Qus 1:

Nature of Ethics refers to the normative standards of behaviour pertaining to the ideal code of
conduct of human beings. The nature of ethics also cannot be associated with the influence of
religion. Ethics is like a common rule which is applicable to everybody irrespective of his/her religion.
Normative ethics, that branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is
morally right and wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that have direct implications for
what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like. Ethics is a normative science. It is
concerned with what ought to be done rather than what is the case.

Ethics is considerd a Normative science because it is concerned with the systematic study of thr
norms of human conduct as mathematics, chemistry, physics etc…

Ethics is a normative science because it involves a sysmetric search fot moral principals and norms
that are justify our moral judgments.

Mainly which don’t deal directly with observed facts, but which deal with the standards or rules or
norms or criteria by which we judge certain objects and those sciences are called normative
sciences. Normative ethics supplies us some moral principles with the help of which we can know
what is right action and how we should act in a particular situation. It is typically contrasted with
theoretical ethics, or metaethics which is concerned with the nature rather than the content of
ethical theories and moral judgments, and applied ethics or the application of normative science to
practical problems.

Qus 3:

Ethical egoism is a normative science. It is the view that every individual should act in quite a
manner so he can maximize his own interest.It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that
people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which
holds that it is rational to act in one's self-interest. It has been argued that extreme ethical egoism is
self-defeating. Confronted with a circumstance of restricted assets, self seekers would devour as a
part of the asset as possible, aggravating the general circumstance for everyone. Faced with a
situation of limited resources, egoists would consume as much of the resource as they could, making
the overall situation worse for everybody. Egoists may respond that if the situation becomes worse
for everybody, that would include the egoist, so it is not, in fact, in their rational self-interest to take
things to such extremes. As Immanuel Kant would put it, one can’t will the egoistic maxim be a
universal law. An important part of morality is the business of advising and judging. Suppose, a girl
named A has a friend named B. Her friend B faces some troubles, so she comes to A for mental
support and moral advice. According to ethical egoism, A should figure out what to advise B to do by
considering her own advantage. A would not help B unless there is some self interest. Like if A helps
B then A would want to ensure that B will help A in need. Another example follows by, If A involves
in unpleasant works,so B would do moral judgement on the basis of what outcomes will come to
him and in which way it will benefit him. So, according to, ethical egoism if there's a 1% chance of
having self interest people will choose that option. People always want pleasure and avoid pain. So
for that the ethical egoism comes.,ethical egoism id advocating self-interest as the whole story
about the moral life. This seems paradoxical. For example, self-love, even of enlightened kind, has
generally been regarded as the essence of immorality, at least when it is made the primary basis of
action and judgement, as the ethical egoist proposes.egoism is inconsistent with morality, because
morality demands that sometimes we need to sacrifice our own interest for the benefit of others,
which egoism denies.

Question 5:

Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher

Immanuel Kant. .Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which
acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires. Kant formulated the categorical imperative
in various ways. Deontology is the study of the nature of duty and obligation. According to
Teleological theory, people makes decisions on the basis of the consequences of the action. So
Ethical egoism, Utilitarianism etc belong to Teleological theory. On the other hand deontological
theory says rightness or wrongness of an action, can't be judged with the consequences of the
action. If the action is bad, then it's considered to be bad in deontology no matter what the
consequences are. So as a deontologist, Emmanuel Kant says that one should behave in such way
that he makes his behavior universal. Universal behaviour can be checked by reversibility. Kant's
Theory is based on moral principle that he called the categorical imperative which requires that
everybody should be treated as a free person equal to everybody else. Everyone has a moral right to
such treatment and everyone has the correlative duty to treat others in this way.

An example of deontology is the belief that killing someone is wrong, even if it was in self-defense.
Ethical theory concerned with duties and rights. The ethical doctrine which holds that the worth of
an action is determined as by its conformity to some binding rule rather than by its consequences.