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Self-Learning Manag

ement Series 4e
INCLUDES
Chapter
Summary
&
Practice Ex
FINANCIAL ercise
Solutions

MANAGEMENT
ESSENTIALS YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW
FOURTH EDITION

Liquidity
Leverage
CAPM Pricing Ratios
Ratios
Ratio
kp Analysis

WACC Cost of Financial Profitability


Capital Statement Ratios
ks
kd Market Value
FINANCIAL Ratios

MANAGEMENT
MIRR Capital
Structure
Capital
Budgeting
IRR Forecasting
Net Present
Value
Free
Risks
Cash Flow Dividends
Shareholders

Stocks

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27 Hkpcpekcn!Ocpcigogpv!Guugpvkcnu![qw!Cnyc{u!Ycpvgf!Vq!Mpqy!

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Mrgviewi#mr#psrk0xivq#fsrhw# '43#
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Rix#mrgviewi#mr#gewl# '43#
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29 Hkpcpekcn!Ocpcigogpv!Guugpvkcnu![qw!Cnyc{u!Ycpvgf!Vq!Mpqy!

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Ewwix#Xyvrsziv#Vexms#
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Hifx#Vexms#
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Self-Learning Manag
ement Series 4e
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
ESSENTIALS YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW: FOURTH EDITION

Financial Management Essentials You Always Wanted To Know provides new


managers and leaders with the foundational concepts of financial management.
Having deep knowledge of law, engineering, and other professional disciplines
doesn't prepare someone for the key role finance plays in business. This book
provides an overview of core financial concepts such as:
Analysis of financial statements Cost of Capital
Creating a capital budget Managing working capital
Stocks and dividends Forecasting
Each chapter provides clear examples of financial management practice and
includes practice exercises to help train the reader in the usage of these critical
tools. This edition also includes Chapter Summaries and Solutions to Practice
Exercises. This book is part of the Self-Learning Management Series that helps
working professionals moving into management roles.

About the Author


Kalpesh Ashar is a management consultant and corporate trainer holding an MBA
(Dean's Award Winner) from SPJIMR, one of Asia's top business schools, and an
Engineering degree with honours in Electronics. He has over 21 years of experience in
large organizations and start-ups in Asia, USA, and Europe. Kalpesh has worked in
several project management roles, like Senior Project Manager, Delivery Manager, and
Program Manager. He is passionate about writing on management subjects. His techno-
business background gives him a unique position to write on management topics that
are easy to understand for non-MBA graduates. His books are authored in a simple to
understand manner without unnecessary use of management jargons.

ISBN 978-1-949395-37-2
52495

9 781949 395372
www.vibrantpublishers.com

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