Network /

Network Server
Sensor/Machine/Thing Backhaul
(Wired / Wireless)
Flow of data
4
 Machine

Machine Machine

Machine
5
Machine Machine

Cloud

Machine Machine

6
IoT is combining data, cloud, connectivity
analytics and technology in a way that
enables a smart environment in which
everyday objects are embedded with
network connectivity in order to improve
functionality and interaction

7
Lets assume there is
one of this machine
on each floor or a
five floor building

In total, there are

five machines.
Source: 3G4G Blog

8
Scenario 1 - No connectivity
 Someone has to manually go on each
floor and check if there are enough
coffee beans, chocolate powder, milk
powder, etc.
 He/She may have to do this say 3-4
Source: 3G4G Blog
times a day.

9
Scenario 2 - Basic connectivity (M2M)
 The machine has basic sensors so it can
send some kind of notification (on your
phone or email or message, etc.)
whenever the coffee beans, chocolate
powder, milk powder, etc., falls below a
certain level.
Source: 3G4G Blog
 An app on phone and/or computer
may be available
10
Scenario 3: Advanced connectivity (IoT)
 Lets say that the coffee machine is connected
to the office system and database.
 It knows which employees come when and
what is their coffee/drinks consumption pattern
 This way the machine can optimize when it
needs to be topped up.
 If there is a large meeting/event going on, the Source: 3G4G Blog
coffee machine can even check before the
breaks and indicate in advance that it needs
topping up
11
Scenario 4: Intelligent Devices (Advanced
IoT)
 Lets add intelligence to it so it can even know
about the inventory.
 How much of coffee beans, chocolate powder,
milk powder, etc is in stock and when would
they need ordering again.
 It can have an employee UI (User Interface) that Source: 3G4G Blog
can be used by employees to give feedback
on which coffee beans are more/less popular or
what drinks are popular.
12
Scenario 4: Intelligent Devices (Advanced
IoT) – continued
 This info can be used by the machines to order
the supplies, taking into account the price,
availability, etc.
 Build your own apps – API’s are available
 Can robots automate the remaining tasks of Source: 3G4G Blog
cleaning, topping it up, etc.?

13
14
Source: 5G Americas
15
“There are many different type of devices that can be connected to
the Internet of Things. A device can be something big and complex, like
a car or a house. It can be something you use in everyday life, such as a
golf club, or a printer, or a pair of sneakers. It can be something very,
very small, such as a discrete sensor inside your car or house or golf club,
a single part of a much larger and more complex device.

For that matter, what the IoT calls “things” don’t have to be actual
physical things. A thing can be a piece of data – status information such
as your location or room temperature – collected through separate
general purpose device, such as a thermostat, smartphone or
computer. Put another way, the physical thing itself doesn’t have to be
in the IoT, although data about the thing must.

Know, though, that most IoT devices are simple sensors that monitor
something happening nearby. These simple things are either record or
transmit the information they gather across the network to some other
device or service.”
16
 The right car gets pre-heated depending on:
› Day of the week
› Whether travelling alone or with the family
17
Source: Philips Hue
18
19
Control Information /
Software Updates

Connectivity

Base Station Core Network /

Network Server
Backhaul
(Wired / Wireless)
Flow of data
20
Control Information /
Software Updates

Connectivity
(Wired / Wireless) Core Network /
Network Server

Flow of data
21
Source: Ericsson Part 1, Part 2 22
Source: Ericsson Part 1, Part 2 23
24
Source: Samsung Newsroom (April Fools 2016 Joke)
25
Source: Venturebeat

26
Source: Forbes/BCG

27
 MTC (Machine Type  IoE (Internet of
Communication) Everything)
 Device  Mote (Remote)
 D2D (Device-to-  IDoT (Identity of Things)
device)  IIoT (Industrial IoT)
 IoST (Internet of Small  TaaS (Things as a
Things) Service)
 LPWA (Low Power
Wide Area)
28
 Light  Positioning
 Proximity › GPS / GLONASS /
 Microphones (inc. GALILIEO
ultrasound reciver) › Wi-Fi
 Camera (front & › Cellular (A-GPS)
back)  NFC
 Gyroscope  Pressure
 Accelerometer  Temperature
 Magnetometer  Gesture
 Barometer  Fingerprint
 Humidity  Heartbeat monitor

29
30
31
32
 

Source: Nick Hunn 

33
 Wired
 Wireless
› Near Field (NFC)
› Short range (Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi)
› Cellular (2G, 3G, 4G)
› LPWA - Low Power Wide Area
 Licensed spectrum (NB-IoT)
 Unlicensed spectrum (Sigfox, LoRa, etc.)
› Satellite
 Serial bus

 USB

 Ethernet
36
 Near Field Communication
 NFC is very short range communication protocol
 Point-to-point communication
 Needs both devices within field to communicate
› Contactless payments (apple pay, android pay, paypal etc)
› Ticket validations (Oyster)
› File sharing
› Multiplayer gaming
 Most smartphones are NFC ready
 Short range communications
 Transmission at the ISM band
 Low transmission power
 Low penetration properties (walls, doors, windows etc)
 High transmission rate
 High availability
› Smartphones
› Laptops
› Car entertainment units
› IoT devices
 Low cost
 Supports few nodes in a PAN
 Bluetooth 4.0 is not a Bluetooth revision
› Completely new technology
 Shorter range
 Lower transmission power
 Poorer penetration properties
 Faster discovery and connection setup speed
 Lower throughput
 Lower cost
 Energy saving for wearable devices
› Available for IoT applications
Source: Qualcomm 40
 Wider range communications (compared to Bluetooth)
 Transmission at the ISM band
 Low transmission power (higher than Bluetooth)
 High transmission rate
 Some penetration properties (better than Bluetooth)
 Slower market acceptance
 Smaller availability
 Supports many nodes (WLAN)
 Low cost
 Short range communications
 Transmission at the ISM band
 Low transmission power
 Very good penetration properties (walls, doors, windows etc)
 High transmission rate
 Highest availability
› Smartphones
› Computers
› Car entertainment units
› IoT devices
› Smart home devices
› Control units
 Very low cost
 Supports many nodes (WLAN)
 A Wi-Fi family technology HaLow™
 Sub 1GHz operating frequency
 Longer range for same transmit power as Wi-Fi
 Better penetration properties than Wi-Fi
 Target applications
› Smart Homes
› Connected cars
› Healthcare
› Remote industry operation
› Retail
› Agriculture
› Smart Cities
 Supports multiple nodes (WLAN)
Source: Radio Electronics 44
45
46
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2016
47
48
Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer 49
Source: CW/Sigfox
50
51
Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer 52
Source: CW/Sigfox 53
 Low cost modules $2 - $3
 Subscription prices as low as £1 per year in large volumes
(over 50K)
 Aiming for very low-bandwidth applications that favour low
volumes of messages per device, typically uplink-heavy
(device to cloud)
› 12 bytes per message, and at the same time no more than 140
messages per device per day
 Sigfox devices can work up to 20 years off two AA batteries

Source: Rethink Research

54
 Agriculture and environment: weather
monitoring; irrigation control; soil condition;
security; monitoring the health of livestock;
measuring river water.
 Automotive: vehicle tracking; fleet
management
 Consumer electronics: personal tracking
devices; health products with monitoring of
sensor statuses such as location, blood
pressure and glucose levels; home
automation/domotics.
 Emergency services and security: alarms;
CCTV; fire detection and protection; access
control systems;
 Healthcare: devices enabling first responder
connectivity or clinical trials monitoring.
 Intelligent buildings: heating; ventilation; air
conditioning; lighting; security.
 Manufacturing and supply chain: devices that
monitor waste and fuel consumption,
inventory, maintenance variables, etc.
 Manufacturing and supply chain: devices that
monitor waste and fuel consumption,
inventory, maintenance variables, etc.
 Retail and leisure: supply chain
communication, inventory management,
shopping devices and communication.
 Utilities: energy theft monitoring, feedback for
consumers and repair crews, public safety,
waste, leakage and financial control
 Smart city and public transport: technologies
for public transport, including ticketing and
passenger information systems; parking space
management and payment; charging and
road tolls, traffic volume monitoring;
connected road signs, traffic lights and law-
enforcement cameras; CCTV, street lighting,
waste collection, public alarms and
intercoms; tourist information services; static
advertising and billboards.
Source: Wikipedia
55
 Uses cellular and Sigfox where available
 Monthly service plans between $7 - $10
 Sigfox can help reduce the costs further

Source: http://www.whistle.com/
56
57
Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer 58
 LoRa refer to a wireless modulation allowing a low power
high radio budget communication.
 LoRaWAN refer to a network protocol using LoRa chips for
the communication. It relies on basestation able to
monitor 8 frequencies with multiple spread factors (virtually
~42 channels).
 It is possible to use LoRa modulation in point to point or star
networks without using LoRaWAN.
 It could be possible to have LoRaWAN like network with
other radio link, but wouldn’t be really practical.
Source: Alexandre Bouillot, Quora
59
60
 Milton Keynes is to deploy its own low
power wide area (LoRa) network with
gateways installed at four locations to
provide coverage across central areas
of the city.

Source: Smart Cities World

61
62
63
64
65
 Sigfox provides the  LoRa provides chips
network that can be used to
build the network
 Device chip costs $2  Base station chip costs
and connectivity $1 / $20, no need to pay
year roughly for connectivity
 More suitable for wider  Coverage depends on
coverage areas the private network
coverage area

66
67
Source: EE Times

68
Source: EE Times

69
Source: Ericsson
Mobility report, June
2014

70
Source: European Commission
71
Source: European Commission
72
73
74
 Provided a 4 year notice of 2G switch off
 2.3 million customers still on 2G at time of
switch off
 San Francisco’s bus systems relied on 2G
network to show the next bus times but
they failed to upgrade their equipment
by deadline so all timings were wrong.
75
 Won the deal to supply connectivity for the UK’s Smart Meter
Implementation Programme in two of the project’s three regions.
 The operator will provide service in the Central and Southern
regions for the programme, which will see the deployment of 53
million connected gas and electricity meters across the UK by
2020.
 The deal is valued at £1.5bn over a 15-year lifespan
 O2 will use 2G (GSM & GPRS) to provide connectivity. They will
also use RF mesh to reach premises with poor cellular
connectivity

 Source: Telecoms.com, Critical articles: Guardian, Nick Hunn

76
Source: European Commission
77
78
 Displays (size & resolution)
 Processor
 Number of Radios in use simultaneously
 Amount of data being transferred
 GPS & Location services
 Data storage

IoT devices try and minimise all of the above to save

power consumption

79
Source: European Commission
80
81
82
Source: 3GPP 83
 Release-12
› MTC introduces ‘category 0’ UE to reduce device complexity
› Power Saving Mode (PSM) reduces power consumption when UE
does not need to send or receive data
 Release-13
› Introduces new categories with complexity reduction and
coverage enhancements
› extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) optimizes battery life
for device-terminated applications
› network architecture and protocol enhancements for IoT are
introduced
84
Source: Qualcomm 85
Source: LTE and 5G
Technologies Enabling
the Internet of Things -
5G Americas Report
86
Source: Nick Hunn

87
88
Source: Nokia 89
90
 Automated Vehicles  eCall (in combination
(GNSS – GPS, GLONASS, with cellular)
etc.)  Communications with
 Location Based Services Aircrafts, Ships, etc. out
 Pay as you drive of cellular range
Insurance  Fleet management and
 Tracking of shipping control
containers  Oil Platforms monitoring
 Weather and Pollution
monitoring
91
 By 2023, there are estimated to be 5.8 million satellite
M2M and IoT connections globally - NSR
92
93
94
95
96
97
Source of Satellite presentations: techUK
Satellite Applications & Services
Conference

98
Source: Satellite Applications Catapult 99
100
101
Source 102
Source: Bigbelly
103
Source: gridComm 104
Source: IBM 105
Source: Lion
Tracking
Collars 106
Source: Illegal Amazonian logging traced by
Cargo Tracck™ and Gemalto’s M2M modules
107
Source: Onfarm 108
Enguage offers an electronic
system that notifies authorities
when a fire extinguisher is blocked,
missing from its designated
location or when its pressure falls
below safe operating levels. Alerts
can be sent directly through an
instant email, phone call or pager
notification to proper agencies
and supervisors.
109
Source: TechHive 110
111
Source: https://findlapa.com/ Source: https://www.thetileapp.com/
112
 113
Source: Libelium
114
115
Sector Use Case
Industry High Volume (e.g. mining)
Agriculture Dynamic (e.g. animal tracking)
Static (e.g. irrigation of fields)
Utilities Powered (e. g. Electricity)
Not Powered (e.g. Water/Gas)
Logístics Management & Tracking (e.g.
Fleet)
Basic Monitoring (e.g. shipment
conditions, warehouse)
Smart Cities Dynamic Systems (e.g. Traffic
Management)
Basic Sensoring (e.g. air pollution)
Top Requirements
Range, Coverage, Reliability, Cost
Battery, Range, Coverage,
Reliability, Cost
Battery, Range, Coverage,
Reliability, Cost
Indoor, SLA, Reliability
Indoor, SLA, Reliability
Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
Battery, Easy Install., Mobility,
Coverage, Cost
SLA, Coverage, Reliability
SLA, Coverage, Reliability
116
Sector Use Case Top Requirements
Payments TPV Indoor, Interoperability, SLA,
Reliability
Fraud Detection Indoor, Interoperability, SLA,
Reliability
Wearables (incl. e-Health) Continuous Tracking (e.g. Indoor, Battery, Mobility, SLA,
Diabetes) Coverage, Reliability
Spot Tracking (e.g. steps tracking) Battery, Easy Install., Mobility

Security High Volume (e.g. video) Indoor, Throughput, Security, SLA,

Reliability
Low Volume (e.g. presence Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
detection)
Connected Cars Integrated solution (e.g. traffic Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
management) Cost
Basic Monitoring (e.g. location) Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
117
Sector Use Case Top Requirements
Buildings (incl. Home) Complex Solution (e.g. energy Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
management)
Basic Solution (e.g. presence/ air Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
pollution)
IoT Complex Systems Autonomous Car or Drones Battery, Security, Range, SLA,
Ecosystems Coverage, Reliability

Source: LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things - 5G

Americas Report
118
119
@TomRebbeck @MachinaResearch
@mulloom2 @VodafoneIoT
@mazlan_abbas @TelefonicaIoT
@JamesMonighan @Inteliot
@ioticlabs @DT_M2M
@arkessa @Cisco_IoT
@TechThings_IOT @WeightlessSIG
@RWW @LoRaAlliance
@NetOfEverything @sigfox
120
 Cisco VNI Whitepaper, Feb 2016
 LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things - 5G
Americas Report, Dec 2016
 Ericsson Mobility Report – June 2014, June 2015, Latest
 CW - 'Radio Systems for Mission-Critical IoT Communications'
 CW - 'Boring but lucrative, the real Internet of Things‘
 CW - ‘IoT Security: Will the Internet of Things be Secure Enough to
Run Your Life?’
 CW - 'Don't panic about IoT Security, new technology will sort it
out'
 CW - 'Connected vehicles - the ultimate IoT sensor?‘
 Postscapes – IoT examples
121
122