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სთოქსედი მ. ხელოვნების ისტორია XVIII საუკუნიდან დღემდე PDF
სთოქსედი მ. ხელოვნების ისტორია XVIII საუკუნიდან დღემდე PDF
xelovnebis istoria
XVIII saukunidan dRemde
xelovnebis istoria
XVIII saukunidan dRemde
merilin sToqsTedi
kanzasis universitetis emeritusi
xelovnebis istoriis profesori judiT merfis fondis dafinansebiT
maikl v. qoTreni
svorTmoris kolejis xelovnebis ganyofilebis humanitarul mecnierebaTa profesori
Soieris sagvareulo fondis dafinansebiT
mTargmnelebi: Tea tabataZe, TamTa-Tamar SavguliZe Translated by Tea Tabatadze, Tamta-Tamar Shavgulidze
redaqtorebi: ana kldiaSvili, marine bulia Edited by Ana Kldiashvili, Marina Bulia
garekanze: inka Sonibare, rogor avafeTqoT erTdroulad ori Tavi (qalbatonebi), 2006
ISBN 978-9941-0-9739-3
winamdebare gamocema warmoadgens
cnobili amerikeli avtorebis merilin sToqsTedisa
da maikl v. qoTrenis wignis `xelovnebis istoria~
XXX-XXXIII Tavebis Targmans.
Sinaarsi
I II
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis XIX saukunis meore naxevris
Tavi
Tavi
arqiteturis elementebi
liToni, rogorc samSeneblo masala 28
teqnika
liTografia 54
III IV
axali xelovneba saerTaSoriso viTareba
Tavi
Tavi
evropasa da amerikaSi, 1950 wlis Semdeg
1900-1950 wlebi
CanarTebi CanarTebi
xelovneba da misi konteqsti xelovneba da misi konteqsti
avangardis CaxSoba nacistur germaniaSi 156 partizani gogonebi 210
amerikuli xelovnebis federaluri patronaJi
polemika xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi
didi depresiis dros 166
dafinansebis Sesaxeb 218
farTo rakursiT
farTo rakursiT
gernika 162
sadResaswaulo sadili 200
axlo xediT axlo xediT
germaneli oficris portreti 142 gadaWarbebuli Tavmomwoneoba 217
arqiteturis elementebi
caTambjenebi 149 leqsikoni 238
internacionaluri stili 157 bibliografia 240
1-1 • jon singlTon qofli. Tomas miflini da sara morisi (mister da misis miflinebi),
1773; tilo, zeTi, 156.5X121.9 m. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi
I
Tavi
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
1.1 gamoikvlieT im mimdinareobaTa warmoSoba, romlebsac xe- 1.3 gamoavlineT urTierTdamokidebuleba am periodis mxatv-
lovnebis istorikosebma rokoko, klasicizmi da romantiz- rul stilTa kompleqsur nazavsa da evropisa da amerikis
mi uwodes da gaiazreT am mimdinareobaTa damaxasiaTebeli rTul politikur atmosferos Soris.
niSan-Tvisebebi. 1.4 gamoavlineT neoklasicizmis damokidebuleba ganmanaT-
1.2 ganixileT romantizmis Temebi (bunebis gandidebiT dawye leblobis faseulobebTan da romis antikuri memkvidreo-
buli, monebiT vaWrobis sisastikiT dasrulebuli), maTTan bis Seswavlisadmi interesis mizezi.
dakavSirebul emociebsa da grZnobebTan mimarTebiT.
5
industriuli, inteleqtualuri da ganmanaTlebloba Tvlida, rom adamiani ar warmoadgenda
RmerTis an aristokratiis mier marTul crumorwmune ar-
politikuri revoluciebi sebas da rom yvelas (zogi maT Soris qalebsac moiazrebda)
`sicocxlisa da TavisuflebisTvis, bednierebis misaRwevad~
amerikis omi damoukideblobisTvis mxolod erT-erTi iyo
Tanaswori uflebebi da Tanabari SesaZleblobebi unda hqo-
XVIII da XIX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi momxdar im mraval re-
noda. ganmanaTlebel filosofosTa umetesobas sjeroda,
voluciaTagan, romlebmac damkvidrebuli wyoba Searyia. es
rom Tuki qali, an mamakaci gaTavisufldeboda Zveli reli-
iyo sazogadoebaSi, azrovnebasa da politikaSi radikaluri
giuri da politikuri marwuxebisgan, mas keTilgonivruli
gardaqmnebis xana. da, marTalia, cvlilebebi, gansakuTre- da zneobrivi moqmedebis saSualeba miecemoda da, Sesaba-
biT inglisSi, safrangeTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi igrZno- misad, amgvaradac moiqceoda. saxelmwifos funqcias isini
boda, maTi Sedegebi mTel evropasa da, sabolood, mTel swored adamianis am uflebebis dacvasa da uzrunvelyofaSi
samyaroze aisaxa. xedavdnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, am sistemis Secvla ukve
am periodis gardatexas is axali azrovneba amJRavneb- sazogadoebis moraluri valdebuleba iyo. amerikis 1776 da
da, romelsac sawyisi wina saukunis samecniero revolu- safrangeTis 1789 wlis revoluciebma Tavisi gamarTleba
ciam daudo. inglisSi jon loki (1632-1704) irwmuneboda, swored am damokidebulebaSi hpova.
rom religiuri crurwmena racionalur da argumentire- XVIII saukune industriuli revoluciiT gamowveuli
bul azrovnebas unda Caenacvlebina, isaak niutoni (1643- ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebis xanac iyo. 1700
1727) maTematikisagan da, zogadad, mecnierebisgan empiriul wlisTvis evropaSi Zalauflebas, simdidresa da miwas aris-
dakvirvebas, racionalur Sefasebasa da logikur gansjas tokratia flobda da Raribi fermerebis bedic maTive
moiTxovda. samecniero inovaciebis mqadagebeli frangi xelSi iyo. industriulma revoluciam droTa ganmavlo-
bernar de fonteneli (1657-1757) werda, rom igi `im ga- baSi miwaTmflobelobaze damyarebuli aristokratiis Za-
naTlebuli saukunis molodinSia, romelTan SedarebiTac laufleba im kapitalistebis finansuri ZalauflebiT Caa-
yvela gasul aswleuls wyvdiadi STanTqavs.~ mTeli XVIII nacvla, romelTac, energiis axali wyaroebis gamoyenebiT
saukunis ganmavlobaSi goniT `ganaTlebis~ debulebis mniS- manufaqturebis meqanizeba, saqonlis raodenobisa da mo-
vnelovaneba politikis, moralisa da mecnierebis sferoebs gebis gazrda moaxerxes. soflis Raribi mosaxleoba qala-
Tanabrad exeboda. qebma miizida, radgan aq fabrikebSi muSaobis SesaZlebloba,
britaneTi
safrangeTi berslemi derbi
espaneTi birmingemi holandia
qoldbruqdeili
baTi londoni
md
sTorhedi Cizviki
.r
Tviqenhemi
ain
valonsieni
i
i
arx
is is
ing l
sevri parizi
dania
versali
fontenblo
200 km a
ar sankt-peterburgi
lu
md.
safrangeTi
kanada 200 mili SCO
CO
COTTL
TLA
LLA
A
AN
SCOTLAND
Sotlandia ND
N
rn
i R. ruseTi
md. s
eve
rn didi
ve britaneTi
Se
IRELAN
AN
ND
IRELAND
irlandia germania
QUE
EBEC
B
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qvebeqi WAL
WA
WALLESS
A
WALES
uelsi berlini poloneTi
londoni varcburgi drezdeni
atlantikis parizi habsburgebis
CrdiloeT Atlantic evropa avstr. imperia
amerika qvebeqi
okeane
Ocean ix. CanarTi Sveic. veneciaDan
ube R.
bolonia
bosToni marseli romi
SeerTebuli otomanebis
Statebi filadelfia niu-iorki portugalia madridi imperia
Carlstonvili vaSingtoni, espaneTi ix. CanarTi
R.
kolumbiis olqi
pi
riCmondi
xiosi
M ississip
alJiri
palestina
Tusoni florencia maroko iafa
ad
md .
ri
at
ti br i
ik
meqsika Gulf off is
Mexico havana
zR
va afrika
romi italia
kuba haiti
HAITI
napoli mTa vezuvi
mexiko
herkulanumi pompei
Caribbean Sea senegali
Pwynari
a c i fi c 100 km
1000 km
O cean
okeane 100 mili
1000 mili
XVIII s-is ganmavlobaSi evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi sami ZiriTadi stili iyo gavrcelebuli _ rokoko, klasicizmi da romantizmi
6 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
xelfasi da meti Tavisufleba egulebodaT. Tumca, Sromisa
da cxovrebis is pirobebi, romlis atanac qalaqis muSebs
uwevdaT, aseve umZimesi iyo. am mdgomareobam XIX saukunis
Sua xanebSi evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi autaneli realobi-
sadmi xalxis Seurigebloba gamoiwvia da revoluciis wina-
pirobebi warmoSva. industrializaciam warmoqmna saSualo
klasis didi fenac, romelic Tavad iyo fabrikebSi Seqmnili
saqonlis mwarmoebelica da momxmarebelic.
XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis bevr qveyanaSi dasustebuli
aristokratia safrangeTSi, faqtobrivad, gaqrobis piras
iyo misuli. evropis vaWrobas, industriasa da politikas
saSualo klasis zeda fenis warmomadgenlebi _ mewarmee-
bi da vaWrebi _ akontrolebdnen da sazogadoebriv stan-
dartebsac, Sesabamisad, maTi rwmena-warmodgenebi da Cveu-
lebebi gansazRvravda. imavdroulad, ganmanaTleblobis
idealizms TandaTan Zala ekargeboda. gansakuTrebiT revo-
luciis Semdgom safrangeTSi, sadac `xalxis~ respublikuri
mmarTvelobis axalma formam, wesrigisa da stabilurobis
nacvlad, qaosi da sisxlisRvra moitana.
romantizmad cnobili axali inteleqtualuri mimarTu-
leba1790-ian wlebSi yalibdeba literaturuli moZraobis
saxiT. ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmis sapirispirod, mis-
Tvis miuRebeli iyo idea, rom samyaro mxolod da mxolod
gonebiT Seimecneboda da imarTeboda. romantizmis amosavali
azri iyo is, rom adamianis azrovnebis emociuri, warmosaxvi-
Ti da intuiciuri sferoebis Seswavla samyaros srulyofi-
lad da ufro niuansirebulad gagebis saSualebas iZleoda.
romantizmi da ganmanaTlebloba erTi kompleqsuri kultu- 1-2. • Jerman bofrani. princesas saloni, otel de subisi,
ris or gansxvavebul, magram ufro Tanaarsebul, vidre ur- parizi, 1732 wlidan.
TierTdapirispirebul nawilad moiazreba.
morTuli parizis darbazebi maRali wris sazogadoebis Ta-
vSeyris adgilad iqca, sadac, gonebamaxviluri saubrebiTa
rokoko da eleganturi manerebiT, aristokratia garTobasa da sia-
axali epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas, romlis drosac movnebas iyo micemuli. Tumca, brwyinvale cxovrebis miRma,
pirovnebis, an instituciis (eklesiis, monarqiis, aristokra- xSirad, socialuri daucveloba da ambivalentoba imale-
tiisa Tu mdidari vaWrebis) dakveTiT Seqmnil xelovnebas boda. salonebi _ Tavad darbazis sivrceebi, da, aseve, iq
mdidari mewarmeebisa da saSualo klasisTvis Seqmnili xelo- mimdinare movlenebi, cnobil, sakmaod intimur, modur da
vneba anacvlebs, safuZveli rokokos xelovnebaSi eyreba, im inteleqtualur Tavyrilobebs warmoadgenda, sadac mra-
droidan, rodesac versalis samefo karis kulturis adgils valferovani gasarTobi RonisZiebebi mcire masStabiT imeo-
parizis salonuri kultura ikavebs. Tavad termini _ roko- rebda versalis samefo karis ritualebs. saloni kviraSi
ko ori sityvis, italiurisa _ barocco (iregularuli formis erTxel ewyoboda da mas maRali sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli
margaliti, savaraudod, pirvelwyaro sityvisa baroque, baro- da daxvewili qalbatonebi maspinZlobdnen. maT Soris iyvnen
ko) da frangulis _ rocaille (baRis an interieris niJarebiTa madam de steli, de la faeti, de sevinie, de Satle.
da kenWebiT morTvis wesi) kombinirebas warmoadgens da im rokokos stilis srulyofili Sefaseba SeuZlebelia
rafinirebul da ucnaur stils aRniSnavs, romelic mTeli mxolod calkeuli nivTebis mixedviT; is salonis yovel
XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropis garkveul nawilSi iyo elementSi vlindeba _ kedlisa da Weris oqroTi da vercx-
gavrcelebuli. rokoko safrangeTSi daaxloebiT 1715 wli- liT daferil, daxvewilad naZerw uxv morTulobasa da uza-
dan iRebs saTaves, maSin, rodesac orleanis hercogs, mci- do TeTri feris mdidrul ornamentebs Soris moTavsebul
rewlovani mefis _ lui XV-s (1715-1774) regents, safrange- intimur da sensualur suraTebSi, ostaturad Sesrule-
Tis samefo kari versalidan parizSi gadaaqvs. am droidan es bul brolis WaRebSi, sarkeebian kedlebSi, natif avejsa da
mimdinareoba evropaSi swrafad iwyebs gavrcelebas (ruka 1-1). mcire plastikaSi. SandlebiT ganaTebuli parizis salone-
bi, albaT, erTianad brwyinavda sanTlis SuqiTa da priala
rokokos salonebi zedapirebze, misi alis anareklebiT. udavoa, rom parizul
safrangeTis samefo kari enTuziazmiT tovebs versals da salonebs rokokos mbrwyinav arqiteqturul detalebTan,
parizSi inacvlebs, sadac misi wevrebi eleganturi qalaquri mxatvrobasTan da skulpturasTan erTad, aristokratTa
saxlebis (frangulad _ hốtels) mSeneblobas iwyeben. versa- energiuloba da aseve, maTi lurji, vardisferi, mwvane da
lisaze ufro mcire zomis, magram aranaklebi fufunebiT yviTeli pasteluri tonebis ucnauri samosic acocxlebda.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 7
1-3 • Jan antuan vato. Jersenis abra,
daaxl. 1721; tilo, zeTi, 1.62X3.06 m.
prusiis sasaxleebisa da berlin-brandenburgis baRebis fondi, Sarlotenburgis sasaxle
vatos abra edme fransua Jersenis xelovnebis galereisTvis Seiqmna. katalogis mixedviT namuSevrebis gayidvis praqtika safran
geTsa da inglisSi swored Jersenma daamkvidra. namuSevarTa sistematizebul siaSi yoveli suraTis saTauri, masala da zomebi
iyo Setanili. suraTze warmodgenili galerea Jersens ar ekuTvnis, is idealuri galereis magaliTia, romelsac eleganturi
da xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli mepatroneebi ewvivnen. abram iseTi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, rom is gamofenidan 15 dReSi
gaiyida. mogvianebiT is or nawilad gayves da cal-calke Casves CarCoebSi, ramac suraTis kideebze tilos garkveuli nawilebi
Seiwira. suraTis retavracia da misi gancalkevebuli nawilebis gamTlianeba XX saukuneSi moxda.
safrangeTis revoluciis wina wlebSi Jerman bofranis Rrublebis gamosaxulebebiT. Jan antuan vatos, fransua
(Germain Boffrand, 1667-1754) dizainiT Seqmnili otel de subisis buSesa da Jan onore fragonaris ferweruli tiloebi, ise-
princesas saloni (sur. 1-2) parizis aristokratiis amgvari Ta- ve, rogorc klodionis saxeliT cnobili moqandakis, klod
vyrilobebis adgili iyo. salonis sinatife da graciozuloba miSelis mcire plastika, gansakuTrebiT maRali moTxovniT
tipuria 1730-iani wlebis franguli rokokos salonebisTvis: sargeblobda salonur kulturaSi.
stukoTi daZerwili arqiteqturuli elementebi mravalgva-
ri skulpturuli formiTaa Semkuli _ arabeskebiT, S-isebu- vato Jan fransua vato (Jean-Antoine Watteau, 1684-1721) frangul
ri, C-seburi, volutiseburi Tu mcenareuli formebiT; nati- mxatvrobaSi rokokos stilis Semqmnelad da mis udides warmo-
fi ornamentiT dafarul gaprialebul iatakze nakveTi xis madgenladaa miCneuli. igi provinciul qalaq valansienSi dai-
dafebi, e.w. boiserie-ebia Casmuli, inkrustirebulia xis avejic; bada, parizSi ki 1702 wlisTvis Cavida. parizSi vato piter paul
oqrosa da vercxlis brwyinvaleba TeTr fersa da pastelur rubensis mier Seqmnili maria mediCisadmi miZRvnili ferweru-
tonebs upirispirdeba da es yovelive sarkeebSi irekleba. li tiloTi interesdeba, romelic im droisTvis luqsemburgis
sasaxleSi iyo gamofenili. igi aseve gatacebulia XVI saukunis
rokokos mxatvroba da skulptura venecieli mxatvrebis ticianisa da jorjones ferweruli na-
rokokos salonebisa Tu sxva eleganturi sivrceebis muSevrebiTa da naxatebiT; vato maT namuSevrebs parizelebis
mdidruli da sensualuri atmosferos SeqmnaSi ferweru- kerZo koleqciebSi ecnoba. iTvisebs ra warsuli xelovnebi-
li da skulpturuli namuSevrebi mniSvnelovan rols as- dan Tavisufal, swraf monasmsa da mdidar feradovnebas, vato
rulebda. namuSevarTa Tematika, umeteswilad, klasikuri Tavisi drois suliskveTebis amsaxvel natif stils qmnis.
sasiyvarulo istoriebidan iyo aRebuli, xolo mxatvroba- vato Tavis namuSevrebs qalaqis macxovrebeli axali
ca da skulpturuli ornamentic savse iyo tipuri xalisia- aristokratebisTvis asrulebda, romlebic, sakmaod xSirad,
ni putti-s (puti), xSirfoTlovani mwvane safarisa da fafuki sura
Tebs xelovnebiT movaWre pirebis meSveobiT iZendnen.
8 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
Jersenis abra (sur. 1-3), romelic vatom xelovnebiT movaWre mori _ gaxsovdes sikvdili) gardauvalobis Sexsenebaa; Sexse-
(dileris) edme fransua JersenisTvis Seasrula, warmogvid- neba imisa, rom siyvarulsa da didebas, orives, dro gaanad-
gens am tipis erT-erTi maRaziis interiers _ xelovnebis gurebs. gamxmari balaxi wina planze, daxlTan mjdomi sar-
galereas, romelic vatosTvis gansakuTrebiT aRmafrTova- keSi momzirali axalgazrda qali suraTis marjvena nawilSi
nebeli, veneciuri da niderlanduli skolis namuSevrebiTaa vanitasis (vanitas) cnobil simboloebs warmoadgens; sarkee-
savse. marTlac, atlasisa da abreSumis kabebis faqturulo- bi, maTSi momzirali axalgazrda qali da mamakaci, baro-
ba da brwyinvaleba erTgvari pativis migebaa iseTi mxatvris- kos periodidan moyolebuli, adamianis arsebobis simyifis,
Tvis, rogoric herard ter borhia. galereaSi myofi ele- cxovrebis amaoebis aRmniSvneli saxeebia. vatom, romelic
ganturi qalbatonebi da batonebi maTTvis kargad nacnobi 40 wlisac ki ar iyo tuberkuloziT rom gardaicvala, es
xelovnebis garemocvaSi Tavs Tavisuflad grZnoben; var- suraTi avadmyofobis dros Seasrula. Jerseni mogvianebiT
disfrad molivlive atlasis kabiT mosili, suraTis marcxe- werda, rom vatom suraTi 7 dReSi daasrula da rom, Seryeu-
na mxares gamosaxuli qali zRurbls ise abijebs, rom uyu- li janmrTelobis gamo, mxatvari mxolod dRisiT axerxebda
radRebod tovebs Tanmxlebi mamakacis misken gawvdil xels, muSaobas. tilo sazogadoebam sruli aRfrTovanebiT miiRo,
raTa suraTebis Calagebis process Tvali miadevnos. sanam Jersenma ki suraTi erTi TveSi gayida.
erT-erTi mtvirTavi sarkes iWers, meore ludoviko XIV-is tiloze piligrimoba kunZul siteraze (sur. 1-4), romelic
portrets xis yuTSi frTxilad aTavsebs. monarqis port- oTxi wliT adre, 1717 welsaa Serulebuli, vato rokokos
reti, romelic, SesaZlebelia, Jersenis maRaziis saxelwo- periodis aristokratiis idiliuri da sensualuri yofis
debaze _ Au Grand Monarque (didi monarqisTvis) _ mianiSnebs, warmosaxviT suraTs gvixatavs, magram erTgvari melanqo-
Taviseburad asaxavs eqvsi wliT adre momxdar istoriul liiT Seferils, rac, isev da isev, adamianis bednierebis
faqts _ ludoviko XIV-is gardacvalebas. warmavlobaze mianiSnebs. es aris saocnebo samyaro, romel-
drois warmavlobisa da cvalebadobis gancda suraTis Sic siyvarulis qalRmerT veneras sakralur kunZulze, pu-
sxva elementebSic vlindeba. marcxena mxares, zustad lu- tis figurebiT garemoculi, natifad Cacmuli elegantu-
dovikos portretis Tavze gamosaxuli didebis alegoriuli ri wyvilebis romantikuli paemani dasasruls uaxlovdeba.
figuriT dagvirgvinebuli saaTi, romlis qvemoT Seyvarebu- girliandebiT Semkuli veneras qandakeba suraTis marjvena
li wyvilis skulpturebia mimagrebuli, sikvdilis (memento kidesTanaa gamosaxuli. atlasiT, abreSumiTa da xaverdiT
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 9
1-5 • fransua buSe.
wamowolili
axalgazrda qali
luiza o’merfi,
1751; tilo, zeTi,
73X59 sm.
valraf-riharcis muzeumi,
kiolni
mdidrulad Semosili Seyvarebuli wyvilebi abibinebuli bu- lovnebis Tayvanismcemels. pompaduri Tavad iyo moyvaruli
nebis wiaRSi arian Sekrebilebi. aristokratiuli garTobisa mxatvari da buSesgan graviuris gakveTilebsac iRebda. 1735
da dasvenebis amgvari idiliur-melanqoliuri xedviT ad- wels Sesrulebuli pirveli samefo SekveTis Semdeg buSe
reuli XVIII saukunis parizi da evropis umetesi nawili er- TiTqmis uwyvetad muSaobs versalisa da fontenblos same-
Tianad moxibluli aRmoCnda. piligrimoba kunZul siteraze fo rezindenciebis gasaformeblad. 1755 wlidan igi parizis
vatom Seasrula, rogorc oficialuri sagamocdo namuSeva- gobelenis manufaqturis mTavar zedamxedvelad iniSneba;
ri ferwerisa da qandakebis safrangeTis samefo akademia- qmnis eskizebs parizis, sevris faifurisa da boves qsovi-
Si gasawevrianeblad (ix. akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi, lebis manufaqturebis nawarmisaTvis. samive saxelosno pro-
gv. 26); Tumca tilo verc erT akademiur kategorias ver duqcias ara mxolod samefo karisTvis, aramed Ria bazarze
miakuTvnes, magram namuSevarma imdenad didi STabeWdileba gasatanadac awarmoebda iseTi vaWrebisTvis, rogoric, maga-
moaxdina akademiis wevrebze, rom maT sagangebod vatosTvis liTad, Jerseni iyo. xelovnebis bazari ki, wina saukunesTan
Seqmnes axali kategoria, e.w. fềte galante (natifi sanaxaoba bu- SedarebiT, bevrad ufro momgebiani iyo mxatvrebisTvis.
nebis wiaRSi), rac zustad Seesabameboda am namuSevars. 1765 wels buSe samefo karis pirveli mxatvari gaxda. igi
qmnis lui XV-s ramdenime portrets, yoveldRiuri cxovre-
buSe vatos gardacvalebis Semdeg parizul rokokosTan bis amsaxvel scenebsa da miTologiur suraTebs, aseve, ti-
yvelaze metad mxatvari fransua buSe (François Boucher, 1703- loebs kerZo mflobelebisTvis _ erotikuli namuSevrebis
1770) asocirdeboda. fransua buSe mxatvris Svili iyo. 1723 serias, romlebSic, xSirad, veneras Tavgadasavlebi iyo asa-
wels buSe graviuris saxelosnoSi iwyebs muSaobas, sadac xuli. Tumca, erT-erTi aseTi suraTis, wamowolili axal-
igi koleqcionerebisTvis vatos reproduqciebis Sesasru- gazrda qali: luiza o’merfi (sur. 1-5) Znelia, es Tema miTo
leblad daiqiraves. saxelosnoSi muSaoba ganmsazRvreli logiurad CaiTvalos. jer kidev mozardi luiza o’merfi,
aRmoCnda misi momavali karierisTvis. romelic male lui XV-s erT-erTi sayvareli gaxdeba, sru-
ferwerisa da qandakebis safrangeTis samefo akdemiis liad SiSveli, gamomwvev pozaSi taxtze guldaRma gawoli-
mier daarsebuli romis akademiaSi 1723-1731 wlebSi swavlis la da suraTis miRma iyureba; iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba,
Semdeg buSe parizSi mkvidrdeba da akademiis wevri xdeba. TiTqos igi sruliad ar uwevs angariSs mayurebels. atlasis
am droidan misi cxovreba da kariera mWidrod ukavSirdeba daWmuWnul samosze gawolils, fexebi gauSlia da baliSze
or qals: meuRles, mari Jana biuzos, xelovnebaSi sakmaod udevs, Tma TasmebiTa da lurji bafTebiT aqvs Semkuli,
gawaful, niWier qalbatons, romelic buSes modeli da sa- vardisferi vardi ki, iatakze davardnia. zustad suraTis
xelosnoSi misi asistenti iyo da ludoviko XV-s sayvarels, centrSi gamosaxuli luizas sxeulis savse formebi daufa-
cnobil madam de pompadurs, buSes mfarvelsa da misi xe- ravad gvamcnobs namuSevris realur arss. vatos e.w. fềte ga-
10 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
lante-s suraTebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac aristokratebisa suraTis saqanela (sur. 1-6) Sesruleba Tavdapirvelad
da putis SeTxzuli personaJebi idiliur garemoSi uwyinar mxatvar gabriel fransua duaiens daevala. suraTis Tema
sasiyvarulo garTobas micemian, realur garemoSi warmod- mxatvars zedmetad sensualurad miuCnevia, SekveTaze uari
genili buSes vnebiani qali Tavadac sruliad realuri, uTqvams da SeTavazeba fragonarisTvis dauTmia. fragonar-
TanamedroveTaTvis cnobili pirovnebaa da udavod qmnis ma am suraTis saxiT namdvili ferweruli Sedevri Seqmna.
rokokosTvis damaxasiaTebel erotikul ganwyobilebas. saqanelaze Camomjdar axalgazrda qals marjvena mxares
buCqebis CrdilSi gamosaxuli asakovani episkoposi saqane-
fragonari Jan onore fragonari (Jean-Honoré Fragonard, 1732- laze gamobmuli TokiT arwevs. marcxniv ki, sasiamovno mo-
1806) franguli rokokos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warmomad- lodinisgan lamis gondakarguli, qalis loyebawiTlebuli
geneli, buSesTan erTad swavlobda. swored buSes rCeviT mii- Seyvarebuli buCqebSi imaleba, raTa saqanelas moaxloebi-
Ro man monawileoba e.w. pri de romis (Prix de Rome _ romis prizi) sas afrialebuli samosis qveS qalis gamoCenil fexs Tvali
konkursSi, romelic safrangeTis samefo akademiis xelovnebis Seavlos. axalgazrda kacs qudi aqvs gawvdili qalisken ise,
skolis saukeTeso kursdamTavrebulebs sami, oTxi an xuTw- TiTqos amaod cdilobs xedis dafarvas. qali ki, am dros
liani stipendiebiT ajildoebda. fragonarma konkursSi gai- qvemoT iyureba da misken macduneblad isvris fexsacmels.
marjva da 1756-1761 wlebi italiaSi gaatara, magram akademiis Seyvarebulebis mouridebeli keklucoba, marcxena mxares
wevroba mxolod 1765 wels miiRo. fragonaris xelovneba sa- dumilis niSnad tuCebTan TiTmidebuli kupidonis skul-
vsebiT akmayofilebda aristokrati momxmareblis gemovnebas ptura, saqanelas qvemoT delfinisa da putis ori figu-
da 1770 wels, buSes gardacvalebis Semdeg fra gonarma, ro- ra, romlebic Taviseburad TiTqos kidec aqezeben qals,
gorc interieris dekoratorma, misi adgili daikava. sabralo, motyuebuli episkoposi xelmarjvniv _ es yove-
live molodiniTa da surviliT aRsavse
suraTs qmnis, magram, amasTanave, jansaR
iumorsac Seicavs.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 11
xulebebiT, svetiseburi formis gasaSvebi mowyobilobidan, rokokos eklesiis dekori
kvamlis qulebs Soris amoimarTeba. gamarjvebis qalRmerTi rokokos dasawyisi im periods emTxveva, rodesac eklesia
sayviriT amcnobs frenis dawyebas, qaris RvTaeba ki suls CrdiloeT evropaSi TandaTan kargavs xelovnebis mTavari
uberavs da amiT TiTqos buSts afrenaSi exmareba. ramdenime mfarvelis rols. taZrebis mSenebloba da gaformeba, marTa-
puti buStSi haeris gasacxeleblad als aRvivebs, danarCe- lia, isev grZeldeba, magram eklesiisa da sagvareulo aris-
nebi ki, cecxlisTvis Calis SegrovebiT arian dakavebulebi. tokratiis patronaJi xelovnebaze ukve mniSvnelovnadaa Se-
sustebuli. miuxedavad amisa, rokokos stils sulierebisa
da religiuri gamocdilebis gamosavlenad sakmaod mZlavri
resursi aRmoaCnda. am stiliT agebuli ramdenime eklesia
cxadad gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba, forma _ garegnuli
niSnebi, sxvadasxvagvar sazogadoebriv azrsa da mis mniSvne-
lobebs moergos. ToTxmeti meoxi wmindanis saxelze agebu-
li e.w. vircenhailigenis bazilika rokokos arqiteqturis
erT-erTi yvelaze mdidruli nagebobaa. eklesiis dizaini
iohan balTazar neimans (Johann Balthasar Neumann, 1687-1753)
ekuTvnis. 1743-1772 wlebSi bavariaSi agebuli am taZris ge-
gma (sur. 1-8), romelic kamariT gadaxuruli kvercxiseburi
formis mqone centris irgvliv sxvadasxva zomis urTierT-
gamWoli ovaluri sivrculi monakveTebis wriulad ganla-
gebis safuZvelze igeba, franCesko borominis mier romSi
agebuli san karlo ale kuatro fontanes (San Carlo alle Quatt-
ro Fontane _ wm. karlosis taZari oTx SadrevanTan) baroku-
li taZris gegmarebas gvagonebs, magram mxatvrul efeqts
aq haerovnebisa da simsubuqis STabeWdileba gansazRvravs.
rokokosTvis Cveuli uxvad dekorirebuli talRovani arqi-
teqturuli formebi, romlebSic kedlis brtyeli zedapiri
praqtikulad gamqralia, erTgvar zRaprul-warmosaxviT sa-
myaros qmnis (sur. 1-9). mnaxveli garSemortymulia pilastre-
bis konebiTa da svetebiT, romlebic navebis gamyof oriaru-
sian TaRebs aerTianebs; qoroebis gayolebaze gaWrili didi
fanjrebidan uxvad Semosuli Suqi ki TeTrsa da oqrosfer
interiers efineba. ucnauri formis kapitelebis Semamkobe-
li foTlovani motivebi gamudmebiT meordeba arabeskebSi,
girliandebsa da wnulebSi, kamarebze akruli iregularuli
formis panelebis ornamentul moCarCoebaSi. sulieri amaR-
lebulobis amaRelvebeli gancda aq arqiteqturisa da de-
koris sruli erTianobiT miiRweva.
12 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
xelovnebis auracxel nimuSTan erTad, iqve axlos, pompeisa
da herkulanumis axlad aRmoCenili Zeglebi brwyinvale ma-
salas inaxavda Sesaswavlad da axali varaudebis gamosaT-
sakurTxeveli qmelad. ax.w. 79 wels vulkanis ucabedi amofrqvevis Sede-
gad daRupuli, erT dros ayvavebuli romauli qalaqebis
sistematuri gaTxrebi arqeologebma swored XVIII saukunis
Sua xanebSi daiwyes.
antikuri warsuliT STagonebuli mxatvrebisa da inte-
leqtualebis roli gansakuTrebiT qmediTi aRmoCnda klasi-
trapezi
cizmis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic ara mxolod xelovnebis
mniSvnelovani mimdinareoba, aramed garkveuli msoflxed-
vac iyo. klasicizmi klasikuri idealebisa da Temebis gad-
mocemas antikuri stilidan nasesxebi formebiT cdilobda.
klasicisturi mxatvroba antikuri reliefisTvis dama-
xasiaTebel mkafio formas, kompaqtur kompoziciasa da
xalvaT sivrces iyenebs. antikuri samyaro britaneTisa da
evropuli demokratiis, sekularuli mmarTvelobis, civi-
Sesasvleli
lizebuli azrovnebisa da qmedebis pirvelwyarod iyo mi-
Cneuli. misi xelovnebac, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeobrivi da
zneobrivi magaliTis maradiul gansaxierebad ganixilebo-
da. klasicisturi mxatvroba da skulptura patriotizmis,
1-8 • vircenhailigenis eklesiis gegma.
qalaq bambergTan axlos, bavaria, germania, 1743-1772 simamacisa da erovnuli grZnobebis gasaRviveblad, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, sajaro sivrcisTvis sruldeboda. klasiciz-
mi, rogorc saxelmwifosa da politikuri stabilurobis
vizualuri gamoxatuleba, gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo
britaneTSi, amerikasa da safrangeTSi.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 13
1-10 • rozalba kariera. dorsetis me-2 hercogi, Carlz seqvili,
1730; pasteli, qaRaldi, 63.5X48.3 sm. kerZo koleqcia
14 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-12 • jovani batista piranezi.
panTeonis xedi, romis
xedebis seriidan,
pirvelad dabeWdilia
1756 wels, 47.2X69.7 sm.
graviuris kabineti,
berlinis saxelmwifo muzeumi
doJebis sasaxle da riva deli skiavoni (sur. 1-11). arsebobda klasicizmi romSi
varaudi, rom vedutas topografiuli sizustiT gadmosace- romSi saswavleblad da samuSaod Casuli mxatvrebi da in-
mad, kanaleto kamera obskuras (gv. 68) iyenebda, magram misi teleqtualebi klasicisturi idealebis mimarT arsebuli
naxatebis mixedviT irkveva, rom mxatvari, rogorc Cans, saerTo interesebis irgvliv xSirad jgufebad erTiande-
mxolod xeliT muSaobda. sinamdvileSi, kanaletos xedebi bodnen. britanul dajgufebaSi, magaliTad, Sediodnen an-
iSviaTadaa topografiulad zusti. ufro xSirad isini swo- jelika kaufmani (ix. sur. 1-26), benjamin uesTi (ix. sur. 1-27)
red kompozituria, Tavisufladaa agebuli da, Tanac, iseTi da gevin hamilToni (sur. 1-28). adreuli klasicizmis gan-
ostatobiT Sesrulebuli namuSevrebia, rom mnaxvels maT viTarebaSi samives Tavisi wvlili miuZRvoda. arsebobda,
`realurobaSi~ eWvi arc ki Seaqvs. kanaletom imdenad bevri agreTve, germaniidan da safrangeTidan Camosuli mxatv-
namuSevari Seqmna da miyida kidec britanelebs, rom misma rebis gaerTianebebic. am drois yvelaze gavleniani daj-
dilerma 1746-1755 wlebSi igi londonSi miavlina inglisis gufeba kardinal alesandro albanis (1692-1779) finansuri
dedaqalaqis xedebis Sesasruleblad. kanaletos britanel mxardaWeriT romis ganapiras, vila albaniSi daarsda.
klientebs Soris, ramdenime cnobil aristokratTan erTad, 1760-1761 wlebSi kardinalma albanim Tavisi umdidresi
britaneTis mefe jorj III-c ki iyo. koleqciis Sesanaxad da gamosafenad vila sagangebod aago.
misi koleqcia antikur qandakebebsa da sarkofagebs, gemeb-
piranezi turistebsa da modasayolil mogzaurebs Soris sa da kameoebs, keramikul nakeTobebs moicavda da is didi
didi moTxovniT qalaq romis amsaxveli vedutac sargeblob- turis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti iyo. vila mxolod
da. gansakuTrebiT jovani batista piranezis (Battista Piranesi, muzeums rodi warmoadgenda, is siZveleebisadmi gazrdili
1720-1778) mier Sesrulebuli peizaJebi fasobda. specialo- moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad, xelovnebisa da artefaqte-
biT arqiteqtori, piranezi veneciidan romSi gadadis, sadac bis Sesyidvis adgilic iyo. Tumca, bevri maTgani, samwuxa-
igi gravirebis teqnikas eufleba, SemdgomSi sagamomcemlo rod, yalbi, an, umeteswilad, kardinalis mier daqiravebuli
saxls aarsebs da Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze warma- xelosnebis mier uxeSad iyo restavrirebuli. am nivTebis
tebuli graviuris ostati xdeba. piranezi antikuri romis myidvelebi ki, turistebis garda, Tavad mxatvrebic iyvnen.
Zeglebisa da nangrevebis gamosaxulebebiT vedutas vrcel 1758 wels albanim mdivnad da biblioTekarad klasiciz-
serias qmnis. misi namuSevari panTeonis xedi (sur. 1-12), anti- mis wamyvani Teoretikosi iohan ioahim vinkelmani miiwvia.
kuri romis arqiteqturis am brwyinvale nimuSs, Rrubliani prusiaSi dabadebuli vinkelmani drezdenSi muSaobisas, sa-
moqufruli cis dramatul fonze, zedmiwevniT zustad asa- dac mis mier negatiurad Sefasebuli rokokos stili aq-
xavs. panTeonis garSemo warmodgenili, misi grandiozulo- tualobas jer kidev inarCunebda, klasikuri xelovnebis
biT aRfrTovanebuli mcire zomis adamianTa figurebTan eqspertad yalibdeba. 1755 wels man gamoaqveyna werili fi-
SedarebiT, Zegli kidev ufro monumenturad gamoiyureba. qrebi berZnuli mxatvrobisa da qandakebis mimbaZvelobis
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 15
1-13 • anton rafael mengsi. parnasi,
vila albanis Weris moxatuloba, romi, 1761
Sesaxeb, romelSic igi akritikebda ra rokokos, rogorc kanis koleqciaSi daculi apolon belvederelis analogiur
dekadansur stils, amtkicebda, rom Tanamedrove Semoqmedi moZraobaSi gamosaxa. zeTisxilis rtoTi da liriT xelSi,
mxolod berZnuli xelovnebis mibaZviT Tu daimkvidrebda igi artistuli poziT warmogvidgeba. mis irgvliv muzebi da
mxatvris statuss. amis Semdgom, igi maleve iwyebs muSaobas maTi deda, doriul svetze dayrdnobili mnemosine (mexsie-
romSi kardinal albanisTan. 1764 wels vinkelmani Tavis reba) Sekrebilan. mkacrad simetriul piramidul kopozi-
meore mniSvnelovan naSroms aqveynebs; esaa Zveli xelovne- cias mengsi, herkulanumSi mis mier Seswavlili reliefebis
bis istoria, romelic dResac xelovnebis istoriis swavle- msgavsad, sasuraTe sibrtyis paralelurad agebs. vinkelman-
bis sawyis teqstad miiCneva. vinkelmanma am naSromSi pir- ma parnass aRmatebuli Sefaseba misca, aRniSna ra, rom men-
velad gaaanaliza xelovnebis istoria, rogorc stiluri gsma namuSevarSi berZnuli antikuri qandakebis `keTilSo-
periodebis Tanmimdevruli monacvleoba. es midgoma, Semd- bili ubraloebisa da mSvidi didebulebis~ aRbeWdva SeZlo.
gomSi xelovnebis istoriis Sesaxeb dawerili wignebisTvis parnasis dasrulebisTanave mengsi espaneTSi miemgzavreba,
(maT Soris, am wignisTvisac) normad iqca. sadac 1777 wlamde samefo karis mxatvaria. sxva mxatvrebic,
mis msgavsad, romidan evropis sxvadasxva qveynaSi miemgzav-
mengsi romSi vinkelmanis uaxloesi megobari da kolega, rebian da klasicizmic, am gziT, mTel evropaSi vrceldeba.
misi Tanamemamule anton rafael mengsi (Anton Raphael Mengs,
1728-1779) iyo. 1761 wels mengsi kardinal albanis dakveTiT kanova alban-vinkelmanis wris Teoriebi yvelaze intensiu-
mis axal vilaSi didi galereis Weris moxatulobas asru- rad romaeli moqandakeebis mier iqna gaziarebuli; klasi-
lebs. misi namuSevari parnasi (sur. 1-14), SesaZloa, erTgvarad cizmisadmi erTguleba maT TiTqmis asi wlis ganmavlobaSi
xelovnuri da pompezuri mogveCvenos, magram miuxedavad SeinarCunes. XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis
amisa, es mniSvnelovani namuSevaria, ramdenadac klasicis- erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi klasicisti moqandake antonio
turi stili Tavisi srulyofili saxiT pirvelad swored am kanova (Antonio Canova, 1757-1822) iyo. igi veneciasTan axlos,
namuSevarSi gamovlinda. warmodgenili scena antikur miTo- qvismTlelebis ojaxSi daibada; 1781 wlidan ki, romSi gada-
logias ukavSirdeba. saberZneTis SuagulSi, parnasis mTaze, vida, sadac Sotlandieli mxatvris gevin hamilTonis xel-
Zveli berZnebis rwmenis Tanaxmad, poeziis, musikisa da xe- mZRvanelobiT klasicistur stils iTvisebs da maleve evro-
lovnebis RmerTi apoloni da cxra muza (qalad personifi- paSi Tavisi drois yvelaze popularuli moqandake xdeba.
cirebuli xelovanis STagoneba) saxlobdnen. mengsma TiTq- kanova ori tipis skulpturas qmnida: didi zomis sajaro
mis SiSveli apoloni kompoziciis centrSi, vinkelmanisTvis oficialur qandakebebs evropis liderebisTvis da namuSe-
erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli antikuri skulpturis, vati- vrebs erotikul-miTologiur Temebze koleqcionerebisa
16 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-14 • antonio kanova. paulin borgeze veneras saxiT,
1808; marmarilo, 218 sm. borgezes galerea, romi
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 17
rainduli romanebidan da poemebidan iRebs saTaves. ter- jgufi, skoT qolen qembelis (Scot Colen Campbell, 1676-1729)
mini `romantizmi”, raRac fantastikursa da SeTxzuls, Se- xelmZRvanelobiT, italiuri barokos, maTi SexedulebiT,
saZloa, Soreul drosa da sivrceSi momxdars, poetur-me- amoralur eqstravangatulobas daupirispirda. antikurobiT
lanqoliurs an, sulac, SemaZrwunebeli gancdis aRmZvrel STagonebulni, isini konkretulad andrea paladios saxlebis
raimes aRniSnavs. mkacri da martivi arqiteqturisken mibrunebas qadagebdnen.
adreuli romantizmis erT-erTi saukeTeso literatu-
ruli magaliTi iohan volfgang fon goeTes (1749-1832) Cizviq hausi, romelic misi mflobelis berlingTonis
axalgazrda verteris vnebania (1774), romelSic mgrZnobia- me-3 grafis, riCard boilis (Richard Boyle, 1695-1753) mier 1727
re da sazogadoebisgan gariyuli axalgazrda mamakaci, wa- wels aigo, britanuli neo-paladianizmis TvalsaCino nimu-
rumatebeli siyvarulis gamo, cxovrebas TviTmkvlelobiT
asrulebs. es nawarmoebi gzaabneul mwuxare adamianzea; igi
sruliad dacilebulia antikur Rirebulebebs da moklebu-
lia sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. XVIII
s-is miwurulsa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi samyaros ori gansxva-
vebuli xedva Tanaarsebobda klasicizmisa da romantizmis
saxiT; Tumca, orive imdroindeli sazogadoebis miswra-
febebs gamoxatavda. klasicizmi xelovnebis ufro sajaro
forma iyo, romantizmi ki _ individualuri da piradi. kla-
sicizmi xandaxan romantizmis wiaRSic avlenda Tavs. sazR-
vari maT Soris yovelTvis mkveTri ar iyo.
klasikis aRorZineba
arqiteqturasa da dizainSi
antikuri saberZneTi da romi fasdaudebeli resursi aRmoC
nda britanuli arqiteqturis, sayofacxovrebo nivTebis,
poeziisa da samosisTvisac ki. qalebi TeTri muslinis kabebi-
Ta da mantiebiT Seimosnen, mamakacebi ki, antikuri qandakebe-
bis msgavsad, kululebs atarebdnen. 1720-ian wlebSi SeZlebu-
li britaneli arqiteqtorebisa da xelovanebis moyvarulTa
1-15 • riCard boili (lordi berlingToni). Cizviq hausis gegma (A) da eqsterieri (B),
dasavleT londoni, inglisi. 1724-1729; interieris dekorireba (1726-1729) da axali baRebi (1726-1729) _ uiliam qenTi.
18 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-16 • henri fliTkrofTi da henri hoari. parki sTourhedSi,
uilTSiri, inglisi, gaSenebulia 1743, gaSeneba grZeldeboda 1744-1765
Sia. italiaSi yofnisas berlingToni paladios mier qalaq- uri baRis ideam Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova. sTourhedi
gareT agebul saxlebs gacnobia da masze gansakuTrebuli inglisuri cxovelxatuli baRis samagaliTo nimuSia: misi
STabeWdileba vila rotondas mouxdenia. Cizviq hausi (sur. koncefcia da xedebi, inglisSi im droisaTvis popularuli
1-15) man swored paladios am vilis mixedviT daagegmara. na- frangi peizaJistis, klod lorenis suraTebis kompozici-
gebobis gegma, vilis msgavsad, bilateralur, anu ormxrivi ur sqemebs ganzraxaa mimsgavsebuli. baRis, romlis mSvenier
simetriis principzea agebuli. Tumca, centraluri nawili xeds ilustraciaze vxedavT, erTgvari `daudevari~ dizai-
aq, paladios wriuli formisagan gans xvavebiT, oqtogona- ni moCvenebiTia: is sagangebod daaproeqtes amgvarad, raTa
luria da mxolod ori Sesasvleli aqvs. saparado Sesasv- bunebrivi da xelSeuxebi garemos STabeWdileba SeeqmnaT.
leli, orive mxridan midgmuli kibeebiT, ro mauli taZris patara tbaze uxeSad nakveTi qviT nagebi xidia gadebuli,
fasadis imitacias warmoadgens. Cizviq hausis fasadi, fun- ukan ki, rogorc Taviseburi `axireba~, romis panTeonis mi-
damentze daSenebuli ZiriTadi sarTuliTa da frontone- niaturuli `versia~ dgas. parkSi mimofantulia klasikuri
biT dagvirgvinebuli maRali marTkuTxa fanjrebiT, tipu- xelovnebis mibaZviT agebuli taZrebi, antikur qandakebaTa
rad paladianuria. nagebobis cxad, mwyobr proporciebsa da aslebi, xelovnuri qvabulebi, soflis kotejebi, Cinuri
struqturas idealurad Sexamebuli sul ramdenime, mkafiod xidi, goTikuri Spili, Turquli karavic ki. sxvadasxva sti-
gamokveTili detali aSkarad paladios dizains gvagonebs. lisa da kulturis es aRreva, romelSic klasicizmica da
romSi yofnisas berlingTonma ingliseli emigranti ui- romantizmic warmatebiTaa SeTavsebuli, momxibvlel Sedegs
liam qenTi (William Kent, 1685-1748) londonSi dabrunebaze da iZleva. hoarma mengss Tavisi saxlis erT-erTi kedlis mo-
masTan TanamSromlobaze daiTanxma. qenTis proeqtiT Seiqm- xatva daukveTa da antikuri istoriis romantikuli Temis,
na Cizviq hausis gasaocrad mdidruli interieri da kar-mi- antoniusisa da kleopatras Sexvedris asaxva daavala.
damos dizaini. stili, romlis mixedviTac es ukanaskneli
gaformda, inglisuri landSafturi baRis saxeliT gaxda vejvudi Cizviqisa da sTourhedis msgavsi qalaqgareT nage-
cnobili mTel evropaSi. qenTis baRis gegmareba ugulve- bi saxlebis interieris dizaini, garkveulwilad, britaneli
belyofs barokuli baRebis regularobasa da xist forma- aristokratebis koleqciebis gansaTavseblad iyo Seqmnili.
lobas. misTvis mixveul-moxveuli bilikebi, tbebi, patara koleqciebi, siZveleebTan erTad, klasicisturi mxatvro-
CanCqerebi, iregularulad gaSenebuli buCqnari da sxva im- bis, skulpturisa da dekoratiuli xelovnebis nimuSebs Sei-
gvari efeqtebia damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic soflis buneb- cavda (ix. axlo xedi, gv. 21). klasicisturi dekoratiuli
rivi peizaJebis imitacias qmnis; sinamdvileSi ki, yovelive xelovnebis yvelaze warmatebuli mwarmoebeli joSua vej-
sagangebodaa gaTvlili da dagegmarebuli. vudi (Josiah Wedgwood, 1730-1795) iyo. 1769 wels man mSobliur
sofel berslemTan axlos keramikis qarxana gaxsna, romel-
sTourhedi qenTis Cizviqis baRis Semdeg, dizainerebis sac keramikiT ganTqmuli etruskuli kulturis analogiiT,
_ lanseloT braunisa (metsaxelad `niWieri brauni~) (Lan- etruria uwoda. warmoeba ramdenime ganyofilebisgan Sed-
celot (Capability) Brown, 1716-1783) da henri fliTkrofTis (Henry geboda, TiToeuli Tavisi gamosawvavi RumeliT da cal-
Flitcroft, 1697-1769) wyalobiT, landSafturma arqiteqturam keul specialobebSi daostatebuli muSebiT. 1770-ian wleb-
gansakuTrebuli popularoba moipova inglisSi. 1740-ian Si niWierma qimikosma vejvudma srulyofilebamde miiyvana
wlebSi bankirma henri hoarma uilTSirSi, sTourhedis ma- wvrilmarcvlovani mouWiqavi feradi keramika, romelsac
mulis (sur. 1-16) rekonstruireba berlingTonis proteJes, Tavad jasferveas (jasperware) uwodebda. misi yvelaze cnobili
fliTkrofTs daavala. sTourhedis baRebSi qenTis inglis- jasfervea cisfer fonze gamosaxuli TeTrfigurebiani niv
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 19
1-17 • joSua vejvudi. homerosis apoTeozi,
gakeTebulia vejvudis etruriis fabrikaSi, sTafordSiri, inglisi,
1790-1795; Ria lurjiT daferili jasferveas TeTri karkasi da
TeTri reliefi, simaRle 45.7 sm. reliefi ekuTvnis jon flaqsman
umcross, 1778; vejvudis muzeumis sameurveo sabWo, barlasToni,
sTafordSiri, inglisi
20 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
|
axlo xediT jorjianuli vercxli
elisabed morli: jorj III-s punSis amosaRebi kovzi, 1802; alisa da jorj barouzi: jorj III-s
saburnuTe, 1802; elisabed quqi: jorj III-s sini, 1767; ana da piter beiTmeni: georg III-s punSis
sasmisi, 1797; hesTer beiTmeni: jorj III-s wyvili Wiqa, 1790
qalTa xelovnebis nacionaluri muzeumi, vaSingtoni, nensi valentinis koleqcia,
Sesyidulia mister da misis oliver greisebis ojaxis donaciiT.
vercxlis saxelosnoebi, romelTa damRebic am nivTebzea aRbeWdili, qalebis mier an qalebis Tanamonawi
leobiT imarTeboda. britaneTis istoriis e.w. jorjianul periodSi, oTxi Tanamosaxele mefis 1714-1830 wlebis
warmatebuli mmarTvelobis dros, es saxelosnoebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda inglisis vercxlis warmoebaSi.
es sasmisi britaneTis
maRal sazogadoebaSi
popularuli
alkoholuri
vercxlis sini savse
sasmelis punSisTvisaa
sasmisis dasadgmelad
gankuTvnili. sasmisis
gamoiyeneba.
mooqrovili Sida
zedapiri vercxls
alkoholis mJavis
zemoqmedebisgan icavs.
es wyvili Wiqa
kolofSi burnuTi punSis dasalevadaa
inaxeboda, romelsac gankuTvnili.
maRali klasis momcro forma mas
mamakacebTan erTad mogzaurobisas
qalebic moixmardnen. mosaxerxebels xdis.
saburnuTes,
jentlmenis viwro
Sarvlis jibeSi iolad
Casadebad, odnav
gaRunuli forma aqvs.
Tebia; magaliTad, rogoricaa larnaki homerosis apoTeozi monawile iyo. am moZraobis mxardasaWerad man moqandake
(sur. 1-17). larnakis
dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli dekoris uiliam heqvuds (William Hackwood, 1757-1839) 1787 wels daar-
kompozicia moqandake jon flaqsman umcross ekuTvnis, ro- sebuli monebiT vaWrobis akrZalvis britanuli komitetis
melic vejvudisTvis 1775-1787 wlebSi muSaobda. reliefi emblema SeukveTa. heqvudma mcire zomis Sav-TeTri jasfer-
flaqsmanma cnobili koleqcionerisa da vejvudis erT-erTi veas medalioni Seqmna masze gamosaxuli jaWviT dabmuli,
mTavari mfarvelis, uiliam hamilTonis (1730-1803) biblio- muxlebze dacemuli afrikelis kameosmagvari figuriT da
TekaSi daculi berZnuli WurWlis Sesaxeb daweril wignSi warweriT: `gana me adamiani da Tqveni Zma ar var?~ (sur. 1-18). me-
mocemuli ilustraciis mixedviT Seqmna. flaqsmanma gaamar- dalionis aslebi vejvudma filadelfiis monobis amkrZala-
tiva originalis dizaini, raTa antikuri xanis berZnul xe- vi komitetis prezidents, benjamin franqlins da moZraobis
lovnebaze arsebuli idealizebuli warmodgenebi masobrivi sxva wevrebs gaugzavna. gamosaxuleba imdenad STambeWdavi
warmoebis moTxovnebisTvis SeeTavsebina. aRmoCnda, rom mogvianebiT amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
ganmanaTleblobis ideebiT gatacebuli vejvudi fab- Si saarCevno uflebebisTvis mebrZol qalTa moZraobam es
rikis muSebis keTildReobaze zrunavda da maTTvis sofe- motivi sakuTari logosTvis gamoiyena, oRond, mamakacis
lic ki aaSena. igi monebiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg da monobis figura qalis gamosaxulebiT Caanacvla da warwerac Sesa-
gauqmebisTvis arsebuli saerTaSoriso moZraobis aqtiuri bamisad Secvala: `gana me qali da Tqveni da ar var?~
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 21
1-20 • horas uolfoli, jon CuTi da
riCard benTli. suraTebis galereis
Weris maraoseburi kamarebi,
sTroberi hili, 1754 wlis Semdeg
22 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-21 • uiliam hogarTi. saqorwino kontraqti.
seriidan Marriage à la Mode, 1743-1745; tilo, zeTi, 69.9X90.8 sm. nacionaluri galerea, londoni
Txzulebebs qmnis. mogvianebiT man es namuSevrebi beWdur lebiT tkbeba, Tan saburnuTedan TuTuns iRebs. Cans, rom igi
warmoebaSi CauSva, ris Sedegadac, mogebis gazrdasTan erTad, sruliad gulgrilia mis gverdiT mjdomi sacolis mimarT.
am saxiT, isini TiTqmis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada. am axalgazrda kacs kiserze ukve amCnevia infeqciuri
1743-1745 wlebSi hogarTma gamosca ferweruli seria mo- daavadebis, sifilisis kvali. danaRvlianebuli patarZali
duri qorwineba (Marriage à la Mode), romelic jozef edisonis eqstravagantuladaa Cacmuli, magram mainc ubralod ga-
1712 wels speqtatorSi gamoqveynebuli esseTi iyo inspiri- moiyureba, saqorwino beWedSi ki, cremlebis mosawmendad
rebuli. esse, aristokratiuli maqinaciebiT Seqnili ojaxis gamzadebuli cxvirsaxoci gauyria. centrSi misi mama mda-
sapirispirod, siyvarulze damyarebul qorwinebas qadagebda. bio, magram mdidari vaWari, mkveTri wiTeli mosacmeliT,
namuSevrebis am seriasa da Semdgom gamocemul mis nabeWd as- genealogiis Sesaswavlad winaa gadaxrili. carieli fulis
lebSi, hogarTi, gaRaribebuli aristokratiis STamomavlebsa CanTa mis fexebTan agdia. danarCeni personaJebi iuristebi
arian, maT Sorisaa gaqnili silverTangi, romelic axalga-
da axladgamdidrebul mewarmeTa klasis warmomadgenlebs So-
zrda wyvilisTvis sabediswero kontraqtis gasaformeblad
ris angarebiani qorwinebis ambavs aRwers, Tavisi sevdiani da-
batis kalmis wvers Tlis. mkvlelobiTa da TviTmkvlelo-
sasruliT. seriis pirveli scenis, saqorwino kontraqtis (sur.
biT dasrulebuli sevdiani istoriis Semdegi xuTi scena
1-21) monawileebi saqorwino kavSiris dasakanoneblad arian
TanmimdevrobiT aRwers am damRupveli kavSiris Sedegebs.
Sekrebilebi. suraTis marjvena kideSi lordi squanderfil-
hogarTi cdilobda yovelgvari miTologiuri bundo-
di zis. mtkivani Sexveuli fexi dabal skamze udevs, marcxena vanebisgan gaTavisuflebuli, gamokveTilad britanuli
xeliT ki, did furcelze gamosaxul ramdenime ganStoebis stilis xelovnebis Seqmnas, romelic mayureblis sulier
mqone, Sua saukuneebis raindidan dawyebul sagvareulo genea- gajansaRebasa da socialur progress gamoiwvevda. aris-
logiur xeze miuTiTebs imis niSnad, rom magidaze dadebuli, tokratiis dekadansuri midrekilebebisadmi hogarTis
misTvis SeTavazebuli fulis Sekvra ar aris sakmarisi qorwi- siZulvili lord squanderfildis kedlebze dakiduli
nebis aqtis gasaformeblad. suraTis marcxena kideSi axal- suraTebis komikur detalebSi Cans. hogarTs auditoriis
gazrda gapranWuli, qarafSuta squanderfildi sacolesken garToba da gaxaliseba surda, magram, imavdroulad, misi
zurgSeqceviT zis, Tan sarkeSi iyureba da sakuTari gamosaxu- gesliani, gonebamaxvili istoriebi Tanamedrove britaneT-
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 23
warmoadgenda. italiaSi renesansuli xelovnebis
Seswavlis Semdeg, 1753 wels reinoldsi londonSi
damkvidrda da didi energiiT Seudga mxatvrebisa
da xelovnebis moyvarulTa wreSi klasikuri stilis
istoriuli mxatvrobis popularizacias. 1768 wels
igi samefo akademiis pirveli daniSnuli prezidenti
gaxda (ix. akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi, gv. 26).
1769-1790 wlebSi reinoldsis mier samefo akademiaSi
wakiTxul cnobil TxuTmet leqciaze, saxelwodebiT
TxuTmeti diskursi samefo akademiisaTvis, igi de-
talurad warmoadgenda xelovnebis miseul Teo-
riebs. reinoldsi Tvlida, rom mxatvrebi warsulis
didi, gansakuTrebiT, klasikuri tradiciebis mqone
ostatebis mier damkvidrebuli wesebis mimdevrebi
unda yofiliyvnen. igi acxadebda, rom idealuri sa-
xe-xati universalur WeSmaritebasTan unda yofili-
yo kavSirSi da rom mxatvars Tavi unda aeridebina
martooden arsebuli sinamdvilis asaxvisaTvis, rad-
gan es mxolod `mdabali realobis~ suraTs iZleoda.
istoriuli Tu miTologiuri portretis tipis
SeqmniT, romelsac Tavad did maneras (Grand Manner)
uwodebda, reinoldsma moaxerxa istoriuli mxat-
vrobis mimarT Tavisi interesi portretis damk-
veTTa moTxovnebisTvis SeeTavsebina. misi suraTi
ledi sara banberis msxverplSewirva graciebisadmi
(sur. 1-22) amis
kargi magaliTia.
tilos didi formati migvaniSnebs, rom saqme
istoriul suraTTan gvaqvs, misi detalebi ki, an-
tikur garemos gvixatavs. monumenturi klasikuri
svetebiTa da TaRiT garemoculi, romaeli qurumi
qalis saxiT gamosaxuli, antikuri samosiT mosili
ledi sara qalis silamazis ganasaxierebas warmoad-
gens da sami graciis winaSe msxverplSewirvis ro-
maul rituals aRasrulebs. amgvari portretebi
sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, darbazebsa da aris-
tokratTa rezidenciebis kibeebis Tavze gamosafe-
nad iyo gankuTvnili. reinoldsis e.w. didi maneris
portretebi farTod iyo aRiarebuli da misi lon-
donis saxelosno mudmivad savse iyo modelebiT, me-
1-22 • joSua reinoldsi. ledi sara banberis msxverplSewirva graciebisadmi, cenatebiTa da asistentebiT. magram reinoldsi uam-
1765; tilo, zeTi. 242X153 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, mister da misis
rav eqsperiments atarebda saRebavebze, ris gamoc,
u.u. qimbelebis koleqcia, 1922.4468
samwuxarod, bevri misi namuSevari Zlier dazianda.
ledi sara banberi Tavisi drois erT-erTi ulamazesi qali iyo. am portretis
reinoldsisgan gansxvavebul portretul stils
daxatvamde ramdenime wliT adre man jorj III-s daqorwinebaze uari uTxra.
vxvdebiT Tomas geinsboros (Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-
waikiTxeT joSua reinoldsis Sesaxeb 1788) xelovnebaSi. geinsboros saxelosno mdidar da
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com feSenebelur sakurorto qalaq baTSi hqonda. damk-
veTebis gemovnebis sapasuxod, geinsboro araforma-
Si arsebul klasobriv da qonebriv winaaRmdegobebs avlen- lur, Tavisufal pozebSi warmodgenil figurebsa da buneb-
da. hogarTis namuSevrebi imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom riv landSaftebs xatavda; igi 1620-iani wlebis inglisisTvis
1745 wlidan man Tavi daaneba portretul Janrs, romelic kargad cnobili van deikis namuSevrebis msgavs suraTebs qm-
pativmoyvareobis gamovlenis samarcxvino formad miaCnda. nida. geinsboros adreuli dausrulebeli tilo roberT en-
driusi da frensis qarTeri (sur. 1-23), romelic maTi qorwinebis
portretuli Janri ser joSua reinoldsi (Sir Joshua Rey- Semdeg malevea Sesrulebuli, mdidar miwaTmflobelsa da
nolds, 1723-1792), romelic hogarTis momdevno Taobas ekuTvno- mis meuRles sakuTar mamulSi, mdinare sadberisa da safol-
da, sa u
kunis dasasrulis britaneTis xelovnebis meinstrims qis mTebis fonze warmogvidgens. axalgazrda frensis qarTe-
24 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-23 • Tomas geinsboro. roberT endriusi da frensis qarTeri (mister da misis endriusebi),
1748-1750; tilo, zeTi. 69.7X119.3 sm. nacionaluri galerea, londoni
geinboros am wyvilis portretis Seqmna, 20 wlis roberT endriusisa da 16 wlis frensis qarTeris qorwinebisTanave, 1748 wlis
noemberSi daukveTes. aRsaniSnavia, rom frensis qarTeris kabis kalTa daumTavrebelia; SesaZloa, im mizniT, rom momavalSi
mxatvars aq wyvilis pirmSo unda Caexata.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 25
xelovneba da misi konteqsti | akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi
XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTis mTavroba literaturis, buli raodenobis~ gamo da sabolood akademiis wevr qalTa saerTo
mxatvrobisa da qandakebis, musikisa da cekvis, arqiteqturis ricxvi oTxamde Semcirda.
swavlebisaTvis da am dargebis mxardasaWerad, studentebisTvis franguli akademiis skolaSi swavla da akademiis jildos
ramdenime akademias aarsebs. 1664 wels mxatvrobisa da qandakebis misaReb konkursSi monawileoba axalgazrda qalebs ekrZalebodaT,
samefo akademia parizSi drodadro akademiis wevrebis axali namu- miuxedavad imisa, rom es orive faqtori profesiuli warmatebis
Sevrebis gamofenebs marTavs. gamofenebi, maTi Cvenebis adgilis _ misaRwevad aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda. maTi mdgomareoba
luvris sasaxlis salon kares (Salon Carré _ kvadratuli saloni) kidev ufro rTuli iyo londonis samefo akademiaSi. Sveicarieli
_ mixedviT, salonis saxeliT xdeba cnobili. 1737 wlidan salonis mxatvrebis _ meri mozerisa da anjelika kaufmanis garda, romlebic
gamofenebi ukve yovelwliurad ewyoba da aq specialuri Jiuris 1768 wels akademiis damfuZnebel wevrTa Soris iTvlebodnen, 1922
mier SerCeuli namuSevrebi ifineba. wlamde akademikosad arc erTi qali aRar aurCeviaT. 1922 wlis Semd-
istoriuli suraTi (istoriuli, miTologiuri an bibliuri gom ki, isini mxolod asocirebul wevrebad iTvlebodnen.
narativis mixedviT Sesrulebuli mxatvroba, romelic, Cveulebriv,
maRalzneobriv da inteleqtualur ideebs gadmoscemda) akademiis
mier dawesebul Janrebis ierarqiaSi pirvel adgils ikavebda. mas
Semdgom moyveboda istoriuli portreti, sxva tipis portretebi,
peizaJi, Janruli suraTi da naturmorti. saloni erTaderT avtori-
tetul sajaro gamofenad iTvleboda parizSi. amdenad, is did zega-
vlenas axdenda oficialuri stilis damkvidrebasa da sazogadoebis
gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze; xelovnebis produqciaze kontrolic,
aseve, misi saSualebiT xorcieldeboda. `pri de romis~ (Prix de Rome _
romis prizis) maRalkonkurentul SejibrSi gamarjvebulebs romSi
samidan xuT wlamde swavlis saSualeba eZleodaT. aseTive prizi 1720
wels arqiteqturis safrangeTis samefo akademiamac daawesa. fran-
guli akademiis modeli dasavleTis bevrma mniSvnelovanma qalaqma
nimuSad aiRo; akademiebi daarsda berlinSi 1696 wels, drezdenSi _
1705 wels, londonSi _ 1768 wels (sur. 1-25), bostonSi _ 1780 wels,
mexiko siTiSi _ 1785 wels da niu iorkSi _ 1802 wels.
1-25 • iohan zofani. samefo akademiis akademikosebi,
marTalia, XVIII saukunemde evropis akademiebis wevrad mxolod
1771-1772; tilo, zeTi. 120.6X151.2 sm. samefo koleqcia,
ramdenime qali iTvleboda, magram es raodenoba mxolod nawilob-
uinZoris sasaxle, inglisi
riv Tu Seesabameboda maT aRiarebul miRwevaTa xarisxs.
safrangeTSi samefo akademiis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT war- zofanis mier Seqmnili londonis samefo akademiis wevrebis jgufuri
moTqmul sityvaSi lui XIV-m ganacxada, rom akademia damsaxurebis portreti 1770-ian wlebSi mxatvrebis swavlebis process asaxavs.
suraTi warmogvidgens naturidan xatvis klass da cocxal diskusiaSi
mixedviT, sqesis miuxedavad, daajildoebda yvela mxatvars, magram
CarTul mxatvrebs, romelTagan yvela mamakacia. studia savsea
am gadawyvetilebas praqtikuli Sedegi ar moyolia. 1648-1706 wleb-
klasikuri qandakebebiTa da TabaSiris aslebiT. arsebuli wesis mi
Si akademikosis tituli mxolod Svid qals mieniWa, Semdeg ki, same- xedviT, naturidan xatvis klasSi qalebis daswreba akrZaluli iyo.
fo akademiis kari maTTvis, faqtobrivad, daixura. da miuxedavad amitom, zofanim samefo akademiis qali akademikosebis meri mozerisa
imisa, rom 1770 wlamde akademiaSi damatebiT sul oTxi qali iqna da anjelika kaufmanis gamosaxulebebi suraTis zeda marjvena
miRebuli, mamakacebi SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen maTi `gadaWarbe- kuTxeSi kedelze Camokidebuli portretebis saxiT CarTo.
ri dekoratiul skamze gamarTuli zis, atlasis daxvewili mecnierebis ambebi mxatvari jozef raiTi derbidan (Joseph
mbrwyinavi kaba skamze farTodaa gaSlili (xoxbis gamosaxu- Wright of Derby, 1734-1797) inglisis midlendsSi warmoadgens Ta-
leba kabis kalTaze daumTavrebelia). misi meuRle ki, mxris vis suraTs eqsperimenti haeris gamwovSi moTavsebul Citze
qveS daudevrad amodebuli sanadiro TofiTa da fexebTan (sur. 1-24). am suraTiT mxatvari ganmanaTleblobis peri odSi
gamosaxuli ZaRliT, skams Tavisuflad dayrdnobili, moSve- samecniero siaxleebis mimarT sazogadoebaSi arsebul cxo-
buli dgas. ladnSafts sakuTar miwa-wyalze wyvilis mzrun- vel interess warmoaCens. raiTi Tavis studias industriuli
velobis kvali emCneva. wina planze gamosaxuli Znebis rigebi revoluciis pirveli talRis dros aarsebs. mis mfarvelebsa
da namja robert endriusis mier mis mamulSi warmatebulad da damkveTebs Soris bevri iyo TviTnabadi mdidari mewarme.
ganviTarebul soflis meurneobaze mianiSnebs; ukana Soreul raiTi e.w. `mTvaris sazogadoebas~ _ mrewvelebis, vaWrebisa da
planze gamosaxul mindorze ki, cxvrebi da cxenebi bala- progresuli aristokratiis im nawilisgan Semdgar dajgufe-
xoben. suraTis mniSvnelobas wyvilis Tavisufali pozebiT bas ekuTvnoda, romelic TveSi erTxel birminghemSi, an mis ma-
gadmocema, maTi mamulis xedebisa da sakuTari miwa-wyliT xloblad, mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis Sesaxeb samsjelod
amayi meuRleebis asaxva ganapirobebs, iseve, rogorc mxat- ikribeboda. mecnierebis popularizaciisTvis sazogadoebis
vris mier gamovlenili damokidebuleba bunebis _ silamazisa mcdelobaTa mxardasaWerad raiTi samecniero eqsperimente-
da simdidris guluxvi pirvelwyaros _ mimarT. bis Temaze nauSevrebis „gasarTob~ serias qmnis.
26 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-26 • anjelika kaufmani. kornelia, romelic Tavis ganZze, Svilebze miuTiTebs,
1785; tilo, zeTi, 101.6X127 sm. virjiniis xelovnebis muzeumi, riCmondi, virjinia.
adolf d. da uilqins s. uiliamsebis fondi
XIX saukunis meore naxevari swrafi teqnologiuri cvli WurWelSi Cabrunebis SeyovnebiT, igi amaRelvebeli molodi-
lebebis periods warmoadgenda (ix. liToni _ samSeneblo ma- nis mZafr ganwyobilebas qmnis. marcxena mxares warmodgenili
sala, gv. 28) da haeris gamwovi mowyobiloba im drois mra- sami mamakaci didi interesiT mSvidad adevnebs Tvals eqspe-
val axal samecniero inovaciaTagan erT-erTi iyo. marTalia, riments, qalebi ki ufro emociurad reagireben. marjvniv,
mowyobiloba, umTavresad, airis Tvisebebis Sesaswavlad zemoT, fanjarasTan, romlis miRma manaTobeli savse mTva-
gamoiyeneboda, magram mas samecniero wesebis sajaro de- re moCans (rogorc `mTvaris sazogadoebis~ aluzia), Citis
monstrirebisTvisac xSirad xmarobdnen. suraTze warmodge- gamococxlebisTanve galiis dasaSvebad momzadebuli biWi
nil eqsperimentSi mecnieris Tavs zemoT gamosaxuli minis dgas. mecniereba, rogorc suraTi gvauwyebs, cnobismoyva-
didi WurWlidan airi iqamde gaiwoveba, sanam masSi moTavse- reobis dakmayofilebisa da mRelvare gancdebis gamowvevis,
buli Citi Jangbadis naklebobisgan kolafsur mdgomareobaSi sikvdil-sicocxlis raobaSi garkvevis potencials flobs.
ar aRmoCndeba. Semdeg ki, sanam frinveli jer kidev cocxa-
lia, WurWlis zemoT damagrebuli martivi mowyobiloba ha- istoriuli mxatvroba jer kidev klasicizmamde isto
ers ukan abrunebs. raiTi suraTze swored im kulminaciur riuli suraTi xelovnebis umaRles Janrad iyo miCneuli.
moments aRbeWdavs, rodesac haeriT WurWlis xelaxali Se- italiaSi ganswavluli adreuli klasicizmis erT-erTi
vseba unda daiwyos. magidaze dadgmuli erTaderTi sanT- udidesi warmomadgeneli, Sveicarieli mxatvari anjelika
lis dramatuli ganaTebis fonze, mecnieri xelebgawvdili kaufmani (Angelica Kauffmann, 1741-1807) londonSi 1766 wels
dgas, rogorc magi triukis Sesrulebis win. haeris nakadis Cadis, sadac klasi cisti mxatvrebica da xelovnebis mo-
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 27
|
arqiteqturis elementebi liToni, rogorc samSeneblo masala
1779 wels abraham darbi III-m inglisSi, SrofSirSi, fabrikebiTa da saSualebas warmoadgenda. am nagebobis mniSvnelobas isic gan-
muSaTa dasaxlebebiT savse tipur inglisur industriul qalaq sazRvravda, rom, aq, xidebis mSeneblobaSi, aseTi didi masStabiT
qoulbruqdeilSi, mdinare severnze xidi aago (sur. 1-27). pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli liTonis konstruqcia. adrindeli
severnis xidi, romelic mdinaris or napirs akavSirebda erTma- xidebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xeliT gaTlili qvebiT amoyvanili
neTTan, industriuli saqonlis transportirebisTvis saukeTeso TaRebi, severnis xidis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad Caanacvla Tujis
konstruqciam, romlis xuTi Sewyvilebuli
cilindruli liTonis TaRi 30-metrian myar da
ekonomiur Riobs qmnida.
amgvar funqciur arqiteqturaSi gamoyenebu-
li teqnologiebi, masalis Tvisebebi da sainJin-
ro xerxebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs
nagebobis formas da, xSirad, moulodnel, arawi-
naswargansazRvrul esTetikas qmnis. aq liToniT
imgvari msubuqi, ConCxiseburi konstruqciis
Seqmna gaxda SesaZlebeli, rogorsac mSeneblebi
XII saukunidan eswrafvodnen. Tuji maleve iqna
aTvisebuli da gamoyenebuli iseTi sainJinro
`saocrebebis~ asagebad, rogoric XIX saukunis
rkinigzis sadgurebia; aman ki, sabolood imgvar
`saswaulamde~ migviyvana, rogorsac cnobili
eifelis koSki wamoadgens (sur. 2-1).
yvarulebic mas didi enTuziazmiT egebebian. joSua rei- larobiT sargeblobda xelovnebis im moyvarulTa Soris,
noldsTan daaxloebulma wrem ki igi maSinaTve Tavis ri- romlebic XVIII saukunis bolos sazogadoebrivi da zneob-
gebSi miiRo. 1768 wels anjeli ka kaufmani erT-erTi iyo rivi faseulobebis warmomCen klasikur Temebsa da metafo-
samefo akademiis damfuZnebel or qal wevrTagan (ix. akade- rul saxeebs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. kornelias dedobriv
miebi da akademiis gamofenebi, gv. 26). Tavdadebas kidev met mniSvnelobas sZens is, rom misi vaJe-
ukve 15 wlis asakSi kaufmani portrtebis SekveTebs bi _ tiberiusi da gaius graqhusi, momavalSi, politikuri
iRebs; romSi yofnisas xatavs vilkenmanis portrets da reformatorebi gaxdebian. kaufmani klasikuri simkacriT
erT-erT yvelaze populalur klasicistad iTvleba. rom- agebs kompozicias, magram mxatvrul saxes Tbili, mqrqali
Sive mas wm. lukas akademiis wevrad irCeven. XVIII sauku- ganaTebiTa da figuraTa mSvidi graciozulobiT arbilebs.
nis mxatvar qalTa umetesoba mxatvrobis ufro `dabal~ klasicisturi istoriuli mxatvrobis mimarT interesi
_ portretis, an peizaJis JanrSi muSaobda, magram kauf- kaufmans romSi, amerikel benjamin vesTTan (Benjamin West,
mani Tamamad Seudga istoriuli suraTis mxatvris damo- 1738-1820) damegobrebisas uCndeba.
ukidebel karieras. londonSi, sadac igi 1766-1781 wleb- amerikaSi yofnisas vesTi filadelfiaSi swavlobda. 1759
Si cxovrobda, mraval istoriul suraTs qmnis, romelTa wels ki igi romSi Cadis, sadac vinkelmans ecnoba da mengsis
umetesoba antikur Temebzea Sesrulebuli. italiaSi dab- mowafe xdeba. 1763 wlidan vesTi londonSi mkvidrdeba da
runebis Semdeg, ingliseli damkveTis davalebiT, kaufman- klasicisturi istoriuli suraTis JanrSi iwyebs muSaobas.
ma daxata suraTi kornelia, romelic Tavis ganZze, Svilebze 1768 wels ki, kaufmanTan da reinoldsTan erTad, igi samefo
miuTiTebs (sur. 1-26). suraTze asaxuli istoria Zv.w. II sau- akademiis damfuZnebel wevrTa Sorisaa.
kunes, respublikuri romis periods ganekuTvneba. stuma- ori wlis Semdeg vesTi qmnis namuSevars general vulfis
ri qali kornelias Tavis samkauls aCvenebs da sanacvlod sikvdili (sur. 1-28), romelmac reinoldsi da akademiis sxva we-
maspinZels igives sTxovs. kornelia ki miuTiTebs ra Tavis vrebi SokSi Caagdo. tilo sruliad ugulvebelyofda klasi-
qaliSvilsa da or vaJze, pasuxobs: `Cemi yvelaze Zvirfasi cisturi da akademisturi istoriuli suraTis tradiciebs.
samkaulebi eseni arian.~ kornelia `keTili dedis~ magaliTs vesTi Tvlida, rom istoriuli suraTi mxolod klasikur kos-
warmoadgens. es is Temaa, romelic gansakuTrebuli popu- tumebSi gamowyobili figurebis asaxviT ar ganisazRvreboda.
28 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-28 • benjamin vesTi, general vulfis sikvdili,
1770; tilo, zeTi, 1.51X2.14 m. kanadis nacionaluri galerea, otava, gadmotanilia kanadis omis
memorialidan, 1921. vesTmisTeris II hercogis saCuqari, iTon holi, CeSiri, 1918
cnobili msaxiobi devid geriqi imdenad STagonebula am namuSevriT, rom samefo akademiaSi gamofenili
am tilos win eqspromtad vulfis sikvdilis scena gauTamaSebia.
misi azriT, am Janrs SeeZlo aesaxa Tanamedrove siuJeti, Tuki, erTgulebasa da samarTlian mizans, namuSevarSi vesTi im `did
sakuTriv didi Tema da amaRlebuli idea suraTSi SenarCune- maneras~ mimarTavs, romelsac reinoldsi Tavis leqciebSi
buli iqneboda. amgvarad, vesTis namuSevari da Janri, romel- (diskursebSi) gvTavazobs. CrdiloeT amerikis garemos rea-
sac man saTave daudo, `Tanamedrove istoriis~ mxatvrobis sa- lurad aRsabeWdad ki, mxatvarma kompoziciis marcxena mxares
xeliT gaxda cnobili. marTalia, jorj III da joSua reinoldsi adgilobrivi amerikeli mebrZolis figura CarTo, romelic
Tavdapirvelad Sokirebulebi iyvnen namuSevriT, magram axali momakvdavs Sehyurebs. es kidev erTi fiqciaa namuSevarSi:
Janri Zalian mimzidveli aRmoCnda britaneli koleqcionere- adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am omSi frangebis mxares ibrZoda,
bisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvisac; xolo, mogvianebiT, magram indieli mebrZolis scenaSi CarTva imis niSania, rom
suraTis oTxi aslidan erT-erTi jorj III-mac daafinansa. ambavi swored CrdiloeT amerikaSi xdeba. dramatuli ganaTe-
vesTis suraTi qvebeqze gavlenis mosapoveblad brita- ba aZlierebs scenis emociurobas. dramatuloba kidev ufro
neT-safrangeTis Svidwlian omSi (1756-1763) 1759 wels daRu- Zlierdeba vulfis TanmxlebTa pozebiT, romlebic ise arian
pul britanel generals jeims vulfs ganadidebs. RrublebiT ganlagebulni, rom scena qristes datirebis kompozicias mo-
dafaruli cis fonze mocemulia scena: wiTel uniformaSi gvagonebs. analogias Tu ganvavrcobT, vulfis Tavs zemoT
Cacmuli waqceuli momakvdavi generali TanamebrZolTa mkla- gamosaxulma amerikis droSam scenaSi jvris gamosaxuleba
vebzea misvenebuli. sinamdvileSi vulfi ori Tu sami Tan- Caanacvla, vulfi ki iseve Seewira eris keTildReobas, ro-
mxlebis TandaswrebiT xis Ziras daiRupa, magram istoriuli gorc qriste _ kacobriobas. brwyinvale ferweris, mZafri
suraTi gacilebiT amaRlebul, gmirul scenas moiTxovda. su- emociurobisa da zneobrivi poziciis gamo suraTma britanul
raTi namdvilad realisturad gamoiyureba, Tumca, is sinam- sazogadoebaSi udidesi popularoba moipova. namuSevris mixe-
dviles dokumenturad rodi asaxavs da aseTad Cafiqrebuli dviT Sesrulebuli grafikuli amonabeWdi dRemde yvelaze
arc yofila. ganadidebs ra generlis gmirobas, jariskacebis farTod gavrcelebul gamosaxulebad iTvleba britaneTSi.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 29
1-29 • iohan henrix fuseli. Ramis koSmari, 1781; tilo, zeTi, 101X127 sm. detroitis xelovnebis muzeumi.
Sesyidulia mister da misis berT l. smoqlerebis da mister da misis lourensebis mier, a. flaiSmanebis fondTan erTad
fuseli ar sargeblobda popularobiT inglisel kritikosebSi. erT-erT mwerals isic uTqvams, rom 1780 wels londonis
samefo akademiaSi misi gamofenis Sesaxeb Canaweric ki unda ganadgurebuliyo. horas uolfolma ki 1785 wels mis naxats
„Sokismomgvreli da giJurze giJuri“ uwoda. mas Semdegac ki, rac fuselis niWi oficialurad aRiares, mas „SeSlil
Sveicariels“ da „eSmakis mxatvars“ uwodebdnen; magram sazogadoebam misi namuSevari daafasa da Ramis koSmari, romelic
samefo akademiaSi 1782 wels gamoifina, mxatvarma sul mcire samjer gaimeora. xolo graviorebma am namuSevris anabeWdebi
daamzades da gaavrceles. erT-erTi aseTi anabeWdi mogvianebiT avstrieli fsiqoanalitikosis zigmund froidis (romelic
sizmrebs adamianis daTrgunuli survilebis gamovlenad miiCnevda) kabinetSi ekida.
romantizmis mxatvroba vesTis ferweris emociurma viTarebisken ubiZga. misi namuSevrebi, umeteswilad, swored
dramam britaneTSi romantizms daudo saTave. romantizmis romaul, mogvianebiT ki, miqelanjelos xelovnebis emociu-
erT-erTi pirveli mimdevari iohan henrih fuseli (John Henry robas ukavSirdeba da ara antikuri saberZneTis xelovnebas,
Fuseli, 1741-1825) iyo. mSobliuri Sveicariidan londonSi igi romliTac vinkelmani iyo aRfrTovanebuli.
1764 wels Cavida. TeologiaSi, filosofiasa da vinkelmanis londonSi dabrunebis Semdeg fuselim istoriuli suraTis
(romlis naSromebsac igi inglisurad Targmnida) klasikur ostatis saxeli daimkvidra, Tumca, mis SemoqmedebaSi ufro
esTetikaSi ganswavluli fuseli londonis inteleqtualur- metad homerosis, dantes, Seqspiris da milTonis nawarmoebe-
ma elitam Tavis wreSi maleve miiRo. joSua reinoldsis rCe- bidan aRebuli dramatuli siuJetebi Warbobs. adamianis gone-
viT fuselim 1770 wels datova inglisi da samxatvro ga- bis idumal, bnel siRmeebSi wvdomisaken miswrafebam igi zebu-
naTlebis misaRebad romSi wavida, sadac momdevno rva weli nebrivi da iracionaluri Temebis asaxvamde miiyvana. suraTSi
dahyo. romauli skulpturisa da miqelanjelos mxatvrobis Ramis koSmari (sur. 1-29) igi divanze gadawolil qals asaxavs,
simZafrem da eqspresiulma formebma mas ara klasicizmis- romelsac sazareli inkubusi (igive mara, boroti suli) azis.
ken, aramed, sakuTari, mZlavrad gamomsaxveli stilis gan- legendis Tanaxmad, inkubusi gatacebul qalebTan sqesobrivi
30 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-30 • uiliam bleiki. niutoni, 1795;
daaxl. 1805; feradi amonabeWdi, dasrulebuli melniTa da akvareliT, 46X60 sm. TeiTi, londoni
kavSiriT sazrdoobda. erotikul sizmarSi qali xedavs, rom `winaswarmetyvelur wignebs~ Tematurad ukavSirdeba 12
inkubusi mis dauflebas apirebs. ukana planze fardis ukan didi feradi graviurisgan Semdgari damoukidebeli seria,
veluri, anTebulTvalebiani cxenis Tavi moCans. namuSevari romelic man, ZiriTadad, 1795 wels Seqmna. erT-erTi maTgani
idumal, aracnobier SiSsa da TavaSvebul seqsualurobas gad- XVIII saukunis racionalizmis simbolod qceul niutons warmo-
moscems. suraTi 1782 wels samefo akademiaSi gamoifina da, gvidgens (sur. 1-30). maTematikuri gamoTvlebiTa da naxazebiT
fuselis kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, didi STabeWdileba moa- samyaros aRweris ideiT Sepyrobili SiSveli niutoni, romel-
xdina sazogadoebaze. mxatvarma am suraTis sul cota oTxi sac xelSi fargali uWiravs, gamoqvabulSi zis. am suraTze igi
varsia Seasrula, romelTa aslebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. ufro metad Sua saukuneebis adamianis warmodgenaSi arsebuli
fuselis megobari uiliam bleiki (William Blake, 1757-1827)
RmerTis saxes waagavs, vidre Tanamedrove mecniers.
uaRresad originaluri poeti, mxatvari da graviori, aseve
jon singlTon qofli, romlis mier Seqmnili maflinebis
STagonebuli iyo miqelanjelos dramatuli xelovnebiT. mas
portreti zemoT aris aRwerili (sur. 1-1), revoluciuri omis
Semdeg, rac bleiki graviuris teqnikas daeufla, igi cota
Semdeg bostonidan londonSi gadavida da samSobloSi aRar
xniT Cairicxa samefo akademiaSi, sadac maleve uaryo rei-
dabrunebula. londonSi igi amerikeli Tanamemamulis, ben-
noldsis swavleba. mas miaCnda, rom wesebi ufro xels uSlida,
jamin vesTis msgavsad, Camoyalibda rogorc portretisti
vidre exmareboda Semoqmedebas. mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlo-
da Tanamedrove istoriuli suraTis mxatvari. qoflis yve-
baSi SeuzRudav, Tavisufal warmosaxvaSi Cawvdomis momxres,
laze warmatebuli namuSevari iyo uoTsoni da zvigeni (sur.
fantazia da warmosaxva sulis umaRles samyaroSi SeRwevis
1-31), romelic mas 1778 wels mdidarma londonelma vaWarma
gzad, xolo goneba damdablebuli materialuri samyaroTi
SezRudulad miaCnda. bleiki bibliaze, berZnul miTologia- da politikosma bruq uoTsonma SeukveTa. qoflis namuSeva-
sa da britanul legendebze dayrdnobiT sikeTisa da boro- ri 1749 wels momxdar dramatul SemTxvevas asaxavs. 14 wlis
tebis arsis kvleviT, qristianuli rwmenis pirovnul-indi- uoTsons havanis yureSi curvisas Tavs zvigeni daesxa da
vidualizebuli (idiosinkretikuli) formis SemuSavebiT iyo sanam mas misi megobrebi gadaarCendnen, marjvena fexi da-
dainteresebuli. 1790-ian wlebSi gamocemul mis `winaswarme- karga. suraTis piramidul kompozicias navSi myofi maSvel-
tyvelur wignebSi”, sulieri krizisisa da monaniebis Temebis Ta figurebi, Tavad sabralo uoTsoni da mis sapirspirod,
gamosakvlevad, mxatvroba da poeziaa gaerTianebuli. portis fonze sakmaod ararealurad warmodgenili zvigeni
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 31
1-31 • jon singlTon qofli. uoTsoni da zvigeni,
1778; zeTi, tilo, 1.82X2.29 m. xelovnebis erovnuli galerea, vaSingtoni, ferdinand lamoT belinis fondi
qmnian. zogierTi figura marTlac klasikuri wesebis mixe- uzrunvelyofdnen, amerikis mowodeba britaneTis samefos
dviTaa agebuli, magram Tavad kompozicias klasikurs nam- qveSevrdomobidan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze TvalTmaqcoba
dvilad ver vuwodebT. wina planze mZvinvare zvigeni umweo iqneboda. marTlac, revoluciuri omis dros britanelebma
SiSvel uoTsons esxmis Tavs, samaSvelo navis kiCoze kacs Tavisufleba SesTavazes yvela im gaqceul amerikel monas,
zvigenis gasagmirad barji (Harpun) aRumarTavs. kompozi- romelic britaneTis armiasa da flots SeuerTdeboda.
ciis marcxena mxares gamosaxuli uoTsonis ori megobari eWvgareSea, rom qoflis suraTis Tema uoTsonis mier
cdilobs, miwvdes dazaralebuls, danarCenebi ki, aRelve- iyo nakarnaxevi da, amdenad, SesaZloa, amerikeli monebis
bulebi uyureben scenas. naxatis zeda nawilSi gamosaxul mimarT uoTsonis simpaTiaze mianiSnebda; an, rogorc ves-
afrikels uoTsonis mklavze Semoxveuli, navTan damakavSi- Tis namuSevarSi vulfis sikvdili (sur. 1-28) mkvidri amerike-
rebeli Toki uWiravs. zogierTi mkvlevari afrikels msa- lebis CarTva, es figurac, SesaZloa, mxolod momxdari faq-
xurad miiCnevs, romelic xelsayrel dros elodeba, rom tis adgilze, am SemTxvevaSi _ havanaze mianiSnebdes. qofli
TeTrkanian patrons Toki miawodos, magram kompoziciaSi erT-erTi pirveli mxatvari iyo dedaqalaqSi, romelmac
mis CarTvas politikuri mizezebiTac xsnian. uoTsonze ha- Tanamedrove istoriis Temaze Seqmnili suraTebi londo-
vanis yureSi zvigenis Tavdasxma im dros moxda, rodesac nis sazogadoebriv adgilebSi gamofina; Sesvlaze gadasaxa-
igi afrikidan vesT-indoeTSi monebis gadamyvan transatla- dis dawesebiT mxatvari Semosavalsac iRebda da Tavis na-
tikur gemze muSaobda. swored maSin, rodesac uoTsoni am muSevrebs reklamasac uwevda. iseTi sanaxaobrivi xerxebis
suraTs ukveTavda, britaneTis parlamentSi amerikelebis efeqturi gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa fantasmagoria (Cveneba
damoukideblobis deklaraciasa da monebiT vaWrobis sa- magiuri farniT, kvamliT, sarkeebiT, ganaTebiT da moCve-
kiTxebis Taobaze cxare debatebi mimdinareobda. zogierTi nebebiT), panoramebi, diorama da eidofusikoni (miniaturu-
Tori, maT Soris uoTsonic, ewinaaRmdegebodnen amerikis li Teatri specialuri efeqtebiT) XIX saukunis dasawyisis
damoukideblobis ideas da isini Tvlidnen, rom sanam Tavad londonSi qofli sensaciur eqtraordinalur saxe-xatebs
amerikeli kolonistebi afrikeli monebis Tavisuflebas ar qmnida da fenda kidec.
32 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-32 • Jak Jermen suflo.
panTeoni (wm. Jenevievas eklesia),
parizi, 1755-1792
moiZieT panTeonis
arqiteqturuli panorama
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 33
XVIII saukunis miwurulis mkafio geometrizmi (sur. 1-33) taZars berlingTonis neo-pa-
ladianuri stilis Cizviq hausTan (ix. 1-15) aaxloebs.
xelovneba safrangeTSi panTeoni, aseve, qristianul tradiciasTan avlens ka-
vSirs. Tumca, panTeoni ar aris nawilTa martivi krebu-
XVIII saukunis bolos safrangeTSi rokoko ganmanaTleblo-
li. misi racionaluri, Tanmimdevruli gegma marTkuTxa,
bis ideebma da momavali revoluciis moaxloebam gadafara.
kvadratuli da wriuli formebisgan Sedgeba, xolo misi
franguli xelovneba ufro metad gadaixara klasicizmisken;
kedlebis sada sibrtyeebi simkacres avlens.
frangi arqiteqtorebi ufro metad mimarTavdnen romauli
xuroTmoZRvrebis proporciebsa da sicxades, xolo mxat-
ferwera da qandakeba
vrebi da moqandakeebi didaqtikur klasicizms da, sazoga-
sanam XVIII saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi frangi mxatvrebi
dod, klasikur stils aniWebdnen upiratesobas.
buSe, fragonari da maTi mimdevrebi jer kidev rokokos
stilSi ganagrZobdnen muSaobas, 1760-ian wlebSi rokokos
arqiteqtura
winaaRmdeg Zlieri moZraoba daiwyo. rokokos mTavari mo-
XVIII saukunis bolos frangi arqiteqtorebi klasicizms,
winaaRmdege iyo deni didro (1713-1784), romlis `codnisa
Cveulebriv, ganixilavdnen ara rogorc erT-erT alterna-
da unarebis~ 32-tomiani kompendiumi _ enciklopedia (Seqm-
tiul, aramed rogorc erTaderT WeSmarit mxatvrul stils.
vinkelmanis debuleba, rom „antikuri periodis xelovanTa nili Jan le ron d’alamberTan (1717-1783) erTad) ganmanaT-
mibaZva~ kargi gemovnebis niSania, safrangeTSi enTuziaz- lebluri azris namdvil arqivs warmoadgenda. 1759 wels
miT aitaces. klasicisturi stilis wamyvani arqiteqtoris didrom periodul biuletenSi, romelsac mdidari mkiTxve-
frangi Jak Jermen suflos (Jacques-Germain Soufflot, 1713-1780) li hyavda, oficialuri salonis Sesaxeb mimoxilvebis gamo-
wm. Jenevievas eklesia, romelic dRes cnobilia, rogorc qveyneba daiwyo. didro xelovnebis Tanamedrove kriticiz-
panTeoni (sur. 1-32), parizis yvelaze tipuri klasicisturi mis damfuZnebelad moiazreba. mas sjeroda, rom xelovnebis
nagebobaa. panTeonSi suflom sami tradiciis gaerTianeba WeSmariti daniSnuleba adamianSi `Rirsebis grZnobis gaRvi-
scada: romauli arqiteqturis, romelsac igi italiaSi yof- veba da eTikis dawmenda~ iyo; rasac, misi azriT, rokoko
nisas gaecno, franguli da inglisuri barokuli klasiciz- verafriT SeZlebda.
mis da im droisaTvis inglisSi aRorZinebuli paladianuri
stilis. panTeonis fasadi, Tavisi uzarmazari portikiT, Sardeni didro aRfrTovanebuli iyo Jan simeon Sarde-
Zveli romauli taZrebis formebisa da proporciebis mixe- niT (Jean-Siméon Chardin, 1699-1779), mxatvriT, romelmac jer
dviTaa Seqmnili. gumbaTi XVII saukunis arqiteqturiT, maT kidev 1730-ian wlebSi XVII saukunis holandiuri Janruli
Soris, ser qrisTofer renis londonis wminda pavles kaT- mxatvrobis tradiciebis mixedviT, zneobriv-damrigebluri
edraliTaa STagonebuli, xolo nagebobis centruli gegmis xasiaTis namuSevrebis Seqmna daiwyo. Sardeni am namuSevreb-
Si saSualo klasis yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan gulmodgin-
ed Sesrulebul gulisamaCuyebel scenebs asaxavda. magali-
Tad, suraTSi aRmzrdeli (sur. 1-34) wignebiT xelSi koxtad
Cacmuli biWia warmodgenili. biWs ZiZa esaubreba da Tan mis
samkuTxa quds wmends. iatakze Cogani, volani (badmintonis
burTi) da banqo yria, is bavSvuri gasarTobebi, romlebic
biWma ukan unda moitovos, radgan saswavleblad da zrdas-
rulis pasuxismgeblobiT savse cxovrebisTvis emzadeba. na-
muSevari avtoritetuli adamianis keTilganwyobasa da mis
mimarT mozardis nebayoflobiT morCilebaze migvaniSnebs.
orive es Tviseba imxanad mniSvnelovnad iyo miCneuli, ro-
gorc politikur, aseve ojaxur cxovrebaSi.
34 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-35 • Jan batist grezi.
soflis patarZali,
an qorwineba, momenti,
rodesac mama siZes
mziTevs gadascems,
1761; tilo, zeTi,
91.4X118.1 sm. luvri,
parizi
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 35
misi da da deda arian gamosaxulni. hogarTis saqorwino Tili dedis~ Temas, misTvis ukve nacnobs anjelika kaufma-
kontraqtSi asaxuli tyulisa da angarebisgan gansxvavebiT nis suraTidan kornelia (ix. 1-26), viJe-lebreni dedofals,
(ix. 1-21), grezis suraTi gviCvenebs, rom Rirsebisa da si- rogorc egoist, eqstravagantul da amoralur adamianze
Raribis Tanaarseboba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. am tipis emo- sazogadoebis warmodgenis sapirispirod, keTil, mosiyva-
ciuri, Teatralizebuli da zneobrivi yofiTi scena didad rule dedad warmogvidgens. dedofals suraTze Sesabamis
dafasebuli iyo grezis dros da safrangeTSi adreklasicis- mefur pozaSi vxedavT, Svilebi ki ufro bunebrivad arian
turi istoriuli Janris mxatvrobas upirispirdeboda. gamosaxulni: princesa siyvaruliT miyrdnobia dedas, pa-
tara dofini _ taxtis memkvidre ki, romelic mefobas ve-
viJe-lebreni im dros, rodesac grezi Tavis namuSevreb- rasdros miaRevs, cota xnis win gardacvlili Zmis carieli
Si dabali da saSualo klasis yofas asaxavda, mari elizabet akvnisken migviTiTebs.
luiza viJe-lebreni (Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1755 avtori suraTSi mari antuanetas meuRlis, lui XVI-s
1842) cnobili xdeba, rogorc dedofal mari antuanetas mmarTvelobis qveS myofi safrangeTis mSvidobianobasa da
sayvareli portretisti. keTildReobas asaxavs. lui XVI, romelic taxtze 1774 wels
viJe-lebreni gamoCenili imiTac iyo, rom igi safrange- avida, teroris epoqis dros, 1792 wels, sikvdiliT dasajes.
Tis ferwerisa da qandakebis samefo akademiis wevrad iyo mis meuRles, mari antuanetasac igive bedi ewia.
arCeuli. im droisTvis akademiaSi mxolod oTxi qalis ar-
Ceva iyo SesaZlebeli. 1787 wels viJe-lebrenma Seqmna tilo davidi Jak lui davidi (Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825) fran-
mari antuaneta SvilebTan erTad (sur. 1-36). mimarTavs ra `ke- guli klasicisturi epoqis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxatva-
36 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
ri iyo. oc welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, revoluciisa da, da bavSvebis jgufisgan da kidev ufro amZafrebs dapiris-
Semdgom, napoleonis mmarTvelobis dros, mas mniSvnelovani pirebas axalgazrda mamakacebis stoikur Tavganwirvasa da
gavlena hqonda safrangeTis xelovnebaze. 1774 wels davidma dardisagan Ronmixdil qalebs Soris.
romis prizi (Prix de Rome) moigo da momdevno eqvsi wlis gan- am istoriuli suraTis emociurma ganwyobilebam fran-
mavlobaSi romSi antikur qandakebasa da klasicizmis princi- guli akademiis zneobis wesebi umaRles xarisxSi aiyvana.
pebs swavlobda. parizSi dabrunebis Semdeg davidi antikuri bedis ironiiT, Tavdapirvelad monarqis mier SekveTili
Rirebulebebis _ stoicizmis, mamakacurobisa da patriotiz- namuSevari, male safrangeTis 1789 wlis revoluciis simbo-
mis ganmadidebel, wminda klasicistur namuSevrebs qmnis. lod iqca. patriotizmisa da keTildReobisTvis Tavganwir-
am namuSevrebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani, albaT, 1784- vis idea sruliad Seesabameboda 1792 wels axlad Seqmnili
1785 wlebSi Seqmnili horaciusebis ficia (sur. 1-37). suraTi safrangeTis respublikis liderebis ganwyobilebas. mas
sruliad Seesabameba lui XVI-s gemovnebasa da faseulobebs, Semdeg, rac revolucionerebma monarqia da TavadaznaurTa
romelic xelovnebis ministr, graf d’anJiviesTan erTad, gan- wodebebi gaauqmes, ganaTlebaze kontroli eklesias Camo-
manaTleblobas TanaugrZnobda. didros msgavsad, d’anJivies arTves da adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia daiwera, davidi
da mefes sjerodaT, rom xelovnebas sazogadoeba moralu- memarcxene iakobinelTa partias SeuerTda.
rad unda aemaRlebina. d’anJivies pirveli oficialuri nabi- 1793 wels davidma Tavis suraTSi iakobinelTa lideris,
ji am mimarTulebiT 1775 wlis salonSi uxamsi, SiSveli ga- Jan pol maratis sikvdili (sur. 1-38) asaxa. radikali Jurnalisti
mosaxulebebis akrZalva da didaqtikuri xasiaTis istoriuli marati, avejis nacvlad yuTebiT gawyobil binaSi mokrZale-
suraTebis SekveTa iyo. davidisTvis 1784 wels SekveTili ho- bulad cxovrobda. Tavis pamfletebSi igi aristokratTa
raciusebis fici am programis nawils warmoadgenda. privilegiebis gauqmebisken mouwodebda sazogadoebas.
suraTis Tema STagonebuli iyo didi frangi mwerlis kanis mwvave daavadebis gamo, igi xSirad samkurnalo aba-
pier kornelis (1606-1684) tragediiT „horaciusi“, rome- zanis miRebis dros muSaobda. opoziciuri partiis erT-erT
lic, Tavis mxriv, uZvelesi romauli isto-
riuli teqstebis safuZvelze Seiqmna; Tum-
ca, davidis mier namuSevarSi asaxuli ficis
dadebis patriotuli scena uSualod am wy-
aroebidan ar aris aRebuli da, rogorc Cans,
mxatvris fantaziis nayofi iyo.
suraTze Zv.w. VII saukuneSi momxdari am-
bavia asaxuli, rodesac romi da misi metoqe,
mezobeli qalaq-saxelmwifo alba SeTanxmd-
nen, rom omis sanacvlod, romis moqalaqe ho-
raciusis sam vaJsa da albas warmomadgenel
sam kuraciuss Soris sasikvdilo orTabrZo-
la gaimarTeboda. davidis tiloze horaciu-
sebs xelebi aqvT gawvdili mamisken, romelic
maT xmlebs aZlevs. Svilebi aRTqmas deben,
rom bolomde ibrZoleben da Tavs gawiraven
romisTvis. Zala, romelic axalgazrda mama-
kacebis mamisken gawvdil xelebSi igrZnoba,
TiTqos ukan axevinebs am ukanasknels. mtkice,
Zlier mamakacebs kompoziciis marjvena mxa-
res mtirali qalebisa da SeSinebuli bavSve-
bis jgufi upirispirdeba. isini orive mxaris
_ horaciusebisa da kuraciusebis beds das-
tirian. sabina (centraluri figura) kuraci-
usis da da erT-erTi horaciusis meuRlea.
kamila (moSorebiT, bavSvebTan myofi qali)
ki, horaciusebis daa da kuraciusis saco-
le. sasuraTo sibrtyis paralelurad fonze
gamosaxuli TaRebi kompoziciurad kidev
ufro metad gamoyofs mebrZolebs qalebisa
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 37
momxres Sarlot kordeis miaCnda, rom marati nawilobriv hqonda. senegalSi dabadebuli bele (1747?-1805) yofili mona
pasuxismgebeli iyo 1792 wlis areulobaze, romlis drosac iyo, romelic san domingos koloniam (axlandeli haiti) pa-
asobiT politikuri patimari, mefis mimarT simpaTiis gamo, rizSi, safrangeTis konventSi Tavis warmomadgenlad gagzav-
gaasamarTles da sikvdiliT dasajes. amisaTvis, Sarlot kor- na. haitis 1791 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, rodesac afrikelma
deim maratze Suri iZia, mis saxlSi Seipara da igi sakuTar monebma safrangeTis koloniuri Zalaufleba daamxes, san do-
abazanaSi daniT mokla. davidi Tavs aridebs momxdaris sensa- mingo pirveli respublika iyo, romelsac gaTavisuflebuli
ciur mxares _ mkvlelobis faqtis asaxvas da mxolod mis tra- afrikeli monebi marTavdnen. 1794 wels belem koloniebSi mo-
gikul Sedegs warmogvidgens: gardacvlili marati abazanaSi nobis gasauqmeblad da afrikuli warmoSobis adamianebisTvis
wevs, dabla uRonod Camovardnil marjvena xelSi jer kidev sruluflebiani moqalaqeobis misaniWeblad, warmatebuli
uWiravs kalami, marcxenaSi ki is werili ukavia, romelic kor- sakanonmdeblo kampania gaaCaRa. portretze bele frangi fi-
deim mis saxlSi SesaRwevad gamoiyena. abazanis gverdiT mdga losofosis abat giiom reinalis (1711-1796) biustis kvarcxl-
ri xis martivi, marTkuTxa formis yuTi, romelsac marati bekzea dayrdnobili. abatis 1770 wels gamocemulma wignma,
magidad iyenebda da romelzec maratisa da Tavad mxatvris, romleSic igi monobas gmobda, gza gaukvala amgvar kanonm-
davidis saxelebia amotvifruli, TiTqos maratis saflavis deblobas. ase rom, portreti orives _ belesac da reinal-
qvad qceula. davidis mier Seqmnili kompaqturi, lakoniuri sac Tanabrad miagebda pativs. 1801 wels napoleonma aRadgina
da mkafiod agebuli kompozicia STambeWdav mxatvrul sa- monoba karibis kunZulebze, magram ajanyebam, romelic 1804
xes qmnis. dautvirTavi foni kedlis erTgvarovan sibrtyes wlamde gagrZelda, haitis sruli damoukidebloba moutana.
warmoadgens, rac, horaciusebis ficis fonis msgavsad, su-
raTSi asaxul dramas erTgvar simSvides sZens. micvalebuli adelaid labil-Jiari (Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, 1749-1803),
maratis sxeulis feri, qveS dafenili zewris fers Seesabame- romlis Semoqmedebac agreTve asaxavda im periodis revolu-
ba. zewrisa da sxeulis naTel laqas muqi foni da abazanaze ciur suliskveTebas, mxatvari qalebis uflebebs icavda. igi
gadafarebuli mwvane naWeri aCarCoebs. sastiki, daundobeli ferwerisa da qandakebis safrangeTis samefo akademiaSi vi-
mkvleloba davidma pirquSi, STambeWdavi sceniT gad-
moca. maratis poza miqelanjelos vatikanis pietas
mogvagonebs, riTic mxatvari imaze migvaniSnebs, rom,
qristes msgavsad, maratic adamianebisTvis ewama.
safrangeTis revolucia 1793-1794 wlebSi brbos
mmarTvelobaSi gadaizarda da misi mowinaaRmdegeebis,
aTasobiT iakobinelis mimarT sastik angariSsworebad
gadaiqca, xolo SemdgomSi, teroris mmarTvelobis
saxeliT gaxda cnobili. davidi, rogorc iakobinelTa
nacionaluri konventis deputati, ori kviris ganma-
vlobaSi prezidentad iyo arCeuli. am periodSi man
dapatimrebis ramdenime orders moawera xeli. ro-
desac iakobinelebma 1794 wels Zalaufleba dakarges,
davidi orjer daapatimres, Tumca sasjeli msubuqi
iyo da mas xatvis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobac eZleo-
da. mogvianebiT davidi isev gamoCnda politikur as-
parezze, rogorc napoleonis momxre da napoleonis
mmarTvelobis dros Tavisi karieris piks miaRwia.
38 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-40 • adelaid labil-Jiari.
avtoportreti or mowafesTan erTad,
1785; tilo, zeTi, 2.11X1.51 m. metropoliten
muzeumi, niu-iorki, julia a. bervindis
saCuqari, 1953 (53.225.5)
Je-lebrenTan erTad airCies 1785 wlis salonSi wardgenili hudoni frangma moqandakem Jan antuan hudonma (Jean-Antoine
suraTisTvis avtoportreti or mowafesTan erTad (sur. 1-40). Houdon, 1741-1828), romelic Prix de Rome-s miRebis Semdeg 1764-
suraTi Taviseburi pasuxi iyo im gavrcelebul Worze, TiTqos 1768 wlebSi italiaSi swavlobda, klasikur stils realiz-
viJe-lebrenis namuSevrebi sinamdvileSi mamakacis mier iyo da- mis elferi SesZina. man epoqis mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani
xatuli. am didi zomis tiloze warmodgenili erTaderTi mama- pirovnebebis, maT Soris, didros, volteris, Jan Jak rusos,
kacis gamosaxuleba, rogorc mxatvris STagonebis wyaro, mol- ekaterine didis, Tomas jefersonis, benjamin franklinis,
bertis gverdiT mdgari labil-Jiaris mamis biustia. mxatvarma lafaietis (revoluciis gmiris) da napoleonis qandakebebi
(biustebi da figurebi mTeli taniT) Seqmna. garda origi-
maxvilgonivrulad Caanacvla rolebi, radgan muzis funqcia,
nalebis Seqmnisa, hudonis studia stabilurad awarmoebda
Cveulebriv, qalebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. garda imisa, rom
ganmanaTleblobis xanis moazrovneTa mier Rirsebisa da
suraTze mxatvari Zalian momxiblavad gamoiyureba, igi, aseve
patriotizmis magaliTad aRiarebul adamianTa skulptu-
gamoxatavs sakuTar Tavs, rogorc angariSgasawev, Zlier qals,
rebis aslebs. benjamin franklinis biustis Semdeg virji-
romlis mzerac Tamamad upirispirdeba mnaxvels da romlis niis Statma hudons jorj vaSingtonis qandakeba SeukveTa.
moswavleebi seriozulad da azrianad udgebian swavlas. saf- qandakeba jefersonis mier daproeqtebuli virjiniis Sta-
rangeTis revoluciis momdevno wels labil-Jiarma TxovniT tis klasicisturi stiliT nageb saxelmwifo kapitoliumSi
mimarTa ferwerisa da qandakebis samefo akademias, raTa moxs- unda daedgaT. 1785 wels vaSingtonis qandakebisaTvis es-
niliyo SezRudva, romelic mxolod oTxi qalis wevrobas iT- kizisa da TabaSiris biustis Sesaqmnelad hudoni amerikis
valiswinebda. reforma mogvianebiT revoluciurma mTavrobam SeerTebul StatebSi gaemgzavra, xolo parizSi marmarilos
gaauqma, maSin, rodesac is metad avtoritaruli gaxda. sruli zomis figuris (sur. 1-41) Sesasruleblad dabrunda.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 39
iseve rogorc benjamin vesTis generali vulfi (ix. sur. idealebs gamoxatavs. vaSingtons amerikis damoukideblobi-
1-28),
vaSingtonis figura klasikuri maneriTaa Sesrulebu- saTvis warmoebuli omis, e.w. revoluciuri omis (1775-1783)
li, magram mas Tanamedroved acvia. qandakeba keTilSobi- periodis generlis uniforma acvia; paralelurad qandake-
lebis, Rirsebis da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis klasikur baSi Zveli romis Zalauflebis simboloebia CarTuli. mag.,
rogoricaa romauli fasciebi _ wiTeli lentebiT Sekru-
li Telas an aryis xis wnelebis kona, romelsac erT mxa-
res culis piri hqonda mimagrebuli. fasciebi Zvel romSi
umaRles magistratTa da liqtorTa insignia iyo da misi
floba damnaSavis dasjis an Sewyalebis uflebas aRniSnavda,
mogvianebiT ki saxelmwifos erTianobis da saxelmwifoeb-
riobis dacvis simbolos ganasaxierebda. swored amerikaSi,
inglisis cameti koloniis niSnad, cameti Zelisgan konad
Sekrul fasciebze udevs marcxena xeli generals, marjve-
naTi ki najaxispirian kverTxs eyrdnoba. aqve, fasciebzea
mimagrebuli xmali da `mSvidobis guTani~. mniSvnelovania,
rom hudonis vaSingtoni xmals ar exeba.
xelovneba espaneTSi da
amerikis espanur koloniebSi
XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi filipe V-s (1700-1746) dros,
espaneTis xelovneba marginalizebuli iyo, radgan samefo
kari xelovnebis nimuSebs umeteswilad ucxoel xelovanebs
ukveTavda. germaneli mxatvris, mengsis karlos III-s (1759-1788)
samefo karze moRvaweobis Sedegad, espaneTi klasicizms gaec-
no, magram es stili espaneli mxatvrebis mier ar yofila iseTi
enTuziazmiT miRebuli, rogorc wina saukuneSi SeTvisebuli
baroko. XVIII saukunis bolos espaneTis sasaxlis karis mxatv-
rad am periodis erT-erTi yvelaze didi Semoqmedi, fransis-
ko goia lusientesi (Francisco Goya y Lucientes, 1746-1828) iniSneba.
XVI saukunis Semdeg xelovnebis nimuSebi espaneTis Sekve-
TiT aseve mravlad iqmneba amerikis espanur koloniebSi. am
Soreuli qveynebis XVIII saukunis xelovnebasa da arqiteqtu-
raSi, adgilobriv mxatvrul tradiciasTan erTad, espanuri
barokos uwyveti gavlena aisaxa. am ori kulturuli tra-
diciis erToblioba naTlad mJRavndeba meqsikisa da samx-
reT-dasavleT amerikis xelovnebaSi.
portretis xelovneba da
protesti espaneTSi: goia
1-41. • Jan antuan hudoni. jorj vaSingtoni, goia espaneTis samefo karis samxatvro wreebSi 1774 wels ga-
1788-1792; marmarilo, simaRle 1.9 m. moCnda, rodesac mas mengsis xelmZRvanelobiT gobelenebis-
saxelmwifo kapitoliumi, riCmondi, virjinia Tvis eskizebis Seqmna daukveTes. igi samefo karze karlos
vaSingtonis figuris ukan warmodgenili guTnis piri Zv.w. V sauku- III-isa da karlos IV-is dros (1788-1808) msaxurobda, magram,
nis romael jariskacze, romis daniSnul diqtatorze, cincinatusze amasTanave, inteleqtualTa im wres miekuTvneboda, rome-
mianiSnebs. cincinatusi romis armiis alyidan gamosaxsnelad
italikuri tomis _ eqvebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaigzavna. lic safrangeTis revoluciis idealebs izia rebda. kriti-
gamarjvebis Semdeg cincinatusi Tanamdebobidan gadadga da Tavis kuli damokidebuleba im samefo karis mimarT, romelsac igi
miwis nakveTs daubrunda. Tanamedroveebi vaSingtons cincinatuss emsaxureboda, SefarviT mJRavndeba kidec mis namuSevrebSi.
adarebdnen, radgan amerikelebis britanelebze gamarjvebis
Semdeg isic gadadga da imis nacvlad, rom politikur asparezze
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg socialuri gardaqmne-
gaegrZelebina moRvaweoba, sakuTar fermaSi dabrunda. vaSingtonis bis safrTxiT SeSinebulma karlos IV-m espaneTSi xelaxla
Jiletis qveS cincinatis sazogadoebis emblema moCans. sazogadoeba daawesa inkvizicia, SeaCera reforma da qveyanaSi frangu-
1783 wels kontinenturi armiis im oficrebma daaarses, romlebic
li wignebis Setanac ki akrZala. am viTarebis sapasuxod
omis Semdeg mSvidobian saqmianobas daubrundnen. vaSingtoni
virjiniis StatSi, maunT vernonSi, Tavis plantaciaSi xuTi wlis goiam ubralo xalxisTvis, visTanac sakuTar Tavs aigiveb-
ganmavlobaSi, 1789 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pirvel da, grafikuli seria Seqmna. esaa 80 ofortisgan Semdgari,
prezidentad arCevamde cxovrobda. 1796-1798 wlebSi Sesrulebuli seria kapriCos (Los Caprichos
40 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-42 • fransisko goia. mTvlemare goneba monstrebs Sobs, #43,
seriidan kapriCos (Los Caprichos),
1796-1798; gamoica 1799; graviura da akvatinta, 21.6X15.2 sm.
amerikis espanuri sazogadoeba, niu iorki
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 41
1-44 • fransisko goia. 1808 wlis sami maisi,
1 814-1815; tilo, zeTi, 2.67X4.06 m. prados muzeumi, madridi
damokidebuleba gamoiwvia da samefo karis yuradRebac mii- bili, erTgvarad gaocebuli gamometyvelebis mqone mefe
pyro. Semdgomi dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad da mefis ojaxis erT-erTi wevris pirispir dgas, romelic suraTidan
dasarwmuneblad, rom igi monarqias sulac ar akritikebda, dabneuli iyureba (es saxe, SesaZloa, bolo momentSi daemata
seriis liTonis firfitebi goiam mefes warudgina. goia ix- namuSevars); Rababiani dedofali almacerad gvimzers (cno-
liCeboda samefo karis mxatvris valdebulebebsa da mxurvale bilia, rom am dros mas gaxmaurebuli romani hqonda pre-
survils Soris, rom espaneTi Tavisufali qveyana yofiliyo. mier-ministrTan); maTi ufrosi qaliSvili, suraTis siRrme-
goias orWofuli mdgomareoba naTlad vlindeba mis didi Si icqireba; kidev ukan mdgomi erTi xanSiSesuli naTesavi ki
zomis suraTSi mefe karlos IV-is ojaxi (sur. 1-43). am garemocvaSi moxvedriT TiTqos gakvirvebulic kia. erTi
mxatvars aSkarad undoda, rom misi mfarveli ojaxis frangi xelovnebaTmcodnis SeniSvniT, `suraTi im xabazis
portreti velaskesis meninebisTvis, espaneTis samefo karis ojaxs waagavs, romelmac lataria moigo”. Tumca, am yoveli-
ufro adreuli ojaxuri portretisTvis miemsgavsebina, ri- ves miuxedavad, samefo ojaxi, rogorc Cans, kmayofili darCa
Tic pativs miagebda mefes; amiT mis keTilganwyobasac moipo- goias namuSevriT. im dros, rodesac espaneTis aristokratiis
vebda da sakuTar mdgomareobasac gaiumjobesebda. suraTze, avtoriteti TandaTan ecemoda, konfliqturi emociebis, misw-
velaskesis msgavsad, goiam, marcxena mxares, molbertTan sa- rafebebisa da pasuxismgeblobaTa ase kompleqsurad warmoCena
kuTari Tavic gamosaxa. ojaxis wevrebiT garemoculi mefe da kidev ufro did dartymas ayenebda maT; zogierT mnaxvels ki,
dedofali kompoziciis centrSi arian warmodgenilni. maTi SesaZloa, efiqra, rom es axali, Tanamedrove stili iyo.
mkacrad oficialuri pozebi sakmaod daZabulia. bevri ram 1808 wels napoleonma espaneTi daipyro da taxtze Tavisi
Tqmula imis Sesaxeb, rom goia Tavis mfarvelebs am suraT- Zma, Jozef bonaparti (1768-1844) aiyvana. Tavdapirvelad es-
Si ironiiTac ki warmoaCenda: samefo ojaxis wevrTagan zogi paneTis moqalaqeebi, maT Soris goiac, miesalmnen frangebis
gabezrebuli Cans; medlebiT daxunZlul mundirSi gamowyo- mmarTvelobas, ris Sedegadac politikuri reformebi daiwyo
42 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
da axali, ufro liberaluri konstituciac iqna miRebuli,
magram 1808 wlis 2 maiss madridSi xma gavrcelda, rom fran-
gebi samefo ojaxis ganadgurebas apirebdnen. xalxi frange-
bis winaaRmdeg aRdga da quCebSi sisxliani brZola gaimarTa,
rasac moqalaqeTa masobrivi dapatimreba moyva. asobiT ada-
miani Seyares monasterSi da 3 maiss gamTeniisas daxvrites.
goias mier Seqmnil am sasaklaos amsaxvel memoriul tiloze
1808 wlis sami maisi (sur. 1-44) ganwiruli meamboxeebis mgznebare
Jestebi da jalaTebis mWidro rigi dramatul suraTs qmnis.
TeTri perangiT mosili msxverpli Tavis usaxur mkvlelebs
xelebgaSlili upirispirdeba. misi figura jvarcmul qris-
tes mogvagonebs. sami maisi ukve aRar aris davidis hora-
ciusebis ficis (ix. sur. 1-37) msgavsi samoqalaqo Tavganwirvis
auRelvebeli, didaqtikuri reprezentacia, aramed, es ukve
brma terorisa da sasowarkveTili SiSis saxea. am namuSee-
varSi yvelaferi romantizmze metyvelebs: sensaciuri da
amaRelvebeli ambavi, Tavisufali ferwera, eqspresiuli,
cocxali pozebi, asimetriuli, daubalansebeli kompozicia
da dramatuli ganaTeba. aq ar arsebobs morali, mxolod sa-
sowarkveTili risxvaa darCenili. rodesac goias hkiTxes, Tu
ratom daxata aseTi Semzaravi scena, man upasuxa: „rom ga-
vafrTxilo adamianebi, ase aRarasdros moiqcnen.“
amis Semdeg espanuri monarqia maleve aRdga. ferdinand
VII-m (1808; 1814-1833) kvlav ganaaxla inkvizicia da gaauqma
axali konstitucia. 1815 wels goia inkviziciis winaSe war
dga, mas erT-erT adreul namuSevarSi SiSveli qalis da
xatvisTvis brali uxamsobaSi dasdes. goia gaasamarTles da
madrididan gaaZeves. saxlis kedlebi, romelSic igi amis
Semdeg dasaxlda, mxatvarma e.w. „Savi naxatebis“ koSmaru-
li seriiT moxata da maTSi samyaros mimarT Tavisi mwva-
ved kritikuli damokidebuleba gadmosca. cxovrebis bolo
oTxi weli goiam safrangeTSi gaatara.
amerikis xelovneba 1-45 • atriumis jvari. 1556 wlamde; qva, simaRle 3.45 m.
espaneTis mmarTvelobis qveS indielebis samlocvelo, gvadalupes bazilika, mexiko
XVI saukuneSi espaneTis mier centraluri da samxreT ameri-
kis dapyrobis Semdeg, adgilobrivi religia aikrZala. Zveli misi jvarcmuli sxeulis nacvlad, jvris Zelze Semoxveuli
taZrebi kaTolikurma eklesiebma Caanacvla. franciskaneli, eklis gvirgvini, jvris mklavebze daxveuli wminda sudara da
dominikaneli da avgustineli berebi mkvidri mosaxleobis sxv. jvris zeda nawilSi frTian angelozTa TavebTan erTad,
warweris garSemo aRdgomis niSnad ganlagebuli broweulebia
mosaqcevad iRwvodnen. zogierTi misioneri imdenad iyo
mocemuli. Tavad jvars, qristes mier kacobriobis codvebis
SeZrwunebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT dampyro-
gamosyidvis simbolos, mesoamerikul religiebSi sicocxlis
blebis sisastikiT, rom aTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis Txov-
xis mniSvneloba eniWeboda. sisxli, romelic qristes xelebi-
niT espaneTis mefesac ki mimarTa. dan Jonavs, msxverplze mianiSnebs, magram samsxverplo sisx-
centraluri amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis _ meso lis gamosaxva, aseve, adgilobriv religiebsac ukavSirdeba.
amerikelebis kaTolicizmze iZulebiTi moqcevisas, qris-
mas Semdeg, rac gadmocemis Tanaxmad, meqsikaSi RvTismSob-
tianoba maT uZveles religiur Sexedulebebs Seerwya. es
lis gamocxadeba moxda, mesoamerikuli ukugavlena RvTis
sinTezi adgilobrivi moqandakeebis mier Seqmnil adreko-
mSoblis ikonografiamac ganicada. magaliTad, 1531 wels
loniuri periodis atriumis jvrebSi vlindeba. misionerebi
meqsikelma xuan diegom ganacxada, rom mas RvTismSobeli ga-
am jvrebs eklesiis atriumSi aTavsebdnen, sadac qristianu-
moecxada da im mTaze, sadac odesRac actekebis qalRmerTs
li ganaTlebis misaRebad axladmonaTlulebi ikribebod-
scemdnen Tayvans, eklesiis aSeneba daavala; es yovelive ki
nen. dabali reliefiT uxvad Semkuli XVI saukunis atriumis
jvari (sur. 1-45), romelic axla mexikoSi, gvadalupes bazili-
mis mSobliur, adgilobriv nahuatlis enaze amcno. amboben,
kaSi inaxeba, adgilobriv skulpturul tradiciebs avlens; rom amis Semdgom mTaze, im adgilas, sadac gamocxadeba mo-
qristianuli da adgilobrivi religiebi masSi erTmaneTs xda, uamravi yvavili amosula da amiT xuan diegos sakuTa-
erwymis da kompleqsurad vlindeba. qristianuli simboloe- ri xilvis sinamdvileSi arqiepiskoposis darwmuneba ganuz-
bi, rogorc Cans, misionerebis ilustrirebuli wignebidan raxavs; rodesac xuan diegos mTidan wamoRebuli, mosasxamSi
da bibliidanaa gadmoRebuli. es niSnebia: macxovris saxe, gaxveuli Taiguli gauSlia, masze (mosasxamze) e.w. meqsike-
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 43
1-46 • sebastian salsedo. gvadalupes RvTismSobeli,
1779; zeTi, dafa da spilenZi, 63.5X48.3 sm. denveris xelovnebis muzeumi
qvemoT, marjvniv mocemulia qali _ axali espaneTis (meqsikis) gansaxireba, xolo marcxniv _ papi benediqt XIV
(pontifikati 1740-1758), romelmac 1754 wels gvadalupes RvTismSobeli amerikis mfarvelad gamoacxada.
figurebs Soris moCans gvadalupes taZari meqsikaSi. RvTismSoblis garSemo oTxi mcire zomis scena xuan diegos
istorias asaxavs, zeda sami ki _ RvTismSoblis saswaulebs. RvTismSoblis Tavs zemoT gamosaxulia bibliuri
winaswarmetyvelebisa da patriarqebis eqvsi figura, aseve, mociqulebi da wmindanebi.
44 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-47 • san xavier del bakis misia
Tusonis maxloblad,
arizona. 1784-1797.
li RvTismSoblis saxe aRmoCnda saswaulebrivad gamosaxu- am adgilisTvis tradiciuli aliziT (romelic TixiTa da Ca-
li. RvTismSoblis meqsikuri ikonografiuli tipi, romelic liT mzaddeba) ki ar aris naSeni, aramed _ aguriTa da kir-du-
ubiwo Casaxvis ideas gamoxatavs, farTod gavrcelda evro- RabiT. misi ZiriTadi nawilis mSenebloba velderenma 1790
paSi da gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda espaneTSi. xuan wels daasrula, xolo fasadebis Semkoba misma memkvidrem
diegos xilvis adgils meqsikaSi, iseve, rogorc espaneTSi velderenis sikvdilis Semdeg ganagrZo da 1797 wels daamTa-
gavrcelebul RvTismSoblis xatis am ikonografiul versias vra. san xavieris fasadi ar warmoadgens espanuri arqiteqtu-
gvadalupe ewoda da es adgili momlocvelTa centrad iqca. ris uSualo asls, Tumca, vizualurad yuradRebis centrSi
1754 wels romis papma benediqte XIV-m gvadalupes RvTismSo- moqceuli, eklesiis centraluri Sesasvlelis espanuri ba-
beli, romelic sebastian salsedos 1779 wels Seqmnil xatzea rokosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dekori, aSkarad pedro de ribe-
gamosaxuli, amerikis mfarvel wmindanad gamoacxada (sur. 1-46). ras tradiciis mixedviT aris Seqmnili. mas Semdeg, rac misia
espaneli kolonistebi nagebobebs maTi mSobliuri qvey- fransisko xavieris saxelobis gaxda, karibWis Tavze misi qan-
nis arqiteqturis mibaZviT agebdnen. amerikis samxreT da- dakeba daidga; niSebSi ki dRemdea SemorCenili oTxi wmindani
savleTSi, arizonas StatSi, Tusonis maxloblad san xavier qalis, savaraudod, lusias, sesilias, barbares da ekaterine
del bakis misia espanuri arqiteqturis gavlenis erT-erT sienelis qandakebebi. am skulpturul jgufSi erTi patara
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens (sur. 1-47). uCveulo scenacaa CarTuli: kata, romelic Tagvis daWeras
san xavier del bakis misiis mSenebloba iezuitma mRvdelma cdilobs, ramac adgilobrivi pimas tomis cnobili gamoTqma
eusebio kinom (1644-1711) 1700 wels daiwyo. nagebobis saZirk- warmoSva: qveynis dasasruli maSin mova, rodesac kata Tagvs
velisTvis man adgilobrivi qva gamoiyena, romelsac pimas daiWerso (citirebuli Chinn and McCarty-Si, gv. 12).
xalxi karierze moipovebda. udabnoSi maT mier ukve gayvanili
iyo sairigacio arxebi, da rogorc mama kino Tavis angariSeb-
Si werda, axali misiis yvela oTaxi da saxelosno wyliT iq-
XIX saukunis dasawyisis
neboda uzrunvelyofili. mSeneblobis dawyebamde, 1768 wels, xelovneba: klasicizmi da
mas Semdeg, rac iezuitebis mimarT espaneTis politika Seic-
vala, es adgili franciskanelebs gadaeca. mama kinos idea sa- romantizmi
bolood 1776 wels misiaSi misulma espanelma franciskanelma XIX saukunis evropul da amerikul xelovnebaSi klasicizmi
berma, xuan bautista velderenma ganaxorciela. da romantizmi gverdigverd Tanaarsebobda. klasicizmi ar-
samreklos koSkebiT flankirebuli 30 metris sigrZis es qiteqturasa da qandakebaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSic
didi zomis jvar-gumbaTovani nageboba uCveuloa, radgan is ganagrZobs arsebobas, radgan xelovnebis moyvarulebis,
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 45
mfarvelebisa da Tavad xelovanebis mier es stili kvla vac Ta privilegiebi gaauqma, man davidsa da mis mowafeebs Tavi-
gamoiyeneboda demokratiisa da respublikanizmis mxarda- si moRvaweobis amsaxveli namuSevrebis seria daukveTa.
saWerad. klasicizmis sicocxlisunarianobis mizezi, gark- 1800 wels, oTxi wliT adre, vidre napoleoni imperatori
veulwilad, xelovnebis akademiebSi miRebuli, antikur gaxdeboda, davidi ukve ganadidebs mas suraTiT napoleoni
qandakebasa da rafaelis xelovnebaze dafuZnebuli misi swa- sen bernaris uReltexilze (sur. 1-48). napoleons davidi e.w.
vlebis meTodic iyo. xelovnebis klasicisturi xedva, ro- `didi maneriT~ asaxavs da gviCvenebs, Tu rogori iqneboda,
gorc gemovnebisa da silamazis universaluri standartebis misi azriT, napoleoni, rodesac igi jars alpebis gadasala-
gansaxiereba ki, Tavis mxriv, swrafad cvalebad epoqaSi, aka- xad italiisken miuZRoda. suraTze napoleoni yalyze Semd-
demiis, rogorc tradiciaTa sacavis ideas ganamtkicebda. gar cxenzea amxedrebuli da ukan, fonze gamosaxul jars
romantizi, romlis safuZvlebi XVIII saukunis brita- mouwodebs. cxenis aSlili fafari da Smagi Tvalebi, na-
neTSi ukve ganvixileT (gv. 29-32), XIX saukunis dasawyisSi poleonis afrialebuli mosasxami energias, Zalasa da mizan-
sxvadasxva formas iRebs. am formebs isev da isev emociuri swrafulobas gadmoscems. 1814 wels, rodesac napoleonma
gamomsaxveloba da individiseuli gancdisa da SegrZnebebis Zalaufleba dakarga, davidi iZulebuli iyo briuselSi ga-
xazgasma axasiaTebs. mayureblis grZnobebsa da ganwyobile- dasaxlebuliyo, sadac 1825 wels gardaicvala kidec.
baze zemoqmedebis mizniT, romantizmis mxatvroba xSirad antuan Jan gro (Antoine-Jean Gros, 1771-1835) mozardi iyo, ro-
mimarTavda dramatul Temebs, romlis wyaros literatura, desac davidis studiaSi daiwyo muSaoba, bolos ki napoleo-
mimdinare movlenebi, buneba, an Tavad mxatvriseuli war- nis SekveTebze Tavis maswavlebels konkurenciasac ki uwev-
mosaxva warmoadgenda. da. 1797 wels gro napoleonTan erTad italiaSi gaemgzavra
da mogvianebiT misi samxedro kampaniis oficialuri memati-
safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebi ane gaxda. misi suraTi napoleoni Savi WiriT daavadebulebTan
XIX saukuneSi parizi TandaTan imkvidrebda xelovnebis mniS- iafaSi (sur. 1-49), romelic aseve `didi maneriTaa~ Sesrulebu-
vnelovani centris saxels. 1800-1830 wlebSi mxatvrebis war- li, realur movlenas asaxavs. 1799 wels, osmalebis winaaRm-
matebulobas parizis akademiis sistema gansazRvravda.
natif xelovnebaTa skola mTeli evropidan da ameriki-
dan izidavda studentebs, iseve, rogorc parizis akade-
miis wevr mxatvarTa atelieebi (saxelosnoebi), romlebic
maT kerZo gakveTilebs sTavazobdnen. akademiis arawevr
mxatvarTaTvis gamarTul parizis salonis yovelwliur
gamofenaze mosaxvedrad sastiki metoqeoba imarTeboda.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi pusenistebsa da rubensistebs
Soris mkveTri dapirispireba arsebobda. pusenistebi
amtkicebdnen, rom xazi pusenis stilis wamyvani ele-
menti iyo da swored is warmoadgenda suraTis wyobis
fundaments. rubensistebis azriT ki, suraTis wyoba
arsebiTad mdidari feradovnebiTa da Tbili ferebis
daxvewili gamoyenebiT iqmneboda ise, rogorc es ruben-
sis mxatvrobaSi gvxvdeboda. analogiurad kamaTobdnen
eskizis (esquisse) _ didi namuSevrisaTvis winaswari Ca-
naxatis da Tavad namuSevris Rirebulebaze. zogi amt-
kicebda, rom eskizi mxolod saSualeba iyo ufro didi,
dasrulebuli namuSevris Sesaqmnelad, zogi ki ambobda,
rom eskizis swraf da impulsur gamomsaxvelobasTan Se-
darebiT, dasrulebuli naxati ufro mdare da mosawye-
ni iyo. es swrafva emociuri gamomsaxvelobisken kargad
Cans romantizmis ayvavebis periodSi 1815-1830 wlebSi.
46 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-49 • antuan Jan gro. napoleoni Savi WiriT daavadebulebTan iafaSi,
1804; tilo, zeTi, 5.32X7.2 m. luvri, parizi
deg napoleonis kampaniis dros, armiaSi Savi Wiris epidemiam sunisgan daicvan Tavi, napoleoni ki uSiSrad exeba erT-erTi
ifeTqa. meomrebis gasamxneveblad napoleonma qalaq iafaSi daavadebulis wylulebs. am poziT igi qristes mogvagonebs,
(maSindleli osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo, amJa- romelic xelis SexebiT kurnavda avadmyofebs.
mad israelSia), meCeTis SenobaSi ganTavsebuli daavadebuli
da momakvdavi jariskacebi moinaxula. gros suraTis kom- Jeriko Teodor Jeriko (Théodore Géricault, 1791-1824) adreuli
poziciuri wyoba _ araRrma scenismagvari sivrce da mTavari franguli romantizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadge-
gmirebis ukan gamosaxuli TaRebis rigi, davidis namuSevars neli 32 wlis asakSi, sul axalgazrda gardaicvala, magram
horaciusebis fics (ix. sur. 1-37) mogvagonebs, magram gros man moaswro, didi gavlena moexdina XIX saukunis dasawyisis
namuSevari sakmaod gansxvavdeba davidis suraTisgan; gros parizis saxelovnebo samyaroze. 1816-1817 wlebSi romSi xan-
ferebi ufro cocxalia da Sesrulebis manera ki _ ufro mokle yofnis Semdeg, sadac man miqelanjelos xelovneba aR-
spontanuri. saerTo STabeWdilebiT namuSevari, garkveulwi- moaCina, Jeriko parizSi dabrunda im gadawyvetilebiT, rom
lad, romantizmis farglebSi eqceva. da ara marto dramatu- Tanamedrove istoriuli suraTis JanrSi emuSava. Temad man
li elferisa da uxvad gadmocemuli egzotikuri da, xSirad, gemis „meduzas“ daRupvis skandaluri da sensaciuri ambavi
SemaZrwunebeli detalebis gamo, aramed, imitomac, rom su- airCia da Seqmna Tavisi cnobili suraTi `meduzas~ tivi (sur.
raTi ufro metad gviCvenebs napoleonis adamianur mxares da 1-50). 1816 wels franguli gemi, romelic senegalSi midioda,
naklebad warmoaCens mas respublikuri Rirebulebebis mata- meCeCs wamoego. misma kapitanma, lui XVIII-is axlad aRdgenili
rebel mmarTvelad. napoleoni kompoziciis centrSi, jaris- monarqiis mier daniSnulma arakompetenturma aristokratma,
kacebis mcire jgufisa da eqimis garemocvaSia warmodgenili. eqvsi samaSvelo naviT mxolod oficrebi da xelisuflebis
bonapartis Tanmxlebni daavadebulebisgan moSorebiT dganan ramdenime warmomadgenli gaiyvana samSvidobos. darCenili
da saxeze cxvirsaxocebi aqvT afarebuli, raTa usiamovno 152 adamiani TviTnakeTi tiviT dinebam gaitaca. rodesac
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 47
farTo rakursiT | `meduzas~ tivi
Teodor Jerikos monumenturi tilo qmnis. erTi diagonali, romelic mTel warmodgeniT, Jeriko metaforulad mianiS-
`meduzas~ tivi (sur. 1-50) Tavisi didi suraTs msWvalavs, qveda marcxena kuTxi- nebs, rom Tavisufleba, xSirad, sazogadoe-
zomebiTa (4.8X7.0 m) da mravalfiguriani dan suraTis zeda marjvena nawilisaken bis yvelaze Cagruli wevrebis Zalixmevazea
kompoziciiT, romelic realur istoriul miemarTeba da xelSi mofriale qsoviliT damokidebuli.
movlenas warmogvidgens, istoriul Janrs gamosaxuli Jan Sarlis figuriT srul- Jeriko Tavis suraTs saguldagulod
ganekuTvneba. Tumca, imis gamo, rom namuSe- deba. am diagonals meore, sapirispiro amzadebda, man frangul akademiur sis-
vris mizani mayureblisTvis keTilSobilu- diagonali kveTs, romelic qveda marjvena temaSi istoriuli suraTis Sesaqmnelad
ri grZnobebis an moqalaqrobrivi pasuxis- kuTxeSi gamosaxuli gardacvlili adamianis miRebuli yvela safexuri gaiara. suraTi
mgeblobis didaqtikuri Sexseneba ki ara, sxeuliT iwyeba, anZaze mimagrebuli dabe- misi intensiuri kvlevisa da eqsperimente-
aramed adamianis upasuxismgeblobis, sxvisi rili ialqnebisken miemarTeba da mnaxvelis bis kulminacia iyo. kalmiT Sesrulebuli
sicocxlis mimarT daundobeli gulgrilo- yuradReba ukana planze gamosaxul uzar- adreuli Canaxati („argusis“ gamoCena, sur.
bis gamoaSkaravebaa, igi istoriul Janrs mazar talRaze gadaaqvs. tilo sasowarkve- 1-51) ukidures marcxena kideSi gamosaxuli,
SeiZleba arc mivakuTvnoT. suraTis gmiric Tilebasa da gadarCenis imeds Soris myofi horizontze gamoCenili gemis danaxvisas
am JanrisTvis uCveulod aris SerCeuli; igi adamianebis emocias asaxavs. isini SiSoben, gadarCenili adamianebis imediT savse
ara imperatori an mefe, an Tundac, intele- rom Soreulma gemma, SesaZloa, maTi tivi reaqcias asaxavs. am emociis sapirispirod,
qtualia, aramed esaa Savkaniani mamakaci, ver SeniSnos. mravlisTqmelia, rom „imedis tivis marjvena mxares, mgloviare kacs
senegaleli Jan Sarli, romelmac ukiduresi diagonali~ suraTSi swored Jan Sarlis vxedavT, romelic daRupul axalgazrdas
safrTxis winaSe gansakuTrebuli gamZleoba energiuli figuriT sruldeba. gadarCenili dastiris. Canaxatis Sesrulebis manera sw-
da simtkice gamoavlina. adamianebis figurebiT Seqmnili piramidis rafi, spontanuri da energiiT savsea. kal-
adamianis sxeulebisgan agebuli mZlavri damagvirgvinebel nawilSi misi moTavsebiT miTa da akvareliT Sesrulebul momdevno
piramiduli forma metyvel kompozicias da megobrebis gadamrCenelad swored misi Canaxatze (sur. 1-52), romelzec igive scena
48 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
sapirispiro xedvis wertilidanaa asaxuli, figurebs Soris
meti erTianobaa, rac Suq-CrdiliT maTi aqtiuri modelirebiT
miiRweva. es namuSevari Suqisa da Crdilis gamomsaxvelobis Se-
saZleblobebis kvlevis magaliTia. Jerikos sxva mravali kvle-
va yuradRebas amaxvilebda rogorc kompoziciaze, aseve, masSi
figurebis ganlagebasa da ferTa gamaze. Canaxatebi „meduzas~
tivis saboloo kompoziciis dasadgenad iqmneboda, magram
orive maTgans jer kidev aklda Jan Sarlisa da gardacvlili
da momakvdavi adamianebis figurebi kompoziciis zeda da qveda,
ukidures marcxena da marjvena nawilebSi.
Jeriko gulmodgined swavlobda adamianis sxeuls, mis
sxvadasxva nawils. amisaTvis mas axlomdebare saavadmyofoSi
momuSave megobrebi gvamebs, adamianis mokveTil Tavebsa da
kidurebs awvdidnen (sur. 1-53). Jerikos biografis cnobiT
„ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mxatvris studia erTgvar mor-
gad iyo qceuli. gvamebs mxatvari iqamde itovebda, sanam isini
ar gaixrwneboda da amgvar garemoSi ganagrZobda muSaobas.“
sabolood kompoziciis saerTo monaxazi Jerikom did tiloze
gadaitana da scenis piramiduli wyoba cocxali modele-
bis mixedviT Sesrulebuli sxeulebiT aago. adamianis gvami
„meduzas~ tivis romelime konkretuli figuris gamosaxvisas
mas modelad ar gamouyenebia. gvamebsa da adamianis sxeulis
calkeul nawilebs Jeriko Tavis studiaSi mxolod imitom
ikvlevda, rom sikvdilis arsi Seecno da gaego misi zemoqmedeba
adamianis sxeulis formebze.
marTlac, Jeriko ar aRwers tivze cocxlad gadarCenilebis
realur fizikur mdgomareobas: Ronegamoclil, gamofitul,
mziT damwvar da sikvdilis piras myof adamianebs. amis nacvlad,
`didi maneris~ Sesabamisad, mis figurebs aTleturi aRnagoba
da energiuli pozebi aqvT, rac, Tavis mxriv, miqelanjelosa da
rubensis namuSevrebs gvagonebs. figurebis amgvarad warmod-
genas Jeriko Temis ganzogadebisa da misi gakeTilSobilebis
mizniT mimarTavs; konkretuli gemis daRupvaze gacilebiT
ufro mniSvnelovani misTvis iseTi fundamenturi konfliqtebis
warmoCenaa, rogoricaa: kacobrioba _ bunebis winaaRmdeg, imedi _
sasowarkveTis winaaRmdeg, sicocxle _ sikvdilis winaaRmdeg.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 49
13 dRis Semdeg tivs miagnes, masze mxolod 15 adamini iyo zneobis gakeTilSobileba, magram sxva mxriv suraTi sru-
darCenili, zogi maTgani adamianis xorciTac ki ikvebeboda. liad Seesabameboda akademiis mier dadgenil wesebs. mefem
ramdenadac kapitani mTavrobis mier iyo daniSnuli, am saza- uari Tqva tilos Sesyidvaze, amitom Jerikom is irlandiasa
reli SemTxvevisa da frangebis mier marTul senegalSi Cade- da inglisSi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare komerciul
nili sxva danaSaulebebisTvis presam monarqias dasdo brali. gamofenaze waradgina. 50 000-ze meti mnaxveli am suraTis
Jerikom suraTze asasaxad yvelaze emociuri kulminaciuri sanaxavad mxolod londonis gamofenaze mivida da Sesabami-
momenti airCia, rodesac tivze gadarCenilebi Soreul gems si safasuric ki gadaixada.
erTdroulad SiSiT da gadarCenis imediT gahyureben.
Jerikom `meduzas~ tivi salonSi 1819 wels gamofina; na- delakrua axasiaTebda ra romantizmis suliskveTebas,
muSevarma didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. im drois mowinave fran- frangi mwerali stendali werda: `romantizmi xelovnebaSi
gma kritikosebma da roialistebma suraTi mefis dacinvad asaxavs dRevandelobas, Tanamedrove adamianebs da ara gmi-
aRiqves, mefisa, romlis mowyalebazec akademiis bevri wevri rebs warsulis im Soreuli heroikuli epoqebidan, romle-
iyo damokidebuli. liberalebi ki xotbas asxamdnen Jerikos bic, SesaZloa, arc arsebobda.~ eJen delakrua (Eugène Delac-
mier saxelmwifoSi arsebuli korufciis gamoaSkaravebis roix, 1798-1863) Jerikos sikvdilis Semdeg parizis yvelaze
mcdelobas. am debatebma mniSvnelovani SekiTxvebi wamoW- mniSvnelovani romantikosi mxatvaria, romelic Tavis Semoq-
ra imis Taobaze, Tu sad gadioda zRvari ferwerasa da po- medebaSi im drois sastiki brZolebis monawile gmirebisa da
litikas Soris. Jerikos ganzraxva sazogadoebisTvis Sokis msxverplTa saxeebs aRbeWdavda. 1830 wels delakrua qmnis Se-
mogvra da SeZrwuneba ufro iyo, vidre didaqtika da misi devrs Tavisufleba barikadebze: 1830 wlis 28 ivlisi (sur. 1-54);
50 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
esaa ferweruli namuSevari, romelmac napo
leonis Semdgomi safrangeTis istoria Semo
inaxa. 1815 wels napoleonis damarcxebis
Semdeg, lui XVI-is Zmis lui XVIII-is (mefobda
1815-1824) gamefebiT safrangeTSi monarqia
aRdga. marTalia, mefis Zalaufleba konsti-
tuciiTa da parlamentiT SezRuduli iyo,
magram xelisuflebam, romelic wlebis ganma-
vlobaSi sul ufro konservatiuli xdeboda,
bevri revoluciuri reforma gaauqma. luis
umcrosma Zmam da memkvidrem, Sarl X-em (1824-
1830) presaze cenzura aRadgina, ganaTlebaze
kontroli kaTolikur eklesias daubruna da
saarCevno uflebebi SezRuda. am qmedebeb-
ma parizis quCebSi farTomasStabiani amboxi
gamoiwvia, romelmac 1830 wlis ivlisSi, sam
dReSi burbonebis dinastia daamxo da, Sede-
gad, Sarl X politikurad misma SedarebiT
zomierma biZaSvilma lui filipe orleanelma
(1830-1848) Secvala. axalma mmarTvelma piro-
ba dado, rom daicavda axal konstitucias.
safrangeTis istoriis es periodi ivlisis
monarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili.
1830 wlis ivlisis revolucia delakruam
Tavis suraTze mxolod ramdenime Tvis Sem-
deg aRbeWda. misi didi istoriuli tilo
mniSvnelovan Tanamedrove movlenebs aRwers,
magram Tavisi Canafiqris mkafiod gamosaxa-
tad, delakruas suraTi garkveul warmosa-
xviT alegoriul saxe-xatebsac Seicavs. mis
mier asaxuli revolucionerebi arian stu-
dentebi, xelosnebi da muSebi, bavSvebi da
inteleqtualebic ki. isini brZoliT miiweven
win, nagviTa da gvamebiT warmoqmnil barika-
debze gadadian. ukan, fonze kvamlsa da bu-
rusSi notr damis koSkebi moCans. marTalia,
suraTi, arsebiTad, realur movlenas asaxavs,
magram delakrua aq qalis figuris saxiT Ta-
visuflebis personifikaciasac warmoadgens.
esaa barikadebze mdgomi Tavisuflebis ale-
goriuli figura, meamboxeTa lideri, gigan-
turi, dakunTuli, naxevrad SiSveli energiu-
li qali, romelsac cal xelSi revoluciis 1-55 • fransua rudi. moxaliseTa laSqrobaSi gamgzavreba 1792 wels
droSa, meoreSi ki xiStiani Tofi uWiravs. (marselieza), triumfaluri TaRi, plas de etuali, parizi, 1833-1836, kirqva,
delakruam es klasikuri principebis mixed- simaRle daaxl. 12.8 m
viT agebuli, Tanamedrove iaraRiT aRWurvi-
li da frigiuli qudiT mosili (gaTavisuflebuli monis rudi xelovanebi, romlebic ivlisis monarqiis movlenebs
Zveli simbolo, romelic meamboxeebs exuraT) alegoriu- aRwerdnen, 1830 wlis revoluciis warmosaCenad, roman-
li figura brZolis SuagulSi moaTavsa. mxatvari gznebiT, tizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel dramatul Temebsa da formebs
mRelvarebiTa da safrTxiT savse emociur movlenas asa- mimarTavdnen zustad ise, rogorc, klasicistebi mimarTa-
xavs; igi irCevs swored im moments, rodesac revolucio- vdnen klasikuri xelovnebis principebs wina revoluciis
nerebi, romlebic barikadebis gadasalaxad TavganwirviT aRsabeWdad. ivlisis monarqiis damyarebisTanave, safrange-
miiweven win, faqtiurad sikvdilze midian. es romantizmis Tis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris iniciativiT, rogorc erovnu-
ferweris dramatuli, mgznebare da mSfoTvare nimuSia, ro- li Serigebis aqti, parizSi, Sanz-elizeze, napoleonis mier
melSic, realobasTan erTad, mxatvris warmosaxvac aqtiur 1806 wels dawyebuli triumfaluri TaRis mSeneblobis das-
rols asrulebs. ruleba gadawyda. TaRis centraluri nawilis Semamkobeli
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 51
1-56 • Jan ogiust dominik engri. didi odaliski, 1814; tilo, zeTi, 88.9X162.5 m. luvri, parizi
CrdiloeT afrikaSi britaneTis winaaRmdeg napoleonis kampaniis dros frangebma egzotikuri axlo aRmosavleTi
aRmoaCines. saSualo klasis evropel mamakacebs gansakuTrebiT izidavdaT haramxana. es nawilobriv franguli
revoluciis Semdeg qalebis Tanasworobis moTxovnebze reaqciac iyo.
reliefis Sesruleba fransua ruds (François Rude, 1784-1855) Tu xarWis uamravi versia Seqmna. suraTSi didi odaliski
daukveTes. qandakebas im moxaliseTa armiis mebrZolebi (sur. 1-56) qalis mzera gulgrilia, maSin, roca misi gveliviT
unda ukvdaveyo, romelTac 1792-1793 wlebSi safrangeTSi moqnili, SiSveli sxeuli daufaravad amJRavnebs erotiku-
prusiis jaris SemoWra SeaCeres. Tavisuflebis frTosani lobas. divanis da fardis silurje qalis TeTri kanisa da
figuris qvemoT gamoqandakebuli mebrZolebi win miiweven, lurji Tvalebis efeqts aZlierebs, xolo daWmuWnuli zewa-
zogi maTgani SiSvelia, zogs ki antikuri abjari aqvs asx- ri vnebiani sxeulis konturebs usvams xazs. odaliski `TeT-
muli (sur. 1-55). am klasikuri detalebis miuxedavad, qanda- ri monis~ engriseuli saxea. qalis Tavsaburavis, maraosa da
kebis saerTo stili mainc ufro romantizmisken ixreba. pa- Zvirfasi TvlebiT morTuli samkaulis egzotikuri detale-
rizSi am dros mgznebare patriotuli mowodebebi gaismoda bi mis vnebianobas amZafrebs. engris akademiuri xazi da kom-
da qandakebas `marselieza~ _ safrangeTis erovnuli himnis poziciis struqtura mis mier miRebuli klasikuri ganaTle-
saxeli _ Searqves, himnisa, romelic swored aRwerili mo- bis Sedegia, Tumca, moxdenili SiSveli qalebis saxe-xatebi
vlenis dros, 1792 wels daiwera. ufro romantizmiT aris STagonebuli.
imis miuxedavad, rom engrs portretebis xatva drois
engri Jan ogiust dominik engri (Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, kargvad miaCnda, mas Seudarebeli unari hqonda brwyinvaled
1780-1867), davidis erT- erTi yvelaze cnobili moswav- warmoeCina garegnuli msgavseba, zustad gadmoeca portre-
le, 1835-1841 wlebSi franguli akademiis direqtori iyo tirebulis varcxniloba, tansacmlisa Tu samkaulis detale-
romSi. mxatvari, maswavlebeli da Teoretikosi, igi Tavisi bi, maTi faqtura. igi naturaluri zomis mraval daxvewil da
drois erT-erTi yvelaze
gavleniani Semoqmedi gaxda. engri dasrulebul portrets qmnida, Tumca, xSirad, mcire zomis
rafaeliseul zustsa da mkafio naxats, idealizebul for- Zalze natif, cocxal naxatebsac asrulebda, Tanac Zalze
mas da klasikur kompozicias sensualobiTa da erotikulo- swrafad, erT dReSi. madam dezire raul-roSetis portretze
biT aRsavse saxe-xatTan aerTianebs da amiT romantizmisa (sur. 1-57) mSvidi, momxiblavi da eleganturi qalia asaxuli.
da klasicizmis Tavisebur nazavs qmnis. marjvena xelze mas xelTaTmani acvia, rac mis socialur
engris didi survilis miuxedavad, rom igi istoriuli statusze miuTiTebs _ Txeli tyavis xelTaTmanebi evropis
suraTis ostatad eRiarebinaT, saxeli man swored niusa da maRali wris warmomadgenlebs ecvaT, maT, visac xeliT Sro-
aristokrati qalebis portretebis SeqmniT gaiTqva. engr- ma ar uwevda. saqorwino beWedi ki marcxena xelze mis oja-
ma odal
iskis, sulTnis haramxanis egzotikuri mona qalis, xur mdgomareobaze metyvelebs. im drois modis mixedviT
52 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-57 • Jan ogiust dominik engri.
madam dezire raul-roSetis
portreti,
1830; grafiti, qaRaldi, 32.2X24.1 sm.
klivlendis xelovnebis muzeumi, ohaio.
Sesyidulia j.h. veidis fondidan (1927.437)
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 53
|
teqnika liTografia
liTografiuli
procesis diagrama
54 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
liTaa cnobili) xatvas mihyo xeli. es peizaJebi qonsTebls Terneri jozef melord uiliam Terners (Joseph Mallord Wil-
iseve mniSvnelovnad miaCnda, rogorc istoriuli Janris su- liam Turner 1775-1851) xSirad ixsenieben qonsTeblTan erTad.
raTi. qonsTeblis erTguleba Tanamedrove inglisuri Te- orive peizaJis ostati iyo da isini daaxloebiT erT period-
mebisadmi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom igi 1832 wels inglisis Si moRvaweobdnen, magram Terneris kariera sxva gziT wari-
xelovnebis erovnuli galereis daarsebas SeewinaaRmdega; marTa. igi samefo akademiaSi 1789 wels uCveulod axalga-
motivi ki is iyo, rom galereas, SesaZloa, xeli Seewyo ucxo zrda, 27 wlis asakSi Sevida da akademiis srul wevrad iqna
da moZvelebuli Temebisa da stilis damkvidrebisTvis. arCeuli; mogvianebiT ki samefo akademiis skolis profesori
1821 wels qonsTeblis mier Sesrulebuli suraTi gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos igi zeTiT Sesrulebul masS-
uremi Tivis zviniT (sur. 1-60) inglisis mSvid, wynar peizaJs tabur peizaJebsa da istoriul Temebze agebul monumentur
asaxavs. qonsTebli xasxasa ferebiT vizualurad zustad tiloebs qmnis, romlebSic Terneri cdilobs vizualurad
aRwers garemos da amiT mnaxvels aiZulebs, irwmunos, rom gamoxatos filosofos edmund berkis (1729-1797) amaRlebu-
suraTze asaxuli buneba marTlac uSualod naturidanaa lis koncefcia. berkis mixedviT, rodesac Cven raime iseTis
aRebuli. sasurveli feradovnebis misaRwevad qonsTebli mowmeni vxdebiT, rac CvenSi SiSnarev aRtacebas iwvevs, an ro-
uamrav eskizsa da Canaxats qmnida plenerze, magram namu- desac raime diadis winaSe aRmovCndebiT, maSin Cveni grZnobe-
Sevars sabolood saxelosnoSi saguldagulod asrulebda. bi gacilebiT ufro mZafri xdeba, vidre, Cveulebriv. Tumca
suraTis zomebi istoriuli landSafturi peizaJisTvisac realuri safrTxe ar arsebobs, magram aseTi veluri sidiade
ki Zalian didia. uremi Tivis zviniT gviCvenebs ingliss mnaxvelSi mainc iwvevs mokrZalebasa da SiSs. da radgan `amaR-
iseTs, rogoric is, qonsTeblis warmodgeniT, saukuneebis lebuli“ gaSualebulad, arapirdapir ganicdeba, igi ufro
ganmavlobaSi iyo _ myudro, idiliuri sofluri yofiT. momajadoebeli da amaRelvebelia, vidre SemaSinebeli da xSi-
mxatvari suraTze saguldagulod amoxatuli detalebiT rad RmerTis transcendentuli Zalis SegrZnebas iwvevs. ter-
zustad gadmoscems bunebis xasiaTs, aminds. Tumca, ubrun- nerma „amaRlebulis“ koncefcia Tavis naxatebSi gadaitana.
deba ra soflis warsul yofas, romelic industrialize- 1812 wels Sesrulebuli misi suraTi qarbuqi: hanibalisa
bul inglisSi swrafad qreboda, suraTi Rrmad nostal- da misi jaris gadasvla alpebze (sur. 1-61) bunebis Semzarav
giur elfersac iZens. Zalas asaxavs. saSineli grigali, nisli da Tovli faravs
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 55
1-61 • jozef melord
uiliam Terneri. qarbuqi:
hanibalisa da misi jari
gadasvla alpebze,
1812; tilo, zeTi,
1.46X2.39 m.
TeiTi, londoni
1-62 • jozef melord uiliam Terneri. lordTa da TemTa palatis xanZari, 1834 wlis 16 oqtomberi,
tilo, zeTi, 92.1X123.2 sm. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi, jon hovard makfadenis koleqcia, 1928
56 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
mzes da jariskacebs ganadgurebiT emuqreba. Sors moCans qouli Tomas qouli (Thomas Cole, 1801-1848) peizaJis
hanibalis ZlivsSesamCnevi, spiloze amxedrebuli figura, erT-erTi pirveli didi profesionali ostati iyo ameri-
romelic Zv.w. 218 wels alpebSi jars miuZRvoda romis kis SeerTebul StatebSi. qouli 17 wlis asakSi inglisi-
armiasTan sabrZolvelad. Ternerma namuSevari, rogorc dan emigraciaSi midis da 1820 wlamde, rogorc mogzauri
Cans, napoleonis omebis alegoriad Caifiqra. napoleon- portretisti muSaobs. 1829-1832 wlebSi Tavisi mfarvelis
ma Tavad gadaiara alpebi da swored am istoriul faqts daxmarebiT igi evropaSi mogzaurobs; SeerTebul StatebSi
miuZRvna davidma napoleonis portreti (ix. 1-48). magram Tu dabrunebis Semdeg qouli niu iorkSi dasaxlda da warma-
davidis namuSevari, romelic Ternerma parizSi 1802 wels tebuli peizaJistis saxeli daimkvidra. igi eskizebs Tavi-
naxa, asaxavda napoleons, rogorc Zlier figuras, romelic si namuSevrebisTvis bunebaze uSualo dakvirvebis Sedegad
mxolod jars rodi meTaurobda, aramed Tavad bunebasac asrulebda. suraTze uReli (sur. 1-63) wina planze mxatvarma
marTavda, Ternenma hanibalis gamosaxuleba horizontze sakuTari Tavi gamosaxa; igi Cvensken, mayurebliskenaa mob-
ZlivsSesamCnev laqamde Seamcira. mxedarTmTavari da misi runebuli. eskizebs qouli zeTis saRebavebiT portatul
jari stiqiuri ubedurebiT arian SeSfoTebulebi. mxatvari molbertze xatavda, magram, rogorc misi Taobis peizaJis-
maT TiTqos gardauval damarcxebas uwinaswarmetyvelebs. ti mxatvrebis umetesoba, did, dasrulebul namuSevrebs
Ternerma kidev erTi dramatuli da amaRelvebeli sura- studiaSi, zamTris ganmavlobaSi qmnida.
Ti Seqmna, romelic britaneTis parlamentis istoriul Sen- es tilo qoulma niu iorkSi dizainis nacionalur aka-
obaSi gaCenil xanZars aRwers. Terneris dramatul tiloze demiaSi gamosafenad Seqmna. swored aman gansazRvra tilos
lordTa da TemTa palatis xanZari, 1834 wlis 16 oqtomberi (sur. didi zoma. mxatvris azriT, suraTi peizaJs warmoadgenda,
1-62)alisferi dominirebs da ganaTeba asrulebs gansakuT- radgan masSi konkretuli adgili da dro iyo asaxuli. am
rebul rols. mxolod Cven ar varT gaognebuli am Semzaravi masStabur tiloze warmodgenilia dasavleT masaCuseTsSi
sanaxaobiT _ suraTis wina planze, Temzis samxreT napirze mdebare holiokis mTis mwvervalidan danaxuli mdinare qo-
Sekrebili adamianebic SeSfoTebiT gahyureben xanZars. es neqTiquTis xeobis erTi Tvalwarmtaci adgilis (romelsac
xanZari erovnuli tragedia iyo. londonis uZvelesi parla- „uRels“ eZaxian) farTo xedi. qouli werda, rom amerikul
mentis Senoba inglisis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mo- peizaJs aklda istoriuli Zeglebi, swored is, rac evro-
vlenebis momswre iyo. cecxlma mTlianad gaanadgura lor- pul peizaJs sainteresos xdida; mdinare huZonis napirebze
dTa palata, xolo TemTa palata saxuravis gareSe darCa. ver naxavdiT iseT sasaxleebs, rogorsac rainze; amerikaSi
Terneri Tavad iyo am faqtis momswre da saswrafod gaakeTa arc iseTi uZvelesi Zeglebi ar se
bobda, rogoric romSi.
eskizebi akvareliT; ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki gamofenisTvis magram, mxatvris azriT, amerikis bunebis iseTi saocrebebi,
ukve didi suraTi hqonda mzad. am suraTis WeSmariti arsi rogoric am suraTze asaxuli „uReli“ iyo, amerikis ero-
brwyinvale ferebiTa da uzadod asaxuli SuqiTaa gadmoce- vnul saganZurad unda ganxiluliyo. suraTis saxelwodeba
muli; swored amitom eZaxdnen Terners „sinaTlis mxatvars“. migviTiTebs, rom qoulma realuri adgili aRbeWda. magram,
ixileT axlo
xediT „uReli~
veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 57
1-64 • kaspar david
fridrihi. saabato
muxis tyeSi,
1809-1810; tilo, zeTi,
111.8X174 sm. nacionaluri
galerea, berlini.
58 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-65 • Carlz beri da ogastes uelbi
norTmor fiujini.
parlamentis Senoba,
londoni, 1836-1860; inglisis
istoriuli Zeglebis samefo komisia,
londoni
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 59
1-67 • karl fridrih
Sinkeli.
altes muzeumi,
berlini, 1822-1830
qveda, ise zeda sarTulebze da centraluri rotondis orive didi gumbaTi. Senobis am centralur nawils orive mxridan
mxares Sida ezoebi daaproeqta. muzeumis fasadebze gaWrili warmomadgenelTa palatisa da senatis ori frTa esazRvre-
maRali fanjrebi bunebrivi ganaTebiT uzrunvelyofda inte- boda. 1803 wels prezidentma Tomas jefersonma (1743-1826),
riers; fanjrebis mimarT perpendikularulad ganlagebuli aseve moyvarulma arqiteqtorma, kapitoliumis mSeneblo-
kedlebi suraTebis zedapirebs anareklebisgan icavda. bis gasakontroleblad britaneTSi naswavli profesionali
klasicistuli stilis sajaro nagebobebi SeerTebul arqiteqtori benjamin henri laTrobi (Benjamin Henry Latrobe,
StatebSic Sendeboda. yvelaze mniSvnelovan da simbolur 1764-1820) daiqirava. laTrobma Secvala TornTonis proeqti
klasicistur Senobas vaSingtonSi SeerTebuli Statebis ka- da aRmosavleT nawilSi mas didi kibe da korinTuli kolo-
pitoliumi warmoadgens. kapitoliumis Tavdapirveli proe- nada daumata (sur. 1-68). 1812 wlis omis dros, rodesac Senoba
qti moyvarulma arqiteqtorma uiliam TornTonma (William britanelebis mier gaiZarcva, laTrobma kapitoliumis fr-
Thornton, 1759-1828) Seadgina 1792 wels. misi grandiozuli Tebi aRadgina, Tavad Senobas ki ufro maRali gumbaTi daad-
gegmis mTavari komponenti iyo taZris damagvirgvinebeli ga. laTrobma Senobis interierisTvis tradiciuli klasi-
60 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-69 • Tomas jefersoni. montiCelo,
SarloTsvili, virjinia, 1769-1783, 1796-1809
kuri sistemidan aRebuli korinTuli orderis variaciebi ladios stilis safuZvelze iyo SemuSavebuli (ix. Cizviq
Seqmna, Caanacvla ra akanTis foTlebi adgilobrivi kultu- hausi, sur. 1-15), maSin daiwyo, rodesac virjinia jer kidev
rebis _ marcvleulisa da Tambaqos _ mcenareuli motivebiT. britaneTis kolonia iyo. Tumca, 1796 wels mas guli auc-
1817 wels man datova Tanamdeboba, kapitoliumis re- ruvda ingliselebsa da maT arqiteqturaze da amerikis el-
konstruqcia ki Carlz balfinCma (Charles Bulfinch, 1763-1844) Cad parizSi yofnisas, frangulma arqiteqturam gaitaca.
daasrula. Senobis kidev erTi arsebiTi SekeTeba 1850 wels montiCeloSi man axali mSenebloba wamoiwyo (1796-1809), sa-
ganxorcielda, romlis drosac kidev ufro gaizarda gum- xli gaafarTova da agurisa da xis eqsterieri ise Secvala,
baTis zomebi. rom saxlis ori sarTuli, moduri parizuli tendenciebis
virjiniis StatSi, SarloTsvilis maxloblad, mTis msgavsad, garedan erT did sarTulad gamoCeniliyo. nage-
wverze agebuli jefersonis saxlis proeqti, saxelwodebiT bobam inglisis, safrangeTisa da amerikis Tanamedrove da
montiCelo (Montichello, italiurad _ patara mTa), klasicis- saberZneTisa da romis antikuri samyaro gaaerTiana. XIX
turi arqiteqturis magaliTia (sur. 1-69). jefersonma mSe- saukunis meore naxevarSi sxvadasxva kulturis mibaZvam ki-
neblobis pirveli etapi (1769-1782), romlis proeqti pa- dev ufro farTo masStabi miiRo.
dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
1.1 SeajameT franguli rokokos xelovnebis da arqiteq- urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
turis zogierTi ZiriTadi stilisturi maxasiaTeble-
wyvilTa portretebi
bi da axseniT, rogor ukavSirdeba es maxasiaTeblebi
gavrcelebulia evropuli
salonis cxovrebis socialur konteqsts. gaaanalizeT
xelovnebis istoriaSi. Se
rokokos stilis erT-erTi namuSevari am Tavidan da
axseniT, Tu ratom aris is am periodis stilis tipuri afaseT rogor aris asaxuli
namuSevari. am suraTebze col-qmruli
urTierToba. rogor asaxavs
1.2 axseniT, ratom aerTianebs romantizmi vizualurad
iseT gansxvavebul mxatvrebs, rogorebic arian dela- portretebi maT Tanamed-
krua da fridrihi. ramdenad gamosadegia klasifika- rove socialur struq
ciisTvis termini „romantizmi“? turasa da kulturul
1.3 rogor imoqmeda politikurma viTarebam fransisko viTarebas?
sur. 1-1
goias xelovnebaze? pasuxis gacemisas aqcenti gaakeTeT
mis tiloze 1808 wlis sami maisi (sur. 1-44).
1.4 ganixileT kavSiri ganmanaTleblobis arqeologiisad-
mi interessa da klasicizmis axal moZraobas Soris
XVIII saukuneSi. SeiswavleT da daaTvaliereT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 61
2-1 • gustav eifeli. eifelis koSki,
parizi, 1887-1889; 1889 wlis foto, simaRle 300 m
II
Tavi
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
2.1 gaacnobiereT da SeafaseT, Tu ra rols asrulebda XIX s-is 2.3 gaaanalizeT rogor asaxa realizmma xelovnebaSi XIX sauku-
miwuruls akademizmis xelovneba da arqiteqtura, iseve, ro- nis socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebi.
gorc akademizmis sawinaaRmdego principebze amave periodSi 2.4 ganixileT is adreuli eqsperimentebi, romlis Sedegadac
aRmocenebuli sxva mimdinareobebi. warmoiqmna fotografia, rogorc xelovnebis axali forma.
2.2 gamoikvlieT Tanamedrove cxovrebidan aRebuli Temebisadmi
gaCenili interesi, aseve, axali simboluri Temebis ganviTa-
reba realizmis, impresionizmisa da postimpresionizmis xe-
lovnebaSi.
63
bis gafarToebis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. lokomotivebisa gziT xdeboda. religiuri konservatorebi daupirispirdnen
da orTqlze momuSave gemebis ganviTareba aseve aadvilebda darvinis versias, romelic TiTqos samyaros RvTaebriobas
nedleulisa da saqonlis gadazidvas, aiolebda mgzavrTa ga- da RmerTis arsebobasac ki uaryofda. darvinis Teoriis
daadgilebas da xels uwyobda qalaqebis zrdas (ix. ruka 2-1). zogierTi gulmxurvale mxardamWeri imasac ki varaudobda,
am cvlilebebma gaaaqtiura mosaxleobis migraciac. soflis rom bunebrivma gadarCevam gansakuTrebiT daawinaura da so-
Raribi mosaxleoba qarxnebSi, maRaroebsa da manufaqturebSi cialuri evoluciis umaRles safexurze aiyvana zogierTi
samuSaos saZieblad qalaqebSi Cadioda. am viTarebaSi mrew- rasa, pirvel yovlisa ki anglo-saqsuri maRali klasi. `soci-
velebma da mewarmeebma met simdidresa da keTildReobas aluri darvinizmi~ muSaTa klasis gaWirvebuli mdgomareo-
miaRwies, magram muSebis pirobebi _ metwilad qalebisa da bisa da msoflios `ganuviTarebeli~ nawilebis kolonizebis
bavSvebis _ xSirad umZimesi iyo. marTalia, axali samTavrobo racionaluri axsnis safuZvels iZleoda.
regulaciebi am mxriv garkveulwilad aumjebesebda mdgo- mewarmeebisa da vaWrebis, saSualo klasisa da sxvadasxva
mareobas, magram socialisturi moZraoba fabrikebis mesa- profesiis adamianebis, xelisuflebis garkveuli nawilisa
kuTre kapitalistebis mier muSaTa eqsploatacias gmobda da da xelovnebis erovnuli akademiebis saxiT xelovnebis pat-
warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebisa da ganawilebis sazoga- ronaJis axali wyaroebi gaCnda. namuSevrebis gamosafenad,
doebriv an saxelmwifo formas uWerda mxars. prizebis mosapoveblad, myidvelTa mosazidad da komerciu-
1848 wels evropis ramdenime dedaqalaqSi muSaTa ajanyebam li mogebis gasafarToeblad gaizarda evropisa da amerikis
ifeTqa. amave wels karl marqsma da fridrih engelsma komu- kulturul centrebSi gamarTuli yovelwliuri didi gamo-
nisturi partiis manifesti gamoaqveynes, romelic proleta- fenebis mniSvneloba; dabalfasiani ilustrirebuli gazeTe-
riatis (muSaTa klasis) mier burJuaziis (saSualo klasis) Za- bi da Jurnalebi aqveynebdnen kritikul werilebs, romle-
ladobriv damxobas, kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebasa da uklaso bic gavlenas axdenda xelovnebaze, mis aRiarebaze, qmnida
sazogadoebis Seqmnas winaswarmetyvelebda. amave dros, ameri- da angrevda kidec mxatvrebis karieras; gaCndnen xelovnebis
kelebma _ lukrecia moTma da elizabeT qedi sTenTonma niu nimuSebiT movaWreebi, dilerebi, romlebic myidvelis gemov-
iorkis Statis daba seneka folSi qveyanaSi qalTa uflebebis nebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen.
dacvis pirveli konvencia Seqmnes. isini kanonis winaSe qale- XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi xelovnebis Seqmnisa da misi
bisa da mamakacebis Tanasworobas, gaTxovili qalebisTvis sa- koncefciis Camoyalibebis procesi uzarmazari cvlilebe-
kuTrebis uflebebis dacvas, umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawe- biT aRiniSna. industrializaciisa da socialuri mRelvare-
sebulebebSi qalTa miRebas, yvela xelobasa da profesiaSi bis gaZlierebasTan erTad, xelovanTa nawili politikuri
qalebis daSvebas, Tanaswori Sromisas Tanabar anazRaurebas da socialuri aqtivobiT dakavda maSin, rodesac meoreni
da qalTa saarCevno uflebebs iTxovdnen. TavianT warmosaxvas miendnen. zogi fotografiis im saSu-
XIX saukune imperializmis aRzevebis mowmec iyo. produq- alebebs exmianeboda, romlebic xedvasa da aRqmas gardaqmni-
ciisTvis axali bazrebis mosapoveblad, iafi nedleulisa da da, bevri Tavs fotografad miiCnevda, danarCenebi ki Tavis
iafi Sromis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad, evropul- namuSevrebSi axali mediumebis mkafioebasa da sicxades baZa-
ma qveynebma gadainawila ra afrikis umetesi nawili da aziis vdnen; sxvebi STagonebas fotografiis mier vizualuri rea-
TiTqmis mesamedi, mravali axali kolonia daaarsa. kolonie lobis detalur, magram zedapirul aRwerasa da ufro Rrma,
bis teritoriebis eqspluataciisas, kolonialuri kanoni adamianur realobas Soris gansxvavebis kvlevaSi eZiebdnen;
xSirad ugulvebelyofda adgilobriv kulturas. danarCenebi fotografiis, xSirad, vizualurad daubalan-
axali mecnieruli aRmoCenebis Sedegad telegrafi, tele- sebeli kompoziciebis mxatvrul potencials swavlobdnen;
foni da radio Seiqmna. XIX saukunis dasasrulisTvis eleqt- swavlobdnen mis mier siRrmis iluziis Seqmnis, sivrcis Se-
robam evropisa da amerikis umetesi qalaqebi gaanaTa, amuSavda kumSvisa da sibrtyobriobis gamovlenis tendencias; gare
Zravebi, tramvai da rkinigza. qimiis ganviTarebam mravali axali samyaros mkveTrad mosazRvrisa da realobidan SemTxveviT,
produqti warmoqmna, iseTebi, rogoricaa aspirini, sadezinfeq fragmentulad `amoWris~ aspeqtebs; suraTis zedapirze yve-
cio saSualebebi, qimikatebi fotografiisTvis da efeqturi la gamosaxulebis Tanabari fokusiT asaxvis SesaZleblobas,
asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi. rkinaze gacilebiT ufro moqnil- an piriqiT _ SeuZleblobas; interesdebodnen Tu ratom ver
ma, msubuqma da gamZle foladis axalma, rkinisa da naxSirbadis `xedavda~ adreuli fotografia wiTelsa da mwvanes da ra-
Senadnobma, mZime konstruqciebis da transportis warmoebaSi tom Cndeboda fotoze maT nacvlad Savi da TeTri laqebi.
rkina Caanacvla. medicinasa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo- XIX saukunis dasasrulisTvis, sanam mravali xelovani xi-
bis sferoSi lui pasteris siTxis gacxelebis gziT gawmendis luli realobis utyuarobas ikvlevda, danarCenebi abstra-
(pasterizaciis) meTodma, vaqcinaciisa da sterilizaciis gan- qciis sferos uRrmavdebodnen.
viTarebam, antiseptikebma mTel dasavlur samyaroSi sikvdi-
lianobis maCveneblis mniSvnelovani kleba ganapiroba. franguli akademizmi.
zogierTma mecnierulma aRmoCenam tradiciuli reli-
giuri Sexedulebebic eWvqveS daayena da gavlena moaxdina arqiteqtura da xelovneba
socialur filosofiaze. geologebma daadgines, rom deda- natifi xelovnebis akademia (romelic 1816 wels daarsda,
miwa, bibliis mimdevrebis mier navaraudev, 6 000 welze be- raTa ferwerisa da qandakebis ukve daSlili samefo akademia
vrad ufro Zveli iyo. 1859 wels Carlz darvinma gamoTqva Caenacvlebina) da misi natifi xelovnebis oficialuri sko-
mosazreba, rom sicocxlis ganviTareba bunebrivi gadarCevis la XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda, safrangeTSi Zlieri
64 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
CrdiloeTis
zRva
md. Temza haaga
londoni
antverpeni
genTi briuseli
e
yur
isis ruani
ingl havri md. sena
monti parizi
i
re i n
barbizoni norvegia
z R va
200 km a ornani sankt-peterburgi
l uar SvedeTi
200 mili safrangeTi
ruseTi
is
didi
ti
dania
kanada britaneTi l
ba prusia
irlandia berlini ga
londoni md. staueri
l
md. sfri
vo
kale ostendi germania
parizi
atlantikis
CrdiloeT Sveic.
amerika
huZoni okeane ix. CanarTi venecia du
nai
seneka-foli orli florencia
oberlini bostoni eqs-en- Savi zRva
Cikago barselona provansi romi
filadelfia niu iorki portugalia madridi italia
senT luisi atlantik siTi espaneTi xmel
vaSingtoni, Ta
SeerTebuli Su siria
pi
kolumbiis olqi a z
alJiri
misisi
Statebi Rv
a palestina
luiziana maroko tripoli
Tel aviv-iafa
sahara
meqsikis
yure a f r i k a
meqsika
kuba
karibis zRva
martinika senegali
wynari
benini
panama gambia
mb
biaa 1000 km
amerika
ruka 2-1 • evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi XIX saukuneSi.
XIX saukuneSi evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mzardi industrializaciis qveynebia. evropuli qveynebi
mTel msoflioSi mraval kolonias flobs. parizi dasavluri xelovnebis centrad iqceva.
zegavlena moexdina vizualur xelovnebaze. akademisti mxatv- periodi _ 1852-1870) axali radikaluri reformebi aamoqmeda.
rebi akontrolebdnen salonis Jiuris, xolo mTavari sazoga- masobrivma areulobebma gaanadgura parizis centris Semogare-
doebrivi dakveTebi, rogorc wesi, akademiis arqiteqtorebis, ni. qalaqis aRdgena da quCebis qselis Secvla JorJ eJen osmans
mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebisken miedineboda. mxatvrebi da (Georges-Eugène Haussmann, 1809-1910) daevala. osmanma Sua sauku-
arqiteqtorebi akademiuri xelovnebis wesebis Sesaswavlad neebis parizis gulSi farTo prospeqtebis, parkebis da gaxsni-
evropidan da SeerTebuli Statebidan parizSi Cadiodnen. li sazogadoebrivi adgilebis Sesaqmnelad axali racionaluri
akademiuri mxatvroba da arqiteqtura xSirad istoriuli gegma waradgina. man saswrafod gamoasaxla Raribebi TavianTi
modelebidan amokrefil motivebze iyo dafuZnebuli. es iyo jurRmulebidan, daangria Zveli garemo, Sua saukuneebis viwro,
praqtika, romelsac istoricizmi ewodeboda. adreuli kla- mixveul-moxveuli quCebi didi, farTo, swori, mwkrivad dargu-
sicizmisa da romantizmis principebze dayrdnobiT SemuSave- li xeivniani prospeqtebiTa da maT gaswvriv aRmarTuli axali
buli istoricizmis xelovneba da arqiteqtura, realurad, SenobebiT Caanacvla, rac erTnairad uzrunvelyofda etlebisa
istoriis gawmendas axdenda. istoricistebi xSirad erT na- da qveiTad mosiaruleTa Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas.
muSevarSi ramdenime sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis aluziebs opera (sur. 2-2) qalaqis erT-erTi mTavari RirSesaniSnaoba,
aerTianebdnen (ix. orientalizmi, gv. 68). axlo aRmosavleTis Carlz garnies (Charles Garnier, 1825-1898) mier daproeqtebu-
warmosaxviTi samyaros Sesaqmnelad zogierTi akademisti mxat- li parizis operis axali Senoba, osmanis didi prospeqte-
vari aerTianebda ra egvipturi, Turquli da induri kultu- bis kveTaze aSenda. Tanamedrove konstruqciebis gamoyene-
rebidan nasesxeb gansxvavebul elementebs, orientalisturi biT nagebi, Tujis myari Sida karkasis mqone operis Senoba
ferweriT cdilobda egzotikuri sanaxaobebisadmi gazrdili transportisa da saavtomobilo moZraobis gaTvaliswinebiT
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas. daproeqtda, rac mas yvela mxridan iolad misadgoms xdi-
da. operis Senoba istoricizmis Sedevrs warmoadgens da,
akademizmi arqiteqturaSi umTavresad, ufro adrindeli barokos stiliTaa Seqmnili,
1848 wels, socialuri problemebis gamo, frangul qalaqebSi raSic erTgvarad safrangeTis odindeli didebis aRdgenis
afeTqebuli ajanyebebis Semdeg, napoleon III-em (mmarTvelobis survili SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. pirveli sarTulis TaRedis
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 65
2-2 • Sarl garnie. opera,
parizi, 1861-1874
66 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-4 • aleqsandr kabaneli. veneras dabadeba,
1863; tilo, zeTi, 1.35X2.29 sm. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 67
xelovneba da misi konteqsti orientalizmi |
Jan leon Jeromis (Jean-León Gérôme, 1824-1904) namuSevari gvelis egviptidan wamoRebuli naZarcvi nivTebi 1804 wels gaxsnil luvris
momTvinierebeli (1824-1904), romelSic igi axlo aRmosavleTze XIX muzeums gadaeca. 1809 wlidan 1822 wlamde safrangeTSi gamoica
saukuneSi arsebul warmodgenebs asaxavs, daaxloebiT 1870 wels egviptis aRwerilobis 24 tomi, romelSic mravlad iyo cnobebi eg-
Seiqmna. es namuSevari orientalizmis saxasiaTo nimuSs warmoadgens. viptis kulturis, misi xalxis, miwebis Sesaxeb. 1840-1850-ian wlebSi
tiloze gamosaxulia mnaxvelisken zurgiT mdgari sruliad SiSveli britaneli, frangi da italieli fotografebi axlo aRmosavleTis
biWi piToniT xelSi, iqve xnieri mamakaci stvirze ukravs, suraTis ZiriTad turistul adgilebSi fotografiul studiebs aarsebdnen,
siRrmeSi gamosaxuli mayurebelTa jgufi ki daxvewili kaligra- raTa damTvaliereblebi da saxlSi myofi e.w. `savarZlis turistebi~
fiuli naxatiT Semkuli, lurji SorenkecebiT mopirkeTebuli didi fotoebiT uzrunveleyoT, ramac, Tavis mxriv, regionisadmi sayo-
oTaxis kedelTanaa Camomjdari. scena, faqtiurad, fotografiuli velTao interesi gaaRviva.
sizustiTa da detalebisadmi didi yuradRebiTaa dawerili, rac gvi- orientalizms, romelic XIX saukuneSi akademizmisTvisac iseve
biZgebs vifiqroT, rom konkretuli movlena da adgili zedmiwevniT iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc avangardisTvis, mecnieri edvard seidi
zustadaa aRbeWdili. Jeromma axlo aRmosavleTSi ramdenjerme imo- aRwers, rogorc kolonialur mzeras, mimarTuls dapyrobili aRmosa-
gzaura; namuSevrebis eTnografiuli sizustisaTvis man 1855 wlis vleTisken (ufro axlo, vidre Soreuli aRmosavleTisken). aRmosa-
salonis kritikosebis qebac ki daimsaxura, magram gvelis momTvinie- vleTs kolonizatori mis mflobelobaSi arsebul nivTad aRiqvamda
rebeli Tavidan bolomde fiqciaa, SeTxzuli egviptur, Turqul da da ganixilavda, rogorc `primitiul~ da `egzotikur~ saTamaSo
indur kulturaTa aRreviT. moedans `civilizebuli~ evropeli vizitorisTvis, romlisTvisac
orientalizmi, axlo aRmosavleTis kulturiT gataceba, saf- `adgilobrivi~ mamakacebi velurebi da despoturebi, xolo `adgilob-
rangeTSi 1798 wlidan iRebs saTaves, mas Semdeg, rac napoleonis mier rivi~ qalebi vnebianni da seqsualurad xelmisawvdomni iyvnen.
latura _ zedmetad konkretuli, proporciebi da Zvlovani erebis imperiuli miswrafebebic ki, gamoxatuleba foto-
struqtura ufro realisturi, vidre idealizebuli. karpos grafiaSi hpova. gviani renesansidan moyolebuli xelova-
namuSevari TiTqos gvauwyebs akademistur xelovnebaSi im nebs, da sxvebsac, bunebis asaxvis meqanikuri meTodis Seqmnis
axali tendenciebis aRmocenebas, romlebic mewarmeTa kla- survili amoZravebdaT. erT-erTi pirveli aparati kamera
sis axali Taobis gemovnebisa da midrekilebebis sapasuxod obskura (laTinurad niSnavs `bnel oTaxs~) iyo, romelic
Cndeba. koleqcionerTa es axali kasta ufro miwieri, vidre Cabnelebuli oTaxiT an yuTiTa da optikuri miniT iqmne-
idealizebuli xasiaTis xelovnebiT iyo dainteresebuli. boda; garedan Semosuli sinaTle minis gavliT mopirdapire
kedelze (an yuTis kedelze) scenis Tavdayira gamosaxule-
adreuli fotografia evropasa bis proecirebas axdenda da, Sedegad, mxatvars misi Semdgo-
mi damuSavebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. XIX saukuneSi patara
da SeerTebul StatebSi portatuli kamera obskura, an kidev ufro msubuqi kame-
XIX saukunis miswrafebam, aesaxa axali burJuaziuli elitis ra lucida xelovanTa standartul aRWurvilobad iqca.
warmomadgenlebi, maTi miRwevebi da sakuTreba, zogadad, fotografia ganviTarda, rogorc kamera obskuras mier
68 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
(romelsac Semdeg ubralod `kamera~ ewoda) sinaTlisadmi
mgrZnobiare masalaze Seqmnili gamosaxulebis fiqsirebis
da, amdenad, misi samudamod SenarCunebis saSualeba.
fotografias ar hyolia erTi `gamomgonebeli~. mis Seqmna-
ze ramdenime adamiani erTdroulad muSaobda da TiToeulma
maTganma, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, fotografiis teqnikis
ganviTarebaSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana. 1830-iani wlebisTvis
eqsperimentatorTa mcire jgufma Seiswavla gamosaxulebis
`Caweris~ xerxebi, magram saboloo safexuri, Tu rogor unda
`gaemyarebinaT~ anu daefiqsirebinaT es gamosaxuleba ise,
rom Semdgom, sinaTleze eqspoziciisas, igi ar gamuqebuliyo
da gamqraliyo, rTuli misaRwevi aRmoCnda.
safrangeTSi, rodesac lui Jak mande dageri (Louis-Jac-
ques-Mandé Daguerre, 1787-1851) Tavisi ferweruli namuSevre-
bis beWduri aslebis dasamzadeblad eqsperiments atarebda,
SemTxveviT aRmoaCina, rom Tu sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare
qimiuri nivTierebebiT dafarul firfitas 20-dan 30 wu-
Tamde sinaTleze gavaCerebdiT, Semdgom ki vercxliswylis
orTqliT davamuSavebdiT, masze `latenturi gamosaxule-
ba~ gamomJRavndeboda. 1837 wlisTvis dagerma SeimuSava
firfitis marilis xsnarSi gavlebiT masze gamosaxulebis
fiqsirebis meTodi da maleve, ser jon frederik herSe-
lis (Sir John Frederick Herschel, 1782-1871) rCeviT, qimiuri so-
dis hiposulfatis (cnobilia, rogorc `hipo~) gamoyenebiT,
gaaumjobesa kidec es procesi. gamosaxuleba negativs war- 2-8 • semuel finli briz morzes dagerotipi,
moadgenda, magram kargad gaprialebul vercxlis firfi- daaxl. 1845; meeqvse firfitis dagerotipi, 7X8.3 sm,
kongresis biblioTekis dagerotipis koleqcia, vaSingtoni
taze is pozitivad gadaiqceoda. miRebuli gamosaxulebis
dublireba ar iyo ioli da Tanac, is (gamosaxuleba) Zalze manamde ki, sanam dageri safrangeTSi Tavisi fotogra-
myife iyo, Tumca sakmaod maRali xarisxis. dageris mier fiuli teqnikis Sesaxeb ganacxadebda, amerikeli xelovani
gadaRebuli sakuTari studiis magidis (sur. 2-7) detalebi semuel morze (Samuel Morse, 1791-1872) parizSi Cavida, raTa
uaRresad faqizad da mkafiodaa gadmocemuli (am xarisxis telegrafis Sesaxeb Tavisi gamogonebis Sesaxeb informaciis
miRweva dRevandeli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTac ki, re-
gaziarebis sanacvlod, dageris fotografiaze mieRo infor-
produqciaze SeuZlebelia), kompozicia ki naturmortis
macia. morzem amerikas dagerotipi, dageris mier sakuTari
mxatvrobis principebis mixedviTaa agebuli. dagerma 1839
gamogonebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTebidan maleve gaacno,
wlis agvistoSi axali teqnologiis dapatentebisa da aRia-
1841 wlisTvis ki man portretuli fotos gadasaRebad eqs-
rebis Semdeg, Seqmna erTgvari adreuli tipis fotografia,
poziciis drois Semcireba SeZlo (sur. 2-8).
romelsac dagerotipi ewoda.
imavdroulad, inglisSi henri foqs TalboTi (Henry Fox
Talbot, 1800-1877), fotografiis mdidari moyvaruli, graviu-
rebis, maqmanebisa da mcenareebis negativis aslebs akeTebs,
vercxlis qloridis xsnariT gaJRenTil qaRaldze aTavsebs,
Semdeg sinaTliT asxivebs da amgvarad amJRavnebs. manve miagno
meTods, romelic qaRaldze arse buli negatiuri gamosaxu-
lebis ganmeorebiT eqsponirebisa da sxva qaRaldis zedapirze
pozitiuri suraTis miRebis saSualebas iZleoda. amdenad,
negativ-pozitivis procesis aRmoCena, romelic fotogra-
fiuli beWdvis safuZveli gaxda, agreTve TalboTs ekuTvnis.
TalboTis negativis gamoyeneba mravaljeradad SeiZlebo-
da, ase rom, mas SeeZlo iafad ewarmoebina didi raodeno-
bis pozitiuri gamosaxulebebi. magram kalotipi, rogorc
man mogvianebiT am process Searqva, mainc arakontras tul
da bundovan gamosaxulebebs iZleoda. rogorc ki TalboTma
dageris aRmoCenis Sesaxeb Seityo, man sakuTaris Sesaxebac
2-7 • lui Jak mande dageri. mxatvris studia,
saswrafod ganacxada da daapatenta kidec. am procesebis
1837; dagerotipi, 16.5X21.6 sm. aRmniSvneli termini _ fotografia, rac berZnulad `sinaT-
safrangeTis fotografiis asociacia, parizi lis meSveobiT xatvas~ niSnavs, herSelma daamkvidra.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 69
bebs, romlebic industriul inglisSi am
dros ukve swrafad qreboda.
1851 wels britanelma moqandakem da
fotografma skoT arCerma adreul etapze
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula fotogra-
fiis ganviTarebaSi. arCerma aRmoaCina,
rom vercxlis nitrati myarad ekvroda
SuSis zedapirs Tuki mas kolodiums (eTe-
ris, alkoholisa da piroqsilinis nazavi,
romelsac medicinaSi gadaxvevebisTvis
iyenebdnen) Seurevdi. kolodiumisa da
vercxlis nitratis am nazavs gasaSrobad
da, amis Sedegad, SuSaze gamosaxulebis
aRsabeWdad sul ramdenime wami Wirde-
boda; Sedegad miiReboda SuSis negativi,
saidanac didi tonaluri sizustis mqone
SeuzRudavi raodenobis anabeWdebis mi-
Reba iyo SesaZlebeli.
es axlad aRmoCenili teqnologia ame-
rikelma fotografebma 1861-1865 wlebis
2-9 • henri foqs TalboTi. Ria kari,
samoqalaqo omis fotografiuli do-
1843; anabeWdi kalotipis negatividan marilian qaRaldze, 14.3X19.5 sm. kumentirebisas gamoiyenes. aleqsandr
mecnierebis muzeumi, londoni, foqs TalboTis koleqcia gardneri (Alexander Gardner, 1821-1882) sa-
moqalaqo konfliqtis dasawyisidanve,
fotografiis axali teqnologia mokle droSi iqna ga- asistent TimoTi o’salivanTan (Timothy O’Sullivan, 1840-1882)
moyenebuli Tanamedrove auditoriisa da, agreTve, moma- erTad, meTiu bredis (Matthew Brady, 1822-1896) fotografad
vali TaobebisTvis `vizualuri Canawerebis~ Sesaqmnelad. muSaobda. mis mier gadaRebuli omis fotoebi farTod iyo
fotografebic maleve iwyeben eqsperimentebs axali me- gavrcelebuli. meamboxe snaiperis saxli (sur. 2-10) gadaRebu-
diumis gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis Sesaswavlad da li iyo geTisburgis brZolis Semdeg, 1863 wlis ivlisSi.
STambeWdavi kompoziciebis Sesaqmnelad. 1844-1846 wlebSi teqnikuri siZneleebi angariSgasawevi iyo. sveli firfitis
TalboTma gamoaqveyna eqvsnawiliani wigni saTauriT bune- teqnologia, minaze sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare qimiuri ni-
bis fanqari, romelic mTlianad kalotipis negativebisagan vTierebebis dasafiqsireblad, damatebiT, minis firfitis
damzadebuli, marilian qaRaldze nabeWdi gamosaxulebebiT (romelzec negativi aRibeWdeboda), SemaerTebeli masaliT
iyo ilustrirebuli. fotoebis umetesoba idiliur rura- dafarvas saWiroebda. firfitis gaSrobis SemTxvevaSi fo-
lur scenebs, an sagangebod mowesrigebul naturmortebs tos gadaReba veRar moxerxdeboda. Tanac, Tuki firfitas
warmoadgenda; isini ufro xelovnebis nimu-
Sebs waagavda, vidre guldasmiT Seswavli-
li realobis dokumentebs. TalboTi mixv-
da, rom misi procesis naklovanebebis gamo,
mas, dagerotipis komerciul potencialTan
konkurecia gauWirdeboda da sanacvlod fo-
tografiis vizualuri da saxelovnebo Se-
saZleblobebis warmoCena arCia. magaliTad,
namuSevarSi Ria kari (sur. 2-9) Crdilebis dia-
gonaluri xazebis ganmeorebadi struqtura
arqiteqturis vertikaluri da horizonta-
luri xazebis mimarT kontrasts qmnis. es
foto erTgvarad gamoxatavs cxovrebis im
ruraluri wesis mimarT nostalgiur grZno-
70 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
|
teqnika fotografiuli procesi
kamera Tavisi arsiT sinaTlis gaumtari yuTia masSi datanebuli xvre- muSavebul sinaTle-mgrZnobiare qaRaldze. am qaRaldisken mimarTu-
liT. am xvrels diafragma hqvia da misi zoma, rogorc wesi, regulire- li sinaTle, negativis gavliT, masze pozitiur gamosaxulebas qmnis.
badia _ is firze dacemuli sinaTlis raodenobas aregulirebs. diaf- erTi negativisgan mravali pozitivis dabeWdvaa SesaZlebeli.
ragma dafarulia optikuri miniT, romelsac gamosaxuleba fokusSi dRes am qimiur process cifruli fotografia Caenacvla, ro-
mohyavs. mas aqvs Camketic, gadmoSverili safari, romelic drois melic gamosaxulebas cifruli informaciis failebis saxiT iwers,
gansazRvruli periodiT ixsneba (rogorc wesi es wamis mcire nawilia) rac misi kompiuterSi, da ara bnel oTaxSi, damuSavebis saSualebas
im xangrZlivobis gasakontroleblad, romlis ganmavlobaSic firma iZleva. axali fotografiuli mediumis SesaZleblobebi farTod
sinaTlis eqspozicia unda ganicados. xedmZebniTa da patara, amrekla- gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove artistebis mier.
vi linziT aRWurvili Tanamedrove kamerebi, sazogadod, Tvalis
gaswvriv, Cveni xedvis wertilis doneze gviWiravs da, amdenad, foto- xedmZebni
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 71
fokusi, rac, misi azriT, ufro metad sagnisa Tu adamia- rovneebis, xelovanebisa da arqiteqtorebis mcirericxovan
nis fizikur, garegnul mxares usvamda xazs da, misi azriT, damoukidebel elitas axali azrovnebis, ideebis, samyarosa
ugulvebelyofda subieqtis xasiaTsa Tu Sinagan mdgomareo- da xelovnebis axali xedvis damkvidrebis mizniT mouwodeb-
bas. detalebis gabundovnebiT mas yuradReba gadahqonda da, kavSiri gaewyvita natifi xelovnebis akademiasTan da sa-
misi modelebis sinaTliT rbilad modelirebul saxeebze zogadoebriv normebTan. igi winaswar xvdeboda, rom amgvari
aRbeWdil Cafiqrebul gamometyvelebaze. avtobiografiaSi cxovreba Seiwiravda xelovanebis reputacias da Seamcirebda
qemeroni aRniSnavs: `rodesac Cemi kameris win aseTi adamia- gayiduli namuSevrebis raodenobas. avangardis xelovanTa
nebi idgnen, mTeli Cemi arsebiT vcdilobdi, rom aRmesrule- umetesoba arc iseTi eqstremaluri da radikaluri iyo, ro-
bina Cemi vali maT winaSe, erTgulad aRmenusxa rogorc maTi gorc viole le diuki da, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, arc natifi
Sinagani sidiade, ise garegnuli niSnebi.~ xelovnebis akademiasa da avangards Soris urTierToba iyo
erTmniSvnelovani. miuxedavad amisa, es idea aitaces im xe-
72 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
myaros, cxovrebis sisastikis gulwrfelad asaxvis, sinamd- `mezieris axlos (ornanis midamoebSi) me SevCerdi, rom
vilisTvis Tvalis gasworebis survili da valdebuleba iyo. davkvirvebodi or mamakacs, romlebic qvebs amtvrevdnen
Saragzaze. iSviaTad Tu Sexvdebi siRaribis aseT aSkara
kurbe gustav kurbe (Gustave Courbet, 1819-1877) erT-erTi gamoxatulebas, ase rom, idea suraTisTvis adgilzeve
pirveli xelovanTagani iyo, vinc sakuTar Tavs `avangardis- momivida. me SevuTanxmdi maT meore dRes Cems studiaSi
ti~ an `realisti~ uwoda. mousvenari da xmauriani kurbe, Sexvedraze... erTi mxriv, xnieri mamakaci, samocdaa-
rogorc Tavad ambobda, `ara mxolod socialisti, aramed Tis... meore mxriv, axalgazrda ymawvili... Tavis WuWyian,
demokrati da respublikelic iyo _ erTi sityviT, revolu- daZonZil perangSi... eeh! amgvari Sromisas adamianis
ciis mxardamWeri~. Sveicariis sazRvris siaxloves, fran- cxovreba ase iwyeba da aseve mTavrdeba.~
gul qalaq ornanSi dabadebuli da aRzrdili, igi pariz- ori ram aris cxadi am aRweridan: kurbes, rogorc Cans,
Si 1839 wels gadadis. 1848 wlis parizis quCis brZolebma politikuri ganacxadis gakeTeba hqonda ganzraxuli da
mxatvris radikaluri ganwyobileba gansazRvra da misi ori studiaSi man es mamakacebi imisTvis miiwvia, rom, akademiu-
didi ferweruli tilos Seqmnas misca biZgi. kurbes es su- ri praqtikis mixedviT, maTze guldasmiT dakvirvebis Sesa-
raTebi realizmis nimuSebad iqna aRiarebuli. Zlebloba hqonoda.
1849 wels man pirvelad qvis mtexvelni (sur. 2-12) Seqmna. didi zomis masStabur tiloze ubralo mSromeli ada-
TiTqmis 2 metris simaRlisa da 3 metris siganis tilo um- mianebis aRbeWdviT (tilos zomebi 1.6X2.59 metria) kurbe
dables, katorRul Sromas asaxavs; aq warmodgenilni arian provokacias mimarTavs. amgvari zomis tilo akademizmis
axalgazrda da xnieri mamakacebi, romlebic qvis lodebs xelovnebaSi heroikuli TemebisTvis gamoiyeneboda. kurbem
xreSis dasamzadeblad amtvreven. am uuflebo adamianebis ki am namuSevriT ganacxada, rom sazogadoeba Ratak mSrome-
Sromis fasad iqmneba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis keTild- lebs iseTive mowiwebiT unda epyrobodes, rogorc gmirebs.
Reoba. axalgazrda mamakaci qvebiT datvirTul kalaTas mxatvarma uari Tqva akademizmis daxvewil stilze, aseve,
mTeli ZaliT ezideba. mas daxeuli perangi da Sarvali, ase- am stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel amaRlebul Temaze da uxeSi
ve, Tanamedrove fexsacmeli acvia. Sromisgan qancgaclili farTo monasmebiT, muqi ferebiT, uCveulo kompoziciiTa
xnieri kaci ki Camuxluli amtvrevs lods. mas glexis tan- da adamianTa uxeSi, mouqneli pozebiT tiloze Tanamedro-
sacmeli mosavs, tradiciuli xis sabos CaTvliT. biWi dau- ve cxovrebis simZime da sisastike aRbeWda. scena aq asaxul
ndobel, sastik momavals ganasaxierebs, kaci ki yavlgasul adamianTa umZimes damamcirebel mdgomareobas realurad
ruralur warsuls. orive ucnobi usaxelo muSaa. Tavad asaxavs. 1865 wels kurbes megobarma, anarqistma filoso-
kurbe aRwers, Tu ram STaagona mas am scenis asaxva: fosma pier Jozef prudonma (Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, 1809-1865)
2-13 • gustav kurbe. dasaflaveba ornanSi, 1849; tilo, zeTi, 3.1X6.6 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
dasaflaveba ornanSi STagonebuli iyo 1848 wels mxatvris dedis babuis, 1789 wlis revoluciis veteranis, Jan antuan odos
dakrZalviT. Tumca, suraTi konkretulad am pirovnebis dakrZalvas ar asaxavs, ramdenadac Tavad odo, suraTis ukidures
marcxena mxares profilSia warmodgenili. misi gamosaxuleba kurbem adreuli portretidan gadmoiRo. gaxsnili saflavidan
marjvniv XVIII saukunis samosSi (da ara Tanamedrove samosSi) gamowyobili ori mamakacia gamosaxuli. isini odos Taobis
revolucionerebi arian. saflavTan maTi axlos dgoma mianiSnebs, rom isini TanamebrZolis dakrZalvas eswrebian. kurbes
suraTi, SesaZlebelia, safrangeTSi demokratiis gamarjvebisTvis momxdar 1789 da 1848 wlebis revoluciebs ukavSirdebodes.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 73
qvis mtexvelni pirvel socialistur suraTad miiCnia, ro- mxatvrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli idealizaciisgan. piriqiT,
gorc `Cveni industriuli civilizaciis ironia, romelic mxatvari aq avlens dasaflavebis realuri ritualis mTel
gauTaveblad igonebs Sromis mwarmoebel yvelanair manqa- formalobas, adamianTa gulgrilobasa da sicives. suraTi
nebs.... da mainc ar SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos adamiani yvela- salonSi gamofenisTanave agresiuli kritikis obieqti gax-
ze mZime Sromisagan~. Tavad kurbe am namuSevars usamarT- da; kritikosebs ar moewonaT, rom kurbem dasaflavebis erTi
lobis gamoxatulebad Tvlida. Cveulebrivi soflis scena istoriuli mxatvrobis masStabam-
daasrula Tu ara kurbem qvis mtexvelni, man axali didi de ayvana, akademiuri kompoziciis wesebisadmi upativcemulo-
tilos xatva daiwyo. es iyo dasaflaveba ornanSi (sur. 2-13), ro- ba gamoiCina, ugulvebelyo isini da sikvdilis Semdeg sicocx-
melic, qvis mtexvelebTan erTad, 1850-1851 wlebis salonSi lis gagrZelebaze suraTSi erTi miniSnebac ki ar gaakeTa.
gamofina. es uzarmazari suraTi (daaxloebiT 3X6,5 m) dak- kurbem icoda, rom mis namuSevars mkacrad gaakritikebdnen,
rZalvis scenas, faqtiurad, naturaluri zomiT warmogvid- magram tilo salonSi mainc waradgina. igi gamiznulad dau-
gens. horizontalur rigebad ganlagebuli xalxis masa su- pirispirda akademiuri ferweris winaswar gaweril Temebs,
raTis mTel siganezea gaSlili. centrSi gaTxrili samaris stilsa da xerxebs, raTa daemkvidrebina Tavisi avangarduli
win muxlebze mdgar mesaflaves vxedavT. Txrilis Tavsa da pozicia da namuSevrebis irgvliv debatebi gamoewvia. 1854
boloSi ZaRli da ori biWia gamosaxuli. marcxena mxares wlis salonis daxurvis Semdeg, rodesac misi namuSevrebi
warmodgenili wiTel samosSi gamowyobili samRvdelo pirebi 1855 wlis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze ar waradgines, kurbem,
gulgrilni da erTgvarad gaRizianebulnic ki Canan. marjv- bazrobis xelovnebis pavilionis maxloblad naqiraveb miwis
niv Sejgufuli soflis Saosani motirlebi mwuxarebas sxva- nakveTze agebul droebiT SenobaSi Tavisi namuSevrebis Cve-
dasxvagvarad gamoxataven. suraTi iseTi masStaburia, rogo- neba gamarTa. gamofenas man `realizmis pavilioni~ uwoda da
ric swored rom gmiris dakrZalvas Seefereba, magram kurbes amiT mkafiod gaacxada salonisgan Tavisi damoukidebloba.
namuSevarSi aRaraferia darCenili tradiciuli istoriuli misi es qmedeba SemdgomSi sxva xelovanebmac gaimeores.
2-14 • Jan fransua mile. TavTavis Semgroveblebi, 1857; tilo, zeTi, 83.8X111.8 sm. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
74 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-15 • Jan batist kamil koro. pirveli foTlebi mantis maxloblad,
daaxl. 1855; tilo, zeTi. 34X46 sm. karnegis xelovnebis muzeumi, piTsburgi, pensilvania
mile politikuri radikalizmis Sesaxeb msgavsi pretenziebi Tavebs da marcvlebs eZebs, mesame ki welSi imarTeba, zurgi
Jan fransua miles (Jean-François Millet, 1814-1875) mimarTac gaismo- rom daasvenos. rodesac milem 1857 wels suraTi gamofina,
da, Tumca Tavad mile, amas uaryofda. mile sofelSi gaizarda, kritikosebma misi Sefaruli socialurad kritikuli xasiaTi
1837-1848 wlebSi parizSi cxovrobda da muSaobda, Tumca urba- aRniSnes da namuSevari `realisturad~ Seafases.
nul garemoSi igi arasodes grZnobda Tavs komfortulad. 1848
wlis revoluciaSi monawileobisTvis igi saxelmwifo stipen- koro Jan batist kamil koros (Camille Corot, 1796-1875) so-
diiT daajildoves da aman miles saSualeba misca parizis samx- flis cxovrebis amsaxveli ferweruli namuSevrebi gansxva-
reTiT mdebare daba barbizonSi dasaxlebuliyo. aq mxatvarma vebul, ufro romantikul da naklebad politikur midgo-
Tavisi namuSevrebis mTavar Temad soflis Ratak macxovrebel- mas avlens. karieris adreul periodSi Seqmnili istoriuli
Ta sirTuleebiTa Tu siamovnebiT aRsavse cxovreba airCia. landSaftebis Semdeg, koro ruraruli safrangeTis ufro
miles yvelaze cnobil namuSevrebs Sorisaa TavTavis Sem- intimuri da `naturalisturi~ scenebis Sesrulebas arCevs.
groveblebi (sur. 2-14). suraTi gamosaxavs sam qals, romlebic misi suraTi pirveli foTlebi mantis maxloblad (sur. 2-15) ad-
mosavlis aRebis Semdeg miwaze darCenil xorbals agroveben. reuli gazafxulis nislCamowolili tyis xeds asaxavs. ko-
suraTi Tbili, mSvidi feradovnebiT xasiaTdeba, masze war- ros msubuqi ferweruli monamebiT Sesrulebuli axladga-
modgrnili scena ki ukidures siRaribes asaxavs. mkis Semdeg mosuli foTlebi da amowverili balaxi, mwvane buCqnarTan
darCenili TavTavebis Segrovebis ufleba miwis mflobele- erTad, romlebic xeebis tanisa da varjebis vertikalur,
bisgan, soflis RaribebisTvis didi SeRavaTi da daxmareba gaxevebul formebs upirispirdeba, gazafxulis naTeli dRis
iyo, magram, amave dros, umZimes Sromas gulisxmobda: erTi lirikul ganwyobilebas qmnis. gzaze, romelic tilos ukana
puris gamosacxobad samyofi xorblis Segrovebas saaTebi planze miiklakneba, qali da kaci sasaubrod SeCerebulan.
Wirdeboda. welSi moxrili ori qali miwaSi CarCenil Tav- suraTis qveda marjvena mxares ki tyeSi qali muSaobs. koro
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 75
2-16 • roza boneri. cxenebis bazroba, 1853-1855; tilo, zeTi 2.45X5.07 m. metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki
TiTqos suraTis sivrceSi gviwvevs sufTa, gamWvirvale ha- mejinibeebis mier didebuli perSeronis cxenebis gamofenaze
eris SesagrZnobad. soflis mSvidobiani cxovrebis amsaxve- wardgenis scenas asaxavs. zogi cxeni wreze damyolad dadis,
li es suraTebi mimzidveli aRmoCnda 1848 wlis revoluciis zogi ki, jer kidev gauxednavi, yalyzea Semdgari. zogier-
qaosis Semdeg mzard, xalxmraval da xmaurian metropolisSi Ti mecnieris interpretaciiT, cxenebis bazroba 1850-ian
macxovrebeli parizelebisTvis. wlebSi qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda. magram
im droisTvis suraTi am TvalsazrisiT aRqmuli ar yofi-
boneri roza boneri (Rosa Bonheur, 1822-1899) erT-erTi yve- la. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sinauri cxovelebis Temaze Seqmni-
laze popularuli mxatvari iyo maT Soris, vinc soflis li namuSevrisTvis uCveulod monumenturma suraTma, 1848
yofas asaxavda. boneris warmatebis, rac maSin mamakacTa wlis salonze umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura. mogvianebiT,
upiratesobas warmoadgenda, erT-erTi mTavari mizezi misi suraTma mTel britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi moipova
mSoblebis socialisturi Sexedulebebi iyo. isini radi- popularoba. suraTis sanaxavad sazogadoeba fuls ixdida
kaluri utopiuri seqtis wevrebi iyvnen, romelic grafma da misi anabeWdebi atlantikis okeanis orive mxares farTod
sen-simonma (1760-1825) daaarsa da romlebsac ara mxolod iyo gavrcelebuli. 1889 wels ki kornelius vanderbilTma
qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis, aramed momavali qali mesii- is niu iorkis axali metropoliten muzeumisTvis SeiZina.
sac ki swamdaT. boneris mama xatvis maswavlebeli iyo da boneri imdenad cnobili gaxda, rom man 1865 wels safrange-
roza pirvel gakveTilebs swored misgan iRebda. Tis umaRlesi jildo, sapatio legionis wevroba miiRo da
boneri Tavis suraTebze asaxavda Sinaur cxovelebs, rom igi am jildos pirveli mflobeli qali gaxda.
lebic fermeruli cxovrebis teqnologiuri da industriu-
li ganviTarebis Sedegad TandaTanobiT kargavdnen funqcias. mane: „Tanamedrove cxovrebis amsaxveli mxatvari“
Tavis obieqtebs mxatvari intensiurad swavlobda, kiTxulob- avangardis koncefciasTan erTad, safrangeTis im periodis
da wignebs zoologiis Sesaxeb, qmnida pirutyvTa sadgomebisa xelovnebis formireba `modernulobis~ ideamac gansazRvra.
da sasaklaoebis detalur etiudebs. imisTvis, rom boneri im modernuloba, romelic mudmiv cvlilebebsa da ganaxle-
teritoriaze moxvedriliyo, sadac mxolod mamakacebi saq- bas gulisxmobda, mWidro kavSirSi iyo Tanamedrove qalaqis
mianobdnen, mas policiisgan kacis tansacmlis tarebis nebar- cxovrebis dinamikasTan. industrializebul samyaroSi Camo-
Tvis aReba mouwia. profesiulma warmatebebma boners 1848 yalibebuli Tanamedrove qalaqebis yofasTan Tu adamianTa
wlis salonSi monawileobis saSualeba misca. salonSi man rva politikur aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli Temebi is gasaRebia,
suraTi gamofina da pirveli xarisxis medalic moipova. romlis meSveobiTac Cven XIX s-is meore naxevris franguli
suraTi cxenebis bazroba (sur. 2-16), romelic 1853 welsaa mxatvrobisa da literaturis gagebas SevZlebT.
Sesrulebuli, salpetrieris maxloblad arsebuli cxenebis 1863 wels poeti Sarl bodleri Tavis esseSi `Tanamedrove
bazars aRwers, magram is londonSi daculi parTenonis re- cxovrebis amsaxveli mxatvari~ werda: imisaTvis, rom xelo-
liefebiTa da Jerikos mxatvrobiTaa STagonebuli. suraTi vanma Tavisi droisa da sivrcis Sesaxeb isaubros, misi namu-
76 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-17 • eduard mane. sauzme balaxze,
1863; tilo, zeTi, 2.13X2.64 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
Sevari TanamedroveobiT unda iyos STagonebuli. igi xelo- ke saloni moewyo, romelic `uaryofilTa salonis~ (Salon des
vanebs mouwodebda, Tanamedrove maneriT `aesaxaT cxovrebis Refusés) saxeliT gaxda cnobili. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo
warmavloba da masSi gaelvebuli maradisoba.~ amisaTvis ki manes namuSevaric sauzme balaxze (sur. 2-17). mane aristokra-
gamoeyenebinaT Tanamedrove urbanuli Temebi da vizualuri tiuli parizuli ojaxidan iyo; 1850-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
samyaros xedvisa da misi aRweris mimarT axali midgoma See- man ganaTleba damoukidebel mxatvarTan, Toma kutiurTan
muSavebinaT. warsulTan kavSiris gawyveta gadamwyveti iyo (Thomas Couture, 1815-1879) miiRo, 1860-iani wlebis dasawyisis-
awmyos Sesacnobad da mis asasaxad. gansakuTrebiT foto- Tvis ki igi ukve realizmis mimdevari da modernulobis ga-
grafiis gamogonebis Semdeg moelodnen mxatvrobisagan rea- nuxreli damcveli gaxda, rac, didwilad, poet bodlerTan
lobis asaxvis axali meTodebis SemuSavebas. erT-erTi, vinc megobrobamac ganapiroba. manes suraTma sauzme balaxze So-
bodleris am gamowvevas upasuxa, frangi mxatvari eduard kismomgvrelad da gamaogneblad imoqmeda Tanamedrove mayu-
mane (Édouard Manet, 1832-1883) iyo. reblze, Tavad napoleon III-zec da sazogadoebaSi skandaluri
reaqcia gamoiwvia. ironiaa, magram am skandalma garkveulwi-
sauzme balaxze XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi natifi xelovne- lad ganapiroba manes Semdgomi warmateba da xeli Seuwyo mas
bis akademiam salonis kari sul meti mxatvrisTvis gaxsna, ra- radikalurad ganwyobili da Tanamedrove avangardisti mxat-
sac gamofenisTvis wardgenili da, Sesabamisad, salonis Jiu- vris saxelis damkvidrebasa da karieris SeqmnaSi.
ris mier uaryofili namuSevrebis ricxvis zrda moyva. 1863 manes namuSevris yvelaze skandalur mxared misi suraTis
wels Jiurim 3 000-mde namuSevari daiwuna, ramac mxatvarTa Temis `amoraluroba~ CaiTvala: qalaqis gareubanSi, bunebis
protesti gamoiwvia. mRelvarebis pasuxad, napoleon III-s ga- wiaRSi gamarTuli pikniki, romelic SiSveli qalis gverdiT
dawyvetilebiT, dawunebuli namuSevrebis gamosafenad cal- msxdom or Cacmul burJuasa da maT ukan, siRrmeSi naxevrad-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 77
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xelovneba da misi konteqsti xelovnebis masobrivad gavrceleba
iseve, rogorc dRes Tanamedrove xelovanebi cdiloben gaavrcelon sabeWdad sul ufro xSirad iyenebdnen foladze, an xeze gravirebis
sakuTari namuSevrebi reproduqciebis saxiT, XVIII saukunis mxat- teqnikas da liTografias. am ufro gamZle masalis gamoyenebis Sede-
vrebic, Tavisi suraTebis farTod gasavrceleblad, graviuras an gad 10 000-mde maRali xarisxis amonabeWdis damzadeba iyo SesaZlebe-
oforts mimarTavdnen. li, Tumca, am raodenobiT aslebis dabeWdvis saWiroeba sul ramdenime
gravirebis ostatebi, Cveulebriv, priziT dajildoebuli an mxatvars Tu qonda.
debatebis sagnad qceuli xelovnebis nimuSebis anabeWdebs qmnidnen, aleqsandr kabaneli saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gamWriaxi, komer-
romlebic Semdgom wignebis maRaziebsa da kioskebSi iyideboda. jozef ciuli alRos mqone mxatvari iyo. napoleon III-is mier veneras dabade-
malord uiliam Terners Tavisi namuSevrebis daxvewili tonaluri bis (sur. 2_4) Sesyidvis Semdeg, mxatvarma namuSevris reproducirebis
gradaciebis aRsabeWdad graviorTa jgufi yavda daqiravebuli. gravi- uflebebi xelovnebis dilers, adolf gupils mihyida, romelmac,
rebuli spilenZis firfitidan daaxloebiT 100 anabeWdis miReba iyo Tavis mxriv, daqiravebul mxatvrebs namuSevris ori, mcire zomis as-
SesaZlebeli. beWdvis procesi manamde grZeldeboda, sanam firfitis lis Sesruleba daukveTa. mas Semdeg, rac kabanelma aslebi moiwona da
mravaljeradad gamoyenebis Sedegad qaRaldze gadatanili gamosa- maT xeli moawera, dilerma isini graviurebisTvis nimuSad gamoiyena
xulebis xarisxi ar daiklebda. XIX saukunis bolosTvis mxatvrebi da anabeWdebis saxiT gaamravla, Tavad aslebi ki gaiyida.
SiSvel meore qals asaxavs. manes suraTis gamo Seuracxyo- dabadeba iyo (ix. sur. 2-4). figuris siSiSvle kabanelis namu-
filma mnaxvelebma daaskvnes, rom es msubuqi yofaqcevis SevarSi sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi formiT _ klasikur ga-
qalebi iyvnen, xolo mamakacebi _ maTi klientebi. aranakleb remosa da miTologiur konteqstSi iyo warmodgenili; amis
Sokismomgvreli iyo maTTvis warsulis xelovnebis im mniS- gamo, kabanelis suraTi keTilganwyobiT iqna miRebuli da is
vnelovan nawarmoebebze miniSneba, romlebsac natifi xe- maleve napoleon III-s koleqciaSi moxvda.
lovnebis akademiis mxatvrebi, rogorc wesi, nimuSebad iye- aSkaraa, rom manem sauzme balaxze luvrSi daculi re-
nebdnen. manem ki, aq, nacnobi motivi tlanq, Seulamazebel nesansis veneciuri skolis tilos, soflis koncertis Ta-
Tanamedroveobas daukavSira. manes suraTisgan gansxvave- namedrove versiad Caifiqra. suraTi adre jorjones miewe-
biT, erT-erTi namuSevari, romelmac im wlis oficialur reboda, magram axla, savaraudod, erToblivad, ticiansa da
salonze aRiareba moipova, aleqsandr kabanelis veneras jorjones, an, ufro, mxolod ticians miekuTvneba. manes
2-18 • eduard mane. olimpia, 1863; tilo, zeTi, 1.31X1.91 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
78 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-19 • eduard mane. bari foli-berJerSi, 1881-1882; tilo, zeTi. 95.9X130 sm. semuel kurtos trasti, kurtos galerea,
londoni (p.1934.SC.234)
kompozicia markantonio raimondis mier rafaelis parisis suraTis sauzme balaxze msgavsad, manes olimpiac STagonebu-
samsjavros mixedviT Sesrulebul graviurasac exmianeba, li iyo renesansuli namuSevriT, kerZod ki, ticianis urbi-
romelic, Tavis mxriv, mdinaris RvTaebebisa da nimfebis amsa- nos veneraTi, romlis aslic manem florenciaSi yofnis dros
xveli klasikuri reliefebis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili. ro- Seasrula. erTi SexedviT, namuSevari TiTqos pativs miagebda
gorc unda iyos, mxatvris Sesrulebis Tanamedrove stilTan ticianis siuJets (im droisTvis jer kidev sjerodaT, rom ti-
Serwymuli scenis Tanamedrove interpretacia mizanmimarTu- cianis suraTze venecieli kurtizani qali iyo gamosaxuli) da
lad provokaciuli iyo. klasikur xelovnebaze mimaniSnebeli kompozicias. magram manem ticianis wamowolili SiSveli figu-
formiT warmodgenili Tanamedrove cxovrebis Crdilovani ris sruliad sapirispiro Tanamedrove `oreuli~ Seqmna. ti-
mxare mxolod manes subversiulobas aaSkaravebda. mkveTrad cianis qali momxiblavia, rbili da momrgvalebuli formebiT,
ganaTebuli niu, civi ferebi, figuraTa sibrtyobrioba da si- manes figuras ki kuTxovani da brtyeli formebi aqvs; ticia-
lueturoba, ris gamoc ferwerul fonze warmodgenili figu- nis ferebi Tbilia da niuansebiT mdidari, manesi ki _ civi da
rebi aplikaciur xasiaTs iZendnen, sazogadoebis SeSfoTebas mkveTri, rogorc fotoze; ticianis venera morcxvad iyureba,
iwvevda, sazodagoebisa, romelic racionalurad agebul ga- manes olimpia ki civi da indiferentulia. Tanac, igi zemodan
remoSi moTavsebul, rbili gradaciebiTa da CrdilebiT mo- qvemoT qedmaRlurad gvicqers da amiT TiTqos Cvens erTgvar
delirebul, gluv formebs iyo SeCveuli. daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas usvams xazs. mnaxveli TiTqos
iseTive mimarTebaSia olimpiasTan, rogorc sawolis ukan md-
olimpia am skandaluri namuSevris (sauzme balaxze) das- gari Savkaniani moaxle, romelic mas Taiguls miarTmevs. Cvens
rulebis Semdeg, manem maleve Seqmna meore suraTi olimpia mimarT olimipias am damokidebulebas kidev ufro amZafrebs
(sur. 2-18).
suraTis saTauri diuma umcrosis romanisa da pie- misi katis reaqcia, romelic, ticianis tilo ze gamosaxuli
sis gmirze, amave saxelis mqone cnobil meZavze mianiSnebda. mZinare ZaRlisgan gansxvavebiT, ajagruli dgas. mane, ticia-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 79
nis sapirispirod, mTlianad `ayiravebs~ SiSveli qalis gamosa- da yvavilebiT Sedgenili naturmorti suraTis wina planze.
xvis tradiciul wess. gasakviri araa, rom 1865 wlis salonSi garda amisa, ukan, sarkeSi sakmaod seqsualurad moCans qalis
gamofenil am namuSevars sastiki kritika xvda wilad. anarekli, rac, rogorc Cans, imaze mianiSnebs, rom igi araf-
mane Tavis namuSevrebs, Cveulebriv, yovelwliurad wa- risganaa daculi da sruliad SesaZlebelia, baris romeli me
radgenda salonze, magram ramdenjerme miRebuli uaris Sem- SezarxoSebuli stumris seqsualuri ltolvis sagnad iqces.
deg, igi 1867 wels iseve moiqca, rogorc kurbe _ 1855-Si. man
Tavisi damoukidebloba salonis mimdebare teritoriaze da- gamoxmaureba realizmze safrangeTs miRma
qiravebul darbazSi gamarTuli sakuTari gamofeniT ganacxa- 1850 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac sxva qveynebSic urbanizacii-
da. am nabijma mane progresuli xelovanebisa da mwerlebis sa da industrializaciis socialurma Sedegebma iCina Tavi,
araoficialur liderad aqcia, romlebic parizis monmart- sxvadasxva eris xelovanebma realizmis sakuTari formebi
ris raionSi, kafe `garbuaSi~ ikribebodnen. kafes xSiri stu- SeimuSaves. marTalia, frang TanamedoveTa msgavsad, isini
mrebi iyvnen dega, mone, pisaro da renuari, yvela isini, vinc sakuTar Tavs `realistebs~ ar uwodebdnen, magram urbanu-
male impresionistebis saxeliT erTad gamoifinebian da manes li cxovrebis sirTuleebisa da Rataki mSromelebis sastiki
winamZRolobiT akademizmis tradicias daupirispirdebian. realobis asaxvis mimarT maTTan saerTo interesi hqondaT.
gviani namuSevrebi mane am mxatvrebTan mWidrod Ta- realizmi ruseTSi: peredviJnikebi batonymobis gada
namSromlobda da xSirad impresionistebis sayvarel Temeb- var
dnis Semdeg ruseTSi franguli realizmis Taviseburi
sac mimarTavda, Tumca, Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis varianti Camoyalibda. 1861 wels mefem batonymoba gaauqma,
amsaxveli scenebisadmi erTgulebas yovelTvis inarCunebda. gaaTavisufla ra ruseTis glexoba aristokratTa mamulebSi
Tavis bolo mniSvnelovan namuSevarSi bari foli-berJerSi maTi faqtiurad monuri mdgomareobisgan. ori wlis Semdeg, am
(sur. 2-19) igi Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis genderul aqtiT STagonebulma mxatvarTa jgufma Tanadgoma gamoucxada
da klasobriv urTierTobaTa kompleqsur Temas ubrundeba. glexobas. es jgufi aseve daupirispirda sankt-peterburgis
suraTze axalgazrda gogonaa warmodgenili, romelic bar- samxatvro akademias, romelic rusul xelovnebas 1754 wlidan
Tan dgas da sasmelebs yidis cnobil Ramis klubSi, sadac akontrolebda. daupirispirdnen ra, maTi warmodgeniT, aka-
cirkis msaxiobebi (akrobatis fexebi suraTis zeda marcxena demiis realobisgan gaqcevis (eskapistur) esTetikas, jgufis
kuTxeSi Cans) da musikosebi gamodian da vodevilebi TamaS- wevrebma socialurad aqtiur realizms mimarTes. maT saku-
deba. gogonas RaJRaJa saxe da tlanqi daxorklili xelebi Tar Tavze aiRes xalxTan xelovnebis mitanis valdebuleba
aqvs. kafe-Santanis naTurebiT gakaSkaSebul da sarkeebiT da amisaTvis isini ruseTis provinciebSi awyobdnen e.w. moZ-
Seqmnil sivrceSi igi SeboWili da gariyuli Cans. Tavis Ta- rav gamofenebs, ris gamoc am jgufs `peredviJnikebi~ (rusu-
vSi Caketili, depresiulic ki, igi Tvals ar usworebs Tavis li sityvidan передвигаться, rac gadaadgilebas niSnavs) ewoda.
klientebs. qaliSvili suraTze asaxuli scenisgan erTdrou- 1870-iani wlebis bolosTvis jgufis wevrebi, musikosebisa da
lad gancalkevebulic aris da misi nawilicaa, ise, rogorc literatorebis msgavsad, SeuerTdnen nacionalur moZraobas,
gasayidad gamodgmuli liqioris boTlebiT, mandarinebiTa raTa uareyoT rusul aristokratiaSi gamjdari evropuli
80 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-21 • Tomas iqinsi. grosis klinika,
1975; tilo, zeTi, 2.44X1.98 m. 1870;
filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi,
pensilvania
tradiciebi da warmoeCinaT, Tu ras miiCnevdnen isini rusul dawyebuli, samoqalaqo omis amsaxveli novatoruli
(sur. 2-1)
avTentur kulturad, romelic, maTi azriT, saTaves glexobis fotografiiT (sur. 2-10) damTavrebuli _ amerikuli xelovnebis
tradiciebSi iRebda. ilia repini (Ilya Repin, 1844-1930), rome- uwyvet tradicias warmoadgenda. amerikul xelovnebaSi ram-
lic jer sankt-peterburgis akademiaSi, Semdeg ki parizSi swa- denime saxis realizmi arsebobda. Tomas iqinsi (Thomas Eakins,
vlobda, 1878 wels ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg peredviJnikebs 1844-1916), magaliTad, ukompromiso namuSevrebis serias qm-
SeuerTda. man ruseTSi arsebuli socialuri usamarTlobis nis, romlis araerTmniSvnelovani Tema kritikis sagani xdeba.
amsaxveli namuSevrebis mTeli seria Seqmna, romelTa Sorisaa iqinsi filadelfiaSi daibada. samxatvro ganaTleba Tavda-
burlakebi (bornis mzidavebi) volgaze (sur. 2-20). suraTi Sro- pirvelad pensilvaniis saxviTi xelovnebis akademiaSi miiRo,
misagan qancgawyvetili glexebis jgufs asaxavs, romelTac be- magram mas mere, rac CaTvala, rom akademiaSi anatomias aras-
dad mZime Sroma, mdinare volgidan gemebis amoTreva ergoT. rulfasovnad aswavlidnen, maxlobel jefersonis samedici-
maT mimarT mnaxvelis TanagrZnobis gasaZliereblad repinma no kolejSi Seivso es danaklisi. mogvianebiT ki, igi swavlas
jgufis centrSi sicocxliT savse axalgazrda kaci gamosaxa, parizis natifi xelovnebis akademiaSi agrZelebs, Semdeg ki
romelic, Tu raime ar Seicvala, sul male TanamoZmeebiviT qan- eqvsi TviT espaneTSi miemgzavreba, sadac igi barokos mxatv-
cgawyvetili da uRono, dabeCavebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnde- rebis _ juzepe de riberasa da diego velaskesis namuSevre-
ba. es namuSevari repinis erTgvari mowodeba iyo qmedebisaken. bis realizms ecnoba. 1870 wels filadelfiaSi dabrunebis
Semdeg iqinsi daxelovnda portretebisa da yoveldRiuri
realizmi SeerTebul StatebSi: uwyveti tradicia cxovrebis gulwrfelad amsaxveli namuSevrebis SemqnaSi, ma-
marTalia, sityva `realizmi~, rogorc termini, SeerTebul gram am suraTebma sazogadoebis interesi naklebad gamoiw-
StatebSi ar gamoiyeneboda, magram politikuri elferis via. Tumca, iqinsi gamorCeulad kargi pedagogi iyo da male
mqone realisturi namuSevrebi _ kolonialuri portretiT pensilvaniis akademiis direqtorad dainiSna kidec.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 81
2-22 • uinslou homeri. sicocxlis xazi, 1844; tilo, zeTi. 73X113.3 sm. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi, jorj v. elqinsis koleqcia
namuSevrisTvis Sesrulebul winaswar gakeTebul CanaxatebSi maSvelis saxec Canda, magram mxatvarma sabolood igi dafara, raTa yuradRebis
koncetrireba msxverplze da suraTis namdvil gmirze, `maSveli sakidelas~ saxelwodebiT cnobil meqanikur samaSvelo aparatze momxdariyo.
grosis klinika (sur. 2-21) iqinsis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRm- ganaTebis aqtiurad gamoyeneba, samecniero miRwevebis mimarT
degobrivi namuSevari iyo. is 1876 wels filadelfiis damouki- erTgvari pietetis gamoxatulebaa, imis niSania, rom, avto-
deblobis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili gamofenisaTvis sagan- ris azriT, gaunaTleblobis, sibnelisa da SiSis fonze Tana-
gebod Seiqmna, magram radgan Jiurim qirurgia xelovnebisTvis medrove mecniereba condis, sinaTlisa da progresis wyaroa.
Seuferebel Temad miiCnia, suraTi daiwunes da samecniero da procedura _ fexis amputacia, romelsac suraTi asaxavs, si-
samedicino wreebSi demonstrirebisTvis gadagzavnes. tilo namdvileSi, grosis qirurgiul inovacias warmoadgenda, rom-
asaxavs jefersonis samedicino kolejSi eqim semuel devid lis wyalobiTac pacientis gadarCena moxerxda.
gross saCvenebeli operaciis Catarebisas. suraTze is momen- uinslou homeric (Winslow Homer, 1836-1910) cxovrebis
tia asaxuli, rodesac qirurgi wyvets leqcias, raTa ukan ga- bolo wlebSi Seulamazebel realistur namuSevrebs qmni-
mosaxul students da Tavad iqinss, romlis avtoporetic mar- da. igi bostonSi daibada da kariera 21 wlis asakSi daiwyo.
jvena qveda kuTxeSia mocemuli, Canaweris gakeTebis saSualeba homeri damoukidebel ilustratorad muSaobda iseT popu-
misces. ukana planze gamosaxul, sisxliani sceniT SeZrwune- larul periodul gamocemaSi, rogoric iyo harpers viqli
bul qals, romelic, savaraudod, pacientis naTesavia, saxeze (Harper’s Weekly) da romelsac 1862 wels samoqalaqo omze masa-
xelebi aufarebia. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi qirurgebs SiSiT lebs awvdida. 1867 wels, safrangeTSi aTTviani yofnis Sem-
uyurebdnen, gansakuTrebiT ki maT, vinc swavlebis mizniT saC- deg, igi JurnalebisTvis ruraluri scenebis nostalgiur
venebel operaciebs sajarod akeTebda da, xSirad, Rarib ada- xedebs qmnis. Tumca, Semdeg, 1881-1882 wlebSi, CrdiloeTis
mianebze qirurgiul eqsperimentebs atarebda; magram iqinsi zRvis mkacr sanapiroze, meTevzeTa patara sofelSi yofni-
eqim gross heroikul personaJad warmoadgens, farTo, naTeli sas, homeri Raribi muSebis yofis asaxviT interesdeba. iqaur
SubliTa da moelvare skalpeliT sisxlian xelSi. yvelaze me- macxovrebelTa mZime cxovrebiTa da mtkice xasiaTiT STa-
tad ganaTebuli suraTSi mainc pacientis sxeulis usicocxlo gonebulma homerma idiliuri siuJetebi bunebis mZime pi-
nawilebia: TeZo, gava, daserili terfi da, kidev, daglejili robebTan gmiruli brZolis TemiT Secvala. inglisSi masze
tansacmeli. am suraTis Seqmnisas, iqinsi, rogorc Cans, rem- gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina samaSvelo mowyo-
brandtis barokuli namuSevriT, eqim tulpis anatomiiT iyo bilobam, e.w. `maSvelma sakidelam~, romelic zRvaze samaS-
STagonebuli; garda amisa, amerikeli mxatvris mier suraTze velo operaciebis dros gamoiyeneboda. 1883 wlis zafxulis
82 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
ganmavlobaSi man niu jersis qalaq atlantiq-siTiSi maSvel-
Ta ekipaJis mier am meqanizmiT gadarCenili adamianis Canaxa-
tebi gaakeTa. Semdeg wels man daxata suraTi sicocxlis xazi
(sur. 2-22), romelic sanapiro dacvis mier gemis CaZirvisas sa-
maSvelo mowyobilobis saSualebiT qalis gadarCenis scenas
gadmoscems. suraTi ara mxolod ubralod simamacis, aramed
gamomgoneblobis karg magaliTs warmogvidgens.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 83
daudgams da triumfaluri gamarjvebis niSnad damsxvreul- bulebis fonze mniSvnelobas kargavs siRatake; banjo suraTSi
jaWviani xeli zeviT aRumarTavs. luisma ver gaiTvaliswina gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan swored es instru-
sakuTari finansuri SesaZleblobebi; am namuSevrisTvis mar- menti asocirdeba minestrelebis _ momRerali poetebis im
marilos SesaZenad igi iZulebuli gaxda fuli esesxebina. damamcirebel karikaturebTan, romlebic Tanerma TanagrZno-
skulptura luisma romidan bostonSi daabruna im imediT, biTa da keTilSobilebiT savse Janruli sceniT Caanacvla.
rom ebolicionistebis SemowirulobebiT valis dafarvas 1897 wels palestinaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, Taneri religiur
SeZlebda. es mcdeloba mxolod nawilobriv aRmoCnda warma- Temebs mimarTavda im rwmeniT, rom bibliuri ambebiT igi ukeT
tebuli, magram memoriuli medalionebis gayidvis Sedegad, SeZlebda misi Tanamedrove afroamerikelebis Tavisuflebi-
rogorc Cans, luisma valis dafarva mainc moaxerxa. saTvis brZolis asaxvas da maTi imedebis gadmocemas.
pensilvaniis xelovnebis akademiaSi iqinsis moswavleebi
xSirad iyvnen xelovnebis skolebidan garicxuli qalebi da viTareba britaneTSi XIX saukunis Sua xanebisTvis
afroamerikelebi. maT Soris yvelaze warmatebuli henri osa- britaneTic politikuri da socialuri areulobebis win-
va Taneri (Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1859-1937) XIX saukunis bolosa aSe aRmoCnda. `mSieri ormocianebis~ depresiam, `irlandiis
da XX saukunis dasawyisis yvelaze cnobili afroamerikeli kartofilis SimSilobam~ (1845-1852) da Cartistulma aja-
fermweri iyo. afroamerikuli meTodisturi eklesiis episko- nyebam inglisis socialur stabilurobas safrTxe Seuqmna.
posis Svili, Taneri filadelfiaSi gaizarda. filadelfiis saukunis Sua xanebis britaneli xelovanebi religiur da
saxviTi xelovnebis akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg igi foto- aseve, zneobriv Temebze realistur namuSevrebs qmnidnen,
grafad da xatvis maswavleblad muSaobda atlantaSi. 1891
magram es relizmi sakmaod gansxvavdeboda franguli da
wels igi parizSi gadadis akademiuri codnis gasaRrmaveblad,
amerikuli realizmisgan.
sadac misi namuSevrebi xelovnebis kritikosTa keTilganwyo-
bas imsaxurebs. 1890-ian wlebSi Taneris mier safrangeTis 1848 wels Svidi londoneli mxatvari Tanamedrove brita-
ruraruli xedebis amsaxveli da afroamerikul Temebze Se- nuli xelovnebis, maTi azriT, mcdari praqtikis sapasuxod,
qmnili realisturi suraTebi safrangeTSi aTvisebuli fa- prerafaelitebis saZmos aarsebs. isini cdiloben xelovneba-
qizi ferweruli monasmebiTaa Sesrulebuli. iseTi Rrmad Si silamazisa da sulierebis mopovebas, romlis naklovane-
adamianuri mxatvruli saxeebiT, rogorsac vxedavT suraTze basac, maTi azriT, Tanadrouli xelovneba ganicdida. amis-
banjoze dakvris gakveTili (sur. 2-24), Taneri sxva mxatvrebis Tvis ki isini samefo akademiaSi miRebuli `rafaelisturi~
mier afroamerikelTa yofis karikaturul aRweras upirispir- midgomis sanacvlod, Sua saukuneebisa da adreuli renesan-
deba. moxuci kaci mis muxlebze mjdom biWs banjoze dakvras sis (rafaelamdel) xelovnebas mimarTavdnen. maTi rwmeniT,
aswavlis. maTi seriozuli da gulisxmieri urTierTdamokide- es adreuli xelovneba ufro zneobrivi da `realuri~ iyo.
84 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
|
xelovneba da misi konteqsti xelovneba 1877 wlis sasamarTloze
aq xelovnebis kritikosis jon rasqinis winaaRmdeg aRZrul sasamarT- p. diax, Zalian xSirad
lo procesze uisTleris Cvenebis Canaweris erTi nawilia warmodge- k. galereaSi imitom waradgineT, rom publikis aRfrTovaneba
nili. uisTleris pasuxebi imdenad xSirad iwvevda damswreTa sicils, gamogewviaT?
rom mosamarTle maT darbazidan gaZevebiT daemuqra. p. es imxela absurdi iqneboda Cemi mxridan, rom ara mgonia, es
kiTxva: rogoria noqtiurnis Tqveneuli ganmarteba? SemZleboda
pasuxi: am namuSevris Seqmnisas mxolod wminda mxatvruli in- k. didi dro dagWirdaT noqtiurnis dasaxatad? ramden xanSi
teresebi mamoZravebda. mindoda suraTisTvis momeSorebina daasruleT?
yvela sxva elementi. es aris xazis, formisa da, upirveles p. albaT, ori dRe. erTi dRe vmuSaobdi da meore dRes davas-
yovlisa, feris organizeba... noqtiurni Savsa da oqros- rule.
ferSi (ix. sur. 1-27) Ramis simSvides warmoaCens da asaxavs k. da es is samuSaoa, risTvisac 200 ginea moiTxoveT?
feierverks kremornSi. p. ara, es Tanxa mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli Sromis
k. da ara kremornis xeds? Sedegad dagrovili codnisTvis moviTxove.
p. mas rom kremornis xedi erqvas, maSin mayurebelSi aranair mosamarTlem dava uisTleris sasargeblod gadawyvita. rasqinma mas
SegrZnebas ar gamoiwvevda, mxolod _ imedgacruebas. es namdvilad daswama cili, magram uisTlerisTvis miyenebuli zianis
mxatvruli xerxia. suraTi 200 ginead iyo Sefasebuli... anazRaureba mxolod 1 peniT ganisazRvra. im dros arsebuli wesis
k. vvaraudob, rom aRiarebT, rom Tqveni suraTi garkveulwi- mixedviT, sasamarTlos yvela xarji momCivans unda gadaexada. saqme
lad eqscentriulia? amas gauTaveblad imeorebT. mxatvris gakotrebiT dasrulda.
dante gabriel roseti (Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1828-1882) prera- universalur saSualebas. uiliam morisi (William Morris, 1834-
faelitebis saZmos wamyvani wevri iyo. misi suraTi pia de to- 1896) sanam interieris dizainiTa da dekorirebiT dainteres-
lomei (sur. 2-25) dantes RvTaebrivi komediis erT-erTi scenis deboda, prerafaelitebis gavleniT, mcire xans, mxatvrobiT
ilustracias warmoadgens. suraTze warmodgenilia qmris mier iyo gatacebuli. xelnakeTi nivTebisadmi morisis interesi
RalatSi tyuilubralod dadanaSaulebuli cixeSi gamomwyv- mdare dizainis mqone masobrivi nawarmis mimarT arsebuli
deuli pia. mis gverdiT gamosaxuli krialosani da locvani TiTqmis sayovelTao uaryofiTi reaqciis fonze yalibdeba.
pias RvTismosaobaze miuTiTebs, mzis saaTi da yorani _ war- 1859 wels daqorwinebis Semdeg, rodesac morisma axali sax-
maval drosa da moaxloebul sikvdilze, xolo locvanis qveS lisTvis Sesaferisi avejis Sovna ver moaxerxa, igi sakuTari
amodebuli pias mier qmrisadmi miwerili werilis furclebi, dizainis mixedviT, megobrebis daxmarebiT, daamzada. mogvia-
meuRlis mimarT mis maradiul siyvarulze mianiSnebs. leRvis nebiT man sakuTari kompaniac daaarsa, romelic Sua sauku-
xe Tavisi xSiri foTlebiT (leRvis foToli, tradiciulad, neebiT STagonebuli dizainis mravalgvar nivTs awarmoebda.
sircxvilTan asocirdeba), romliTac figuraa garemoculi, morisis kompaniis mier warmoebuli unikaluri, araseriuli
TiTqos mis STanTqmas apirebs. am nivTebs dantes nawarmoeb- obieqtebi sakmaod Zvirad fasobda, magram sxvebi, rogoric,
Tan saerTo araferi aqvs, isini Tavad rosetis ukavSirdeba:
jein berdeni, romelic am da sxva namuSevrebisTvis mxatvris
models wamoadgenda, misi megobris, uiliam morisis meuRle
iyo da, amave dros, _ rosetis sayvarelic. Jesti, romliTac
pia/jeini saqorwino beWedze miuTiTebs, gulisxmobs, rom igi
ara mxolod Tavisi meuRlis, aramed qorwinebis tyvecaa. es
Tavad rosetis uxerxul mdgomareobasac Segvaxsenebs.
sxva britaneli mxatvrebi inspiraciis wyarod Sua sau-
kuneebs irCeven, rogorc modernuli londonis gadarCenis
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 85
2-27 • jeims eboT maqneil uisTleri.
noqtiurni Savsa da oqrosferSi,
SuSxunis vardna,
1875; dafa, zeTi, 60.2X46.7 sm.
detroitis xelovnebis instituti,
detroiti, miCigani. deqster m. faris
saCuqari (46.309)
waikiTxeT uisTleris
noqtiurni Savsa da oqrosferSi.
SuSxunis vardnis Sesaxeb
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
magaliTad, ilustraciaze warmodgenili lerwamgadakruli da arc Tavisufleba _ mxolod ramdenimesTvis.~ morisi, ro-
skamia (sur. 2-26), sakmaod iafi iyo, martivi forma hqonda da gorc socialisti, ewinaaRmdegeboda cxovrebis industria-
qarxnulad warmoebuli avejis xelnakeT alternativas war- lizebuli wesis damaClungebel gavlenas muSebze. misi mt-
moadgenda. `totaluri~ garemos SeqmniT dainteresebuli kicebiT, Tuki muSebi nivTebs sakuTari xeliT daamzadebdnen,
morisi da misi kolegebi ara marto avejs, aramed vitraJebs, maSin isini SemoqmedebiT procesSi sruli CarTulobiT kmayo-
Sorenkecebs, Spaliers da qsovilebsac qmnian. ilustracia- filni, mSvenier da gulwrfel produqts Seqmnidnen.
ze, skamis ukan moCans morisis dizainiT Seqmnili farda sa- amerikeli emigrantis jeims eboT maqneil uisTleris (Ja-
xelwodebiT farSevangi da drakoni (sur. 2-26). mes Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1834-1903) interesis sagans interie-
morisis iniciativiT Seiqmna e.w. xelovnebisa da xelosno- ris dizaini warmoadgenda, konkretulad ki kedeli, an oTa-
bis moZraoba. morisi upirispirdeboda im dros gavrcelebul xi, sadac xelovnebis nimuSi unda ganTavsebuliyo, magram,
mosazrebas, rom xelovneba mxolod elitisTvis gankuTvnili, cxadia, igi amas akeTebda elitis gemovnebisa da moTxovne-
maRalprofesiuli ganswavlis Sedegad Seqmnili produqti bis Sesabamisad. sxvebTan erTad isic CarTuli iyo im saxe-
iyo da imedovnebda, rom axal epoqaSi es midgoma warsuls lovnebo diskursSi, romelmac xelovneba Semdeg saukuneSi
Cabardeboda. Tavis leqciebSi morisi acxadebda: `me ar msurs abstraqciamde miiyvana. mas Semdeg, rac uisTleri 1850-iani
xelovneba mxolod ramdenime adamianisTvis, arc ganaTleba wlebis dasawyisSi `vesT foinTidan~ garicxes, man swavla
86 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
parizSi ganagrZo, sadac maleve kurbes realizmis gavlenis
qveS moeqca; maT erTad Seasrules zRvis ramdenime peizaJi.
impresionizmi
1859 wels uisTleri londonSi dasaxlda. am droidan misi 1870-iani wlebisTvis frangi mxatvrebis ufrosi Taoba Tana-
xelovneba sul ufro da ufro scildeboda xilul realo- medrove urbanul Temebs mimarTavs, magram manesa da realis-
bas da dekoratiul niSnebs iZenda, rasac Tavad `esTeti- tebisgan gansxvavebuli perspeqtiviT. socialuri realobis
kas~ uwodebda. misi azriT, suraTze asaxul-agebuli sivrce mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis gamoxatvis nacvlad,
gare samyarosTan yovelgvari msgavsebis gareSe, TavisTavad es mxatvrebi saSualo klasis zeda fenis soflad da qala-
SeiZleba yofiliyo esTetikurad momxibvleli. uisTleri qSi dasvenebisa da garTobis scenebs asaxavdnen; da Tumca
drodadro Tavis xelovnebas sakuTari dizainiT Seqmnil jgufis ramdenime wevri ruralur scenebsac xatavda, maTi
garemoSi fenda, radgan misi mizani sivrcisa da sagnebis obiqtebi mainc ufro qalaqeli personaJebi iyvnen. aRsaniS-
mxatvruli mTlianobis, harmoniis Seqmna iyo. navia, rom es mxatvrebi saxelosnos gareT _ plenerze (en plein
air) iwyeben muSaobas, raTa tilos zedapirze sufTa, gauzave-
uisTleris ideebi xelovnebis Sesaxeb revoluciuri iyo.
beli saRebavebis brtylad dadebuli monasmebiT ganaTebisa
igi erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo im mxatvarTa Soris, visac
da atmosferos swrafad cvalebadi efeqtebis dafiqsireba
Tavisi namuSevrebi abstraqciad, ganyenebulobad ufro war-
moaxerxon. plenerze muSaoba sagrZnoblad gaaadvila 1841
moedgina, vidre xiluli realobis reprezentaciad. uisTle-
wels zeTis saRebavebis mza tubebis gamogonebam, romelTa
ri aseve erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc iaponuri xelovnebis
tareba mxatvrebs ukve Tavisuflad SeeZloT. akademiis wese-
dekoratiuli xaziT, feriTa da formiT moxiblulma, misi
bis mixedviT, mosamzadebeli Canaxatebisa da lisirebis damR-
Segroveba daiwyo, Tumca, am xelovnebis mniSvneloba da da-
leli proceduris nacvlad, rac studiur muSaobas axlda
niSnuleba mas naklebad esmoda. 1860-iani wlebis meore naxe-
Tan, maT Suqis cvalebadi TamaSis swrafi asaxva arCies.
vridan uisTleri Tavis namuSevrebs `simfoniebs~ da `impro-
1874 wlis aprilSi mxatvarTa jgufi, romelSic Sediod-
vizaciebs~ arqmevs, radgan, misi azriT, suraTis mniSvnelobas
nen pol sezani, edgar dega, klod mone, berT morizo, kamil
mxatvruli saSualebebi, umTavresad ki kompozicia gansazR-
pisaro da pier ogiusT renuari, parizSi awyobs gamofenas sa-
vravda da ara Tematika. 1877 wels man gamofenaze gaitana
xelwodebiT xelovanebis _ fermwerebis, moqandakeebis, gra-
ramdenime peizaJi, musikidan nasesxebi saxelwodebiT `noq-
viorebis da a. S., anonimuri korporacia (Société Anonyme des
tiurni~. namuSevrebi inglisSi xelovnebis yvelaze cnobili
Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc.) pisaros iniciativiT Seqm-
kritikosis, prerafaelitebis mimdevarisa da maTi zneobrivi
nili korporacia im anarqistebis poziciis gamtarebeli iyo,
miswrafebebis momxre jon rasqinma (1819-1900) abuCad aig-
romelTac prudoni uWerda mxars. prudoni mouwodebda mo-
do. afasebda ra uisTleris namuSevrebs, rogorc daudevrad
qalaqeebs, rom muSaTa klasis damoukidebel organizaciebSi
Sesrulebulsa da uazros, Tavis mimoxilvaSi rasqini svamda
gaerTianebuliyvnen da ar mindobodnen saxelmwifos mier san-
kiTxvas _ gana, SeiZleba, sazogadoebis saxeze erTi qila sa- qcirebul instituciebs. pisaros warmodgeniT, korporacia
Rebavis SesxmisaTvis mxatvarma 200 ginea moiTxovoso? iqneboda xelovanebis urTierTdaxmarebis jgufi, romelic
1877 wlis gamofenaze uisTleris noqtiurni Savsa da saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul salonebs daupirispirdebo-
oqrosferSi. SuSxunis vardna (sur. 2-27) yvelaze sakamaTo namu- da. dRes es jgufi misi wevri impresionisti mxatvrebis wyalo-
Sevari iyo. rasqinis mier am suraTis mkveTrad uaryofiTi Se- biTaa cnobili, magram im droisaTvis, is sxvadasxva stilSi mo-
faseba xelovnebis istoriaSi yvelaze cnobili da dramatu- muSave mxatvrebs ikrebda. jgufis ocdaaTive wevri, romelTa
li sasamarTlo procesis Catarebis mizezi gaxda. SezRuduli namuSevrebs salonis Jiuri xSirad iwunebda, SeTanxmda, rom
feradovnebis mqone, muqi tonebiT Sesrulebuli kompozicia, im wels salonSi gamosafenad sakuTar suraTebs aRar warad-
erTi SexedviT, abstraqtuli gveCveneba. sinamdvileSi ki su- gendnen. es iyo akademiisgan damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da
raTze londonis kremorn gardenis tbis Tavze Ramis feier- ganacxadi sazogadoebis yuradRebis misapyrobad.
verki da wina planze napiris gaswvriv mayurebelTa bundovani marTalia, gamofenam ramdenime dadebiTi gamoxmaureba
siluetebia asaxuli. noqtiurni uisTlerma Tavis namuSevars daimsaxura, magram erT-erTma kritikosma lui leruam, rome-
frederik Sopenis safortepiano piesebis analogiiT uwo- lic satirul Jurnal le SarivarisTvis werda, mones sura-
da, im imediT, rom mnaxvelSi amiT ferwerisa da musikisaT- Tis saTauri _ STabeWdileba: mzis amosvla (ix. sur. 2-28), mTeli
vis saerTo abstraqtuli Tvisebebis asociacias gamoiwvevda. gamofenis mimarT gamoiyena da mas `impresionistuli~ uwoda.
rasqinis kritikuli werilis wakiTxvis Semdeg uisTlerma mas leruam namuSevrebi xSiri, Tavisufali monasmebisa da daus-
ciliswamebisTvis sasamarTloSi uCivla (ix. xelovneba 1877 ruleblobis gamo gaaqilika, magram mones da mis kolegebs
wlis sasamarTloze, gv. 85). sasamarTlo mxatvarma Zalian go- moewonaT es Sefaseba, radgan, maT mizans, tiloze aRebeWdaT
nivrulad warmarTa da Tavdacvisa da sakuTari xelovnebis warmavali momenti da wamieri STabeWdileba, es termini zus-
reklamirebis sazogadoebriv forumad gadaaqcia. uisTle- tad aRwerda. SemdgomSi es saxeli SerCa kidec mxatvarTa am
ri sasamarTlos winaSe irwmuneboda, rom xelovnebas ar aqvs jgufs. 1876-1886 wlebSi impresionistebis kidev Svidi gamo-
vizualuri xiblis qmnadobaze ufro maRali mizani. Sesaba- fena gaimarTa. monawileTa Semadgenloba yovel jerze um-
misad, igi uaryofda Tematikis saWiroebas ferweraSi. marTa- niSvnelod icvleboda; mxolod pisaro iRebda monawileobas
lia, uisTlers arasdros Seuqmnia wminda abstraqcia, magram rvave gamofenaSi. gamofenebis SedarebiTma warmatebam mxatv-
misi Teoriuli mosazrebani arsebiTi aRmoCnda abstraqtuli rebs salonis alternatiuli, sakuTari gamofenebis gamarT-
xelovnebis ganviTarebisTvis momdevno saukuneSi. visaken ubiZga da 1900 wlisTvis parizis salonis sistema da-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 87
2-28 • klod mone.
STabeWdileba: mzis amosvla,
1872; tilo, zeTi, 48X63 sm.
marmotonis muzeumi, parizi
waikiTxeT klod
monesTan dakavSirebuli
masala veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com
peizaJi da mocaleoba
klod mone (Claude Monet, 1840-1926) impresionizmis wamyvani
figura iyo. igi parizSi daibada, magram saporto qalaq
le havrSi izrdeboda. cota xans mone akademisti mxatvris
moswavle iyo, magram maleve man sakuTari studia daaarsa.
mones megobari, Sarl fransua dobini mas arwmunebda, rom
`sakuTari STabeWdilebis erTguli yofiliyo~, Seeqmna mo-
curave studia navze da plenerze exata. sxva impresionis-
tebis msgavsad, mones umTavresi amocana ara socialurad
mwvave namuSevrebis, aramed mxatvrobis Tanamedrove sti-
lis Seqmna iyo. sawyis etapze impresionistebis interess
saSualo klasis mier qalaqgareT mowyobili seirnobebi da
maTi garTobis scenebi warmoadgenda. qalaqgareT amgvari
`mogzaurobebis~ mowyoba parizis rkinigzis wyalobiT gax-
da SesaZlebeli. parizs moSorebul adgilebs impresionis-
tebis mxolod ramdenime namuSevari asaxavs; umetesobaze
ki parizelebis qalaqisa da mis gareT gaSenebul axal mo-
dur parkebSi fexiT Tu navebiT seirnoba, maTi dasveneba
da garTobaa aRbeWdili.
1870 wlis zafxulSi safrangeT-prusiis omis dawyebis
Semdeg mone, pisarosa da Tavis momaval dilerTan pol du-
ran-ruelTan erTad, londonSi miemgzavreba. omma da mis
Sedegad mniSvnelovani industriuli regionebis _ elzasisa
da lotaringiis dakargvam, safrangeTis ekonomika gaanad-
gura. 1871 wlis mart-aprilSi ajanyebis Sedegad parizSi
88 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-30 • kamil pisaro. tyis peizaJi ermitaJSi, pontuazi, 1878; tilo, zeTi, 46.5 X56 sm.
nelson-aTqinsis xelovnebis muzeumi, qanzas siTi, misuri. doqtor da qalbaton nikola s. fiqardebis saCuqari
muSaTa orTviani mTavroba _ parizis komuna damyarda, rom- maxasiaTebeli intensivobiT, energiulobiTa da spontanuri
lis damxobas 20000 adamiani emsxverpla da 7500 adamianis formebiT qmnis. igi ufro areklili Suqisa da feris efeme-
dapatimreba mohyva. parizi SiSma moicva. kurbe mcire xniT rul TamaSsa da Tvalze mis zemoqmedebas aRbeWdavs, vidre
daapatimres. xelovanTa wreebSi saxelmwifos mtrebad ga- saganTa fizikur substancias da sivrcesTan maT realur
mocxadebis safrTxis gamo SiSi ufro gaZlierda. 1871 wlis mimarTebas gadmoscems. amerikeli fermweri lila qeboT
Semdeg frangul xelovnebaSi kidev ufro iklo aSkara, feri, romelic sicocxlis bolo wlebSi megobrobda mones-
daufaravma socialurma motivebma da avangardis gamowve- Tan, mis naTqvams ixsenebs:
vebi sul ufro metad stilur dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. `rodesac gareT samuSaod gadixar, gaviwydeba, Tu ra
avangarduli amboxi ufro metad saxviTi enis axali siste- obieqtebia Sens winaSe _ xe, saxli, mdelo, nebismieri
mis SeqmnaSi gamovlindeba. ram. ubralod fiqrob, ai aq lurjis patara monakveTia,
1973 wels londonidan dabrunebisTanave mone qmnis iq ki vardisfris mogrZo forma, aq _ yviTlis zoli; da
cnobil namuSevars: STabeWdileba: mzis amosvlas (sur. 2-28) _ xatav maT ise, rogorc xedav; ferisa da moyvanilobis
le havris navsadguris Tavze dilis nislSi amomavali mzis sizustes gadmoscem manam, sanam Sedegad Sens win gadaS-
scenas. suraTi mcire zomis sxvadasxva feris monasmebiTaa lili scenis Senive uSualo STabeWdilebas ar miiReb.~
Seqmnili (leroim am monasmebs ironiulad `eniT alokile- feriTa da SuqiT aRZruli STabeWdilebebis kvlevas
bi~ uwoda). wina plani bundovania, horizontis xazi ki sqel mone mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebs. 1880-
nislSi gaxveuli gemebisa da dokebis mocimcime formebs 1890-iani wlebidan es interesi sul ufro daJinebiT
Soris ikargeba; dasrulebul suraTs mone eskizisaTvis da- vlindeba mones seriebSi, romlebisTvisac man ramdenime
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 89
2-31 • pier ogiusT renuari. mulen de la galeti, 1876; tilo, zeTi, 1.31X1.75 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
motivi airCia: Tivis zvinebi, alvis xeebi cis fonze da ruanis nebul fabrikebs asaxavs, TiTqos qalaqi soflad SeWrili-
kaTedralis fasadi (sur. 2-29). kaTedrali mones sakuTari re- yos. warmoSobiT frangi, pisaro vesT indoeTSi, karibis zR-
ligiuri damokidebulebebis gamosaxatad rodi aRubeWdavs, vis auzis holandiis erT-erT koloniaSi daibada. 1850-iani
igi taZris cxovelxatul fasadebze sinaTlis TamaSiT iyo wlebidan adreul 1860-ian wlebamde igi xelovnebas parizSi
moxibluli; imiT, Tu dRis ganmavlobaSi, ganaTebis cvli- swavlobda. 1870 wels monesTan erTad londonSi yofnisas
lebasTan erTad, rogor icvleboda gamudmebiT fasadis man gaiziara is mxatvruli principebi, romlebmac mogviane-
garegnuli ieric. monem ruanis taZris 30-ze meti kompozi- biT impresionizmis saxeliT cnobil mimdinareobaSi Seisxa
cia Seqmna. mxatvari namuSevars taZris mopirdapired mdga- xorci. inglisSi orive mxatvari erTad muSaobda; orive
ri saxlis meore sarTulidan uSualo dakvirvebis Sedegad ferisa da tonalobis gamZafrebiT, Tavisufali monasmebiT
iwyebda da Tavis studiaSi asrulebda. am tiloebSi mone cdilobda aRebeWda is, rasac pisaro `plenerul sinaTles
kvlavac impresionistuli amocanis _ ganaTebisa da atmos- da wamier efeqts~ uwodebda.
feros cvalebadi efeqtebis aRbeWdvis _ erTguli rCeba, safrangeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg pisaro parizis Crdilo-
magram saxelosnoSi suraTebze intensiuri muSaobis Sede- dasavleTiT mdebare patara mTagorian sofelSi pontuazSi
gad, isini, plenerze Sesrulebul mis adreul spontanur dasaxlda, sadac igi 1870-ian wlebSi muSaobda. pisaro iyeneb-
namuSevrebTan SedarebiT, ufro gulmodgined amowerili da naTel ferebs, werda mokle monasmebiT, raTa sinaTlisa
da kompoziciurad kargad organizebulia. da atmosferos cvalebadobis niuansebi gadmoeca. 1870-iani
mones megobarma da Tanamoazrem, kamil pisarom (Camille wlebis bolos pisaros tiloebi ufro muqi koloritiT ga-
Pissarro 1830-1903) peizaJis axleburi, urbanuli da ruraru- moirCeva da ufro kompleqsuri xdeba. magaliTad, mis namu-
li cxovrebis epizodebis gamaerTianebeli impresionistu- SevarSi tyis peizaJi ermitaJSi, pontuazi (sur. 2-30) wina planze
li peizaJebi Seqmna. pisaros zog peizaJze mxolod ruraru- gamosaxuli xeebi nawilobriv faravs tyeSi gamaval biliks
li xedebia asaxuli, magram maTi umetesoba soflad Casul da soflis xeds, niRbavs suraTis qveda marcxena kideSi ga-
qalaqelebs, aseve, patara qalaqebs an qalaqis irgvliv gaSe- mosaxul figuras, rac erTgvarad aferxebs sivrcis aRqmas
90 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-32 • berT morizo.zafxulis dRe, 1879; tilo, zeTi, 45.7X75.2 sm. londonis nacionaluri galerea, leinis memkvidreoba, 1917
da sibrtyobriobas aniWebs suraTs. pisaro aq sqeli, xSiri, lebas xelovnebis arsis Sesaxeb: `Cemi azriT, _ ambobda igi,
sxvadasxva mxares mimarTul monasmebs iyenebs. _ suraTi sasiamovno, mxiaruli da mSvenieri, diax, mSvenieri,
impresionisti fermweri pier ogiusT renuari (Pierre-Augus- unda iyos! cxovrebaSi isedac sakmarisadaa usiamovno ambebi,
te Renoir, 1841-1919) ki piriqiT, peizaJis nacvlad yuradRebas Cveni mxridan aRaraa saWiro maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba~.
figurebs uTmobs da umetesad saSualo klasis warmomadge- frangma mxatvarma berT morizomac (Berthe Morisot 1841-
nelTa dasvenebis scenebs asaxavs. 1862 wels natifi xelovne- 1895) fermweris profesiuli kariera sazogadoebrivi wesebis
bis akademiaSi monesTan Sexvedrisas, igi ukve Camoyalibebuli uaryofiT daiwyo. 1850-iani wlebis miwuruls da 1860-iani
figuraciuli mxatvrobis warmomadgeneli iyo. monem mas pa- wlebis dasawyisSi morizo dasTan, edmasTan erTad, luvrSi
litris gaRiaveba da plenerze xatvis dawyeba urCia da ukve suraTebis aslebs akeTebda da xatvis ramdenime maswavlebel-
1870-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi renuari Tavis namuSevrebSi osta- Tan dadioda, maT Soris korosTan. 1864-1868 wlebSi debma
turad axerxebs spontanuri bunebrivi ganaTebis gaerTianebas TavianTi namuSevrebi salonis xuT gamofenaze waradgines.
cocxal figuraciul kompoziciebTan. magaliTad, suraTSi mu- 1868 welsve isini Sexvdenen da dauaxlovdnen manes. 1869 wels
len de la galeti (sur. 2-31) renuari parizis monmartris Zvel- edma gaTxovda, xatvas Tavi daaneba da Tavi ojaxs miuZRvna.
moduri sacekvao darbazis Sida ezoSi gasarTobad Sekrebili berTma ki gaagrZela ferweraSi muSaoba mas merec, rac 1874
mxiaruli adamianebis jgufs warmogvidgens. renuarma Tavise- wels manes Zmas, eJens gahyva colad da 1879 wels qaliSvi-
burad Sealamaza scena, man sacekvao darbazSi muSaTa klasis li SeeZina. 1874 wels berTma cxra ferweruli namuSevari
warmomadgenlebis gverdiT Tavisi megobari mxatvrebi da maTi gagzavna impresionistTa pirvel gamofenaze. man am jgufis
mimzidveli modelebi metyveli, cocxali pozebiTa da momRi- TiTqmis yvela gamofenaSi miiRo monawileoba, erTis garda.
mari saxeebiT gamosaxa garTobis, cekvisa da saubris dros. respeqtabelur burJua qalbatons, berT morizos imis Se-
mxatvarma kompoziciis qveda marcxena kuTxeSi bavSvebis figu- saZlebloba ar hqonda, rom Tanamedrove Temebis saZieblad qa-
rebic CarTo, riTic erTgvarad xazi gausva ufrosebis flir- laqSi Tavisuflad exetiala. amitom igi qalis cxovrebis amsa-
tis uwyinar xasiaTs da Zaldautanebel socialur urTier- xveli scenebiT Semoifargla; es misTvis axlobeli Tema iyo.
Tobebs; es yovelive ki suraTze uSualo, mSvid da xalisian 1870-ian wlebSi misi weris manera ferwerulobiT, sibrtyo-
atmosferos qmnis. saerTo ganwyobilebas renuari xeebs So- vanebiT da Tavisufali monasmebiT gamoirCeoda. namuSevarSi
ris dacemuli mzis sxivebisa da rbili monasmebis erTianobiT zafxulis dRe (sur. 2-32) morizo qalaqgareT, modur adgilas,
qmnis, aqsovs ra cisfrebsa da iisfrebs figurebSi da tilos bua de bulonis tbaze ori eleganturi axalgazrda qalba-
danarCen zedapirze. es udardeli cxovrebisa da garTobis tonis naviT sasiamovno gaseirnebas asaxavs. suraTi pirvelad
miamituri suraTi realobas mowyvetili erTgvari burJuaziu- 1880 wels, impresionistebis mexuTe gamofenaze iyo wardge-
li samoTxea, romelic srulad gamoxatavs renuaris Sexedu- nili. suraTze zafxulis dRe Cans impresionizmis saxasiaTo
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 91
2-33 • edgar dega.
repeticia scenaze,
daaxl. 1874; pasteli, tuSiTa da
funjiT Sesrulebul Tavdapirvel
naxatze; Txeli, naqsovi qaRaldi,
damagrebuli bristolis muyaoze
da gadaWimuli tiloze; 54.3X73 sm.
metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki.
qalbaton h. o. heivmeieris memkvid-
reoba; horas heivmeieris saCuqari
(29.160.26)
92 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
umTavresad msaxiobebi arian, isini, vinc mayurebels ar-
Tobs. dega 1870-1880-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT baletis
TemiTaa gatacebuli da es xdeba swored maSin, rodesac
baleti dakninebas ganicdis. dega mocekvaveebs repeti-
ciebis an speqtaklebis dros rodi xatavda, igi umetesad
qiraobda xolme axalgazrda `baletis virTxebs~ (rogorc
maT Tavad uwodebda) da isini mxatvrisTvis studiaSi pozi-
rebdnen. magaliTad, misi suraTi repeticia scenaze (sur. 2-33)
warmosaxviTi scenaa, romelic Tvals xiblavs, magram, ima-
vdroulad, Tanamedrove cxovrebis sastik realiebsac Se-
gvaxsenebs. mocekvaveebi daqanculni arian; zogi izmoreba
kidec, raTa mZime fizikuri datvirTvisgan daZabul sxeuls
mcireodeni Sveba mainc misces. suraTis marjvena kideSi,
ukana planze ori kargad Cacmuli Suaxnis mamakaci, rogorc
Cans, romelime mocekvavis `mfarveli~, nebierad zis. saqme
isaa, rom balerinebi, ZiriTadad, dabali socialuri fenis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da ramdenadac isini sazogadoe-
bis winaSe TiTqmis SiSvlebi gamodiodnen, anu ise, rogorc
`respeqtabeluri~ burJua qali arasodes moiqceoda, isini
seqsualurad iolad xelmisawvdomad miaCndaT. amis gamo
balerinebi xSirad ipyrobdnen SeZlebuli mamakacebis yu-
radRebas, romlebic, mfarvelobis sanacvlod, balerinebs
maTTan intimuri urTierTobis damyarebas sTavazobdnen.
kompozicia damrec scenaze isea ganawilebuli, TiTqos
moqmedebas mnaxveli scenasTan axlos mdebare yuTidan ade-
vnebs Tvals. mkveTri rakursi xazgasmulia suraTis marcxe-
na qveda kidesTan gamosaxuli kontrabasis muqi fragmen-
tiT. amgvari rakursi da xedvis wertili SesaZloa iaponuri
graviuridan momdinareobdes, romlis koleqciasac dega
agrovebda. kompoziciis fragmentulobas suraTis marcxena
2-35 • mari kasati. deda da Svili,
kidiT CamoWrili figurebic gansazRvraven, rac erTgvarad
daaxl. 1890; tilo, zeTi, 90.2X64.5 sm.
viCitas xelovnebis muzeumi, kanzasi fotografiis gavlenas SeiZleba mivaweroT, romlis didi
moyvarulic gaxldaT dega.
tendencia _ formaluri saxviTi enis, saxviTi saSualebebis Tuki degas baletis amsaxveli scenebi sazogadoebrivi sa-
upiratesoba Sinaarsze, rodesac monasmi da feri iseTive mniS- naxaobis araformalur mxares gadmogvcems, mobanave qalebis
vnelobisaa suraTSi, rogorc Tavad figurebi da maTi qmedeba. ufro gvian Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi intimuri cxovrebis
farul, ucabedad danaxul momentebs asaxavs. masala _ pas-
Tanamedrove cxovreba teli, romliTac umetes SemTxvevSi es suraTebia Sesrule-
urbanuli Temebi edgar degasac (Edgar Degas, 1834-1917) izi- buli, scenis uSualobas kidev metad aZlierebs. 1886 wels
davda, Tumca misi namuSevrebis gulaxdiloba, rac xSirad Sesrulebuli suraTi banaoba (sur. 2-34) warmogvidgens taStze
socialur motivaciasac gulisxmobda, sxvebze metad aa- Camuxlul qals, romelic tans ibans. erTi SexedviT, SeiZle-
xloebda mas realizmTan. plenerze muSaobis magivrad igi ba mogveCvenos, rom suraTze ori erTmaneTisgan damoukide-
Tavis tiloebs studiaSi Canaxatebisa da fotoebis mixedviT beli nawilia warmodgenili: marcxniv, SiSveli qali, kompaq-
qmnida. 1850-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi natifi xelovnebis aka- turad Sekruli sxeuliT, romelic xeliT taSts eyrdnoba
demiaSi miRebuli kargi akademiuri ganaTleba da sami wlis da TiTqos interieris fragmentuli sivrcis damrec iatakze
ganmavlobaSi italiaSi Zveli ostatebis SeswavliT miRebuli amiT wonasworobas icavs; suraTis marjvena kide ki sruliad
gamocdileba, misi namuSevrebis rTul kompoziciur stru- sibrtyobrivad gamosaxul magidis `ayiravebul~ zedapirs
qturasa da gasaocrad sufTa, mkafio saxviT formaSi ga- uWiravs, romelzec nivTebi awyvia. am nawilTa dapirispire-
movlinda. misi Tematika da stili, impresionistebze metad, bulobis miuxedavad, xedvis zeda wertilidan mocemuli kom-
mravali niSniT, manesas uaxlovdeba. pozicia mainc mTliania. suraTis sibrtyobrivi gadawyveta,
megobrebisa da naTesavebis fsiqologiuri tipis port- sivrcis, garemos mkveTrad `SekumSva~, kompoziciis fragmen-
retebis Seqmnis Semdeg, 1870-ian wlebSi igi parizis cxov- tuloba iaponuri graviurisa da fotografiis zegavlenis
rebis amsaxvel Temebs mimarTavs; mxatvari xatavs qalaqis kidev erT magaliTs iZleva degas xelovnebaSi.
sanaxaobriv da gasarTob adgilebs; moqmedeba mis sura- kidev erTi mxatvari, romelic impresionistebTan erTad
Tebze ipodromze, miuziq-holsa da operaSi mimdinareobs; ifineboda, amerikidan emigrirebuli mari kasati (Mary Cassatt,
mas ar ainteresebs auditoria, misi suraTis personaJebi 1844-1926) gaxldaT, magram maleve, nawilobriv, degasTan
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 93
2-36 • gustav qeilboTi.
parizis quCa,
wvimiani dRe,
1877; tilo, zeTi.
212.2X276.2sm. Cikagos
xelovnebis instituti,
Carlz h. da meri
f.s. uorsTerebis
koleqcia (1964. 336)
urTierTobis gamoc, misi manera da teqnika impresionis- mklavebSi CaeZineba. TiTqmis miZinebuli bavSvis saxe, RaJRaJa
tebisgan gansxvavebuli xdeba. kasati daibada piTsburgTan loyebi da msuqani kidurebi realisturadaa gadmocemuli,
axlos, SeZlebul ojaxSi da filadelfiis kosmopolitur maSin rodesac figurebis garSemo asaxuli garemo sibrtyob-
garemoSi izrdeboda. 1861-1863 wlebSi igi pensilvaniis sa- rivi da pirobiTia. Tanamedrove cxovrebidan aRebuli es
xviTi xelovnebis akademiaSi swavlobda. Semdeg ki swavlis patara scena TiTqos erTgvarad exmianeba xelovnebis isto-
gasagrZeleblad parizSi gaemgzavra, sadac sicocxlis ume- rias, Tavisi TematikiTa da kompoziciuri wyobiT is Cviledi
tesi wlebi gaatara. 1870-iani wlebis dasawyissa da Sua xa- RvTismSoblis tradiciul gamosaxulebebTan iwvevs asocia-
nebSi salonSi gamofenilma misi figuraciuli ferweris rea- cias da dedaSvilobis ganzogadebul saxed warmogvidgeba.
lizmma degas yuradReba miipyro, romelmac 1879 wels mas gustav qeilboTma (Gustave Caillebotte, 1848-1894), degas
impresionistebis meoTxe gamofenaSi monawileoba SesTavaza. SeZlebulma megobarma, romlis wvlili mniSvnelovani iyo
miuxedavad imisa, rom, degas msgavsad, kasatic studiuri impresionistebis gamofenebis organizebaSi, maTi namuSev-
mxatvari iyo (da, amave dros, graviuris ostatic), salonis rebis Sesyidvis Sedegad, impresionistebis didi koleqcia
Jiuris sistemis, rogorc Tavad ambobda, `tiraniis~ mimarT Seagrova. qeilboTi natifi xelovnebis skolaSi Sesasvle-
siZulvilma, igi jgufis uerTgules mimdevrad aqcia. lad kerZod emzadeboda akademist mxatvarTan, magram sa-
kasati Tavis SemoqmedebaSi im samyaros asaxavda, rome- bolood iq aRar Caubarebia. qeilboTs izidavda osmanis
lic misTvis yvelaze axlobeli iyo _ burJua qalis oja- parizis radialurad regulirebuli quCebi (ix. sur. 2-2), xSi-
xuri da socialuri cxovreba. igi gansakuTrebiT cnobi- rad misi kompoziciebi parizis bulvarebis cxovrebas asaxa-
lia dedaSvilobis TemiTa da maTi gasaocrad mgrZnobiare vda. mis suraTs parizis quCa, wvimiani dRe (sur. 2-36) siRrmeSi
gamosaxulebebiT, romlebic misi Tanamemamule emigranti perspeqtiulad agebuli, arastandartuli, asimetriuli
mxatvris, henri osava Taneris (ix. sur. 2-24) Janruli mxat- kompoziciuri wyoba aqvs. suraTis mTavari obieqti parizis
vrobis msgavsad, epoqis stereotipebs upirispirdeboda. erT-erTi farTo sveli quCaa, sxvadasxva mxares mimavali
daaxloebiT 1890 wels Sesrulebul namuSevarSi deda da ucnobi parizelebiT, xelSi wvimisagan aprialebuli qol-
Svili (sur. 2-35) Tavisuflad, impresionistuli manriT gebi rom uWiravT, romlebic suraTze mkveTr siluetebad
dawe
ril tansacmelsa da garemosTan xelebisa da saxee- ikiTxeba. yvelaze mkafiod da srulad wina planze gamosa-
bis gul modgined da mkvri vad modelirebuli formebis xuli Cvenken momavali wyvilia warmodgenili. lampionis da
dapirispirebiT, mxatvari deda-Svilis saTuT urTierToba Senobis mwvane-yavisferi fasadis vertikalebs Soris mo-
ze mnaxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobas cdilobs. suraTze is qceul wyvils zemodan qolgis horizontali ketavs da amiT
momentia asaxuli, rodesac nabanaveb bavSvs sadacaa dedis isini erTgvar marTkuTxa formis CarCoSi eqcevian.
94 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
gviani XIX saukune reuli formebis mqone gamosaxulebebsa da dizains qmnidnen;
landSaftis arqiteqtorebic, romlebic qalaqis urbanul
realistebi da impresionistebi TavianT xelovnebas XIX sau- xedebs, uwesrigo, bunebrivi landSaftiT anacvlebdnen.
kunis bolomde qmnidnen, magram 1880-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi
pirveloba maT mxatvrebis axalgazrda Taobas dauTmes. es postimpresionizmi
periodi ufro mravalferovania da geografiuladac misi ingliselma kritikosma rojer fraim 1910 wels mis mier gamo-
sazRvrebi ufro farToa. qmnidnen ra axali ideebisaTvis Se- fenisTvis SerCeul sxvadasxva dajgufebis mxatvrebs postimp-
sabamis vizualur enas, mxatvrebis Semoqmedeba sul ufro resionistebi uwoda. man ganacxada, rom am mxatvrebs ar hqon-
da ufro metad gamoirCeoda avangarduli eqsperimentebiT. daT xelovnebisadmi saerTo midgoma, magram yoveli maTgani
am mxatvarTa rigSi iyvnen frangi postimpresionistebi, sakuTar stils swored impresionizmis safuZvelze qmnida.
romlebic xelovnebas axleburad, Sinagani Tu warmosaxviTi
samyaros amsaxvelad moiazrebdnen, an maT irgvliv arsebuli siora JorJ siora (Georges Seurat, 1859-1891) parizSi daibada
realobis gadmosacemad mecnierulad dadgenil wesebs amk- da natifi xelovnebis skolaSi swavlobda. igi cdilobda
vidrebdnen; XIX saukunis dasasrulis frangi moqandakeebi, `Seesworebina~ impresionizmi, romelsac zedmetad zeda-
romlebic adamianis sxeulis mgrZnobelobiT SesaZleblobebs pirulad da improvizaciulad miiCnevda. siora klasikuri
ikvlevdnen; simbolistebi, romlebic warmosaxvis fantasti- reliefis mkafio struqturas da optikisa da ferTa Teo-
kur, xSirad, SemaZrwunebel samyaros mimarTavdnen; ar nuvos riiT nakarnaxev, erTi SexedviT, sistemur, sinamdvileSi ki,
xelovanebi, romlebic industriuli samyaros racionalur ferTa sakmaod emociur gamoyenebas aniWebda upiratesobas.
wesrigs uaryofdnen da moZravi, asimetriuli, denadi mcena- igi gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli miSel eJen Sevrelis
ixileT axlo xediT SuadRe gran Jatis kunZulze kvira dRes veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 95
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farTo rakursiT modernisti mxatvrebi da msoflio kulturebi:
iaponizmi
im droisaTvis evropaSi Semosuli iaponuri fonzea daxatuli, Tu mis ukan, mnaxvelisT- kidev ufro naklebi _ iaponuri xelovnebisa
xelovnebisa da graviurebis nimuSebis egzo- vis sruliad gaurkvevelia. da beWduri grafikis Sesaxeb. hiroSiges
tikuri xasiaTiT moxiblulma da STagoneb- van gogi suraTs ganieri agurisferi qsilografias igi iyenebs, rogorc saSu-
ulma van gogma 1887 wels Seqmna namuSevari CarCoTi mosazRvravs, romelzec gauwafavi alebas, raTa warmoaCinos, Tu rogoria
iaponuroba: ayvavebuli qliavis xe (sur. 2-39). xeliT fsevdo-iaponur ieroglifebs awers, misi warmodgeniT, martivi, `primitiuli~
1853 wels, xangrZlivi izolaciis Semdeg, TiTqos amiT xazs usvams suraTze asaxuli kultura. imavdroulad, sxva mxatvrebi,
iaponiam dasavleTTan savaWro da diplo- saxe-xatis da misi prototipis `primiti- gogenis msgavsad, STagonebisTvis msoflios
matiuri urTierTobebi ganaaxla; 1855 wlis ulobas.~ van gogma cota ram Tu icoda sxvadasxva kuTxeSi `primitiuli~ kul-
savaWro SeTanxmebis Sedegad ki regularuli zogadad iaponuri kulturis Sesaxeb da turebis saZieblad miemgzavrebian.
sasaqonlo gacvla daiwyo. parizSi Semot-
anil iaponuri xelovnebis pirvel nimuSTa
Soris iyo hokusais Canaxatebis albomi
saxelwodebiT `manga~, romelic didi enTu-
ziazmiT gadadioda xelidan xelSi parizel
mxatvarTa Soris. bevrma maTganma iapon-
uri nivTebis Segroveba daiwyo; 1867 wlis
saerTaSoriso gamofenaze evropaSi iapon-
uri graviuris pirveli gamofena moewyo;
maleve, iaponuri laqirebuli Tu brinjaos
nivTebi, maraoebi, gragnilebi, kimonoebi,
keramika, ilustrirebuli wignebi da ukio-e
(e.w. `mcuravi samyaros~ _ geiSebis samyaros
da popularul sanaxaobaTa graviurebi)
gasayidad sagangebo maRaziebSi, xelovnebis
galereebSi da parizis zog did savaWro cen-
trSic ki gamoifina. 1872 wlisTvis iaponiiT
frangebis gatacebam iseT xarisxs miaRwia,
rom xelovnebis kritikosma filip bertim am
fenomens iaponizmi uwoda.
van gogi moxibluli iyo iaponuri grafi-
kis dizainiTa da naxatiT. igi maT agrovebda
da aslebsac akeTebda. misi iaponuroba:
ayvavebuli qliavis xe, faqtiurad, hiroSiges
erT-erTi qsilografiis _ qliavis baRi, ka-
meido (sur. 2-38) _ asls warmoadgens. van gogi
suraTis wina planze zustad imave xes gamo-
saxavs, romelic hiroSiges suraTze gvxvdeba:
sibrtyobrivi taniT, asimetriuli varjebiT,
wvrili totebiTa da pawawina yvavilebiT;
aseve zustad meordeba momcro zomis xeebis
motivi suraTis Sua planze da Robeebi,
romelTa miRma, suraTis ukana planze, ram-
denime adamiani da qoxi moCans. msgavsia am
ori namuSevris koloritic da gamosaxule-
baTa sibrtyobrivi gadawyvetac; iaponuri
warwerebic ki sruliad identuria. Tumca,
van gogs, imavdroulad, mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebic Seaqvs Tavis namuSevarSi.
misi peizaJi bevrad ufro sibrtyobrivia,
vidre hiroSigesi. balaxi van gogis suraTze
lokaluri mwvane brtyeli laqis saxiTaa
gamosaxuli, mkveTri Savi konturebiT mosaz-
Rvruli ukana planis erTgvarovani nacris-
feri xeebic sruliad sibrtyobrivia, xolo
yviTeli yvavilebi sqlad naweri wiTeli cis
96 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-39 • vinsent van gogi. iaponuroba: ayvavebuli qliavis xe, 1887; tilo, zeTi, 54,6X45,7 sm. van gogis muzeumi, amsterdami
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 97
1820-ian wlebSi aRmoCenili `ferTa simultanuri kontrastis sioras didi zomis ferweruli namuSevari SuadRe gran
kanoniT.~ Sevrelis dakvirvebiT, momijnave sagnebi ara mar- Jatis kunZulze kvira dRes (sur. 2-37) pirvelad 1886 wels, im-
to ireklavdnen erTmaneTis fers, aramed, e.w. damatebiTi presionistebis merve anu bolo gamofenaze iyo warmodge-
feris efeqtsac warmoqmnidnen. amdenad, Tuki yviTeli sagnis nili. dasveneba da garToba kvira dRes tipuri Temaa impre-
gverdiT lurji iyo moTavsebuli, maSin, lurjSi, Tvali iis- sionizmisaTvis, magram Sesrulebis mkafio manera, figuraTa
fris, anu yviTlis damatebiTi feris kvals SeamCnevda, xolo mkveTri, gaxevebuli pozebi da kompoziciis kargad gaTv-
yviTelSi _ lurjis damatebiTi ferisas, anu narinjisfers. lili geometriuloba, rac erTgvar sazeimo efeqts qmnis,
sioras mizani sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT dadebuli, sufTa sakmaod gansxvavdeba impresionizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
feris calkeuli mokle monasmebiT iseTi mxedvelobiTi vi- `naturalisturi SemTxveviTobisagan~. siora mxolod TerT-
braciebis Seqmna iyo, romlebic gaacocxlebda suraTis zeda- met fers iyenebs da TiToeulis sam tons xmarobs. rodesac
pirs; am xerxs mogvianebiT, `divizionizmi~ an `puantiliz- suraTs sami metris distanciidan vuyurebT, mravali feriTa
mi~ ewoda. Teoriulad, gverdigverd dadebuli es patara da sxvadasxva tonalobiT Sesrulebul parkSi myof figurebs
sxva
dasxva feris monasmebi gaerTiandeboda ra mayureblis vxedavT, suraTTan miaxloebisas ki (daaxloebiT erTi metris
TvalSi, sxva feris STabeWdilebas warmoqmnida. garkveuli manZilidan) mkafiod aRviqvamT sxvadasxva feris calkeul
manZilidan es axlad warmoqmnili feri, ufro SuqmnaTi da lokalur wertilebs, formebi ki Cvens Tvalwin TiTqos iS
intensiuri iqneboda, vidre calke aRebuli igive tonaloba, leba, kargavs konkretulobas da abstraqciad iqceva.
axlodan ki sioras monasmebi da ferebi isev gansxvavebuli pirveli gamoCenisTanave suraTma urTierTgamomricxavi
da gancalkevebuli gamoCndeboda. Sefasebebi daimsaxura. TanamedroveTa warmodgeniT, kunZuli
98 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
Jati kviraobiT (oficiozis mier frangi muSebis ojaxebisaT- van gogis am midgomis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia vars-
vis axlad dawesebul uqme dRes) xmauriani, danagvianebuli da kvlavebiani Rame (sur. 2-40) _ qalaq sen-remis fsiqiatriuli
qaosiT moculi adgili iyo. siora ki amis sapirispiro STabeW- klinikidan danaxuli da mxatvris warmosaxviT Seqmnili
dilebas qmnis suraTze, radgan muSaTa da saSualo klasis erT xedi. mSvidi qalaqis Tavze ca RvTaebrivi ritmebiT pul-
sivrceSi dasvenebis SesaZlo idealur suraTs warmogvidgens; sirebs da `afeTqebuli~ varskvlavebiT elvarebs. sicocx-
mas undoda eCvenebina, Tu rogori mSvidi iqneboda cxovreba lisa da sikvdilis raobaze fiqriT, van gogi werilSi wers:
kunZulze am ori klasis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis SemTxveva- `rogorc taraskonsa da ruanSi CavyavarT matarebels, zus-
Si. zogi xelovnebis istorikosi aq uazro Cveulebebisa da xis- tad ase mivyavarT sikvdils varskvlavebamde.~ am ideas su-
ti damokidebulebebis mqone parizis mzardi saSualo klasis raTSi kviparosis xe ganasaxierebs, romelic sikvdilisa da
mimarT sioras damcinav damokidebulebas xedavs, zogi ki am maradiuli sicocxlis sombolodaa miCneuli. suraTis wina
suraTs mxolod formisa da feris Tvisebebisa da SesaZleblo- planze dramatulad aRmarTuli kviparosi miwier da zeciur
bebis gamosavlenad sioras inteleqtualur varjiSad miiCnevs. samyaroTa makavSireblad gvevlineba. yvelaze kaSkaSa varskv-
lavi caze, sinamdvileSi, siyvarulTan asocirebuli planeta
van gogi postimpresionistTa Soris erT-erTma yve
laze veneraa. SesaZloa, suraTis gasaocari energetika van gogis
cnobilma holandielma mxatvarma van gogma (Vincent van Gogh, mier sikvdilis gziT im siyvarulis mopovebis eiforiul
1853-1890) sakuTari, mZafrad gamomsaxveli stili Seqmna. imeds gadmoscemdes, romelic sicocxleSi ar eRirsa mxat-
sanam 1880 wels mxatvrobas gadawyvetda, van gogi, romelic vars. es suraTi ferweris xerxebiT ganxorcielebul amboxs
protestanti mRvdlis ufrosi Svili iyo, maswavleblad ganasaxierebs, radgan mTeli misi zedapiri sxvadasxva inten-
xelovnebis dilerad da misionerad muSaobda. bruselSi, siuri feris metaliviT mkveTri da TiTqos tkivilisgan da-
haagasa da antverpenSi xanmokle swavlis Semdeg, van gogi krunCxuli monasmebiTaa daserili. van gogis manera uSualo,
parizSi gadadis, sadac igi parizul avangards ecnoba. sio- intensiuri da eqspresiulia da aRbeWdavs swored imas, rasac
ras puantilisturi manera, impastos (sqel fenad dadebuli mxatvari grZnobs da ara imas, rasac xedavs. fsiqologiuri
saRebavi) mravalmimarTulebiani kaSkaSa ferebis monasmebi, krizisi, romelsac van gogi naxevari cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,
van gogma Tavisi suraTebis umZafresi emociurobisa da gansakuTrebiT ki bolo wlebSi ganicdida, ramdenime dRe,
zedapiris xelSesaxebi faqturulobis wyarod aqcia. xanac kvirebi grZeldeboda. am dros mas gaurkveveli xmebi
van gogi socialisti iyo, romelsac sjeroda, rom Tana esmoda, muSaobas ver axerxebda da sakuTari TavisTvis zia-
medrove cxovreba, Tavisi mudmivi socialuri cvlilebe- nis miyenebis mcdelobebic ki hqonda. stresebisa da umZimesi
biT, progressa da warmatebaze orientaciiT, adamianebSi Setevebis Sedegad igi fsiqiatriul klinikaSi aRmoCnda, sa-
erTmaneTisa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT gaucxoebas iwvev- dac daxata kidec varskvavebiani Rame; bolos ki, 1890 wlis
da (ix. modernisti mxatvrebi da Tanamedrove kulturebi: ivlisSi, van gogma sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula.
iaponizmi, gv. 96). misi namuSevrebi mxatvarsa da mayure-
bels Soris uSualo kavSiris damyarebiT, sakuTari emo- gogeni varskvlavebiani Ramis xatvisas, van gogi saku
Tar
ciuri mdgo mareobis gaziarebisa da am gziT Tanamedrove warmosaxvas ufro rom miendo, vidre naturas, SesaZloa, misi
sazogadoebis emociuri siRaribis daZlevis mcdelobaa. megobris, pol gogenis (Paul Gauguin, 1843-1903) rCevamac ganapi-
mxolod aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri muSaobis Sede- roba. gogeni, odesRac, erT mxatvars ase arigebda: `nu daxat-
gad Seqmnilma misma namuSevrebma mravalwilad gansazRvra av naturidan Zalze xSirad da zedmiwevniT zustad, xelovne-
mogvianebiT eqspresionizmis aRmoceneba, sadac mxatvris ba abstraqciaa. aiRe es abstraqcia bunebisgan misi Wvretisas
emociuri mdgomareobis simZafre sruliad gadawonis xi- da meti ifiqre Sens namuSevarSi misaRwev saboloo Sedegze.~
luli realobis mimsgavsebis yovelgvar survils. muSaobis gogeni parizSi radikali frangi Jurnalistis ojaxSi daiba-
sakuTar meTods van gogi Zmisadmi miweril werilSi aRwers: da. misi deda perueli iyo da gogenic 7 wlamde peruSi iz-
`msurs, rom davxato mxatvris megobari, romelsac aqvs rdeboda. 1870-ian wlebSi da 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisSi igi
didi ocnebebi, romelic muSaobs ise, TiTqos bulbuli birJis warmatebuli makleri iyo da burJuas komfortuli
galobdes, radgan aseTia misi buneba. es kaci iqneba qe- cxovrebiT cxovrobda. Tavisufal dros ki, pisaros meT-
raTmiani. suraTSi Cemi madliereba, Cemi misdami siyvaru- valyureobis qveS, mxatvrobas uTmobda. 1880-1886 wlebSi man
li minda gadmovce. am adamians iseve patiosnad davxatav, impresionistebis bolo oTx gamofenaSi miiRo monawileoba.
rogoric igia Tavad. magram, amiT suraTi ar dasruldeba; 1883 wels, safondo birJis gakotrebis Semdeg, man samsaxuri
mis dasasruleblad Seupovari koloristi unda gavxde. dakarga. sami wlis Semdeg ki gogenma miatova ojaxi, meuRle
unda gavamZafro qera Tmis JReradoba, gamoviyeno narin- da xuTi Svili da Tavi mTlianad mxatvrobas miuZRvna. gogens
jisfris, yviTlisa da Ria yviTlis tonalobebi. figuris sZulda misi Tanamedrove komerciuli kultura, romelsac
Tavis ukan, usaxuri oTaxis Cveulebrivi kedlis nacvlad, Tavad kargad icnobda. im rwmeniT, rom ufro `primitiul~
usasruloba unda davxato. gavakeTeb rac SeiZleba inten- adgilebSi gaqceva mas preindustriuli cxovrebis martiv
siur lurj, ulurjes sada fons da am martivi kombina- siamovnebebs apovninebda, gogeni jer 1886-1891 wlebSi saf-
ciiT _ manaTobeli qera TmebiT intensiur lurj fonze rangeTis bretanis provinciaSi gadadis sacxovreblad, 1887
_ mivaRwev idumalebis efeqts, iseTs, rogorsac cis Rrma wels ki igi panamasa da kunZul martinikze mogzaurobs; Sem-
silurjeSi acimcimebuli varskvlavebi qmnian.~ deg, 1888 wels ori TviT arlSi Cadis van gogTan; dabolos,
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 99
|
axlo xediT mahana no atua (RvTaebis dRe)
pol gogeni. 1894. tilo, zeTi, 69.5 X 90.5 sm.
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti. helen barleTis memoriuli koleqcia (1926.198)
gogeni suraTs sam horizontalur zonad yofs da kompozicias rogorc taitur periodSi Sesrulebul mraval namuSevarze,
TandaTanobiT, zemodan qvemoT aviTarebs. scenis zeda nawili re- gogeni aqac taitis tradiciul kerps rodi gamosaxavs; igi mis
alobasTan axlosaa: kompoziciis centrSi, sanapiroze taitelebiT xelT arsebul suraTebze warmodgenil boroboduris budisturi
garSemortymuli RvTaebis qandakebaa gamosaxuli. taZris RvTaebis gamosaxulebas warmogvidgens.
qalis
centralur
suraTis Sua figuras fexebi
nawili arabune- wyalSi aqvs
brivi, vard- Cayofili da
isferi sana- mayureblisken
piros fonze morcxvad
gamosaxul iyureba. mis
sam figuras orive mxares
warmogvidgens. androginuli
centraluri figurebi
figuris ukan embrionis
mocemuli mwvane pozebSi wvanan.
TaRovani forma figurebi,
mas imTaviTve albaT, dabade
kerpis gamo- bis, sicocxlisa
saxulebasTan da sikvdilis
akavSirebs. (marcxnidan
marjvniv)
simboloebs
warmoadgenen.
suraTis mesame, sul qveda nawilze wylis ucnauri gubea gamosaxuli, romelic gogeni ucnaursa da moulodnel formebs gamosaxavs sura-
asawyobi Tavsatexis (fazlis) msgavsad, mkveTri Seferilobis mqone, ovalur- Tis im monakveTze, sadac, wesiT, wylis zedapirze CvenTvis
talRovani moyvanilobis brtyeli formebiTaa Sedgenili. suraTis marcxena nacnobi garemos anarekli unda iyos aRbeWdili. es magi-
nawili iwvevs ra garkveuli sivrciTobis SegrZnebas, TiTqos ufro bunebrivad uri gube naTlad warmoaCens mxatvris survils, dagvana-
erwymis garemos. marjvena mxare ki ufro metad sibrtyobrivi da stilizebulia. xos `azrovnebis misteriuli centrebi.~ gogenis mizani iyo
simboluri da ara aRweriTi xasiaTis namuSevris Seqmna.
1891 wels wynari okeanis samxreT nawilSi, safrangeTis ko- iT suraTSi xiluli realobisa da mxatvris gancdebis, Tu
loniaSi _ kunZul taitize miemgzavreba. 1893-1895 wlebs grZnobebis sinTezi xdeboda.
gogeni safrangeTSi atarebs da Semdeg isev polineziaSi mahana no atua (RvTaebis dRe) swored am sinTezis Sedegia
brundeba, sadac 1903 wels asrulebs kidec Tavis sicocxles. (ix. axlo xediT, gv. 100). taituri Tematikis miuxedavad, is
gogenis Semoqmedeba iseTi gansxvavebuli wyaroebiT saz- safrangeTSi xanmokle dabrunebis periodSia Seqmnili. ta-
rdoobda, rogoricaa Sua saukuneebis vitraJebi, xalxuri itize gogeni im imediT wavida, rom Seuryvnel, preindustri-
xelovneba, iaponuri grafika; igi eZiebda primitiul sax- ul samoTxes da, misi warmodgeniT, bunebasTan axlos myof
viT saSualebebs; iyenebda xalxuri xelovnebisaTvis dam- umanko taitelebs ipovida. magram kunZulze mas kolonizaci-
axasiaTebel iseT `dekoraciul~ xerxebs, rogoricaa kaS- is Sedegad erTianad gadagvarebuli qveyana daxvda, romlis
kaSa Seferilobis sibrtyobrivi formebi, pirobiTi feri kulturac, dasavluri civilizaciis zegavleniT, TandaTan
da sagnebis SemomsazRvreli mkveTri Savi konturi. Tavis qreboda. amis miuxedavad, gogenma am realobis ugulvebe-
stils gogeni `sinTetizms~ uwodebda, radgan, misi azriT, lyofa arCia da sanacvlod, am da sxva namuSevrebSi sakuTari
ganyenebuli xaziT, pirobiTi formiT, sivrciTa da fer- warmosaxviT SeTxzuli samoTxiseuli idilia aRbeWda.
100 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
simbolizmi
simbolizmi internacionaluri mimdinareoba iyo,
romelic im xelovanebs aerTianebda, vinc Semoq
medebis sagnad iracionaluri SiSebi, survilebi
da adamianis gonebis impulsebi gaixada. fsiqikis
Savbneli siRrmeebisadmi interesi XIX saukunis
bolo aTwleulebSi bunebis fotografiuli da
mecnieruli kvlevis, mediumebis spiritualuri
samyaroTi sayovelTao gatacebis fonze aRmocen-
da. zogi simbolisti Tana medrove cxovrebisgan
TavSesafars mouTokavi emo ciebis iracionalur
samyaroSi eZebda, rogorc amas edgar alan pos
(1809-1849) msgavsi avtorebi aRwerdnen, romelTa
SemaZrwunebeli moTxrobebi zebunebrivis Sesaxeb
mTel evropaSi popularobiT sargeblobda. Sem-
TxveviTi arc is iyo, rom zigmund froidi (1856-
1939), romelic Semoqmedebis process sizmars
adarebda, swored am periodSi wers Tavis saetapo
teqsts sizmrebis interpretacia (1900).
simbolistebma uaryves Tanamedrove dasavlu
ri kulturis racionalizmsa da materialur
progresze damyarebuli Rirebulebebi. sanacv-
lod, maT emociebis, warmosaxvisa da sulierebis
iracionaluri samyaro airCies. yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis miRma isini ufro Rrma da idumal re-
alobas eZebdnen, romlis mouxelTebel da farul
mniSvnelobas ucnauri da ambiciuri TemebiT,
stilizebuli formebiT asaxavdnen. TavianT namu-
Sevrebs isini xSirad sizmrebs adarebdnen.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 101
2-43 • jeims ensori. intriga,
1890; tilo, zeTi, 90,3X105 sm.
xelovnebis samefo muzeumi,
anTverpeni
2-44 • ogiust rodeni. kales moqalaqeebi, 1884-1889; brinjao, 2,1X2,4X2 m. hirShornis muzeumi da skulpturis
baRi, smiTsonianis instituti, vaSingtoni, jozef hirShornis saCuqari, 1966
rodenis mier sajaro qandakebis maRali pedestalis nacvlad dabal safuZvelze dadgmam, XX saukuneSi, Tavad
pedestalis gauqmebis da qandakebis mayureblis `realur~ sivrceSi `Semotanis~ tendencias Cauyra safuZveli.
102 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
aRsavse scenasa da egzotikur garemocvas detalizebulad
gadmoscems; Zvirfasi TvlebiviT moelvare saRebavis monas-
mebiT igi mgrZnobelobiT-dekadansur atmosferos qmnis,
rac salomes _ fataluri qalis mxatvrul saxes reliefu-
rad warmoaCens; esaa qali, romelic Tavis mgrZnobelobiT
aRsavse momxibvlelobas msxveplis dasaRupad iyenebs.
simbolistebi, iseve rogorc xelovanTa sxva mcire jgu
febi, calke, damoukidebel gamofenebs awyobdnen, magram,
impresionistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic qiraobdnen
darbazs, beWdavdnen programebs da gamofenaze Sesasvle-
lad mcireoden gadasaxdsac awesebdnen, simbolistebi ufro
mokrZalebul gamofenebs marTavdnen da arc sazogadoebisa-
gan elodnen gansakuTrebul interess.
ensori belgieli fermweri da graviuris ostati jeims ensori 2-45 • kamil klodeli. valsi, 1892-1905;
(James Ensor, 1860-1949) oTxi weli briuselis akademiaSi swavlob- brinjao, simaRle 25 sm. axali pinakoTeka. miunheni
da, magram mTeli darCenili cxovreba axlomdebare sakurorto frang kompozitors, klodelis axlo megobars, klod debiusis,
qalaq osTendSi gaatara; aq man sakmaod mZafri xasiaTis iseTi skulpturis nimuSi Tavis pianinoze edga. debiusi aRiarebda
namuSevrebi Seqmna, romlebSic erTmaneTs erwymoda simbolis- xelovnebisa da literaturis gavlenas Tavis musikalur inovaciebze.
turi da eqspresionistuli tendenciebi. misi suraTi intriga
(sur. 2-43) aJitirebul adamianTa mWidrod Sekrul jgufs war-
mxriv, akademisti kritikosebis mxridan dacinvis obieqti
mogvidgens, romelic mayurebelTan Zalian axlos, wina planze xdeba da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis aRfrTovanebas iwvevs.
maqsimaluradaa wamoweuli. saxeze afarebuli niRbebi (papie- rodeni did moqandaked 1884 wels iqna aRiarebuli, rode-
maSes niRbebs ensoris ojaxi didi marxvis win, sakarnavalod sac misma qandakebam kales moqalaqeni (sur. 2-44), konkursSi
yidda) am adamianebs SemaSfoTebel, uazro da avismomaswavebel gaimarjva. es skulpturuli kompozicia aswliani omis mov-
xasiaTs aniWebs. ensoris Sxamiani ferebi da TiTqos suraTis lenebis aRsaniSnad, qalaq kalesTvis sagangebod Seiqmna. 1327
zedapirze xelis TiTebiT dadebuli energiuli farTo monas- wels inglisis mefem, edvard III-m qalaq kales eqvs warCinebul
mebi mayurebelSi amaRelvebel ganwyobilebas iwvevs. moqalaqes piroba wauyena: Tuki isini jvaloTi Semosilni,
yelze yulfiT da xelSi qalaqis gasaRebiT mefes eaxlebod-
franguli skulptura nen, anu sasikvdilod Tavs gawiravdnen, maSin igi alyaSemor-
dawesebuli standartebis ugulvebelyofa da emociuri tymul qalaqs daindobda. sabolood, am adamianTa simamaciT
gamomsaxveloba gviani XIX saukunis evropis yvelaze warmate- aRfrTovanebulma mefem isini Seiwyala da gaaTavisufla.
buli da gavleniani moqandakis, ogiust rodenis (Auguste sakonkurso komisiis wevrebi arc Temis rodeniseuli
Rodin 1840-1917) namuSevrebsac axasiaTebs. rodeni parizSi interpretaciiT moxiblulan da arc mxatvris im ganzrax-
daibada. natifi xelovnebis skolaSi moxvedris sami uSedego viT aRfTovanebulan, rom figurebi dabal postamentze,
mcdelobis Semdeg, rodeni iZulebuli iyo oci wlis ganma- TiTqmis quCis pirze aRemarTaT. mxatvris es Canafiqri mayu
vlobaSi sxva moqandakeebTan asistentad emuSava. 1875 wels rebelze iyo gaTvlili, raTa mas gasCenoda gancda, rom
italiaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, sadac rodeni donatelosa da Rirseuli saqcieli maTsaviT rigiTi adamianisTvisac ar
miqelanjelos xelovnebas gaecno, igi arastandartul, xSir- aris ucxo xili. mSvidi, idealizebuli gmirebis nacvlad,
ad, uxerxul pozebSi warmodgenil, energiulad modelire- rodeni morCilebisa da uimedobis gansxvavebuli gancdiT
buli figurebis skulpturebs qmnis. misi qandakebebi, erTi Sepyrobil rigiT adamianebs warmogvidgens; igi amZafrebs
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 103
2-46 • viqtor orta. kibe,
taselis saxli, briuseli,
1892-1893
saxeTa gamometyvelebas, agrZelebs da adidebs kidurebs _ pirvelad igi rodenis saxlSi diasaxlisis funqcias asruleb-
xelis mtevnebs, terfebs. mZime qsovilSi gaxveuli rodenis da, Semdgom ki mas moqandakesTan rTuli sasiyvarulo urTier-
kales moqalaqeebi warmodgenas gviqmnian ara mxolod imaze, Toba Camouyalibda, ramac 15 weli gastana. klodeli, romlis
Tu rogor gamoiyurebodnen isini, aramed imazec, Tu ras dramatul cxovrebas xSirad axseneben xolme, profesiuli
grZnobda TiToeuli maTgani yoveli nabijis ZaldatanebiT warmatebiT sargeblobda, magram fsiqikuri problemebis gamo,
gadadgmisas. rodenis mier adamianis sxeulis stilizacia, man cxovrebis bolo 30 weli fsiqiatriul klinikaSi gaatara.
rasac eqspresiis misaRwevad iyenebs avtori, samomavlod, klodelis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili namuSevaria valsi
skulpturul abstraqcias gauxsnis gzas. (sur. 2-45), romlis ramdenime versia moqandakem 1892-1905
kamil klodeli (Camille Claudel, 1864-1943), romelic kales wlebSi Seqmna. qandakeba SiSvel mocekvave wyvils warmogvid-
moqalaqeebze muSaobisas rodenis asistenti iyo, qandakebis gens, Tumca, qalis sxe ulis qveda nawili grZeli, friala
xelovnebas mis saxelosnoSi misvlamdec eufleboda. Tavda- drapirebiTaa dafaruli. am daTmobaze klodeli mas Semdeg
104 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
wavida, rac xelovnebis saministros inspeqtorma
figuraTa aSkara sensualoba miuReblad CaTvala
da qandakebis marmarilos versiisTvis saxelm-
wifo dafinansebis SewyvetiT daemuqra avtors. es
namuSevari miuRebeli mxolod imitom gaxda, rom
valsis cekvisas, im drois moTxovnebis sawinaaR-
mdegod, figurebi zedmetad axlos iyvnen erT-
maneTTan. klodelma SiSveli sxeuli sakmarisad
dafara drapirebiT imisaTvis, rom dafinanseba
moepovebina, magram qandakebis dasruleba man ve-
Rar moaxerxa. Tumca, man skulpturis ramdenime
modificirebuli mcire zomis versia Seqmna brin-
jaoTi, romlebSic drapirebis spiraluri dineba
sivrceSi trialiT gatacebuli, Caxutebuli mo-
cekvaveebis moZraobis iluzias qmnis.
ar nuvo
drapirebis spiraliseburad daxveuli masa klo
delis valss stilisturad ar nuvosTan akavSirebs
(Art Nouveau _ frangulad `axali xelovneba~), xe-
lovnebis im stilTan, romelic adreul 1890-ian
wlebSi Camoyalibda da mTeli aTwleulis ganmav-
lobaSi evropuli dizainis yvela sfero moicva.
ar nuvo Tamamad sargeblobda Tanamedrove in-
dustriuli teqnologiebiT, magram uaryofda na-
muSevrebSi funqcionalur esTetikas, magaliTad,
eifelis koSkisas, sadac nagebobis struqtura
warmodgenili iyo, rogorc arqiteqturuli di
zaini. ar nuvos mxatvrebisa da arqiteqtorebis
Tvis STagonebis gansakuTrebul wyaros buneba
warmoadgenda; yvelaze metad ki vazi, qvewarmav-
lebi, yvavilebi, frTosani mwerebi, yvelaferi is,
risi natifi da denadi formebi stilis daxvewil
da graciozul esTetikas esadageboda. mizani ki,
bunebis msgavsad, dizainis yoveli aspeqtis erT
mTlianobaSi harmoniuli integrireba iyo.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 105
2-48 • heqtor gimari.
saweri magida,
daax. 1899
(gadakeTebulia
1909 wlis Semdeg).
zeTis xilis xe ifnis
dafebiT, 73X121
sm. Tanamedrove
xelovnebis muzeumi,
niu iorki, madam
heqtor gimaris
saCuqari
106 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
Seqmnili saweri magida (sur. 2-48) warmoadgens. statikuri da marjvena kuTxidan aCarCoebs kompozicias, romlis mkveTri
xisti geometriuli obieqtis nacvlad, gimarma asimetri- rakursi degas namuSevrebs mogvagonebs (ix. sur. 1-33). magram
uli, denadi, talRovani cocxali forma Seqmna, romelic lotrekis mier Jein avrilis saxeSi xazgasmuli seqsualoba
masTan mjdom adamians TiTqos gars `ekvris~. mxatvrul saxes vulgarulobas aniWebs, maSin, rodesac dega
garegnuli silamazis aqcentirebas cdilobs. lotreki kon-
tuluz-lotreki anri de tuluz lotreki (Henri de Tou- turiT Semowers formas, sibrtyobriobas aniWebs sivrces
louse-Lautrec, 1864-1901) samxreT safrangeTis aristokratiul suraTSi, amartivebs modelirebas, raTa gamosaxuleba fe-
ojaxSi daibada. genetikuri daavadebis gamo misi fizikuri radi liTografiuli beWdvis iaffasian teqnikas ukeT mo-
ganviTareba bavSvobidanve arasrulfasovani iyo. 1882 wels ergos, magram mkveTri silueturobis aqcentireba da denadi
lotreki parizSi gadadis, sadac degas namuSevrebis gac- xazi, aSkarad ar nuvoze mianiSnebs.
nobis Semdeg, sruliad uaryofs akademisturi samxatvro
ganaTlebis Sedegad miRebul gamocdilebas. man aRmoaCina
parizis gasarTobi raioni monmartri, sadac mowinave xe- modernizmis sawyisebi
lovanebi ikribebodnen da bohemur cxovrebas eweodnen. XIX s-is miwurulis arqiteqturis istoria asaxavs im
1880-iani wlebis miwurulidan tuluz lotrekma mTeli dilemas, romlis winaSec industriuli qalaqebi aRmoCnda
Tavisi Semoqmedeba monmartris Ramis cxovrebis _ kafee- _ es iyo arCevani natifi xelovnebis skolis akademiuri
bis, Teatrebis, sacekvao darbazebis, bordelebis _ asaxvas stilis klasicistur tradiciebsa da industriuli epo-
dauTmo da Tavadac am cxovrebis mudmivi monawile gaxda. qis axali masalebiTa da samSeneblo meTodebiT warmoqmnil
1891-1901 wlebSi lotrekma 30 liTografia Seqmna; es iyo axal esTetikas Soris. marTalia, natifi xelovnebis skola
monmartris cnobili Ramis klubebis afiSebi, romlebzec am XIX saukunis bolosTvis mxatvrobis axali tendenciebis
klubebis yvelaze popularuli msaxiobebi iyvnen warmodge- fonze marginalizebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, magram
nilni. erT-erT maTganze saeWvo reputaciis mqone mocekvave 1880 wlis Semdeg amerikeli da evropeli arqiteqtorebisT-
Jein avrili (sur. 2-49) avadsaxsenebeli kan-kanis cekvisas aris vis is mainc ganaTlebis sabaziso dawesebulebas warmoad-
gamosaxuli. lotrekma avrili sasuraTo sibrtyis marcxena genda. da es xdeboda maSin, rodesac industrializaciam,
kideSi, siRmisken mkveTrad daviwroebul scenaze gamosaxa. iseT qlaqebSi, rogoric Cikago iyo, maRali da didi nagebo-
wina planze ki, mnaxvelTan Zalian axlos warmodgenilia kon- bebis axleburad gaazrebis moTxovnileba Seqmna.
trabasze damkvreli musikosis saxe da xelebi; instrumen- imavdroulad, pol sezani sicocxlis bolo wlebSi avan-
tis calkeuli nawilebi da sanoto furclebi suraTis qveda garduli mxatvrobis kurss cvlis, abrunebs ra xelovnebaSi
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 107
garemomcveli samyaros daJinebul, intensiur Seswavlas. igi roba, romlebzec industriuli da teqnologiuri inova-
guldasmiT ikvlevs mas, rogorc samedicino saseqcio magid- ciebi iyo warmodgenili. erT-erTi pirveli gamofena 1851
aze gamotanil nimuSs da xelovanebs urCevs, mxatvruli az- wels londonSi gaimarTa. `yvela eris industriis didi
rovnebis axal gzebze ifiqron. 1906-Si, mxatvris gardacva- gamofena~ britaneTma sakuTari industriuli simZlavris
lebis wels gamarTulma misma retrospeqtulma gamofenam warmosaCenad, imperiuli uflebamosilebis dasturad
mxatvarTa Semdgom Taobas sezanis meTodi gaacno. da evropis 1848 wlis revoluciebis Sedegad gatanjuli
xalxis dasaSoSmineblad moawyo. `didi gamofenis~ centri
evropuli arqiteqtura: teqnologia da struqtura `brolis sasaxle~ iyo, romelic Tanamedrove samSeneblo
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis tempi sagrZnoblad teqnologiebsa da Tanamedrove esTetikas ganasaxierebda.
matulobda. industrializaciam adamianebs meti, gacilebiT
meti warmoebis, moxmarebis, mogzaurobis saSualeba misca. brolis sasaxle jozef faqsTonis (Joseph Paxton, 1803-1865)
industrializacias Sedegad urbanizacia moyva, ramac, mier Seqmnili brolis sasaxlis (sur. 2-50) revoluciuri
Tavis mxriv, industrializaciis ufro maRali xarisxi konstruqcia Tujis struqturul karkass warmoadgenda,
moiTxova. sazogadoebis gajansaRebisa da srulyofis sur- romelSic im drois warmoebisTvis SesaZlebeli maqsimal-
vilma 20-ze meti saerTaSoriso gamofenis gamarTva ganapi- uri zomis (75-dan 125 sm-mde) minebi iyo Casmuli. minas xis
108 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
winaswar damzadebuli nerviurebi da sayrdenebi iWerda. Cikagos skola
samiarusiani nageboba im droisaTvis yvelaze didi gadaxu- amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, iseve rogorc evropaSi,
ruli sivrce iyo; 565 metri sigrZis Senoba 73 000 kv.m-s mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli proeqtebi im droisTvis is-
moicavda da TiTqmis milionamde kv.m-is sagamofeno sivrc- toricizmis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda, magram
es qmnida. centraluri kamarovani ganivi navi, romelic Tanamedrove qalaqma axali tipis industriuli, satrans-
rkinigzis sadgurebis Tujis konstruqciis axali dizai- porto, komerciuli, sasawyobe da sacxovrebeli nagebo-
nis mixedviT iyo Seqmnili, 33 metris simaRlisa iyo, raTa bebis moTxovna gaaCina; saWiro gaxda urbanul raionebSi,
dedofal viqtorias (1837-1901) meuRlis, princ albertis sadac miwis fasi uswrafesad matulobda, iseTi Senobebis
sayvareli Telas xeebis rigi daetia. gamofena 6 milionamde ageba, romlebic, sxvadasxva tipis aqtivobebisas, rac Sei-
adamianma daaTvaliera da mnaxvelTa umetesobam brolis Zleba met adamians daitevda. Cikago amis naTeli magaliTi
sasaxle teqnologiur saswaulad aRiara. miuxedavad amisa, iyo. Cikago, romelic qveynis agrarulad ganviTarebuli
arqiteqtorebisa da kritikosebis umetesoba upiratesobas midvesTidan amerikis aRmosavleT da dasavleT sanapiro
isev klasicizmsa da romantizms aniWebda, radgan brolis sa- qalaqebSi marcvleulis, saqonlisa da sxva produqciis ga-
saxle maTTvis ufro sainJinro nageboba iyo, vidre namdvili dasazisad mniSvnelovan satransporto habs warmoadgenda,
arqiteqtura. rogorc Cans, maTi azriT, ganaxlebuli go- 1890-iani wlebisTvis, mWidrod dasaxlebuli, mdidari qa-
Tikuri stili liTonisa da SuSis konstruqcebma gadawona. laqi xdeba. savaWro centrebis, komerciuli da saofise
nagebobebis mSeneblobis dawyebasTan erTad, Tavdapirve-
nacionaluri biblioTeka anri labrusti (Henri lad, praqtikuli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, CikagoSive
Labrouste, 1801-1875) Tavdapir
velad natifi xelovnebis Caisaxa urbanuli ganaSenianebisa da dizainis mimarT axali
skolaSi swavlobda, Semdeg ki Tavad aswavlida arqiteqtu- midgoma, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom arqiteturuli for-
ras. labrustis didi survili iyo arqiteqturisadmi skolis mis ganmsazRvreli misi funqcia unda yofiliyo.
istorizebuli da mokidebuleba industriuli inJineriis
inovaciebTan gaeerTianebina. Tumca, skolaSi Tavisi idee- msoflio kolumbiuri eqspozicia riCard moris han-
bis damkvidreba mas didad ar ucdia, maTi ganxorcieleba Ti (Richard Morris Hunt, 1827-1895) pirveli amerikeli iyo, romel-
labrustma praqtikaSi moaxerxa. parizis nacionaluri bib- mac arqiteqtura parizis natif xelovnebaTa skolaSi Seiswav-
lioTekis samkiTxvelo darbazi (sur. 2-52) am tendenciaTa la. istoricizmis gansakuTrebuli codniTa da gamocdilebiT,
gaerTianebis naTeli magaliTia. darbazis gadaxurvas gum- igi arqiteqturaSi yvela misaReb stils iyenebda _ goTikurs,
baTebis mTeli wyeba qmnis. gumbaTebis zedapirebi TeTri, renesansuls da frangul klasicizms. misma Semoqmedebam gac-
naTeli keramikuli filebiTaa mopirkeTebuli, centrSi ki ilebiT aamaRla amerikuli arqiteqturis standartebi. samo-
miniT dafaruli mrgvali Riobebia datanebuli, saidanac qalaqo omis Semdeg hanTma qveynis dasavleTSi, fabrikantebisa
interierSi sinaTle Semodis. liTonis wvrili svetebi da da finansistebis mzardi klasisTvis, romelic evropis aris-
eleganturi TaRebi samkiTxvelo darbazis farTo, gaxsnil tokratias ejibreboda, mravali feSenebeluri saxli aago.
sivrces qmnis. klasikur detalebSi gamJRavnebuli istori- karieris bolos hanTi CikagoSi, 1893 wlis kolumbiuri
uli aluziebi, kombinirebuli uzarmazar gaxsnil sivrces- msoflio eqspoziciis mSeneblobas zedamxedvelobda, rome
Tan, romlis konstruireba industriuli masalis wyalobiT lic qristefore kolumbis amerikaSi Casvlis 400 wlisTavs
gaxda SesaZlebeli, aSkarad modernulia. mieZRvna. imis nacvlad, rom wina gamofenebis msgavsad, yu
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 109
arqiteqturis elementebi qalaqis parki |
parkebi, rogorc imperatorTa da warCinebul pirTa nadirobisTvis saaRlumo moedani, saTamaSo moednebi, sagamofeno sivrce da sakon-
daculi nakrZalebi, CineTSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi Cndeba. Sua saukunee- certo darbazi, adgili Sadrevnebisa da saTvalTvalo koSkisTvis,
bis evropaSi, vidre XVIII saukunemde, isini privilegirebuli fenis ker- yvavilebis baRi, yinulis moedani da aRmosavleT-dasavleT mimar-
Zo rekreaciul teritoriebs warmoadgenda. farTo sazogadoebisTvis Tulebis oTxi urTierTgadamkveTi quCa, raTa parki qalaqis satrans-
gankuTvnili pirveli qalaqis parki germaniaSi, qalaq miunhenSi Seiqmna. porto moZraobisgan daculi yofiliyo. bolo piroba gadamwyveti
1789-1795 wlebSi fridrih ludvig fon sqeilma, inglisuri landSaf- aRmoCnda arqiteqtor qalverT voqsisa (Calvert Vaux, 1824-1895) da
turi baRebis xatovani stilis mixedviT daagegmara miunhenis parki, parkis mmarTvelis frederik lou olmsTedis (Frederick Law Olmsted,
romelic iregularuli formis tbebs, msubuqad daqanebul borcvebs, 1822-1903) proeqtis gamarjvebisaTvis, romlis mixedviT, es urTierT-
farTo mdeloebsa da xeivnebSi gamaval klaknil bilikebs moicavda.
gadamkveTi quCebi parkSi etlebiT, cxenebiT Tu fexiT mosiarule
industriuli revoluciis dros, qalaqis gadatvirTulma da dabi-
mgzavrebisaTvis Txrilebis saxiT iyo mowyobili (sur. 2-53).
nZurebulma garemom didi sazogadoebrivi parkebis Seqmnis aucile-
Tvlidnen ra, rom `nebismieri didi qalaqis parki misi xmauri-
bloba gamoiwvia, parkebisa, romlebic qalaqis macxovrebelTa yvela
ani, mopirkeTbuli, marTkuTxa, kedelmozRuduli quCebis antiTeza
klasisTvis xelmisawvdomi gamwvanebuli, Ria rekreaciuli sivrce
unda yofiliyo~, voqsma da olmsTedma inglisuri cxovelxatuli
iqneboda. mravalricxovani parkebi Seiqmna britaneTSi 1830-1840-ian
wlebSi da parizSi 1850-1860-ian wlebSi, rodesac JorJ eJen osmanma parkis tradiciis mixedviT, nargavebis iregularulad ganlagebiT,
samefo sanadiro tyeebi, imperator napoleon III-is surviliT, ingli- Tvalwarmtaci walkoti Seqmnes. ramdenime simetriuli elementis
suri stilis bua de bulonisa da bua de vinsensis parkebad gadaakeTa. garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, klasikuri formebis mqone beTesdas
1857 wlamde amerikis qalaqebSi Ria cis qveS TavSeyrisTvis terasa da Sadrevnisken mimavali xeivani, parki, araCveulebrivad Ta-
mxolod quCebis gadakveTaze mdebare patara moednebi, an bostonis visufali da bunebrivi struqturiT gamoirCeva. parkis dablobebi
sazogadoebrivi baRis msgavsi, SedarebiT didi baRebi arsebobda, olmsTedma da voqsma kidev ufro daadables, aq sadrenaJo filebi
magram qalaqis mzard, sxvadasxvagvar rekreaciul moTxovnilebas daamontaJes da tborebi da mdeloebi Seqmnes; Ria sivrceebis
verc erTi maTgani ver akmayofilebda. garkveuli drois ganmav- sapirispirod, xeebi Sejgufebulad darges, STambeWdavi kldovani
lobaSi qalaqis mwvane gareubnebSi mdebare sasaflaoebis terito- peizaJis misaRebad fiqalis qanebi gaaSiSvles, gaiyvanes bilikebi da
riebi iqca macxovrebelTa seirnobis, piknikebisa da xandaxan cxeniT gzebi. maTze seirnobisas mravalferovani xedebi enacvleboda erT-
jiriTis gamarTvis popularul adgilad. cxadia, es sruliad maneTs. gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli xedi iSleboda parkis irgvliv
Seuferebeli adgili iyo amgvari aqtivobebisaTvis, rac kidev ufro aSenebuli mdidruli sacxovrebeli saxlebidan. parks or nawilad
metad aaSkaravebda qalaqSi parkis arsebobis saWiroebas. yofda wyalsatevi. sportuli nagebobebis da sxva sanaxaobebisaTvis
XIX saukuneSi manheTenis swrafma zrdam qalaqis xelmZRvaneloba gankuTvnili Senobebis umetesoba voqsma da olmsTedma samxreT
iZulebuli gaxada, sanam kunZulze jer kidev arsebobda Tavisufali nawilSi ganaTavses, CrdiloeTisas ki ufro bunebrivi nakrZalis
sivrce, parkis gasaSeneblad teritoria gamoeyo. amisTvis qalaqis saxe misces. senTral parki, romlis gaSeneba samoqalaqo omis
xelmZRvanelobam kunZulis centrSi 34 heqtarze meti farTobis miwis bolosTvis TiTqmis dasrulda, sazogadoebis mier aRfrTovanebiT
nakveTi SeiZina da 1857 wels senTral parkis gasaSeneblad konkursi iqna miRebuli, ramac biZgi misca amerikis sxva qalaqebSi msgavsi
gamoacxada. konkursis pirobebiT, gegmarebas unda gaeTvaliswinebina parkebis Sesaqmnelad organizebul saxalxo moZraobas.
2-53 • frederik lou olmsTedi da qalverT voqsi. senTral parkis ruka, niu iork siTi
1873 wlis rukis safuZvelze parkis ganaxlebuli gegmareba
radReba sainJinro saocrebebze gaemaxvilebina, sabWom `ma kuri romis arqiteqturul formebs emyareboda, rac, amas-
ra
diuli nagebobebis _ ocnebis qalaqis~ ageba gadawyvita Tanave, amerikis demokratiuli instituciebis mniSvneloba-
(Tumca, gamofenaze pirveli `eSmakis borbalic~ iyo warmod- sa da saxelmwifos siZliereze mianiSnebda. hanTis Rirsebis
genili). Senobebis erTmaneTTan SesaTanxmeblad (romlebic sasamarTlos (sur. 2-52) foto klasicisturi stilis e.w.
sinamdvileSi droebiTi masaliT, umetesad, TabaSiriTa da `TeTr qalaqs~ warmogvidgens.
boWkovani masalebiT iyo agebuli), yoveli calkeuli stili kolumbiuri msoflio eqspozicia amerikis xalxmravali,
erT klasikur stils _ antikuri saberZneTisa da respubli- umetesad, daugegmarebeli qalaqebis sapirispirod, idealuri
110 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-54 • hobson riCardsoni.
marSal fildis sabiTumo
vaWrobis maRazia,
Cikago, 1885-1887.
daingra daax. 1935
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 111
karniziT sruldeba. ueinraiTis Senobis fasadi mkafiod
asaxavs nagebobis sam gansxvavebul funqcias: qvemoT maRa-
ziebia, Senobis Sua nawili ofisebs uWiravs, zeda sarTuli
ki sayofacxovrebo meqanikur danadgarebs eTmoba. es Seno-
ba salivanis mier aRiarebul arqiteqturis filosofias
gamoxatavs, romlis mixedviTac `forma mudam funqcias mis-
devs~. es idea modernistma arqiteqtorebma TavianT kredod
aRiares da nagebobis sibrtyeebi yovelgvari dekoratiuli
elementebisgan gaaTavisufles. salivanma ueinraiTis Seno-
bis saxiT funqciuri dizainis nimuSi Seqmna, magram nage-
bobis arqiteqtura, amasTanave, sakmaod gamomsaxvelicaa.
magaliTad, kuTxis msxvil burjebs aranairi funqciuri
datvirTva ar aqvs, radgan Senobis konstruqciul safuZv-
els foladis karkasi warmoadgens, magram, samagierod, maTi
saSualebiT zeswrafvis STabeWdileba Zlierdeba. meore sar-
Tulidan sxvenamde fanjrebs Soris aRmarTuli SedarebiT
viwro sayrdenebi kidev metad usvams xazs Senobis vertika-
lizms. rogorc salivani aRniSnavda, maRali saofise nagebo-
ba `sazeimod zeaRmarTuli, qedmaRali da Tavisufali unda
iyos~. ueinraiTis SenobaSi es yovelive mcenareuli ornamen-
tiT datvirTuli friziT sruldeba, romelic gars uvlis
nagebobas. frizs, iseve rogorc fanjrebis gamyofi svetebis
korinTul kapitelebs, dekoratiuli funqcia aqvs. sakuTriv
Senobis samnawiliani struqtura, antikuri svetis agebule-
bas gulisxmobs _ bazisiT, svetis taniTa da kapiteliT,
rac klasikuri arqiteqturis principebis gviandel gavle-
nebs unda mieweros. modernizmis arqiteqtura tradiciebs
srulad mxolod XX saukuneSi uaryofs da yovelgvari
dekorisgan Tavisufal esTetikas Seqmnis.
sezani
arc erT mxatvars iseTi zegavlena ar mouxdenia modernis
tebis Semdgom Taobaze, rogoric sezans (Cézanne, 1839-1906).
samxreT safrangeTis qalaq eqs an provansSi mcxovrebi mdi-
dari bankiris Svili, jer mSobliur eqsSi, Semdeg ki parizSi
swavlobda, sadac manes irgvliv Sekrebil realist mxatvarTa
wreSi iyo gaerTianebuli. umetesad dramatul romantikul
Temebze Seqmnil, muqi koloritis mqone, uxeSad Sesrule-
bul mis adreul namuSevrebs saloni mudmivad uaryofda.
1870-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, pisaros gavleniT, sezani
2-55 • luis salivani. ueinraiTis Senoba, Tavis stils cvlis _ sufTa ferebis palitrasa da inten-
senT luisi, misuri, 1890-1891
siur monasmebs iTvisebs da peizaJebis xatvas iwyebs. 1874-
ixileT axlo xediT, ueinraiTis Senoba veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com 1877 wlebSi igi impresionistebis mier mowyobil gamofenebSi
iRebda monawileobda; sezanma, maT msgavsad, Tavi bunebis,
rogorc Tavad ambobda, `SegrZnebaTa~ Seswavlas miuZRvna.
ofisebis kargad ganaTebas uzrunvelyofs. pirvel sar- magram, impresionistebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi ar cdilobda
Tulze, romelic maRaziebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, farTo, aRebeWda atomsferosa da sinaTlis cvalebad-gardamavali
sqeli minebia Casmuli. pirveli sarTulis Tavze ganTavse- efeqtebi. piriqiT, tiloze ferebis meToduri, Tanmimdevru
buli antresolis kedlebSi aseve didi zomis fanjrebia li dadebiT, naxatis sasuraTo sibrtyeze datanisa da gamo
gaWrili, aq ganlagebuli maRaziis ofisebis interierebis saxulebis modelirebis erTian procesad SerwymiT man zedmi-
gasanaTeblad. antresols mosdevs ofisebisaTvis gankuT- wevniT struqturirebuli ferwera Seqmna. misi gacxadebuli
vnili Svidi sarTuli marTkuTxa formis fanjrebiT, Seno- mizani iyo `impresionizmisgan iseTive mkvidri da myari ram
bis sxvenze meqanikuri da sayofacxovrebo danadgarebia Seeqmna, rogoric muzeumebSi daculi xelovneba iyo~.
ganTavsebuli. nagebobas ritmulad Casmuli mrgvali Rio- sezanis Tavdadebuli swrafva dasaxuli amocanis gansax-
bebiTa da foTlovani ornamentiT uxvad Semkuli terako- orcieleblad mon sen viqtuaris mravaljeradad Sesrule-
tas reliefuri frizi agvirgvinebs, romelic qvis sqeli bul suraTebSi vlindeba. eqsSi, mis saxlTan axlomdebare
112 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-56 • pol sezani. mon sen viqtuari,
daax. 1885-1887; tilo, zeTi, 64,8X93,3 sm. kurtos galerea, londoni. © samuel kurtos trasti (P.134. SC.55)
mTis xedi, sezanma 1880 wlidan moyolebuli sicocxlis iluziasa da organzomilebiani zedapiris fizikurad arse-
bolomde, 1906 wlamde, aseulobiT Canaxatsa da 30-ze met bul realobas Soris daZabulobas aCens. wina planze gamo-
tiloze aRbeWda. suraTi (sur. 2-56) arkis velis Tavze aRmar- saxuli xe siRrmeSi svlisaken gvibiZgebs _ a repoussoir (fran-
Tul, saxlebiTa da xeebiT mofenil mTas warmogvidgens, gulad aRniSnavs imas, rac siRrmeSi, ukan gvibiZgebs). xe,
romelic marjvniv, siRrmeSi rkinigzis viadukiT ikveTeba. Cven Tvals, mis ukan gaSlili velisken mimarTavs da, amas-
scenas marcxena mxridan maradmwvane xe aCarCoebs, romlis Tanave, wina planze dadebuli mkveTri ferebis ukana pla-
totebis moyvaniloba mTis talRovan formebs exmianeba, nis ufro Ria tonalobebSi gadasvlasac ganapirobebs, rac
rac suraTis ori mTavari elementis vizualur erTianobas haerovani perspeqtivis efeqts qmnis. magram siRmisken svlas
qmnis. Tanabari ganaTeba, wynari atmosfero, adamianisa da wina da ukana planebze mocemuli sxva ferebis simkveTre da
misi aqtivobisagan daclili garemo erTgvari udroobisa cis fonze gaSlili xis totebi aferxebs, romlebic gada-
da simSvidis ganwyobilebas qmnis. kveTebis gareSe imeorebs ra mTis konturebis moyvanilobas,
sezanis damokidebuleba ferweris mimarT gaazrebuli orive maTgans _ xesa da mTas _ erT sibrtyeze warmoaCens.
da sistemuria. misi funjis monasmebi, romlebic xan mokle am xedis foto gviCvenebs, rom sezani ufro harmoniulobis
paraleluri Strixebia, xan _ msubuqi xazebi, xanac _ far- sakuTari SegrZnebis mixedviT agebda kompozicias, vidre Ta-
Tod, brtylad dadebuli saRebavis sqeli fena, ferweris vad peizaJis zedmiwevniT mimsgavsebul suraTs qmnida. mx-
yvela elements suraTis erTian, sibrtyesdamorCilebul vi- atvrobisadmi sezanis damokidebuleba, romelsac igi `sxva
zualur sivrceSi amTlianebs. suraTis zedapirze formaTa realobas~, ara bunebis reprezentacias, aramed `bunebis
agebuleba siRmeSi mimavali sivrcis saxviT efeqts upirisp- mixedviT konstruirebas~ uwodebda, gadamwyveti aRmoCnda
irdeba, rac suraTis sazRvrebSi Seqmnili sami ganzomilebis modernistuli xelovnebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 113
2-57 • pol sezani. naturmorti vaSlebiani kalaTiT,
1880-1894; tilo, zeTi, 62,5X79,5sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti. helen berC barTleTis memoriuli koleqcia (1926.252)
sezanis gviani periodis naturmortebze sagnebi xedvis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, rodesac sezanis namuSevrebi
sxvadasxva wertilidanaa asaxuli, ris gamoc isini, erTi Se Sinaganad ufro kompleqsuri xdeba da xilul realobasac
xedviT, arasworad agebuli gveCveneba, xolo sivrce ki arar- metad scildeba, mxatvari garkveul profesiul aRiareba-
ealuri da araerTmniSvnelovani Cans. naturmorti vaSlebiani sac aRwevs. didi mobanaveebi (sur. 2-58), romelic, man sicocx-
kalaTiT (sur. 2-57), magaliTad, magidis marjvena mxare marcxe lis bolo wlebSi daiwyo da dausrulebeli darCa, sezanis
naze ufro maRalia, Rvinis boTlsac ori gansxvavebuli si- yvelaze didi zomis namuSevaria. suraTis araerTi niSani
lueturi xazi Semowers, magidaze mis gverdiT gamosaxuli Segvaxsenebs akademiuri istoriuli ferweris wesebs: tilos
pur-funTuSeuli mayurebliskenaa `amoyiravebuli~, maSin, didi zoma, mravalfiguriani kompozicia, peizaJSi Cawerili
SiSveli figurebi, garkveuli miniSnebebiT miTologiur
rodesac vaSlebs, faqtiurad, zemodan davyurebT. xedvis
Temebze. suraTis orive mxares or piramidul jgufad Sek-
wertilTa amgvari cvalebadoba, cxadia, sezanis araprofe-
ruli figurebi xeebiT Seqmnili erTgvari baldaxinis qveSaa
sionalizms ar unda mivaweroT. perspeqtivis tradiciul we-
moqceuli, romlis ukan xis varjebiT mosazRvruli samkuTxa
sebs mxatvari mizanmimarTulad uaryofs. miuxedavad imisa,
formis miRma wylis, cisa da peizaJis xedi moCans. gaSeSe-
rom mecnieruli xazobrivi perspeqtiva scenis mimarT mx-
buli, xSirad klasikur pozebSi mocemuli figurebi TiTqos
atvrisa da, Sesabamisad, mayureblis xedvis erT, ucvlel
sacnauri droisa da sivrcis miRma arseboben. TeTr safuZ-
wertils gulisxmobs, Tavis naturmortSi sezani sagnebs velze dadebuli vardisferi, lurji, oqra da mwvane fe-
sxva
dasxva wertilidan warmoaCens, ise, TiTqos Cven maT rebis SezRuduli palitriT, sezani suraTs civi ganaTebiT
garSemo vuvlideT an sxvadasxva mxridan erTbaSad vumzer- avsebs, romelic scenis realobisgan ganyenebulobas ufro
deT. kompozicia, rogorc mTlianoba, romelic xedvis sx- metad aZlierebs. klasikuri ferweris erT-erTi yvelaze
vadasxva rakursis gaerTianebiT igeba, kompleqsuri da din- adreuli saxeobis _ arkadiuli peizaJis moxmobiT, sezanma
amikuria. imis nacvlad, rom xedvis stabiluri wertilidan erTgvarad moicva XIX saukunis mxatvrobis sruli cikli da,
statikuri sagnebi sworad asaxos, sezani drosa da sivrceSi imavdroulad, xelovnebis zogi fundamenturi normisa da
Cveni mxedvelobiTi gamocdilebis rekonstruirebas axdens. daniSnulebis radikalur gadafasebas daudo saTave.
114 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-58 • pol sezani. didi mobanaveebi,
1906; tilo, zeTi, 2,08X2,49 m. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi. v.p. uilsTaCis koleqcia
dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
2.1 ganixileT frangi akademisti mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebis urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
interesebi da amocanebi da axseni, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba maTi Tanamedroveobis asaxvisas
namuSevrebi safrangeTis Tanadrouli sxva _ realizmisa da imp-
evropeli mxatvrebi xSirad
resionizmis xelovnebisgan.
eZiebdnen STagonebas Zveli
2.2 imsjeleT impresionistuli mxatvrobis inovaciuri Sinaarsis xelovnebis nimuSebSi. mane
Sesaxeb da teqstSi ganxiluli erTi romelime namuSevris maga-
amis naTel magaliTs iZleva,
liTze axseniT, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba igi tradiciuli evropu-
romlis olimpia ticianis
li mxatvrobisgan.
urbinos veneras kompoziciasa
2.3 namuSevrebis _ qvis mtexvelni da dakrZalva ornanSi _ mixedviT
da Tematikas exmianeba. magram
imsjeleT gustav kurbes realizmze XIX saukunis Sua periodis
orive es namuSevari sruliad
safrangeTis socialur da politikur viTarebasTan mimarTe-
biT. gansxvavebul informacias
gvawvdis. gaanalizeT am
2.4 axseniT, Tu ra roli eniWeba lui Jak mande dagersa da henri foqs
suraTebis Sinaarsi. gamoxataven
TalboTs fotografiis mediumis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi.
Tu ara isini mxatvris,
damkveTis, sazogadoebis, an
erTdroulad samive maTganis,
damokidebulebebs?
sur. 2-18
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 115
3-1 • pablo pikaso. MA JOLIE (Cemi mSvenieri gogona),
1911-1912; tilo, zeTi, 100X64.4 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki.
muzeums gadaeca lili f. blisis anderZis Tanaxmad (17.6.1945)
III
Tavi
axali xelovneba
evropasa da amerikaSi,
1900-1950 wlebi
TiTqmis mTeli XX saukunis manZilze pablo pikaso parizis laa formaluri, abstraqtuli wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.
saxelovnebo cxovrebis centrSi iyo moqceuli. misi xelo- msubuqi daZabuloba wesrigsa da uwesrigobas Soris aq
vnebis formebi, Sinaarsi da konceftualuri CarCoebi mud- aSkarad SeigrZnoba. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT
mivad gardaiqmneboda, radgan misi namuSevrebis stilisa da zedapiris cvalebadi efeqti — nacrisfrisa da yavisf-
Tematikis ganviTareba im mravalricxovan faqtorebs ukav- ris faqizi, naxWiseburi teqstura — romelic mokle,
Sirdeboda, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda mxat- horizontaluri monasmebiTaa miRweuli. aseTnairadve,
vris garemomcvel samyaroSi. misi didi kubisturi namuSe- xazobrivi elementebi dominirebs mkacr horizonta-
vari MA JOLIE (Cemi mSvenieri gogona) (sur. 3-1), romelic sauku- lebsa da vertikalebSi, Tumca maTi regularuloba
nis dasawyisSi, 1911-12 wlebSia Seqmnili, gamowvevad iqca kuTxovani da mrude formebiTaa darRveuli. horizon-
mayureblisTvis, mas pikasom ferweruli tilos meSveobiT taluri monasmebisa da marTi kuTxeebis kombinacia
SesaZlebeli komunikaciis raobaze dafiqreba SesTavaza. warmoqmnis myar bades, romelic efeqturad upiris-
suraTze mkafiod gairCeva im obieqtis kvali, romelzec pirdeba zedapiris moZrav xasiaTs. metic, diagonale-
mxatvari muSaobda, magram Tavad `obieqtis~ — es qalia si- bis ganmeoreba da zeda marcxena da marjvena kuTxeebSi
mebiani sakraviT — aRdgenis nebismieri mcdeloba mayureb- detalebis nakleboba piramidul formas warmoqmnis,
lisTvis ar iqneba martivi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Ma romelic kompoziciuri mdgradobis klasikur siste-
Jolie portretia, Tumca tradiciuli portretiao masze Zne- mas mogvagonebs. amgvarad, is rac erTi SexedviT, xa-
lad Tu iTqmis. figuris dasanaxad, mis Sesacnobad pikaso zebisa da Camqrali ferebis qaotur nazavad SeiZleba
muSaobas gvaiZulebs. suraTze bevri ram SegviZlia aRmova- mogveCvenos, Cvens Tvalwin guldasmiT organizebul
CinoT mSvenieri gogonas Sesaxeb. vxedavT figuris Tavs, mis kompoziciad gardaisaxeba. bevrisTvis, aseTi namuSe-
mxrebs, sxeulis mrude formebs, xels an fexs. magram 1911 varidan miRebuli esTetikuri siamovneba moCvenebiTi
wels, parizSi Zalze popularuli iyo simRera saxelad Ma qaosis wesrigad qcevis proceszea damokidebuli.
Jolie, ase rom, suraTis ganxilvam warweris an musikaluri 1923 wels pikaso ambobda: `kubizmi arafriT sxvaobs
nawarmoebis konteqstSi, SesaZloa mis gansxvavebul mniSv- ferweris sxva mimdinareobebisgan. yvelasTvis saerToa
nelobazec dagvafiqros. Ma Jolie-is naxvisas, pirvel rigSi, erTi da igive principebi da elementebi. is, rom kubizmi
gviCndeba survili gaverkveT, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi ga- didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar iyo gagebuli....arafers niSna-
mosaxuli am suraTze? am SekiTxvaze pikasos sarkastuli vs. me ver vkiTxulob inglisurad, [magram] es ar niSnavs
pasuxi hqonda gamzadebuli: `es Cemi mSvenieri gogonaa~. imas, rom inglisuri ena ar arsebobs. ratom unda dava-
meore mxriv, SegviZlia isic vamtkicoT, rom ada- danaSaulo vinme... sakuTari Tavis garda, Tu [misi] gageba
mianis gamosaxuleba am suraTSi mxolod sawyisi masa- ar SemiZlia?~
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
3.1 SeafaseT kubizmis gavlena XX saukunis dasawyisis abstra- 3.3 gansazRvreT didi depresiis politikuri da ekonomikuri
qtul xelovnebaze da gaarkvieT rogor da ratom Secvala gavlena omebsSorisi xanis evropul da amerikul xelovne-
abstraqtulma eqspresionizmma 1940 wlis Semdgomi xanis baze.
ferwera. 3.4 gaarkvieT, Tu rogor Secvala dadam da siurealizmma xelov-
3.2 ganixileT, Tu rogor pasuxobdnen axali xanis xelovanebi, nebis forma, Sinaarsi da koncefcia.
pirdapir Tu iribad, omis Zaladobas.
117
evropa da amerika I-ma msoflio omma globaluri gavlena moaxdina ekono-
mikaze. Tumca, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi am krizisidan
XX saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios wamyvan ekonomikur Zalad gamovida. 1920-iani wle-
bis hiperinflaciam germaniaSi, versalis xelSekrulebis Ta-
civilizaciis Seuferxebeli ganviTarebis myife ideas XX
naxmad, misi valis anulirebam da amerikis safondo birJis
saukunis dasawyisSi gauCnda bzari, I msoflio omis Zalado-
1929 wlis kraxma dasavluri samyaro did depresiaSi CaiTria
bam ki is sabolood daamsxvria. 1914 wlis agvistoSi dawye-
da kidev ufro gaamwvava politikuri dapirispireba evropis
bul omSi erTmaneTs mokavSireebi (didi britaneTi, safran-
wamyvan qveynebs Soris. aman evropaSi faSizmisa da komunizmis
geTi da ruseTi) da centraluri saxelmwifoebi (germania,
gavrcelebas Seuwyo xeli, amasTan ki, britanul-amerikuli
avstro-ungreTi da osmaleTis imperia) daupirispirdnen.
socialur-politikuri qsovilis rRvevac gamoiwvia. amerikis
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 1917 wels CaerTo omSi saf-
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma franklin d. ruzveltma
rangeTisa da didi britaneTis mokavSired, riTic mniSvne-
(1882-1945; saprezidento vadebi 1933-1945) 1933 wels, qveyanas
lovnad Seuwyo xeli aliansis Semdgomi wlebis gamarjvebebs.
axali SeTanxmebis programebi (New Deal Programs) SesTavaza,
I-ma msoflio omma dasavluri sazogadoebis TiTqmis yve-
romelebic ekonomikuri procesebis stimulirebis mizniT,
la aspeqti Secvala, politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis
maTSi saxelmwifos Tanamonawileobas iTvaliswinebda. imav
CaTvliT (ruka 3-1). oms XX saukunis teqnologiebis gamoyene-
droulad, safrangeTma da britaneTma pirveli nabijebi ga-
biT awarmoebdnen, magram strategia kvlavindeburad XIX sau-
dadga sayovelTao keTildReobis mqone, Tanamedrove saxel-
kunisa rCeboda. sasangre saomarma moqmedebebma da maqsimis
mwifos Senebisken. Tumca didi depresia sabolood mxolod
firmis iaraRma milionobiT jariskacis sikvdili da dasaxiC-
II msoflio omis samzadisma da samxedro potencialis zrdam
reba gamoiwvia. evropam axalgazrda mamakacebis mTeli Taoba
daasrula. 1939-1945 wlebis omma adamianTa sasaklaod aqcia
dakarga, daimsxvra calkeuli sazogadoebebi. evropelebma
dedamiwa, germaniaSi Seqmnilma sakoncentracio banakebma ki
eWvqveS daayenes XIX saukunis imperiuli socialur-politi-
kacobriobis bunebis arsis metad rTuli sakiTxebi wamoWra.
kuri wesrigi, romelmac kacobrioba am sasaklaomde miiyvana
dramatuli aRmoCnda mecnierebis sferoSi momxdari
da saomari moqmedebebis xasiaTi Secvala. momavlis omebi,
XIX saukunis teritoriuli omebisgan gansxvavebiT, ideolo- cvlilebebic. albert ainStainis 1905 wlis fardobiTo-
giaTa brZolad unda qceuliyo. bis Teoriis gamoqveynebam niutonuri fizikis safuZvlebi
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, msoflio batonobis- Searyia, Tumca saboloo kolafsi nils boris, verner hai-
Tvis sami, sruliad gansxvavebuli politikuri ideologia senbergis da maqs plankis kvanturi Teoriis ganviTarebam
ibrZoda: komunizmi (sabWoTa kavSirsa da CineTSi), faSizmi gamoiwvia. fizikaSi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT codnis gaR-
(germaniasa da italiaSi) da liberalur-demokratiuli ka- rmavebam atomuri energiis pandoras yuTi gaxsna. pirvelad
pitalizmi (CrdiloeT amerikaSi, did britaneTsa da dasa- es 1919 wels moxda, rodesac britanelebma atomi gaxliCes,
vleT evropaSi). ruseTis 1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciam Semzaravi ZaliT ki samyaros 1945 wels daatyda Tavs, ro-
qveyana samoqalaqo omamde da vladimir leninis (1870-1924) desac amerikelebma atomuri iaraRiT dabombes iaponia.
bolSevikTa (umravlesoba) komunisturi partiis triumfamde XX saukunis dasawyisSi daibada araerTi teqnologiuri
miiyvana. amas, 1922 wels sabWoTa socialisturi respubli- da sawarmoo siaxlec: pirveli Zraviani safreni aparatebi
kebis kavSiris (ssrk) dafuZneba mohyva. leninis gardacva- (1903); avtomobilebis masobrivi warmoeba (1909); pirveli sa-
lebis Semdeg, ZalauflebisTvis gamarTuli Sida brZolebis jaro radiomauwyebloba (1920); dasavleTi evropis udidesi
Sedegad, ssrk-s axali lideri — ioseb stalini (1878-1953) nawilisa da CrdiloeTi amerikis eleqtroficireba (1920-
moevlina. stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT, sabWoTa kavSirma ram- iani ww); televiziisa (1926) da reaqtiuli Zravis (1937) gan-
denime mezobeli saxelwifos aneqsia ganaxorciela, 1930-ian viTareba. es is mciredia, rac imdroindel inovaciaTa Soris
wlebSi e.w. didi wmenda gadaitana, nacistur germaniasTan SeiZleba gavixsenoT. teqnologiebma adamianis sicocxlis
oms ki aTeulobiT milioni adamianis sicocxle Seswira. gamaxangrZlivebeli, axali samkurnalo saSualebebi moutana
faSizmi pirvelad italiaSi damkvidrda, mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobas, gamanadgurebeli omebi ki piriqiT, maT sicocx-
1922 wlis oqtomberSi benito muslini (1883-1945) movida les spobda. radios, televiziisa da kinos epoqis dadgomam
xelisuflebaSi. imave dros, germaniaSi kraxi ganicada omis sul ufro metad xelmisawvdomi gaxada informacia samyaros
Semdgomma vaimaris demokratiulma respublikam. am kraxis Sesaxeb. Tuki XIX saukunis vizualuri kultura qaRaldze
mraval mizezTa Soris, gamZvinvarebuli hiperinflacia da nabeWds efuZneboda, XX saukunis dasawyisi fotografiasa da
komunistebs, socialistebs, centristebs, faSistebsa da kinoze iyo fokusurebuli.
qristian-demokratebs Soris arsebuli mtroba SeiZleba da- kvanturma fizikam fundamenturad Secvala fizikuri sa-
saxeldes. germaniis politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis myaros Cveneuli gageba, fsiqologiis ganviTarebam ki gone-
cveTam 1932 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi nacisturi par- bis muSaobis procesis Cveneuli gaazreba, Sesabamisad ki, Cvens
tiis gamarjvebas da misi lideris, adolf hitleris mier mier sakuTari Tavis aRqmis procesis gardaqmna gamoiwvia. 1900
(1889-1945) kancleris Tanamdebobis dakavebas Seuwyo xeli. wels, avstrielma fsiqiatrma zigmund froidma gamoaqveyna
faSizmis gavlenis areali germaniiTa da italiiT ar Semoi- naSromi — sizmrebis axsna, romelSic aRniSnavda, rom Cveni qce-
fargleboda. igi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli centralur da va xSirad motivirebulia ara mxolod garkveuli mizezebiT,
aRmosavleT evropaSi da pirineis naxevarkunZulze, sadac aramed ufro mZlavri faqtorebiT, romlebic Cveni cnobiere-
espaneTis samoqalaqo omSi generalma fransisko frankom bis miRma muSaobs. adamianis qvecnobieri, rogorc mas froi-
(1892-1975) moipova gaimarjva. di aRwers, siyvarulisa da Zalauflebis survilis mZlavr
i
san- didi filadelfia xorkomi
francisko kanioni Topeka pitsburgi portugalia
atlantik-siti espaneTi xme
sent luisi l
vaSingtoni, brazilia malaga Ta
SeerTebuli Statebi tunisi Su
kolumbiis olqi a z
nipomo Rva
axali meqsika san tripoli
maroko
atlantikis paulu alJiri
egvipte
meqsika meqsikis
okeane buenos
urugvai
yure havana airesi montevideo a f r i k a
kuba haiti argentina
mexiko
nigeria
1000 km Cadi
karibis zRva senegali sudani
1000 mili
wynari 1000 km
impulsebs moicavs, romlebic mudmivad unda kontroldebo- akademiur naSromebs fizikasa Tu fsiqologiaSi, magram isini
des, raTa sazogadoebam mSvidoba da erTianoba SeinarCunos. cxovrobdnen samyaroSi, romelic icvleboda mecnierebis am
froidis azriT, Cven yovelTvis vcdilobT davicvaT wonaswo- dargebisa da bevri sxva teqnologiuri miRwevis gavleniT.
roba Cvens racionalur da iracionalur mxareebs Soris, Tu- axali xelovneba xSirad damangreveli, inteleqtualurad
mca xSirad vcodavT erTis an meores sasargeblod. imave 1900 momTxovni, vizualurad, socialurad da politikurad sak-
wels, rusma mecnierma ivan pavlovma refleqsebis sakvlevi maod radikaluri iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisis TiTqmis yve-
eqsperimentebi wamoiwyo. is ZaRlebs sakvebs mxolod zaris da- la mimdinareobam airCia an SeiZina ganmasxvavebeli iarli-
rekvis Semdeg awvdida. cdam aCvena, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, yi, dawera manifesti an gaakeTa ganzraxvaTa ganacxadi. amis
maT nerwyvi ara sakvebis danaxvaze, aramed zaris xmaze gamoeyo- gamo, es epoqa `izmebis~ xanad iqna wodebuli.
fodaT. imis aRmoCenam, rom e.w. `SeZenili refleqsebi~ ada- axali xelovnebis mimdinareobaTa umetesoba, jer kidev
miansac gaaCnia, daadastura, rom garegani mastimulireblebis emyareboda im ideas, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Tundac
marTviT, adamianebis madis kontrolia SesaZlebeli. es codna Zalze gamomwvevi Tvalisa da gonebisTvis, mainc Zvirfas
maleve gamoiyenes sxvadasxva juris politikurma liderebma. obieqts — upirveles yovlisa, ferwerul suraTs an qan-
amgvarad, XX saukunis I naxevari iyo epoqa axali, amaRel- dakebas warmoadgenda. Tumca ramdenime mxatvrulma mim-
vebeli Teoriebisa da teqnologiebisa, romlebic Cveulebri- dinareobam — gansakuTrebiT dadam, met-naklebad ki siu-
vi adamianebisTvisac gaxda xelmisawvdomi. Tumca, imavdrou- realizmma, I msoflio omis saSinelebaTa gavleniT, eWvqveS
lad, is katastrofuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da poli- daayena xelovnebis nawarmoebisadmi amgvari damokidebule-
tikuri cvlilebebis xanac iyo, xana, romelmac milionobiT ba. tradiciuli formebis uaryofiT aseTma gatacebam sa-
adamianis sikvdili moitana omebsa da sakoncentracio bana- fuZveli Seuqmna xelovnebis mraval mimdinareobas, romle-
kebSi. swored am cvlilebebma — sasikeTomac da uaryofiTmac bic 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg gamoCnda asparezze.
— Camoayaliba XX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba.
fovistebi: feris veluri mxecebi
safrangeTSi jer kidev moqmedebda salonis sistema, ma-
adreuli xanis axali gram gaCndnen xelovanebi, romlebic ukmayofiloni iyvnen
misi konservatulobiT. am jgufma, romelSic andre dereni
xelovneba evropaSi (André Derain, 1880-1954), anri matisi (Henri Matisse, 1869-1954),
axali epoqis xelovanebi sakuTari samyaros danaxvis miria- JorJ ruo (Georges Rouailt, 1871-1958) da alber marke (Albert
dobiT axal gzebs eZiebdnen. maTgan cota Tu kiTxulobda Marquet, 1875-1947) Sediodnen, 1903 wels alternatiuli,
dafaruli tilos brtyel zedapirs uyureben da ara bunebis planze gamosaxuli sayvarlebi, sxvebi ki mxiarulad cekvaven
iluzionistur gamosaxulebas. feris feTqebad bunebasTan siSoreSi. imave wels Seqmnili, sezanis didi mobanaveebis ms-
erTad, ferwerasa da gamosaxulebas Soris arsebuli aseTi gavsad, Le Bonheur De Vivre masStabiTa da TemiT akademiuri tipis
dapirispireba, vizualur energias gamoimuSavebs, romelic namuSevaria, Tumca avangardulia sxva mravali Tvalsazri-
pozitiurad ifrqveva suraTidan. dereni Tavis ferTa gamas siT — gansakuTrebiT, `dabrtyelebuli~ figurebiT, maT So-
`dinamitis Cxirebs~ uwodebda, damatebiTi tonebis mkveTr ris arsebuli sivrciTi kavSiris damaxinjebiT. matisma xazi
Sepirispirebas ki `gaazrebul disharmonias~. gausva feris eqspresias, xalxuri xelivnebisTvis tradici-
`gaazrebuli disharmoniiT~ matisic iyo gatacebuli. ul, daumuSavebel formebsa da mkafio konturebs. SesaZloa,
amas mowmobs Semodgomis salonSi, 1905 wels warmodgenili warsulSi mxatvrebi Tavis grZnobebs figuraTa pozebisa
namuSevari qali qudiT (sur. 3-3), romelic sakamaTo aRmoCnda da saxis gamometyvelebis meSveobiT gamoxatavdnen, magram
msuye laqebad, TiTqos SemTxveviTad dadebuli, arabunebri- axla... `mTeli Cemi suraTi eqspresiulia. adgili, romelsac
vi ferebisa da weris farTo, uxeSi maneris gamo. qalbatons, figurebi an sagnebi ikavebs, maT garSemo arsebuli carieli
romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi, portretis Cveulebrivi obieqti sivrceebi, proporciebi, yvelaferi Tavis rols TamaSobs...
iqneboda, sqeli mwvane zolebi dauyveba Sublsa da cxvirze. feris umTavresi mizani eqspresiis gadmocema unda iyos, im-
atexili xmauris miuxedavad, es namuSevari avangarduli denad ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia~ — werda mxatvari.
xelovnebis udides mfarvelebad cnobilma, amerikelma da-
Zmam, hertruda da lio stainebma SeiZines 1905 wels. pikaso, „primitivizmi“ da kubizmis dabadeba
imave wels, matisma daiwyo muSaoba tiloze LE BONHEUR axali xelovnebis yvela `izms~ Soris, romelic ki Seqmnila I
DE VIVRE (sicocxlis sitkboebani) (sur. 3-4). didi, pastoraluri msoflio omamde, kubizmma savaraudod, mainc yvelaze didi
peizaJi oqros xanas asaxavs — wina planze wamowolili SiSve- gavlena iqonia sxva mxatvrul mimdinareobebze. is pablo
li figura fleitaze ukravs, suraTis marjvena, Sua nawilSi pikasos (Pablo Picasso,1881-1973) da JorJ brakis (Georges Braque,
Txebs mwyemsavs meore damkvreli, erTmaneTs exutebian wina 1882-1963) erToblivi qmnileba iyo. parizSi — 1950 wlamde
is saxelovnebo samyaros udao dedaqalaqad iyo aRiarebu- 1904-1905 wlebSi pikaso parizSi dafuZnebul avangar-
li — erTmaneTis gverdigverd moRvawe SemoqmedTaTvis, ku- distTa farTo jgufs SeuerTda. mas ajadovebda moxe-
bizmi is aTvlis wertili aRmoCnda, romelmac maT Tanamed- tiale akrobatTa (frangulad saltimbanques) cxovreba, Tu-
rove cxovrebaze sakuTari azris gamoTqmisa da im gzebis mca iSviaTad gamosaxavda maT warmodgenebs da ZiriTadad,
Ziebis saSualeba misca, romliTac xelovanni aRiqvamdnen sazogadoebisgan gariyulTa SeWirvebul yofaze amaxvileb-
da gadmoscemdnen maT garemomcvel samyaros. da yuradRebas. suraTSi moxetiale akrobatebis ojaxi (sur.
3-5), romelic pikasos e.w. vardisfer periods ganekuTvneba
pikasos adreuli Semoqmedeba espaneTSi, malagaSi (am periods ase uwodeben mxatvris palitraSi vardisfris
dabadebuli pikaso, gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildovebuli siWarbis gamo), marcxena mxares, gaTangul mdumarebaSi md-
bavSvi iyo. siymawvileSi, madridis erovnul akademiaSi Seqm- gomi xuTi akrobatia gamosaxuli, meeqvse — ucnaurad gan-
nili unaklo, daxvewili namuSevrebi mas konservatul, aka- calkevebuli qali — suraTis marjvena kuTxeSi zis. yoveli
demiur karieras uwinaswarmetyvelebda. magram mousvenarma maTgani fsiqologiurad sakuTar TavSia Caketili, isevea
temperamentma mxatvars 1899 wels, barselonaSi Casvla da ganyenebuli, rogorc maTi garemomcveli, carieli peizaJi.
iq avangardul wreebSi CarTva aiZula. 1900 wels pikasom 1905 wlidan pikasom am namuSevrebis gayidva daiwyo. maT im
pirvelad imogzaura parizSi, 1904-Si ki iq sacxovreblad xanis mniSvnelovani koleqcionerebi iZendnen.
gadavida da mTeli Tavisi sicocxle safrangeTSi gaatara. 1906 wlisTvis pikaso pirveli iyo parizel xelovanTa
adreul xanaSi pikaso daRlil pozebSi warmodgenil, qu- Soris, vinc Tavis namuSevrebSi afrikuli xelovnebis nimu-
Cis miusafarTa gamosaxulebebs xatavda da saamisod civ, Sebs mimarTa. `primitiuli xelovneba~, xelovneba, romelic
eqspresiul cisfer palitras iyenebda. amis gamo, xelovne- dasavluri tradiciis miRma arsebobda misi STagonebis wy-
bis istorikosebma misi Semoqmedebis am monakveTs cisferi arod iqca. aman gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa pikasos Semoqme-
periodi uwodes. rogorc Cans, es mxatvroba motivirebu- debis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. 1906 wels, luvrSi gamoifina
li iyo pikasos politikuri grZnobebiT im adamianebis mi- Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis qandakebebis axladSeZenili koleqcia
marT, visac igi Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebis pirineis naxevarkunZulidan (Tanamedrove espaneTi da por-
msxverplad miiCnevda. aman mxatvars komunistur partiaSi tugalia), Tumca imave periodSi nanaxi afrikuli niRbebis
gawevrianeba gadaawyvetina. gamofena aRmoCnda is, ramac sinamdvileSi Secvala xelo-
xidi da primitivizmi
im dros, rodesac pikaso da braki parizSi ferweris sa-
xecvliT iyvnen dakavebulni, drezdenSi, radikalurad
ganwyobili germaneli xelovanebi Die Brüke (xidi) saxe-
3-10 • pablo pikaso. mandolina da klarneti, liT cnobil jgufSi gaerTiandnen. saxelwodeba maT
1913; fanqriT moxatuli, SeRebili xis konstruqcia, 58X36X23 sm. fridrix nicSes ase ityoda zaratustras (1883) pasa-
pikasos muzeumi, parizi Jidan aiRes, romelic aRwerda Tanamedrove kacobrio-
damoukidebeli eqspresionistebi
I msoflio omamde, xidelebis garda, germaniasa da avstria-
Si bevri sxva xelovanic muSaobda eqspresionistul maneraSi.
aseTi iyo kete kolvici (Käthe Kollwitz, 1867-1945), romelic Ta-
vis xelovnebas muSaTa klasisis saqmisa da socialuri cvli-
lebebis mxardasaWerad iyenebda. is estampebs aniWebda upi-
ratesobas, vinaidan maTi siiafe da xelmisawvdomoba mayure-
belTa farTo auditoriis mocvis saSualebas iZleoda. 1902
_ 1908 wlebSi mxatvari qmnis Svidi graviurisgan Sedgenil
serias, romelSic XVI saukunis germaneli glexebis omia asa-
xuli. namuSevari ajanyebam ifeTqa (sur. 3-14), gunduri qmede-
bis Zalis sailustracio magaliTia. is glexTa mrisxanebis
simaxinjes asaxavs da gviCvenebs sakuTari Sromis iaraRebiT
aRWurvil xalxs, romelTa SurisZieba mCagvrelebiskenaa mi-
marTuli. wina planze gamosaxuli ori adamianis saxe gansa-
3-13 • ernst ludvig kirxneri. quCa, berlini,
kuTrebiT groteskulad gamoiyureba. ajanyebulTa winamZRo-
1913; tilo, zeTi, 120.6X91 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), li ana bleqi _ mas Tavad kete kolvici ganasaxierebs _ cis
niu iorki. SeZenili (274.39) fonze gamokveTili xelebis mrisxane moZraobiT, Setevisken
mouwodebs brbos. mis ukan fermeruli iaraRebiT aRWurvil
ixileT axlo xediT quCa, berlini
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com mSromelTa xalxmravali, qaoturi masaa gamosaxuli. es yo-
velive politikuri amboxis dauokebel suraTs warmoqmnis.
win nolde, germanul samecniero eqspediciasTan
erTad, axal gvineas ewvia. misive ganmartebiT, wy-
nari okeanis kulturebis `adgilobriv xelovneba-
Si~ mas izidavda `primitivizmi~, maTi `absoluturi
originaluroba,~ umartives formebSi Zalisa da
sicocxlis intensiuri da xSirad, groteskuli ga-
moxatuleba.
zafxulobiT xidelebi bunebas ubrundebodnen
da CrdiloeTi garmaniis moSorebul mxareebs stu-
mrobdnen, magram 1911 wels isini berlinSi gada-
vidnen _ SesaZloa, imitom, rom realur, bunebriv
cxovrebas warmosaxva amjobines. maT mier gamosa-
xuli qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT ki berlini, Zalze
kritikulia qalaquri yofis mimarT.
ernst ludvig kirxneris suraTi _ quCa, berlini
(sur. 3-13), or meZavs warmogvidgens. maTi profesia
didi, bumbulebiani qudebiTa da bewvmodebuli pal-
samgloviaro Savi
foni met intensi-
urobas matebs wina
planis ferebs.
evropuli modernizmi
evropaSi axali arqiteqturis gamartivebuli da
mkacrad geometrizebuli stili, nawilobriv mainc,
art nuvos bunebriv, organul mcenareul dekorze
reaqciad ganviTarda. venaSi, adolf loosi (Adolf
Loos, 1870-1933), evropuli arqiteqturuli moder-
nizmis erT-erTi pioneri, Tavis 1913 wlis eseSi
ornamenti da danaSauli werda, rom `kulturis
evolucia utilitaruli obieqtebidan ornamentis
gandevnis sinonimia~. loosisTvis ornamenti kul-
turis degeneraciis niSani iyo. amitomac, mis mier
daproeqtebuli Staineris saxli (sur. 3-29) mourTavi,
sadad Selesili rkinabetonis konstruqciaa. swor-
kuTxa fanjrebis ganlageba iq mTlianad Senobis
Sida sivrceebis funqciuri moTxovnebis Sesabami
sadaa dagegmili. loosi amtkicebda, rom nagebobis
interiers erTaderTi daniSnuleba aqvs — man ada
miani atmosferuli movlenebisgan unda daicvas.
3-39 • adolf loosi. Staineris saxli, 1910; vena le korbuzie umniSvnelovanesi Tanamedrove
frangi arqiteqtoria. mis mier SemuSevebuli ram-
denime metad sayuradRebo samSeneblo principebi
momdevno naxevari saukunis manZilze axdenda ga-
3-41 • frenk loid raiTi. frederik s. robis saxli, 1906-1909; Cikago. Cikagos istoriuli muzeumi (HB-19312A2)
3-43 • frenk loid raiTi. saxli CanCqerze (edgar kaufmanis saxli), 1937; mil rani, pensilvania
xSirad SexvdebiT kedlebSi CaSenebul tansacmlisa da wig- amgvari praqtikis saukeTeso magaliTia. is Sesa-
(sur. 3-43)
nebis karadebs. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, is gaTbobisa da niSnavad gamoxatavs raiTis myar rwmenas imisa, rom Senoba
ganaTebis saSualebebis damalvasac cdilobs. sakuTari sa- ubralod ki ar unda arsebobdes landSaftSi, aramed srul
xlebis interierebisTvis raiTi Tavad qmnida avejis dizains harmoniaSi iyos masTan.
(sur. 3-42). frederik s. robis saxlSi, gamoCarxuli nawilebis- saxli CanCqerze raiTs piTsburgelma univermaRis mflo-
gan Seqmnili, Tanamedrove, geometriuli dizainis skamebi belma, egdar kaufmanma SeukveTa. mas surda ojaxis kuTvnili
magidis garSemo isea moTavsebuli, rom maTi maRali sazur- sazafxulo koteji Tavisi Svilebis saTamaSo adgilis siax-
geebi oTaxSi oTaxis arsebobis intimur efeqts warmoqmnis. loves, CanCqerTan da auzTan gadaetana. kaufmanis gasakvi-
erT nivTad gaerTianebul sanaTebsa da yvavilebis qoTnebs rad, raiTma axali saxlis aSeneba zed kldeze, auzis Tavze
raiTi magidis kuTxeebSi damagrebul sayrdenebze anTavsebs. gadawyvita, raTa CanCqers saxlis garSemo da mis qveS edina.
amgvarad, damatebiTi Suqisa da magidis yvavilebiT gafor- uzarmazari lodi, romelzec zafxulobiT mTeli ojaxi iru-
mebis aucilebloba aRar arsebobs. jeboda, arqiteqtorma buxris safuZvlad gamoiyena. kldis
axali evropuli arqiteqturisadmi raiTis damokidebu- sibrtyidan betonis ganieri terasebis wyebis win gasawevad
leba ar iyo martivi. mas ar ainteresebda le korbuzies da maT gasafarToveblad, raiTma kronSteinebi gamoiyena da
manqanuri esTetika. axali samSeneblo masalebis _ rkinabe- aseTnairad, terasebi maT qvemoT mdebare bunebrivi kldis
tonis, Txeli ekranuli minisa da foladis xSiri gamoyene- uzarmazari filis paralelurad ganaTavsa (arqiteqtoris es
bis miuxedavad, igi mainc bunebrivi mgrZnobelobis SenarCu- STambeWdavi gadawyveta kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes inJin-
nebisken iswrafvoda da aguris, adgilobrivi xisa Tu qvis rebma da rogorc Semdgomma istoriam dagvanaxa, samarTlia-
saSualebiT, Senobebisa da garemos dakavSirebas cdilobda. nad). terasebi betonisganaa Camosxmuli, magram raiTma isini
pensilvaniis soflur nawilSi aSenebuli saxli CanCqerze miwis rbili tonebiT dafera. fanjrebis grZeli sartylebi
kedlis qvis
masonry
wyoba
wall
girder
koWi beam
Zeli
cladding
mopirkeTeba
betonis
concrete qveda
heat filebiT setbacks
safexurovani
gaTbobis slab
mopir
keTebu
source
wyaro flooring
li iataki nawili
caTambjeni
da minis karebi STambeWdav xedebs gvTavazobs, romlebSic skolaSi miiRo, karieris udidesi nawili ki arqiteqtorisa
tye, wyali da Tavad saxlia gaerTianebuli. aseTi saxlebi da dekoratoris poziciaze gaatara fred harvis kompaniaSi,
bunebasTan harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis idealis ubralo da- romelic ZiriTadad, turistul bizness emsaxureboda. qol-
dastureba rodia, isini oms ucxadeben Tanamedrove qalaqs. Terma siRrmiseulad Seiswavla mkvidri amerikelebis xelov-
rodesac raiTs hkiTxes, Tu rogor unda gaumjobesebuliyo neba da Tavis nagebobebSi pueblos tomis samSeneblo tradi-
qalaqis arqiteqtura, man ase upasuxa: `daangrieT is~. ciebs daesesxa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia konstruqciul
bunebasTan kidev ufro mWidro kavSirs gamoxatavs meri sayrdenebad Zelebis Riad gamoyenebis magaliTebi. grand
qolTeris (Mary Colter, 1869-1958) arqiteqtura. igi piTsburgSi kanionis erovnul parkSi meri qolTerma damTvalierebel-
daibada, ganaTleba kaliforniaSi, san franciskos dizainis TaTvis gankuTvnili, ramdenime obieqti Seqmna. maTgan yvela-
evropuli xelovneba
or msoflio oms Soris
I-ma msoflio omma damangreveli gavlena iqonia evropel ar-
qiteqtorebsa da xelovanebze. bevrma maTganma destruqciasa
da axalgazrda mamakacTa mTeli Taobis ganadgurebas evro-
puli tradiciebis kritikiT upasuxa, sxvebma ki aRmSeneblo-
bas mihyves xeli. asea Tu ise, 1919-1939 wlebSi Seqmnili xe-
lovnebis mimdinareobaTa umravlesoba, swored mSfoTvare liTia. maleviCis adrindeli amxanagi (ix. sur. 3-25), rodCenko,
Tu gardamaval mdgomareobaSi myofi sazogadoebis moTxov- abstraqtuli naxatebis Sesaqmnelad, saxazav xelsawyoebs
nebsa da problemebze iyo orientirebuli. iyenebda. 1921 wels man, rogorc suprematistma mxatvarma,
gamofina sami didi, sibrtyobrivi, monoqromuli, wiTeli,
utilitaruli xelovnebis formebi ruseTSi yviTeli da lurji paneli da maT ukanaskneli naxati uwo-
1917 wels, ruseTSi radikalma socialistebma _ bolSevi- da (amJamad dakargulia). am gamofenis Semdeg, rodCenkom
kebma revolucia moaxdines. maT mefe Camoagdes, ruseTi uari Tqva xatvaze, rogorc arsebiTad egoistur qmedeba-
msoflio omidan gamoiwvies da qveyanaSi samoqalaqo omi ze da gakicxa TviTgamoxatva, rogorc susti, araproduq-
gaaCaRes, romelmac 1920 wlamde gastana. amas maleve ssrk-s tiuli, socialurad upasuxismgeblo saqmianoba. imave 1921
(sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri) Seqmna mo- wels, rodCenko konstruqtivistebs daexmara dafuZneba-
hyva. rus avangarist SemoqmedTa didi nawili enTuziazmiT Si. es iyo post-revoluciuri Taobis SemoqmedTa jgufi,
Seegeba bolSevikebs, radgan Tavdapirvelad, maT swored romelmac Tavisi moRvaweoba ara individualur TviTgamo-
bolSevikebi uWerdnen mxars. xatvas, aramed saxelmwifos sakeTildReod mimarTul, er-
Tobliv Sromas miuZRvna. isini sakuTar Tavs mSromelebs
konstruqtivizmi aleqsandr rodCenkos (Aleksandr Ro- uwodebdnen, romlebic, sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT,
dchenko, 1891-1956) SemTxveva amis sakmaod TvalsaCino maga- `akonstruirebdnen~ xelovnebas xalxisTvis. 1921 wlis Sem-
bauhauzi germaniaSi
germaniaSi, bauhauzis (Bauhaus — mSeneblobisa da dizainis
umaRlesi skola) Semqmnelebi _ is valter gropiusma (Walter Gro-
pius, 1883-1969) daarsa 1919 wels, vaimarSi _ purizmisa (sur. 3-40)
da De Stijl-is geometriul formebsa da soluetebs metismetad
mkacrad miiCnevdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom WeSmaritad ger-
manuli arqiteqtura da dizaini sakuTari gziT unda ganvi
Tarebuliyo. bauhauzSi gropiusma Tavi mouyara germanel ar
qiteqtorebs, dizainerebs da xelosnebs. aq maTi erToblivi
SemoqmedebiTi energia germanul tradiciebsa da stilze da
fuZ nebuli dizainisa da warmoebis integrirebuli sistemis
Seqmnas unda moxmareboda. gropiuss swamda, rom SeZlebda Sua
saukuneebis im samSeneblo gildiebis (Bauhütten) TanamSromlobis
sulis gacocxlebas, romlebmac germanuli kaTedralebi aages.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gropiusis 1919 wlis bauhauzis
manifesti acxadebda, rom `yvela SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
saboloo mizani Senebaa~, 1927 wlamde bauhauzSi arqiteqtu-
ra oficialurad ar iswavleboda. arqiteqturis Seswavlis
uflebas gropiusi mxolod im studentebs aZlevda, visac
dasrulebuli hqonda sabaziso savaldebulo kursi da bau-
hauzis saxelosnoebSi dizainsa da xelobaSi safuZvliani
wvrTna hqonda gavlili. es kursi moicavda keramikas, li-
Tonis damuSavebas, teqstils, vitraJs, avejs, xeze kveTas da
kedlis mxatvrobas. 1922 wels, gropiusma gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba samrewvelo dizains miapyro da momdevno wels,
warmoSobiT ungreli, laslo moholi-nagi (Lászlò Moholy-Nagy,
1895-1946) daiqirava, raTa mas masobriv warmoebaze morge-
bul, funqciur dizainze gadaewyo saxelosnoebi. 3-54 • ani albersi. dekoratiuli qsovili,
1925 wels, gropiusma, desauSi gadasuli bauhauzisTvis 1926; abreSumi, samfeniani qsova, 1.83X1.22 m. harvardis xelovnebis
axali Senobis proeqti Seqmna. Senobis struqturaSi Riadaa muzeumi/buS-reizingeris muzeumi. asociaciis fondi
1930-ian wlebSi, hitleri da aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi nacisturi par- gamosaxavdnen aseve germanelebis saxe-tipebs, riTic Zirs uTxridnen
tia sul ufro metad da metad aviwrovebda avangardul xelovnebas. am nacistebis mcdelobas germanelebi idealur arielebad warmoeCinaT.
procesma kargad organizebuli, SeTanxmeuli xasiaTi miiRo. maT erT- eqspresionistuli da avangarduli xelovneba CamorTmeuli da gan-
erT umTavres samiznes bauhauzi warmoadgenda. 1920-iani wlebSi bau- devnili iqna muzeumebidan, mxatvrebi ki, romlebsac saRebavebisa da
hauzSi aswavlidnen iseTi mniSvnelovani xelovanebi, rogorebic iyv- tiloebis SeZena aekrZalaT, sajaro daSinebis obieqtebad gadaiqcnen.
nen: paul klee, vasili kandinski, iozef albersi da ludvig mis van der 1937 wels, nacisturi partiis xelmZRvanelebma moawyves gamofe-
roe. am xnis manZilze maT mtruli, reaqciuli politikuri klimatis na saxelwodebiT degeneratiuli xelovneba, romelic akrZaluli
winaaRmdeg uwevdaT brZola. ukve 1924 wels konservatorebma bauhauzi axali xelovnebis dacinvasa da mis SemqmnelTa ganadgurebas isaxavda
ara marto warumatebeli saganmanaTleblo sistemis SeqmnaSi, aramed miznad. nacistebma avangarduli modernizmi avadmyofur da degene-
politikur diversiaSic daadanaSaules. skolis daxurvis SiSiT, ratiul xelovnebad warmoaCines. CamorTmeuli qandakebebi da ferwe-
ruli tiloebi gamofines rogorc paTologiuri nimuSebi da saga-
gropiusma, isargebla ra desaus liberali meris miwveviT, 1925 wels
mofeno darbazis kedlebze maT sloganebi da damcinavi komentarebi
bauhauzi desauSi gadaitana. Tumca mers maleve mouwia Tanamdebobis
miuweres (sur. 3-55). bedis ironiaa, rom miunxenSi oTxi Tvis manZilze
datoveba da xelovanebi sul ufro mzardi politikuri zewolis pi-
mimdinare gamofena, romelzec germaniis muzeumebidan da xelovan-
rispir aRmoCndnen. opozicia bauhauzis, rogorc modernistuli pra-
Ta piradi koleqciebidan amoRebuli qandakebis, ferweris, nabeWdi
qtikis umTavresi centris daxurvas moiTxovda. 1932 wels bauhauzma
produqciisa da wignebis 650 nimuSi iyo warmodgenili, or milionze
kvlav Seicvala adgili, amjerad is berlinSi gadavida.
metma adamianma daaTvaliera, kidev erTma milionma ki is germaniis
1933 wels, adolf hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg,
qalaqebSi mowyobili, samwliani turis dros ixila.
nacisturma partiam kidev ufro agresiuli kampania wamoiwyo axali
ganadgurebisaTvis gankuTvnili namuSevrebis udidesi nawili na-
xelovnebis winaaRmdeg. axalgazrdobaSi hitleri saSualo Sesa- cisturi partiis xelmZRvanelebma moipares da SveicariaSi, ucxour
Zleblobebis, uRimRamo peizaJistad iTvleboda. niSandoblivia, valutaze gayides, gadarCenili nimuSebis mflobelobis sakiTxi ki
rom avangardis mimarT yvelaze didi siZulvili swored man gamoam- jerac daudgenelia. araerTma xelovanma mezobel qveynebSi an amerikis
JRavna. bauhauzi misi reJimis pirvelsave wels daxures da amjerad, SeerTebul StatebSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs, magram zogierTma, msgavsad
samudamod. skolis pedagogi mxatvrebis, dizainerebisa da arqite- ernsT ludvig kirxnerisa, romlis suraTi quCa, berlini (sur. 3-13)
qtorebis nawilma, maT Soris gropiusma, albersma da mis van der degeneratiuli xelovnebis gamofenaze aRmoCnda, namuSevrebis dakar-
roem, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Seafares Tavi. gvis gamo, TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. arc im xelovanTa
nacistebma germanel eqspresionistebsac Seuties. isini Tavis namuSevrebi iyo daculi, vinc simpatiiT iyo ganwyobili nacistebis mi-
namuSevrebSi xSirad akritikebdnen omis Semdgomi krizisis xanis marT. 1932 wels nacistur partiaSi gawevrianebul emil noldes, iseve
germaniis politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas; karikaturulad CamoarTves namuSevrebi (sur. 3-12), rogorc yvela sxvas.
3-55 • dadas kedeli, degeneratiuli xelovnebis gamofenis mesame oTaxi (ENTARTETE KUNST),
1937; miunxeni © georg groscis sakuTreba/licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki
amtkicebda, rom man zustad is daxata, rac misma paranoida- SeuZlia zebunebrivi siurealobebis Seqmna. amis erT-erTi,
lur-kritikulma gonebam dabada mis koSmarul warmosaxva- amaRelveblad daxvewili da amasTan, damcinavad iumoris-
Si. dalis gamosaxulebebi erTgavarad, bretonis damcvelad tuli magaliTia Sveicarieli xelovanis, mereT ofenhaimis
gvevlineba, romelic ambobda: `azrovnebis WeSmariti procesi (Meret Oppenheim, 1913-1985) namuSevari obieqti (sauzme bewvSi)
Tavisufalia gonebis fizikuri varjiSisa da nebismieri mo- (sur. 3-58). ofenhaimi qalTa im mcirericxovan wres ekuTvno-
raluri da esTetikuri ganzraxvebisgan~. is ar eqvemdebare- da, vinc siurealistebma TavianTi mimdinareobis wevrad
ba racionalur interpretacias, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens miiwvies. siurealistebi qalebs Tanasworebad ar miiCnevd-
mgrZnobiare gonebaSi SiSs, SfoTvas da regressac ki iwvevs. nen da maT sakuTar muzebad an Seswavlis obieqtebad gani-
dalis ucnaurad STambeWdavi xelovneba SeuTanadebel xilavdnen. pikaso imasac ki amtkicebda, rom am qandakebis
realobaTa moulodneli SeTanadebebisadmi siurelistur in- idea swored man miawoda ofenhaims. obieqti Sedgeba Cinuri
teressac emyareba. siurealistebi amtkicebdnen, rom axal, qurcikis bewviT dafaruli namdvili finjnis, lambaqisa da
uCveulo konteqstSi warmodgenili, ramdenime erTmaneTTan kovzisgan (es bewvi boqvenis TmasTan msgavsebis gamo SeirCa).
Seujerebeli obieqtis urTierTdapirispirebiT, xelovans namuSevarSi Cveuli realobidan ori obieqtia amoglejili
axali xelovneba amerikaSi jazis musikosi diuk elingtoni, novelisti jin Tumeri da
poeti lengsTon hiuzi. moZraobis inteleqtualuri lide-
or msoflio oms Soris ri kritikosi da filosofiis profesori alan loqi (Alain
Locke, 1886-1954) amtkicebda, rom Savkanianma xelovanebma Ta-
amerikul xelovnebaSi erovnuli vizualuri identobis au-
vianTi SemoqmedebiTi fesvebi tradiciul afrikul xelov-
cilebloba or msoflio oms Soris gaCnda. magram vinaidan
nebaSi unda eZion da ar gaiTqvifon amerikuli an evropuli
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uzarmazari qveyana iyo, iq
mkvidri, mravali `identobis~ mqone, sxvadasxva erebis mc- SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebis meinstrimSi.
delobam gaerTianebuliyvnen erTi, gamogonili, arsobri- fotografi jeims van der zi (James Van Der Zee, 1886-1983)
vad mamakacuri, anglo-saqsuri erovnuli maxa si
aTeblebis rudunebiT qmnida harlemis saSualo klasis zeda fenis war-
garSemo, kidev ufro Zlierad warmoaCina afro-amerikele- momadgenelTa portretebs. Tavisi studia man 1916 wels ga-
bis, emigrantebis, qalebisa Tu sxvaTa SemoqmedebiTi da eqs- xsna, Tumca foto-reportioradac ganagrZobda muSaobas.
perimentuli xelovneba. foto enotis qurqebiani wyvili kadilakTan (sur. 3-62) aRbeW-
davs SeZlebul qalsa da mamakacs, romlebic 1932 wels, didi
harlemis renesansi depresiis pikze, Tavis axal manqanasTan pozireben. foto-
1930-ian wlebSi, asiaTasobiT afro-amerikeli qveynis saso- grafi harlemis momxibvlelobas ufro asaxavs, vidre afro-
flo, ZiriTadad agra ruli samxreTidan, urbanul, indus amerikelebis kulturuli cxovrebis centrs.
triul CrdiloeTSi gadavida sacxovreb-
lad, raTa rasobriv Cagvras gaqceoda
da did socialur da ekonomikur Sesa-
Zleblobebs ziareboda. am didma migra-
ciam saerTo erovnuli New Negro (axal Sav-
kanianTa) moZraobis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo
xeli, niu iorkSi ki harlemis renesansi
dabada. maTSi afro-amerikelTa meti so-
cialuri da politikuri aqtivobisken mo-
wodeba ismoda.
1920-1930-ian wlebSi, harlemis saSu-
alo klasis SeZlebulma afro-amerikulma
Temma iseTi figurebi dabada, rogoricaa
sod, rom mieRoT polkSi, romelic safrangeTSi msaxurobda jeiqob lourensi (Jacob Lawrence, 1917-2000) harlemis Temis
omis dros. misi da ki, rogorc Cans, ar aRmoCnda im qveynis xelovnebis centridan gamosuli, yvelaze cnobili xelo-
stumrobis Rirsi, romlisTvisac Zma ibrZoda~. sabolood, vania. misi adreuli xanis mcire zomis, TxrobiTi xasiaTis
parizSi swavlis ufleba sevejma 1930 wels moipova. amerikis suraTebis ramdenime seriaSi afro-amerikelebis istoriaa
SeerTebul StatebSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man ramdenime af- asaxuli. TiToeul serias teqsti aqvs darTuli. lourensis
ro-amerikeli politikuri lideris, maT Soris markus gar- Temebi harlemis istoriasa da haiteli revolucionerebis
visa da u.e.b. duboisis portretebi Seqmna. lideris, Tusan l’uvertiurisa da amerikeli abolicionis-
1791 wlis haitis revolucis istoriiTa da monebis aja- tis, jon braunis cxovrebas moicavs. yvelaze didi seria
nyebiT (sur. 1-39) STagonebulma augustam, Seqmna qandakeba lourensma 1940-1941 wlebSi Seqmna. seria migraciis Sesaxeb
citadeli: Tavisufleba (sur. 3-66). es aris Tavisuflebis sim- 60 panelisgan Sedgeba da im didi migraciis qronikas war-
bolod gamosaxuli qalis figura, romelsac xeli cisken moadgens, romelmac lourensis mSoblebi samxreTi karo-
aqvs aRmarTuli da zecaSi afrenamde, cali fexis TiTis linidan niu jersis atlantamde miiyvana. pirvel panelSi
wverze balansirebs. citadeli, cixe-simagre da haitis (sur. 3-67) afro-amerikeli migrantebi samxreTis rkinigzis
pirveli, afrikuli warmomavlobis lideris rezidencia sadguris karebis gavliT, Tav-TavianTi mimarTulebebiT _
iyo. sevejisTvis is Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis Sesa- CikagoSi, niu iorkSi an sent luisSi miedinebian. duglasis
Zleblobasa da imeds ganasaxierebda. namuSevrebis msgavsad, lourensis Tamamad abstragirebuli,
sevejma harlemSi xelovnebis patara kerZo skola daar- silueturi stili sibrtyobrivi moyvanilobebiT da ferTa
sa da Sromis ganviTarebis administraciisgan (Works Progress naTeli gamiT, sruliad cnobierad, pirdapir afrikuli xe-
Administration) federaluri dafinanseba miiRo, raTa is har- lovnebidan momdinareobs. mogvianebiT lourensma harlemis
lemis Temis xelovnebis centrad gardaeqmna (ix. depresiis renesansis avtorTa wignebic daasuraTa.
xanis amerikuli xelovnebis federaluri patronaJi, gv.
166). aseTi tipis centrebi saimdrood, asobiT ixsneboda soflis amerika
mTeli qveynis masStabiT, magram swored sevejis centri 1930-ian wlebSi, xelovanebi, romlebic ufro cnobilni
iqca harlemis xelovanebis, poetebis, kompozitorebis, arian regionalistebis saerTo saxeliT, wina planze weven
mocekvaveebisa da istorikosebisTvis araoficialur sa- Sua dasavleTis Tematikas. 1931 wels, didi depresiis zeo-
lonad. bisas, granT vudi (Grant Wood, 1891-1942) _ mogvianebiT, is
1930-iani wlebis damdegs, didi depresiis xanaSi, umuSevarTa daxmare- Tavis fotos, raTa mnaxvelTa siRrmiseuli grZnobebi gamoaRviZos.
bisa da qveynis ekonomikis waxalisebis mizniT, prezident franklin kadris maqsimaluri moaxlovebiT is dedis daRlil gamometyvelebasa
d. ruzveltis axali SeTanxmebis (New Deal) farglebSi, ramdenime da mtkice xasiaTze amaxvilebs yuradrebas. kompoziciam SesaZloa mna-
programa, maT Soris amerikeli xelovanebis dasaqmebis programa xvels rafaelis kauperis mcire madona _ qalwuli mariami yrma iesoTi
ganaxorciela. 1933 wels dafuZnebulma, saxelovnebo proeqtebis kalTaSi _ gaaxsenos an miqelanjelos sevdiT da mwuxarebiT savse
sajaro samsaxurma (Public Works of Art Project — PWAP) mxolod xuT pieta, romelSic mariami Svilis dakargvas Seicnobs. lengma am fotoSi
Tves iarseba, Tumca am mokle xanSic ki 4 000 xelovani daasaqma, ugulebelhyo droebiTi karavi, romelsac ojaxi Tavs afarebda, gac-
romlebmac 15 000-ze meti namuSevari Seqmnes. 1934 wlis oqtomberSi veTil skivrze dayrili WuWyiani TefSebi, karvis garSemo mimoyrili
amerikis xazinam ferwerisa da qandakebis seqcia daafuZna, romelmac nagavi da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, doroTias mozardi qaliSvili _
1943 wlamde iarseba. is sazogadoebrivi SenobebisTvis gankuTvnili anu yvela is detali, romelic amave scenis sxva fotoebzea aRbeWdili.
monumenturi mxatvrobisa da qandakebis nimuSTa SekveTebiT iyo fotografma gadawyvita mxolod adamianTa umankoebasa da moralur
dakavebuli. Sromis ganviTarebis administraciis (Works Progress faseulobaze gaemaxvilebina mTeli yuradReba, maTze visTvisac fe-
Administration -WPA) mier ganxorcielebuli xelovnebis federaluri deraluri daxmarebis mopovebas cdilobda da ver mianiSnebda, rom
proeqti (Federal Art Project — FAP) 1935-1043 wlebSi mimdinareobda. is Tomfsoni arasrulwlovan asakSi gaxda deda, anda imas, rom igi in-
saxelovnebo proeqtebis sajaro samsaxuris memkvidre gaxda da dep- dielTa tomis, Cerokis warmomadgeneli iyo. migranti deda (romlis
resiis xanaSi dasaqmebis xelSewyobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saagen- saxelic im dros jer ar iyo cnobili) didi depresiis saxed iqca. misi
tos warmoadgenda. 1943 wlisTvis misi daxmarebiT 6 milion adamianze sevdiT aRsavse, Sors mimarTuli mzera dResac exmianeba mnaxvels da
meti dasaqmda, rogorc xelovnebis federalur proeqtSi (FAP), ise naTlad gviCvenebs vizualuri xatis propagandistul Zalas.
Teatrisa da mweralTa federalur proeqtebSi. xelovnebis federa- didi depresiis dros, federaluri saxelovnebo proeqti
lur proeqtSi monawile daaxloebiT 10 000 Semoqmedma gamaognebeli guluxvad gascemda Sromis anazRaurebas _ kviraSi saSualod
raodenobis namuSevrebi Seqmna _ 108 000 ferweruli tilo, 18 000 20 dolars _ raTa mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs mTeli Tavisi dro xe-
qandakeba, kedlis mxatvrobis 2 500 nimuSi da aTasobiT beWduri pro- lovnebisTvis daeTmoT (vuluorsis maRaziebSi gamyidvlis Semosava-
duqti, foto da plakati. yvela maTgani sazogadoebriv kuTvnilebad li kviraSi mxolod 11 dolars Seadgenda). federaluri saxelovnebo
gadaiqca. sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebisTvis (rkinigzis proeqtis aseTma finansurma mxardaWeram mxatvrebSi erTobis ganc-
sadgurebi, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi, safosto ganyofilebebi) Sek- da Camoayaliba. magaliTad, SemoqmedebiT jgufSi gaerTianebuli niu
veTili qandakebebisa da kedlis mxatvrobis mravali nimuSi dRemdea iorkeli fermwerebi xelovnebaze sadiskusiod grinviC vilijis ba-
SemorCenili, ai dazguri ferweris nimuSTa umravlesoba mogviane- rebsa da yavis saxlebSi ikribebodnen. am gaerTianebam abstraqtuli
biT, `abazanebis mosarTav suraTebad~ gaiyida da ganadgurda. eqspresionistebi dabada da saSualeba misca niu iorks parizisTvis
amerikis sofluri regionebis federaluri xelSewyobisaTvis
axali xelovnebis msoflio centris statusi CamoerTmia.
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, gansaxlebis saagentom
da fermaTa usafrTxoebis sammarTvelom daiqiraves fotografebi,
romlebsac dokumenturad unda aRebeWdaT depresiis Sedegebi mTel
qveyanaSi. es fotoebi dResac yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia, maTze ar
vrceldeba saavtoro uflebebi da nebismier gazeTs, Jurnals Tu
gamomcemels SeuZlia maTi gamoqveyneba. san franciskos mkvidri
doroTia lengi (Dorothea Lange, 1895-1965) 1935-1939 wlebSi muSaobda
zemoCamoTvli organizaciebis dakveTiT da fotoebze aRbeWdavda
fermebSi momuSave im mravalricxovan migrantTa mdgomareobas,
romlebic didi dablobebis mtvris qarbuqebs gamoeqcnen da sa-
muSaos ZiebaSi kalifornias miawydnen.
migranti deda, nipomo, kalifornia (sur. 3-68), warmogvidgens
florens ouen Tomfsons, 32 wlis, Svidi Svilis dedas, erT-erTs im
aTasobiT datanjul migrantTa Soris, romlebic siRaribeSi arse-
bobdnen kaliforniaSi. lengi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT qmnis
kolumbiis qalaq viqtoriaSi daibada. xelovnebas is san mZlavr, didebul arsebad warmoadgina, romelic dinami-
franciskoSi, inglissa da parizSi daeufla. 1907 wels kurad aRimarTeba wriulad Caxveul mcenareebze, rogorc
alaskaze mogzaurobisas, mxatvari Crdilo-dasavleTi sa- mtkice sulieri Zalisa da erovnuli siamayis simbolo.
napiros adgilobriv indielTa mier Seqmnil, xeze kveTil
monumentur boZebs waawyda da am `warmaval xalxTa xelov- meqsika
nebis namdvili saganZuris~ aRbeWdva gadawyvita. Semdegi 23 1910 wlis revoluciam meqsikaSi general porfirio dia-
wlis ganmavlobaSi qarma britanuli kolumbiis ocdaaTze sis 35 wliani diqtatura daasrula da aTwlian politikur
meti mxare moinaxula da momavali ferweruli namuSevre- areulobas daudo saTave. 1920 wels, reformatorma prezi-
bisTvis fanqriTa da akvareliT Sesrulebuli Canaxatebi dentma, alvaro obregonma qveyanaSi politikuri wesrigi
Seqmna. komerciulad warumatebeli gamofenis Semdeg, ro- aRadgina. sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad, axali xelisuflebis
melzec adgilobriv indielTa xelovnebis miseuli suraTe- liderebma xelovanebi xalxisa da saxelmwifos samsaxurSi
bi iyo warmodgenili, 1913 wels qari viqtoriaSi dabrunda, Caabes. ramdenime meqsikelma mxatvarma sazogadoebrivi Sen-
gaxsna pansioni da Semdgomi 15 wlis manZilze umniSvnelo obebis moxatvaze miiRo saxelmwifo SekveTa. monumentur
dros Tu uTmobda xatvas. Tumca 1927 wels, is kanadis ero- mxatvrobas sazeimod unda aesaxa meqsikeli xalxis istoria,
vnul galereaSi miiwvies, dasavleTi sanapiros xelovnebis cxovreba da Sroma. mxatvrebi naturalistur gamosaxule-
gamofenaSi monawileobis misaRebad. gamofenis gaxsnaze bebs qmnidnen, radgan xelisufleba Tvlida, rom abstraq-
aRmosavleTiT mogzaurobisas, qari Tom Tomsonis yofili tuli xelovneba miuwvdomeli da gaugebari iqneboda far-
kolegebis mier, 1920 wels daarsebuli Group of Seven-is (Svi- To masebisTvis.
dTa jgufi) wevrebs Sexvda. swored maT gaaRvives xelaxla diego rivera (Diego Rivera, 1886-1957) meqsikuri monumen-
ferwerisadmi misi interesi. turi mxatvrobis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo. mxat-
SvidTa jgufTan erTad, qarma dramatuli, mZlavri, vrobis es mimarTuleba meq sikaSi swored saxelmwifo dak-
skulpturuli stili SemoimuSava, romelic bneli, mZime veTebis daxmare biT ganviTarda. rivera mexikos san karlo-
energiiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. suraTi didi yorani (sur. 3-71), sis akademiaSi 11 wlis asakSi Cairicxa. 1911-1919 wlebSi igi
romelic mxatvarma 1931 wels, 1912 wlis akvarelis safuZ- parizSi cxovrobda, sadac pikasosa da kidev erT meqsikel
velze Seqmna, dedofal Sarlotas kunZulze mdebare, mito- monumentalists, david sikeiross (David Siqueiros, 1896-1974)
vebul sofels asaxavs, sadac qarma boZze damagrebul, xis- Sexvda. orive, riveraca da sikeirosic revoluciuri xelo-
gan gamoWril yornis figuras miakvlia. wyviladi gamosaxu- vnebis Seqmnisa da misi xalxis samsaxurSi Cayenebisken isw-
lebidan, romelic Tavdapirvelad saflavze iyo aRmarTu- rafvodnen. 1920-1921 wlebSi, riveram renesansis epoqis mo-
li, mxolod es erTiRa iyo SemorCenili. avtobiografiaSi xatulobaTa Sesaswavlad, italiaSi imogzaura, adgilobrivi
`Zvelad da lpobadad~ aRwerili yorani, qarma suraTze kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSTa gasacnobad ki meqsikis uZveles
uyureT videos
diego riveras freskul
teqnikaze veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com
brazilia
zogan laTinur amerikaSi, xelovnebaSi wamyvani adgili isev
XIX saukunis akademiur tradicias ekava. ramdenime qveyanaSi
jer kidev yvaoda akademiebi da farTo saxelovnebo Temebi,
Zalze STambeWdavi iyo saswavleblad parizs gamgzavrebul
xelovanTa ricxvic. 1914 wlisTvis laTinuri amerikis mra-
val qveynaSi mxatvrebma, erovnuli Tematikis Sesaqmnelad,
impresionizmis sakuTari versiebi moirges. omis Semdeg,
ucxoeTSi ganswavlulma xelovanebma TavianT qveynebSi axa-
li xelovnebisa da evropuli avangardis ideebi Caitanes da
isini sagangebo, laTinoamerikuli xedvis mixedviT garda-
qmnes. magaliTad, 1922 wels, rodesac brazilia portuga-
liisgan Tavis aswlovan damoukideblobas aRniSnavda, san
pauluSi avangardi axali xelovnebis kvireuls zeimobda. es
3-75 • amelia pelaezi. MARPACIFICO (hibiskusi),
movlena brazilielma xelovanebma evropisgan Semoqmedebi- 1943; tilo, zeTi, 115.6X88.9 sm. amerikis xelovnebis muzeumi,
Ti damoukudeblobis gamocxadebis TariRad aqcies. axali vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi. IBM-is saCuqari
kuba
1920-iani wlebis kuburi avangardi, erT-erTi yvelaze in-
terdisciplinaruli iyo, radgan aerTianebda anTropolo-
gebs, poetebs, kompozitorebs da ramdenime mecniersac ki.
maT havanaSi moiyares Tavi da sakuTar jgufs umciresoba
uwodes. 1927 wels umciresobam gamosca manifesti, romel-
Sic uaryofda da aprotestebda saxelisuflebo koruf-
cias, `iankebis imperializms~ da diqtaturas nebismier kon- 3-76 • frensis bekoni. figura xorciT,
tinentze. jgufis xelovanebi amtkicebdnen, rom kuba unda 1954; tilo, zeTi, 129X122 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.
gahyoloda axali xelovnebis gzas, romelsac myarad hqon- herioT a. foqsis fondi (1956.1201)
da gadgmuli fesvebi maT miwaSi.
amelia pelaezma (Amelia Peláez, 1896-1968) manifestis ga- rebelma Sedegebma kacobriobis safuZvlebi Searyia. uins-
mosvlidan maleve datova kuba da parizs gaemgzavra. sam- ton CerCilma ase aRwera es katastrofa: `ra aris evropa
SobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, is, anTropolog lidia kabre- dRes? qvebis grova, sikvdilisa da ngrevis, Savi Wiris, epi-
rasTan erTad, kuburi popularuli da xalxuri xelovnebis demiebisa da siZulvilis adgili~.
Seswavlas Seudga. misi namuSevrebi qalur garemoze (saxlis
interieri), imavdroulad ki, erovnul identobazea foku- figuratiuli pasuxi da
sirebuli. aseTia suraTi MARPACIFICO (hibiskusi) (sur. 32-75). araformaluri xelovneba evropaSi
palaezis gamomsaxvelobiTi ena kubisturia. es kargad Cans uSualod omis Semdgom periodSi, evropel xelovanTa didi
sibrtyobriv, erTmaneTis gadamfarav formebsa da dakumSul nawili cdilobda sakuTari xelovneba miRebuli gamocdi-
ferwerul sivrceSi. miuxedavad amisa, suraTze gamosaxuli lebis gasaazreblad gamoeyenebina, bevrs kamaTobdnen ima-
sagnebis amocnoba ioladaa SesaZlebeli: sarke, magidis ze- zec Tu ra formiT sjobda am gamocdilebis Cveneba. zogi
dapiri, adgilobrivi hibiskusis yvavilebi, romlTa garSe- figuratiul namuSevrebs qmnida, zogi ki abstraqciebs.
momweri sqeli, Savi konturi da sufTa ferebi sarkmelTa inglisSi, frensis bekoni (Francis Bacon, 1909-1992) Tavis
brtyel, maraosebr vitraJebs mogvagonebs, romlebic ase tiloebSi im saSinelebebs gadmoscemda, romlebic mas Tan
mravlad gvxvdeba kubur saxlebSi. sdevda da mosvenebas ar aZlevda. is TviTnaswavli mxatvari
iyo da 1940-ian wlebamde cota ram hqonda Seqmnili. II mso-
omis Semdgomi xelovneba flio omis dros bekoni sahaero Tavdasxmebis dros, quCeb-
Si morigeobda da sakuTari TvaliT hqonda nanaxi londo-
evropasa da amerikaSi nis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dabombvis sisxliani Sedegebi.
II msoflio omis saSinelebebma I msoflio omis koSmaric ki namuSevarSi figura xorciT (sur. 3-76) bekoni warmogvidgens
daCrdila. adamianuri danakargi imdenad didi da absurdu- Zlevamosil pap inokenti X. papis figura dayvanilia da-
li iyo, rom aRqmis SesaZleblobebsac ki aRemateboda. ada- tanjuli, TiTqos ararealuri kacis gamosaxulebamde, ro-
mianebi kvdebodnen ara mxolod brZolisas, aramed SromiT melic CaSavebul sicarieles Sehymuis. is saqonlis xorcis
da sikvdilis banakebSi (sakoncentracio banakebi), ixoce- sisxliani naWrebiT Seqmnil, SemaZrwunebeli kiviliT savse,
bodnen SimSiliT, samoqalaqo obieqtebis dabombvisas da klaustrofobiul kolofSia gamoketili, romelic sul
a.S. 30 milion adamianze meti daiRupa, 40 milionze metma ufro metad aZlierebs mis SiSs. suraTi STagonebuli iyo
ki sacxovrebeli adgili icvala. sakoncentracio banakebis diego velaskesis 1650 wels Sesrulebuli romis papis ino-
aRuwerelma saSinelebam da atomuri dabombvis gamouswo- kenti X portretiTa da rembrandtis ferweruli tiloTi,
ri saxelia, maSin es britanuli kolonia rodeziis saxeli- culi aRmoCnda omis ubedurebebisgan. Sesabamisad, travmebi
Tac iyo cnobili. Zvelad zambezia kubisTvis monebis mTavar sagrZnobi iyo mxolod im amerikelebisTvis, vinc TviTon mo-
wyaros warmoadgenda. lami Tavis xelovnebaze ambobda: `mTe- nawileobda saomar moqmedebebSi evropasa da wynar okeaneze,
li guliT msurda, ferweraSi aRmewera Cemi qveynis drama... amerikas Sefarebuli evropeli ltolvilebisTvis da dapa-
amisTvis, troas cxeniviT unda memoqmeda da amomefrqvia timrebuli iaponeli da amerikeli moqalaqeebisTvis. vidre
fantastikuri figurebi, romlebic Tavisi ZaliT gaaocebd- evropul saxelovnebo samyaros aTwleulebi dasWirda Zale-
nen da ocnebebs daumsxvrevdnen eqspluatatorebs.~ bis aRsadgenad, parizma ki Tavisi artistuli dinamikuroba da
miuxedavad imisa, rom xuan peronisTvis (Juan Peròn, 1895- mimzidveloba dakarga, niu iorkma, rogorc xelovnebis isto-
1974), argentinis faSisti liderisTvis, axali xelovneba rikosi serJ gibo werda: `axali xelovnebis idea miisakuTra~.
sruliad miuRebeli iyo, omis dasrulebidan maleve, buenos
airesSi avangardist xelovanTa ori jgufi Camoyalibda — axali centri niu iorki xdeba bevri wamyvani evro
Arte Concreto-Invencion da Madi. peli xelovani da mwerali amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
im drois yvelaze cnobili laTinoamerikeli mxatvari gamoeqca II msoflio oms. 1941 wlisTvis andre bretoni,
urugvaieli xoakin tores-garsia (Joaquin Torres-Garcia, 1874- salvador dali, fernan leJe, pit mondriani da maqs ernsTi
1949) iyo, romelmac urugvais dedaqalaq montevideoSi samx- ukve niu iorkSi cxovrebdnen. maT mniSvnelovnad Secvales
reTis skola daafuZna. miuxedavad imisa, rom tores-garsiam saxelovnebo scenis xasiaTi, misi mxatvruli amocanebi da
43 weli evropaSi gaatara da samSobloSi mxolod omis Sem- midgomebi. niu iorkSi, amerikel xelovanebze yvelaze Rrma
deg dabrunda, misi xelovneba siRrmiseulad swored ad- gavlena evropeli siurealistebis namuSevrebma moaxdina,
gilobrivi inkebis xelovnebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (sur. magram amerikelma abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis warmomad-
3-79.1). mas sjeroda, rom urugvais uZvelesi kultura is genlebma sabolood mainc SeimuSaves sakuTari, unikalu-
noyieri niadagi unda yofiliyo, romelzec axali erovnu- ri amerikuli mxatvruli identobebi, romlebSic, gavlenis
li da kulturuli vizualuri identoba aRmocendeboda. miuxedavad, sruliad axleburad iyo gaazrebuli evropuli
namuSevari abstraqtuli xelovneba xuT ZiriTad da damatebiT da amerikuli modernizmi.
tonebSi (sur. 3-79.2) Sesrulebulia stilSi, romelSic abstra- termini abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi 1940_iani da 1950_
qciis evropuli gageba, modernizmi, inkebis gamosaxulebe- iani wlebis dasawyisis niu iorkeli artistebis sakmaod
bi da qvis wyobis naxWebi erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli. am stils farTe wris xelovnebas moicavs. es ar iyo formalurad or-
mxatvari konstruqciul universalizms uwodebda. ganizebuli moZraoba, aramed qalaqSi momuSave SemoqmedTa
Tavisufali jgufi, romelsac saerTo miznebi aerTianebda.
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi niu iorkSi maT surdaT gamoexataT II msoflio omis Semdeg warmoqmnili
II msoflio omis Semdeg, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ufro sakuTari socialuri gaucxoveba da SeeqmnaT axali xelovne-
swrafad gaimarTa welSi, vidre evropa. misi teritoria da- ba, romelic moraluric iqneboda da universaluric.
gavleniani formalisti (Sinaarsze metad, formaze iungis vizualuri arqetipebi da (4) heroikuli masStabis,
orientirebuli) kritikosi klemenT grinbergi abstraqtul amaRlebuli xelovnebis Seqmnis ambicia. kritikosma, herold
eqspresionistebs mouwodebda TavianTi namuSevrebi `avto- rozenbergma abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi or, mTavar kate-
nomiur~ da sruliad TviT-citirebad obieqtebad ganexi- goriad gayo: moqmedebis xelovneba (Action Painting)@ da `e.w. fe-
laT. saukeTeso ferwera, amtkicebda grinbergi, arasdros radovani velis ferwera (Color Field Painting), magram abstraq-
citirebs gare samyaros, mas aqvs sakuTari, Sinagani narati- tuli eqspresionizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofdnen am ter-
vi da wesrigi. abstraqtul eqspresionizmze didi gavlena minebs da sakmaod argumentirebuladac amtkicebdnen, rom
moaxdina Sveicarieli fsiqoanalitikosis karl iungis (Carl isini Zalze amartivebdnen mxatvruli movlenis arss.
Jung, 1875-1961) Teoriebma, romelmac kacobriobis mier ga-
ziarebuli, universaluri arqetipebis koleqtiuri aracno- Camoyalibebis etapebi arSil gorki (Arshile Gorky, 1904-
bieri aRwera. abstraqtuli eqspresionistebi heroikuli 1948) yvelaze ufrosi iyo abstraqtul eqspresionistTa So-
da amaRlebuli, universaluri simboluri formebiT dasa- ris, Tumca misi ideebi da xatebani siRrmiseulad exmianeboda
xlebuli ferweruli samyaroebis Seqmnisken iswrafvodnen. maT Semoqmedebas. gorki istoriul somxeTSi daibada, Tumca
1940-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, maTi namuSevrebis simbolu- 1920 wels, TurqTa mier somxebis genocids gamoeqca da oja-
ri Sinaarsi sul ufro metad piraduli da abstraqtuli xis gadarCenil wevrebTan erTad amerikas Seafara Tavi. gaqce-
xdeboda. zogi maTgani adamianTa Soris arsebul kavSirebs vis Semdeg, deda maleve gardaecvala da gorki TiTqmis sul
koleqtiuri aracnobieris meSveobiT, `primitiul~, miTiur marto darCa. gorkis suraTebi savsea am danakargiT gamow-
xatebebSi, arqaul da arqetipul pirvelad simbolizmSi veuli tkiviliT. siurealisturi da iungiseuli koleqtiuri
eZiebda, zogierTma Tavis mxatvrobaSi biomorfuli for- aracnobieris ideebis meSveobiT, is Tavis suraTebSi bavSvobis
mebis gamoyeneba daiwyo an sakuTari, individualuri simbo- saxlisa da baRis idiliur xatebebs aqsovs, raTa im xalxsa da
luri ena ganaviTara. Tumca yvela maTgani Tavis vnebebsa da adgilebze Seqmnas vizualuri mogonebebi, romlebic dakarga.
eqspresias did, farTe tiloebze gamoxatavda. abstraqtuli 1940_iani wlebis dasawyisis suraTebis seriaSi, saxelwo-
eqspresionistebi acnobierebdnen, Tu raoden mniSvnelovan debiT baRi soWSi (sur. 3-80) gorkis mamis, xorkomSi mdebare
kvals datovebdnen xelovnebis istoriaSi. maT swamdaT, rom baRis mogonebebi miTiur, sizmriseul peizaJad aris gar-
sakuTari xelovnebiT msoflios gardaqmnis Zala SeswevdaT. daqmnili. mxatvari ambobda, rom es adgili adgilobrivebSi
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspresionistebis mxatvroba maT ocnebebis asrulebis baRad yofila cnobili, radgan aq iyo
pirad xedvebs asaxavda, isini srulad iziarebdnen programis kldec, romlis Tavzec soflis qalebi, maT Soris dedami-
oTx ZiriTad debulebas. es iyo: (1) ferweruli tradicii- si, survilis Cafiqrebisas moSiSvlebul mkerds isresdnen
sadmi interesi, Tumca, imavdroulad, mis winaaRmdeg mimar- da natvris xec, romelsac isini survilebis ferad Tasmebs
Tuli amboxisa da evropuli modernizmis ideebis gadaxedvis abamdnen xolme. am suraTze miTiuri baRi mkvriv, TeTr sa-
survili; (2) survili, ferweruli tilos Seqmnis aqti ganxi- fuZvelze livlivebs. formebi, moyvanilobebi, ferebi aq
luliyo TviTkmar, gamomsaxvelobiT amocanad; (3) mxatvro- erTmaneTs erwymis mkerdmoSiSvlebuli qalis gamosaxule-
baSi universaluri ideebis gadmosacemad, gadamuSavebuliyo bad marcxniv, natvris xed centrSi, samosis zolebad da `mS-
venier somxur flostebad~, romlebic gorkis da mamamiss mosxmiT, dawveTebiTa da CamoRvenTviT gadamkveTi xazebis
xorkomSi ecvaT xolme. namuSevari gviCvenebs cxovrebis sa- abstraqtuli bade Seqmna. 1950 wels Jurnali Time poloks
cicocxlo Zalebs, uZveles kavSirs miwasTan da im dakargu- `mwveTav jekad~ ixseniebda. ori wlis Semdeg, rozenbergma
li samyaros gorkiseul xedvas, romelic mxolod mxatvris eseSi moqmedebis amerikeli fermwerebi, polokis ferweru-
mogonebebSi arsebobda. li procesis aRsaniSnad, Seqmna termini moqmedebis ferwera.
rozenbergma aRwera moqmedebis ferweris ganviTareba da miz-
jeqson poloki da moqmedebis xelovneba jeqson nebi: `garkveul momentSi amerikelma fermwerebma erTi meo-
poloki (Jackson Pollock, 1912-1956) yvelaze cnobilia abstraq- res miyolebiT aRmoaCines, rom tilo samoqmedo arenaa da ara
tul eqspresionist mxatvarTa Soris. is vaiomingSi daibada, sivrce, romelSic realuri an gamogonili obieqtis analizi,
1930 wels ki niu iokrSi gadavida sacxovreblad. yvela Se- asaxva an axleburad warmodgena iqneboda SesaZlebeli.~
fasebiT, TviTganadgurebisken swrafva mas adreul asakSive polokis namuSevris Semodgomis ritmi (nomeri 30) (sur. 3-81)
aRmoaCnda da ukve 16 wlisas alkoholTan dakavSirebuli Seqmnis procesi, hans neimasma 1950 wels filmad gadaiRo (sur.
problemebi ganuviTarda. 22 wlisa, is iungs ecnoboda, 26 3-82). poloki muSaobda ganaxlebul beRelSi, romlis sivrcec
wlis asakSi ki fsiqiatriuli gadaxra da alkoholdamokide- mas saSualebas aZlevda iatakze gaSlil tilos oTxive mxri-
buleba daudginda. megobrebi or poloks aRwerdnen _ erTs dan iolad misdgomoda. emigranti germaneli mxatvari hans
moridebuls da fxizels, meores ki usiamovnosa da mTvrals. hofmani (Hans Hofmann, 1880-1966) polokamdec asxamda da awve-
1939 wels, iungis fiqoTerapiis kursis gavlisas, igi ukve Tebda saRebavebs, magram polokis mouTvinierebeli Jestebi,
icnobda mis Teorias vizualuri xatebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac moZraoba tilos garSemo da mis SigniT, minanqrisa da lakis
mnaxvelis pirvelyofil cobierebaSi SeRwevis unari Seswevda. Semcveli (da ara mxatvrobisTvis gankuTvnili specialuri)
li krasneris moraluri mxardaWeriT, polokma TiTqmis saRebavebis dawveTeba, saxatavad joxebisa da patara, brtyeli
mTeli 1940-iani wlebi gaZlo ualkoholod. swored am pe- niCbebis gamoyeneba, sruliad gardaqmnida ferweris, rogorc
riodSi qmnis is Tavis yvelaze cnobil tiloebs. aseTis ideas. zogi polokis rkalebsa da xveulebs qaoturs
polokis pirveli personaluri gamofena 1943 wels, pegi uwodebda, magram Tavad mxatvari maTSi labirinTs xedavda,
gugenhaimis galereaSi Sedga. varskvlavuri didebisken mis romelsac mayurebeli rTuli gziT, bunebrivi da biomorfu-
winsvlas kritikos klemenT grinbergis Sefasebebmac Seuwyo li formebis organul, kaligrafiul qselSi unda Seeyvana.
xeli. 1947 wlisTvis is poloks `CrdiloeTi amerikis yvelaze polokis kompoziciebi moklebulia ierarqiul wesrigs, Sei-
mZlavr fermwerad~ ixseniebda. poloki gascda avtomaturi cavs mravalricxovan xedvis wertilebs da uaryofs sivrciT
ferweris siurealistur strategias. man qveCarCoze gadauWi- perspeqtivas. da mainc, maSinac ki rodesac saRebavi srulad
mavi, daumuSavebeli tilo iatakze daafina da masze saRebavis faravs tilos, is arasdros scdeba mis sazRvrebs. yovelTvis
dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
3.1 ganixileT abstraqtul eqspresionizmTan dakavSirebul urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
mxatvarTa miznebi da interesebi. daaxasiaTeT siurealiste- xelovnebis istoriis manZilze,
bisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis sxva avangarduli saxelovne- xelovanebma omis SemaZrwunebeli
bo moZraobebis gavlena modernistuli xelovnebis am axali sisastikisa da politikuri
mimarTulebis formirebaze. Seviwrovebis metyveli da
3.2 aRwereT orive msoflio omis zegavlena evropul da Crdi- amaRelvebeli gamosaxulebebi
loeT amerikul saxviT xelovnebaze. daeyrdeniT or namuSe- Seqmnes. ganixileT is politikuri
vars, rogorc Tqveni diskusiis mTavar obieqts, erTs — evro- garemoebebi, romlebmac am ori,
puls da meores — amerikuls.
qvemoTmoyvanili namuSevris Seqmna
3.3 SeajameT didi depresiis movlenebi da ganixileT maTi zega- ganapiroba, SeafaseT ramdenad
vlenis xarisxi amerikul xelovnebaze. sur. 1-44
exmianeba isini am ori Semoqmedis
3.4 ganmarteT, rogor Secvales dadaizmma da siurealizma xe- stilsa da maT dros. vin iyo am
lovnebis forma, Sinaarsi da idea. winamdebare TavSi ganxi- ori namuSevris mayurebeli?
luli xelovnebis nimuSebidan, romel ors airCevdiT am ori
mimdinareobis warmosadgenad? ratom?
sur. 3-64
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
4.1 gaiazreT obieqtis `dematerializacia~ 1950-iani wlebis Sem- Tulobis xarisxi socialur, politikur, kulturul an/da
deg da SeafaseT misi dabruneba 1980-ianebSi. religiur sakiTxebSi.
4.2 gansazRvreT gzebi, romlebsac artistebma 1950-ianebSi mi- 4.4 gamoikvlieT Tanamedrove saxelovnebo samyaros mzardi
marTes, raTa popularuli kultura `maRali xelovnebis~ globalizacia da is gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac Seiqmna
samyaroSi CaerToT. axali SesaZleblobebi, strategiebi da Temebi dRevandeli
4.2 ganixileT 1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, artistebis Car- xelovanebisTvis.
183
samyaro xelovnebis samyaro 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg
1950-iani wlebidan xelovanebi fundamenturi sakiTxebis
1950-iani wlebis Semdeg winaSe dadgnen: ra aris xelovneba? unda iyos Tu ara xelo-
II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, samyaros ori yvelaze vnebis nimuSi obieqti? SeiZleba Tu ara xelovneba vuwodoT
Zlevamosili saxelmwifo moevlina _ amerikis SeerTebuli ideas rogorc aseTs? aris Tu ara is obieqtisa da ideis
Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri. sabWoTa okupaciam, sabWoTa kombinacia? am periodis artistebma axleburad gaiazres
xelovneba, axali dRis wesrigi daadgines da radikalurad
xelisuflebis mier centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis
axali formebis, Sinaarisa da ideebis xorcSesxmas Seudgnen.
zogierTi saxelmwifos komunisturi mTavrobis dafinanse-
isini xelovnebas im sul ufro rTuli da sakamaTo soci-
bam da 1949 wels, CineTis saxalxo republikis Camoyali-
aluri da politikuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad iyenebdnen,
bebam, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aiZula Seekavebina sa-
romlebzec ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovnad swori an mcdari
bWoTa Zalisa da komunizmis eqspansia amerikuli gavlenebis
pasuxi. maT wamoswies sqesis, rasis, eTnikurobis, seqsualu-
sferoebSi, kerZod, dasavleT evropaSi, iaponiasa da laTi-
ri orientacis, religiis, klasis, sikvdilis, kolonializ-
nur amerikaSi. aRniSnulma qmedebebma daaCqara e.w. civi omi
mis, terorizmis, sustebis mimarT Zaladobisa da Zalaufle-
da evropis sazRvrebTan `rkinis fardis~ (rogorc mas uins-
bis mimarT winaaRmdegobis sakiTxebi. maTi xelovneba sulac
Ton CerCili uwodebda) CamoSveba (ruka 4-1). amerikis SeerTe-
ar cdilobs moraluri magaliTebis CvenebiT Cvens darige-
buli Statebi finansurad da politikurad xels uwyobda
bas (neoklasicizmisgan gansxvavebiT); is ufro gviwvevs, gvi-
misi interesebisadmi keTilganwyobil saxelmwifoebs, Tu-
biZgebs kiTxvebi davsvaT sakuTar moralze, qcevaze, TviT-
mca mogvianebiT, samxedro Zalas mimarTa. am SemTxvevaTa- kmayofilebaze. umeteswilad, am xelovnebis araTu gageba,
gan yvelaze cnobili koreaa (1950-53), Semdeg ki vietnami yurebac ki rTulia. is xSirad gvitevs da gvadanaSaulebs.
(1954-1975). 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis evropam Tavisi is iSviaTadaa mSvenieri. magram dRevandel xelovnebas sarke
imperiuli samflobeloebis mniSvnelovani nawili dakarga uWiravs, romelSic Tanamedrove cxovreba irekleba, war-
da es umTavresad, gaWianurebuli partizanuli omebis Se- moaCens iseT rasmes, rasac sxva konteqstSi verc ki vamCnev-
degad moxda (ase mouvida mag., safrangeTs vietnamsa da al- diT an arc ki gvesmoda. is gvaiZulebs sakuTar Tavs davupi-
JirSi). didma britaneTma indoeTs 1946 wels mianiWa damo- rispirdeT sarkeSi. axlandeli xelovneba Tavidan SeiZleba
ukidebloba, 1971 wlisTvis ki sabolood gamovida `suecis arc ki mogvewonos, magram rogorc ki mets viswavliT mis
aRmosavleTi nawilidan~. Sesaxeb, aRmovaCenT, rom mas, iseve rogorc yvela didebul
civi omis dros, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da ss- xelovnebas, aqvs imis Zala, rom Rrma gavlena moaxdinos
rk-m birTvuli iaraRis didi arsenali daagroves. saboloo Cvenze da CagvrTos gamowvevebiT savse dialogSi.
jamSi, maT garduvali urTierTganadgurebis sawinaaRmdego
strategia SeimuSaves. is birTvuli omis Sekavebas gulisx-
mobda, romelic ganadgurebiT emuqreboda mSvidobian mosa-
gafarTovebuli
xleobas orive mxres. saxelovnebo samyaro
civi omi faqtobrivad, 1989 wlis oqtomberSi, berli-
xelovanTa Taoba, romelmac 1950-ian wlebSi daiwyo muSaoba,
nis kedlis dacemiT dasrulda. 1992 wels sabWoTa kavSiris
sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad mimarTavda realur samyaros,
daSlis Semdeg ki amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mTels mso-
amCnevda mis daqsaqsulobas, cvalebadobas da mis daudevar
flioSi erTadeT, upirobo, supersaxelmwifod gadaiqca.
damokidebulebas popularuli kulturisadmi. asambliaJma
amerikuli ZaliT mxardaWerili, gaerTianebuli erebis
da kolaJma daSala fizikuri forma da misi mniSvneloba,
organizacia 1945 wels daarsda. is koleqtiuri usafr- moSala zRvari ferwerasa da qandakebas, maRal da mdare
Txoebis uzrunvelyofasa da axali, omisSemdgomi msoflio xelovnebas Soris. pop artistebma gamoikvlies reklamis
wesrigis anglo-amerikuli modelis dakanonebas isaxavda Zala da Seiswavles axleburad danaxuli yofiTi samyaro.
miznad. sabolood, is suverenitetis amRiarebeli forumi fotografebma dagvanaxes Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros
aRmoCnda aziisa da afrikis im mravali saxelmwifosTvis, is mxareebi, romlebsac manamde ver vamCnevdiT an gverCivna,
romlebmac omis Semdeg moipoves damoukidebloba. saxel- rom ar dagvenaxa.
mwifoTaSoris konfliqtebSi Carevis mandatis miuxedavad,
gaero-s mcdelobebi SeenarCunebina globaluri mSvidoba, asambliaJi
araadekvaturi aRmoCnda im eTnikuri da religiuri kon- erTi axali saxelovnebo mimarTuleba, romelic XX sauku-
fliqtebis winaSe, romlebmac iseT regionebSi ifeTqa, ro- nis meore naxevarSi ganviTarda iyo asambliaJi _ gansxvave-
goricaa indoeTis subkontinenti, centraluri da aRmosa- buli, SeuTavsebeli elementebis kombinirebiT, nawarmoebis
vleTi afrika, balkaneTi da Sua aRmosavleTi. teroriste- awyobis xelovneba. 1950 wlisTvis, luiz nevelsoni (Louise
bis Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrsa da pentagonze Nevelson, 1899-1988) ukve qmnida analitikuri kubizmiT STa-
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers kidev ufro gaamwvava manamde arse- gonebul, asambliaJis sxvadasxva versiebs. manheTenis dau-
buli rasistuli, eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebi da nTaunSi xetialisas, igi agrovebda gadayril SesafuT ko-
samoqalaqo da saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi. pirvel rigSi es lofebs, romlebSic frTxilad anTavsebda skamis fexebs,
iyo amerikis mier warmoebuli, bolodroindeli sakamaTo cocxis saxelurs, mcire zomis karadis karebs, Carxis mb-
omebi avRaneTsa da eraySi. runav lilvebs da xis nakeTobaTa sxva narCenebs. calkeuli
bolivia
2000 km
2000 mili
samxreT
afrika
urugvai
gadmoafurTxeben xolme yovel Campal sirTules, TiTqos da kinetikuri jgufis Teatris mier de la Libre Expression-is fes-
Tavs iTavisufleben~. mgrZnobiare da gasarTobi Cvenebebis tivalze gaTamaSda, meored ki niu iorkSi, sadac is foto
nacvlad, man SemogvTavaza iseTi namuSevari, romlis Seqmna da kinofirze aRbeWdes. rva mamakaci da qali jer erTmaneTs
xelis Sexebasac ki ar saWiroebda. aSiSvlebdnen, Semdeg cekvavdnen, TavdaviwyebiT goravdnen
klainma, Tavisi 1960 wlis namuSevriT naxtomi sicarie- iatakze da Tavs umi TevziT, umi sosisiT, naxevrad gaputu-
leSi (sur. 4-6) gaiTqva saxeli. damuSavebuli foto gviCvenebs li umi da sisxliani qaTmiT, sveli saRebavebiT da qaRalde-
artists, romelic gaSlili xelebiT kedlidan pirdapir bis nafleTebiT iqcevdnen. Snimans surda auditoriasac da
quCaSi xteba, mis qvemoT ki mxolod trotuaria. pirvelad Semsruleblebsac SeesunTqaT, daegemovnebinaT da SeegrZ-
es foto klainma imisTvis gamoaqveyna, rom daedasturebi- noT sxeuli da misi fluidebi. kritikosebma namuSevari gan-
na mTvareze damoukideblad mogzaurobis unaris saxuma- sxvavebulad _ erotikul ritualad an xorcisa da sisxlis
ro pretenzia. kidev erTxel foto daibeWda pamfletSi, visceralur (Sinagan, intuiciur) dResaswaulad aRweres. es
romelSic is gmobda NASA-s gancxadebas mTvareze adamianis namuSevari ewinaaRmdegeboda molodins imisa, rom xelov-
gadasmis Sesaxeb da mas ampartavnulsa da sulelurs uwo- nebis nimuSi mxolod samxatvro galereis civ da uemocio
debda. klaini amtkicebda, rom misi namuSevrebi mxolod sivrceSi, mis wesrigs damorCilebuli mayureblis mier unda
anabeWdebad xdeboda xiluli, am fotos SemTxvevaSi, namu- yofiliyo Sefasebuli. auditorias unda eborga, radgan Sems-
Sevrad trotuarze misi anabeWdi iqca. ruleblebma Sors moisroles yovelgvari wesi da SezRudva.
pop arti
1950-ian wlebis bolos, zogierTma artistma XX
saukunis Sua xanebSi, vizualur kulturaSi momx-
dar afeTqebaze gaamaxvila yuradReba. am afeT-
qebas kidev ufro aRvivebda masmediis mzardi
CarTuloba da omis Semdgomi Taobis gazrdili
Semosavlebi. pop arti britaneTSi gaCnda, magram
misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi procesi amerikis See-
rTebul StatebSi, 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
warimarTa, xanaSi, rodesac individualuri da
masobrivi identoba metwilad ganisazRvrebo-
da imiT, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda adamiani, ra
emosa, ras gamoxatavda an ras moixmarda. saxle-
li masmediis sareklamo gamosaxulebebis gamoyeneba daiwyo. bas hgavda. uorholis merilinis diptiqoni (sur. 4-12) erT-erTia
obieqtad man iseTi popularuli samomxmareblo nivTebi misi trafaretuli beWdviT Seqmnili produqciis seriebidan,
aiRo, rogoricaa qemfbelis wvnianis konservi da koka-kolas romelic man msaxiobis gardacvalebisTanave Seqmna. uorhol-
boTli. maT gamosaxulebebs uorholi iaffasiani samrewvelo ma ukvdavyo monros saekrano saxe _ aiRo misi Zalze cnobili
trafaretuli beWdvis meTodiTac qmnida (CarCoze damagre- foto, trafaretuli beWdviT daitana is sibrtyeze da ise
buli abreSumis wvrili bade sabeWd trafaretadaa gamoyene- banalurad gamosaxa, rom monros damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi _
buli) da qandakebasa da ferweraSic asaxavda. gamoTeTrebuli qera Tma, lalisferi tuCebi da mgznebare
1964 wels, pirveli skulpturuli proeqtis gansaxorcie- Tvalebze dadebuli lurji Crdilebi msaxiobis karikaturad
leblad, uorholma durglebi daiqirava. maT iseTive zomisa gadaiqca. portretuli saxe ar ekuTvnis norma jins (es mon-
da formis firficris yuTebi unda gaekeTebinaT, rogoric is ros namdvili saxelia), aramed monros, celuloidis seqssim-
muyaos yuTebi iyo, romlebSic supermarketebSi dasarigebel bolos, radac is kinoindustriam aqcia. iseve rogorc brilos
brilos sapnebs awyobdnen. trafaretuli beWdviT yuTebze yuTebis SemTxvevaSi, uorholma am trafaretidanac uamravi
daitanes is logo da teqsti, romelic namdvil yuTebze avtomaturi anabeWdi gaakeTa. is maT asistentebis daxmarebiT
iyo dabeWdili. amgvarad, uorholma Seqmna is, rac arsob- qmnida, romlebic konveiruli warmadobiT muSaobdnen. 1965
rivad, komerciuli SefuTvis sruliad gamousadegar asls wels, uorholma Tavis studias ironiulad, `fabrika~ uwoda,
warmoadgenda (sur. 4-11). uorholma yalbi yuTebi niu iorkis SemdgomSi dascinoda sakuTari xelovnebis komerciulobas da
Stable Gallery-is darbazSi erTad daawyo da sagalereo sivrce ambobda, rom xelovnebaSi mxolod mogebisTvis iyo mosuli.
gardaqmna imad, rac Zalian hgavda sursaTis sawyobs. aseT- Tumca merilinis diptiqonSi ufro Rrma niuansebic
nairad, artistma xelovnebis galereis sistemis komerciul SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT. misi formati religiur konotaciebs
safuZvelze migvaniSna, imavdroulad ki, xelovnebis bune- Seicavs da SesaZloa, migvaniSnebs imas, rom monro wamebuli
ba iseTive damcinavi xerxiT gaakritika, rogoriTac 1917 wmindania, anda gardacvlil kinovarskvlavTa panTeonis qal-
wels, diuSanma gadaaqcia komerciuli pisuari Sadrevnad RmerTi. erT-erT anabeWdSi uorholi mis Tavs iseTive oqros-
(ix. sur. 3-30). Tumca 1964 wels uorholma uari Tqva xelmo- feri SaravandiT mosavs, rogorc es qristianul xatebSia mi-
werisa da TariRis dasmasTan dakavSirebul oinebze. Rebuli. metic, diptiqonis marcxena, ferad mxareze gamosaxu-
uorholis mtkicebiT, Zveli xelovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, li brtyeli, erTnairi monroebi kontrastuliad upirispir-
romelic fiqrsa da gagebas moiTxovda, sareklamo da vars- deba marjvena mxares moqceul, mis Sav-TeTri gamosaxulebebs.
kvlavuri kultura saWiroebs mxolod myisier yuradRebas, es anabeWdebi kidisken sul ufro metad uferuldeba, radgan
radgan Zalze swrafad iqceva uintereso da mosabezrebl ra- axali pirebis beWdvisas avtori trafarets aRar umatebda me-
med. am poziciaze mdgomi uorholi gvTavazobda xelovnebas, lans da manamde qmnida aslebs, vidre Tavdapirveli portreti
romelic kinosvarskvlavebiviT, mxolod 15 wuTiT iqneboda gamqrali adamianis moCvenebadqceul gamosaxulebad ar iqca.
saintereso. 1962 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala kinovarsk- uorholi erT-erTi pirveli artisti iyo, vinc gaacno
vlavi merilin monro, romlis sikvdili ufro TviTmkvlelo- biera da gamoiyena masmediis SesaZleblobebi. Tavad mas
minimalizmi
niu iorkis art scenaze 1960-ian wlebis bolos gabatonebuli minimalizmi xelo-
vnebis obieqtis dematerializaciis gzebs eZiebda. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi,
axalgazrda moqandakeTa jgufma, romelSic donald jadi (Donald Judd, 1928-1994),
robert morisi (Robert Morris, d. 1931) da karl andre (Carl Andre, d. 1935) Sediod-
nen, waradgina is, rasac sxvadasxvagvarad uwodeben _ ABC xelovnebas (ABC Art),
ZiriTad struqturebs an minimalizms. isini qmnidnen filebis an yuTebis msga-
vs qandakebebs, romelebsac xSirad, iseTi samrewvelo masalebisgan amzadebdnen,
rogoricaa: orgmina, fluoriscentuli ganaTeba, foladi, sarkeebi. namuSevrebSi
sruliad uaryofilia xeliT Seqmnili obieqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli emocia da
Jesti, iseve rogorc, qandakebis tradiciuli masalebi. jadma da morisma Tavian-
Ti Teoria xatovnad aRweres JurnalSi Artforum. isini mayureblebs sTxovdnen maTi
xelovnebis obieqtebi centris gareSe arsebul, erTian mTelad gaeazirebinaT,
rac saSualebas miscemda namuSevris energiasa da mnaxvelis interess entropiis
saxiT gafantuliyo mTel obieqtze.
4-16 • donald jadi. usaTauro, jadi, donald jadi JurnalSi Artforum, 1965 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi spe-
1969; TuTiiT dafaruli rkina da cifikuri obieqtebi amtkicebda, rom minimalizmi realuri an `specifikuri~
orgmina, 10 erTeuli, TiToeuli obieqtebisgan unda Sedgebodes. man airCia maTematikurad konstruirebuli,
15.24X68.8X60.96 sm, jamSi 3.05X0.69X0.61
usaxuri formebi, romlebic ierarqiis gareSe qmnian wesrigs da erTi SexedviT,
m. olbraiT-noqsis xelovnebis galerea,
bafalo, niu iorki © jadis fondi. dasrulebuli formebis mkafioeba axasiaTebs. es formebi realur sivrces ika-
licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki, vebs ise, rom arc safuZveli aqvs qvemodan da arc vitrina garSemo. 1969 wels
niu iorkis Stati Seqmnili usaTauro (sur. 4-16) Sedgeba 10 erTnairi, sworkuTxa blokisgan, romle-
bic TiTbriT dafaruli rkinisa da tonirebuli orgminisganaa damzadebuli da
galereis kedelze vertikalur rigadaa dakidebuli. konstruqcia ar badebs
romelime warmosaxviTi sagnis aluzias da amdenad, Tavad SeuZlia iyos agre-
judi Cikagos mier Seqmnili instalacia TiToeul mxares cnobili qalbatonebisTvis naqsov da Sekeril sufraze, romelic im
sadResaswaulo sadili (sur. 3-23) farTo, gankuTvnili, 13 sasadilo nakrebia gawyobi- droisa da adgilis Sesatyvisi teqnikiTa
kompleqsuri, Sereul mediaSi Seqmnili li (13 _ mamakacTa raodenobaa uflis sero- da motivebiTaa Sesrulebuli, romelSic
namuSevaria, romelic im asobiT qalsa da baze da aseve kudianebisa SabaTobaze), aseT- TiToeuli stumari cxovrobda. TefSebis
qal xelovans eZRvneba, romlebic anonomu- nairad, individualuri sasadilo nakrebiT, umravlesobis abstraqtuli dizaini qalis
robisgan pirvelma feministma artistebma 39 qals miego pativi. am qalbatonebs Soris genitaliebis formas efuZneba, radgan, ro-
da istorikosebma ixsnes. namuSevris Sesas- iyvnen qalRmerTi iSTari, miTologiuri gorc Cikago ambobda: `es aris is, rac maT
ruleblad judis erToblivi Zalisxmevisa amorZalebi, iseTi istoriuli personaJebi [am qalebs] saerTo hqondaT... isini iyvnen
da TanamSromlobis xuTi weli dasWirda, rogoricaa: egviptis dedofali xatSefsuti, gansaxvavebuli epoqebidan, klasebidan,
romlis ganmavlobaSic mas keramikosebad, romaeli swavluli hipatia, Sua saukuneebi- eTnikuri jgufebidan, geografiuli adgi-
mqargvelebad, Cinuri ferweris ostatebad dan frangi dedofali eleonor akvitaneli lebidan, hqondaT sxvadasxva gamocdileba,
momuSave, asobiT moxalise qali da ramdenime da mwerali kristin de pizani, renesansis magram is, rac maT erTsa da imave SezRudul
mamakaci uwevda daxmarebas. sadResaswaulo epoqis italieli didgvarovani izabela istoriul sivrceSi akavebda~ iyo maTi bio-
sadili Sedgeba farTe, samkuTxa magidisgan, d’este, italiuri barokos mxatvari arte- logiuri sqesi. carieli TefSebi gviCvenebs,
romlis TiToeuli mxare daaxloebiT, 14 misia jentileski, XVIII saukunis ingliseli rom `aRiarebisa da pativis nacvlad, isto-
metris sigrZezea gaWimuli. CikagosTvis feministi mwerali meri uolsTounqrafTi, riam isini STanTqa da miiviwya~.
tolferda samkuTxedi simbolurad, asaxavda XIX saukunis amerikeli abolicionisti sadResaswaulo sadilSi gansakuTrebu-
rogorc qalur sawyiss, ise harmoniul, Ta- soujorner Trusi da XX saukunis amerikeli li adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli Cinur mxat-
naswor samyaros, romelsac ase eswrafvod- mxatvari jorjia o’kifi (ix. amave gverdze). vrobasa da naqargobas. orive ganadidebs
nen feministebi. magida dasvenebulia fai- TiToeuli zRapruli sasadilo nakrebi qalebis tradiciul xelsaqmes da gvarwmu-
furis samkuTxa, 2,300 samkuTxedi filisgan Seicavs 35 santimetris siganis faifuris nebs, rom imsaxurebs adgils `maRali xelo-
Sedgenil platformaze, romelic `memkvid- moxatul TefSs, dana-Canglis keramikul vnebis~ panTeonSi. namuSevari imavdroulad,
reobis iataks~ qmnis. masze miTologiidan, nakrebs, Signidan mooqrovil keramikul informacias awvdis mayurebels im ucnobi
legendebidan da istoriidan cnobili, 999 Tass da moqargul xelsaxocebs. es yvelafe- wvlilis Sesaxeb, romelic am qalebma Seita-
qalis saxelia datanili. samkuTxa magidis ri gawyobilia guldasmiT ornamentirebul, nes istoriaSi.
„xelovneba miwaze“ ( EARTH ART) Zalebs Soris arsebobda. am ideebis gamomxatvelia 1970
da adgilspecifikuri qandakeba wels Seqmnili spiraluri jebiri (sur. 4-26). esaa 1,500 futis
1970-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, mas Semdeg, rac proces-artis- qvisa da miwis platforma, romelic iutas StatSi mdebare
tebma xelaxali sicocxle SesZines xeliT keTebas da is kv- tbaze, solT leiqze spiraluradaa daxveuli. smiTsonis-
lav xelovnebad aqcies, artistebis meore jgufma sakuTriv Tvis, mlaSe wyali da tbis wyalmcenareebi asaxavda ro-
miwasTan daiwyo muSaoba da is manipulaciis, xelobisa da gorc pirvelyofil okeanes, romelSic sicocxle daiwyo,
cvlilebebis mediumad aqcia. miwis artistebi miwas ise iye- aseve mkvdar zRvas, romelmac es sicocxle mokla. mito-
nebdnen, rogorc dazgur tilos. isini Ria cis qveS muSaobd- vebuli navTobis WaburRilebi, romlebiTac dacxrilulia
nen da Tavisi namuSevrebis Sesaqmnelad xSirad, im bunebriv tbis napirebi, dinozavris ConCxebsa da gamqrali civiliza-
masalas iyenebdnen, romelsac adgilze poulobdnen. es namu- ciebis narCenebs mogvagonebs. smiTsonma spirali gamoiye-
Sevrebi ZiriTadad, konkretuli adgilebisTvisaa Seqmnili. na, radgan es arqetipuli forma, romelic bunebaSi yvel-
maTgan zogi imdenad didia, rom samudamod Secvala land- gan arsebobs _ galaqtikebidan moyolebuli, vidre zRvis
Safti, zogi ki ambiciuria, Tumca droebiTi; nawili imde- niJarebamde _ adamianis mier, aTaswleulTa manZilze ga-
nad Sors mdebareobs, rom cota vinmesTvis Tua misawvdomi, moiyeneboda xelovnebaSi. modernistuli kvadratebisa da
sxvebis naxva ki martivadaa SesaZlebeli. „xelovneba miwaze“, wreebisgan gansxvavebiT, es `dialeqturi~ forma, romelic
performansisa da konceftualuri xelovnebis msgavsad, ar ixsneba da ixureba, ixveva da swordeba usasrulod, gvTa-
aris komerciulad momgebiani. magram am namuSevrebs xSirad vazobs zrdasa da xrwnas, Seqmnasa da ganadgurebas an Ta-
aRbeWdavdnen fotoze an kinofirze. Sedegad ki swored es vad smiTsonis sityvebiT, uwyvet `momavalsa da warmavals~.
gamosaxulebebi iqca sakoleqcio obieqtebad da
ara Tavad namuSevrebi. xelovneba miwaze (Earth Art)
ar unda agverios garemos xelovnebaSi (Environmental
art). pirveli miwas (an qalaqs) iyenebs namuSevris
Seqmnis adgilad, meore ki safrTxis qveS myofi
bunebrivi garemos moZiebasa da masze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebazea orientirebuli.
arqiteqtura: XX saukunis
Sua wlebis modernizmidan
postmodernizmisken
II msoflios omis Semdeg, msoflios mniSvnelovani nawilis
qalaqmSeneblobis axal sistemaSi internacionaluri stili
gabatonda, romelic martivad aRqmadi stuqturiTa da is-
torizmis uaryofiT iyo cnobili. es ki imas niSnavda, rom
modernistuli arqiteqturis utopiuri da revoluciuri as-
peqtebi gadavida formaSi, romelic didwilad, korporaciis
simZlavresa da keTildReobaze iyo dafuZnebuli. interna-
4-28 • ludvig mis van der roe da filip jonsoni. sigremis Senoba,
1954-1958; niu iorki
cionaluri stilis ramdenime mniSvnelovani evropeli arqi- Si man ufunqcio, brinjaos dekoratiuli koWebi gamoiyena,
teqtori, aseTia magaliTad, valter gropiusi (ix. sur. 3-52), romlebic Sida, funqciur koWebs exmianeboda, fasads ki
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad. maT mdidrul, elvare, didebul iers aniWebda.
mniSvnelovani poziciebi daikaves arqiteqturul skolebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom internacionaluri stilis gamar-
sadac Tanamoazre arqiteqtorTa araerTi Taoba izrdeboda. tivebuli, sworxazovani formebi jer kidev batonobda ur-
banul horizontze, sxva arqiteqtorebma uari Tqves mis in-
XX saukunis Sua wlebis modernistuli arqiteqtura dividualobas moklebul principebze da komerciul arqite-
ludvig mis van der roe (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1886-1969) qturaSic ki, mimarTes Zalze gamomsaxvel dizains, romelic
omis Semdgomi internacionaluri stilis nagebobebis yve- axal samSeneblo meTodebsa da bevrad met masalas saWiroeb-
laze eqstremalur magaliTebs qmnida (ix. internacionalu- da. magaliTad, niu iorkis jon kenedis aeroportis trans
ri stili, gv. 157). bauhauzis yofili pedagogisa da nacis- uorldis aviaxazebis terminali (sur. 4-29), romelic finuri
turi germanidan devnili arqiteqtoris minis sworkuTxa warmoSobis amerikelma arqiteqtorma eero saarinenma (Eero
koSkebi omis Semdgomi kapitalizmis saxed iqca. filip jon- Saarinen, 1910-1961) daaproeqta, mkveTrad arRvevs miRebul
sonTan erTad Seqmnili, niu iorkis sigremis Senobis (sur. 4-28) CarCoebs. terminalis saxuravis ori ganieri, erTmaneTisken
cxad, mkafio, sufTa xazebSi gacxadebuli
standartizacia da individualurobis
nakleboba, Tanamedrove korporaciebis
sinonimebad miiCneva. aseTi tipis Senobe-
bis konstruirebis efeqturi meTodebi da
masalebi arqiteqtorebs miwis mcire nak-
veTze uamravi saofise sivrcis Seqmnis Se-
saZleblobas aZlevda. amasTan, maTi Sene-
bac Zalze ekonomiuri iyo. arqiteqtorebs
akritikebdnen imis gamo, rom nagebobebi
mourTav minis kolofebs hgavda, magram
mis van der roe poziciebs ar Tmobda da
imeorebda: `mciredi metia~. braldebebis
miuxedavad, sigremis Senobis eqsterier-
postmodernizmi
mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian dasavlur saxelovnebo samyaro-
Si 1970-iani wlebis postmodernistuli Teoriebis SeRwevis
zust TariRze, Tumca umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom es 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. im droisTvis, modernizmi xelov-
nebas absolutur, idealur, wminda, srulyofil movlenad
ganixilavda, xelovanebs ki seriozul, mizanswraful pirov-
nebebad, romlebsac sazogadoebaze maRla, misgan gancalkeve-
biT unda sWerodaT Tavi. axalgazrda xelovanTaTvis amgvari
midgoma qedmaRlurad da suleluradac ki JRerda.
postmodernizmi stilze metad, xelovnebis Seqmnis stra
tegiaa. mas mravali da sxavasxvagvari gamoxatuleba aqvs.
postmodernisti artistebi uaryofen modernizmis seri
ozulobas, qmnian vizualurad saintereso, uwesrigo, xanda-
xan winaaRmdegobriv, xSirad ki politikur gamosaxulebebs,
riTic abuCad igdeben modernizmis xelovnebis wesebs. isi-
ni `iTviseben~ an ubralod iReben uamrav xatebebs, rogorc
`maRali xelovnebidan~ ise `popularuli~ wyaroebidan, uc-
vlian maT adgils, konteqsts, mniSvnelobas da aseTnairad,
nawilobriv mainc, am gamosaxulebebis Tanaavtorebi xdebian.
postmodernisti artistebi Zvelidan axal gamosaxulebebsa
da axal mniSvnelobebs qmnian, miesalmebian axirebulobas,
winaaRmdegobriobas da eqscentriulobas da seriozulad
eWvqveS ayeneben nawarmoebis dedanis Rirebulebis ideas.
Tuki modernizmi industriuli, teqnologiuri sazo-
gadoebis macne iyo, postmodernuli xelovnebis dabadebam
post-industriuli, komunikaciasa da informaciaze dafuZ-
4-32 • filip jonsoni da jon burji.
AT&T korporaciis saTao ofisis modeli, nebuli, ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebis epo-
1978-1983; niu iorki qis dadgoma gvamcno. is moqnili sazogadoebis arsebobas
moiTxovda, romelic miiRebda da moergeboda gansxvave-
bulobasa da cvlilebebs. postmodernuli xelovneba asa-
kidev ufro garTulebulia Weris iregularuli doneebiT, xavs Cveni, globalizebuli sazogadoebis pluralizms (so-
romlebic nawilobriv, cilindruli kamariTaa gadaxuruli. cialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebuloba), romelSic er-
1970 wels, postmodernul ideebs komerciul arqite- TaderTi, namdvili konstanta cvlilebaa, xolo erTader-
qturaSic iyenebdnen. amis erT-erTi pirveli magaliTa Ti rac saerTo gvaqvs _ gansxvavebuloba. postmodernuli
filip jonsonis (Philip Johnson, 1906-2005) AT&T korporaciis xelovneba moicavs 1980-iani wlebis uzarmazar vizualur
saTao ofisi (axla sonis Senoba) niu iorkSi (sur. 4-32). es ele- kulturas, romelic personaluri kompiuterebis, video
ganturi, granitisperangiani caTambjeni 36 arastandartu- kamerebis, sakabelo televiziebisa da internetis mzardi
li sarTulisgan Sedgeba, rac Cveulebrivi, 60 sarTuliani kulturis gaCeniTaa niSneuli. postmodernizmi gamosaxu-
Senobis simaRlis tolia. lebebs am usasrulod cvalebadi samyarodan iRebs, romel-
Tavisi swori, sada zedapiriT is internacionaluri sti- Sic ukve rTulia gaerkve, ra aris namdvili da ra ara. ro-
lis mezoblebs baZavs, kedlis vertikalur sibrtyeebs So- gorc endi uorholma arc Tu ise didi xnis win, winaswarme-
ris Sejgufebuli klasikuri fanjrebi ki aseve mezoblad tyvelurad SeniSna _ `me ar vici sad mTavrdeba xelovnuri
mdgom, XX saukunis dasawyisis caTambjenebs exmianeba. ma- da sad iwyeba namdvili~.
ferwera
neo-eqspresionizmi, postmodernizmis erT-erTi pirveli sa-
erTaSoriso gamoxatuleba, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisis ori,
uamravi damTvaliereblis myoli gamofenidan iRebs saTaves.
erTi londonSi gaimarTa (A New Spirit, axali suli), meore ki
berlinSi (Zeitgeist, drois suli). gamofenebze warmodgenili
iyo msxvilmasStabiani figuratiuli ferwera, romelmac
mayurebels ferweruli suraTiT tkbobis fufuneba daubru-
na. neo-eqspresionizmi mxolod mamakacuri moZraoba iyo: axa-
li suli 38 mamakacis xelovnebas warmoadgenda, drois suli
ki 43 mamakacisa da erTaderTi qalis.
baskia naadrevad, tragikulad daRupuli amerikeli Jan 4-34 • Jan miSel baskia. mesayvireebi,
miSel baskias (Jean-Michel Basquiat, 1960-1988) neo-eqspresio- 1983; akrili da zeTis Cxirebi tiloze,
nistuli tiloebi grafitis xelovnebidan iRebs saTaves. sami paneli, jamSi 2.44X1.91 m.
bruklinSi dabadebuli baskia, saSualo fenis komfortul broudis xelovnebis fondi, santa monika, kalifornia
postmodernizmi da genderi
1982 wels, kritikosi kreig ouensi amtkicebda, rom postmo-
dernizmi asaxavda normaluri kulturis gavlenis kriziss da
rom amas is xerxi mowmobda, romliTac is kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebda modernizmis cru homogenurobas. misi azriT, fo-
4-35 • gerhard rixteri. tyviiT gangmiruli kaci (1) Erschossener (1) tografia, romelic verasdros CaerTo srulad saxviTi xe-
1977 wlis 18 oqtomberi, 1988; tilo, zeTi, 100X140 sm. axali lovnebis kanonSi, SesaZloa saukeTeso mediumi iyo misakuT-
xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki © gerhard rixteri 2012. rebuli xatebebis gadmosacemad, mas SeeZlo idealuri mediu-
sidni da harieT jenisebis koleqcia, filip jonsonis saCuqari,
mi yofiliyo postmodernizmisTvis. feminizmi ukve dapiris-
SeZenilia lili f. blisis memkvidreobiT (gacvlili).
enid a. haufTis fondi; nina da gordon banSafTebis samemkvidreo pirebuli iyo `patriarqalurobas” (sazogadoebaSi mamakacTa
fondi da emili rauh puliceris saCuqari (169.1995.g.) mier Zalauflebis flobas), ouensi ki modernizms swored
patriarqlur, avtoritarul, mxolod artistuli ostato-
garemoSi izrdeboda, Tumca ajanyda mis winaaRmdeg, mia- bisa da originalurobaken mswraf mimdinareobad axasiaTe-
tova saxli, skola da quCis artistad gadaiqca. sami wlis bda. misi mtkicebiT, feministebsa da fotografebs bevrad
manZilze, is qveda manheTenis kedlebs mokle da gonebamaxvi- ukeT SeeZloT RirsSesaniSnavi postmodernuli xelovnebis
luri filosofiuri teqstebiT faravda da maT xels awerda Seqmna, vidre mamakac neo-eqsresionist fermwerebs. postmo-
rogorc `SAMO©~. 1980 wels, baskiam monawileoba miiRo far- dernizmi, feminizmi da fotografia _ yvela maTgani aiZu-
Tod reklamirebul Times Square Show-Si, romelic warmoaCen- lebda mayurebels gansxvavebulobis pirispir aRmoCeniliyo,
da miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebis, metroebisa da grafitis yvela eWvqveS ayenebda saxviTi kanonis uzenaesobas da didad
artistebis uxeS da agresiul stils. baskia ambobda, rom ar afasebda originalurobas an individualur mxatvrul
undoda `iseTi mxatvrobis Seqmna, romelic bavSvis naxatis
ostatobas. yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, bevri artisti qali,
msgavsi iqneboda~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, misi Semoqmedeba
swored postmodernul strategias iyenebda feministuri xe-
axali xelovnebidan nasesxebi gamosaxulebebis, rasobrivi
lovnebis Sesaqmnelad (ix. partizani gogonebi, gv. 210).
Temebisa da quCis uxeSi pirdapirobis daxvewili nazavia.
1983 wels Seqmnili, metad amaRelvebeli namuSevari me- Sermani 1977 wels, sindi Sermanma (Sindy
Sherman, d. 1954)
sayvireebi (sur. 4-34) legendarul jazis musikosebs _ Car- muSaoba da
iwyo seriaze usaTauro kinokadrebi, romelic
li parkersa (zeda marcxena) da dizi gilespis (centridan
marjvniv) gamosaxavs. feris swrafad dadebis meTodiTa da
sityvebis swrafweriT gamoxatulia baskias jazisadmi er-
Tguleba da misi mtkice gadawyvetileba win wamoswios af-
ro-amerikuli Tema, Tumca arasentimentaluri gziT. baskia
ambobda: `Sav adamianebs arasdros gamosaxaven realistu-
rad, maT saerTod ar gamosaxaven Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi.
moxaruli var, rom amas vakeTeb~. Jan miSel baskia 27 wlis
asakSi, heroinis gadaWarbebuli doziT gardaicvala.
4-38 • barbara kriugeri. Seni daJinebuli mzera Cems saxes almacerad xvdeba,
1981; foto, wiTlad SeRebili CarCo 140X104 sm.
meri bunis galerea, niu iorki © barbara kriugeri
is gadaufrens gaerTianebis (Union) axladagebul Senobas, ironiuli saxeli aqvs Serqmeuli: `gambedavi~, `mgrZnobiare~,
romelic mamisTvis aqvs Segulebuli, mSenebeli muSisTvis, `mkacri~, `grZeli da abreSumiviT rbili~, `biWuri~, `uasa-
romelsac, afro-amerikuli warmomavlobis gamo, am gaer- ko~, `suleluri~, `mimzidveli~, `provinciuli~, `sayvare-
TianebaSi gawevrianebis ufleba ar misces, gadaufrens nayi- li~. simfsoni xSirad iRebs saxeSebrunebul afro-amerikel
nis qarxanas, radgan `nayini yovel saRamos desertad~ go- qalebs da ase migvaniSnebs, rom maT mxolod sxeulis, an,
gonas dedisTvis unda. qesis warmosaxva momxiblavia, magram am SemTxvevaSi, afro-amerikuli varcxnilobis gamo aqceven
mayuirebels is im realur socialur da ekonomikur SezRu- yuradRebas. simfsonis gamosaxulebebi mogviwodebs gavia-
dvebs axsenebs, romlebsac afro-amerikelebi awydebodnen zroT, Tu rogor iqmneba afro-amerikeli qalebis stereo-
amerikaSi warsulSi da awydebian dResac. tipi da vifiqroT im rolze, romelsac Cvens sazogadoebaSi
asrulebs Tma, rogorc rasis, sqesisa da klasis maCvenebeli.
simfsoni lorna simfsonis (Lorna Simpson, d.1960) namuSeva-
ri stereo stili (sur. 4-40), warmoadgens polaroidis aparatiT baqa judiT f. baqa (Judith F. Baca, d. 1946) namuSevarSi los
gadaRebul, or rigad dalagebul, fotoebs, romlebzec anjelesis didi kedeli xarks uxdis Tavis meqsikur-ameri-
sxvadasxva varcxnilobis mqone afro-amerikeli qalebi zur- kul memkvidreobas. 762 metrze gadaWimuli saniaRvre arxis
gidan arian aRbeWdilni. qalebis varcxnilobebs sxvadasxva, kedelis moxatvaze baqam 1976 wels daiwyo muSaoba. namuSe-
4-41 • judiT f. baqa. samezoblos gayofa (detali los anjelesis didi kedlidan),
1967-1983 (ilustraciaze mocemuli ferweruli jgufi 1983 wlis zafxulSi Seiqmna); akrili, Camosxmuli betoni, simaRle 4 m.,
kedlis mxatvrobis mTliani sigrZe daaxl. 762 m. san fernandos xeoba, Tuhangas kalapoti, ven naizi, kalifornia © SPARC
uyureT videos
qeri jeims marSalze
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
37 metis sigrZis, 3.6 metris simaRlisa da 7 santimetris sisqis kedel- uyureT videos jef qunsze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
ma, orad gayo folis moedani, sruliad Secvala is, rogorc qiteqtorebis, landSaftis dizainerebisa da moqandakeebisgan
sajaro sivrce da gamousadegari gaxada koncertebisa da Semdgarma Jiurim, is Tavisi namuSevris vietnamis veteranTa
warmodgenebisTvis. garTulda misi yoveldRiuri gamoyene- memoriali (sur. 4-46) vaSingtonSi (kolumbiis federaluri olqi)
ba SenobaSi momuSave adamianebisTvisac. droTa ganmavlo- ganxorcielebis uflebiT daajildova. linma (is erT-erTi
baSi, daxrili rkali daiJanga da maleve daifara grafitiT iyo 2,573 pretendentidan) metad martivi da dramatuli me-
da mtredebis skoreTi. qandakebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi moriali warmoadgina. miwaSi V-s formad CaWrili ori, Zlier-
aRSfoTeba imdenad didi iyo, rom 1986 wels, is aiRes da gaprialebuli Savi granitis fila siRrmidan amoizrdeba miwis
bruklinis avtosadgomze gadaitanes. es iyo sabediswero zedapirze. daaxloebiT 75 metris sigrZis mklavebi 130-gra-
gadawyvetileba, romelmac aRSfoTebis axali talRa ga- dusiani kuTxiT uerTdeba erTmaneTs, aq maTi simaRle daax-
moiwvia, amjerad xelovanebsa da kritikosebs Soris. sera loebiT 3 metrs aRwevs. vietnamis omSi daRupuli an ugzo-
amtkicebda, rom adgil-specifikuri namuSevris gadatana ukvlod dakarguli 58,272 amerikeli jariskacis gvar-saxeli
mis ganadgurebas niSnavda. saavtoro uflebebis Selaxvis qronologiurad, maTi gardacvalebis an dakargvis TariRebis
gamo, moqandakem sarCeli Seitana sasamarTloSi, magram fe- mixedviTaa aRnusxuli. qandakebis marcxena, yvelaze dabal
deraluri olqis sasamarTlom mis saqmeSi samarTlebrivi nawilSi 1956 wels daRupulTa monacemebia datanili. qrono-
darRveva ver aRmoaCina. daxrili rkali xelovanisa da sa- logia kedlis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad matulobs. yvealze
jaro qandakebis damkveTis uflebebisa da valdebulebebis maRal adgilas, yvelaze mZime danakargebiT gamorCeuli, 1968
metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs wamoWris. sruliad cxadia, wlis monacemebia asaxuli. gaprialebuli graniti mayureblebs
rom seras qandakebam mizanmimarTulad Secvala (zogier- aireklavs, ase, rom daRupulTa da ugzo-ukvlod dakargul-
TisTvis gaafuWa) folis moedani. sasamarTloSi avtors ar Ta saxelebis amokiTxvisas, isini sakuTar saxeebsac xedaven.
ucdia namuSevris dacva esTetikuri kuTxiT, is ubralod memoriali, romlis damkveTic iyo organizacia `vietnamis ve-
moiTxovda uflebas namuSevari ganeTavsebina ise, rogorc teranebi vietnamis veteranebisTvis~, Cafiqrebuli iyo daRu-
es damtkicebuli gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. am kargad pulTa da dakargulTa mosagoneblad da im adgiladac, sadac
gaSuqebulma samarTlebrivma davam daaCqara cvlilebebi gadarCenilebi SeZlebdnen sakuTari danakargebis pirispir
sajaro sivrcis qandakebis SekveTis proceduraSi. dRes dadgomas. es qandakeba sajaro xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze
samezoblo jgufebi da adgilobrivi Cinovnikebi winaswar, cnobili nimuSia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. man sruliad
sazogadoebriv damkveTebze adre xvdebian xelovanebs, ma- Secvala eris mier omSi daRupulTa glovis formebi. memoria-
gram mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi mainc gadauWreli rCeba. mig- li mZlavr da Rrma gamocdilebas sZens mis mayurebels.
viyvans ki sazogadoebrivi dacvis amgvari RonisZiebebi uke- vietnamis memorialis dadgmis gadawyvetileba farTo
Tes sajaro qandakebamde? Tu isini mxolod imis garantiaa, ganxilvis sagnad iqca. memorials `xeivanSi gaWrili Savi
rom namuSevari mSvidi, uwyinari da dekoratiuli iqneba? naprali~ uwodes, misi feri mkveTrad upirispirdeboda
garSemo aRmarTuli memorialebis marmarilos siTeTres.
lini maia lini (Maya Lin, d.1959) ielis universitetis arqiteq lins sircxvilis monumentis SeqmnaSi sdebdnen brals, erTi
turis mimarTulebis studenti iyo, rodesac 1981 wels, ar- kritikosi ki imdenad Sors wavida, rom amtkicebda _ Savi
`sircxvilis, mwuxarebis da yvela rasisa da sazogadoebis de- lic sxvebis mier Seuracxmyofelad an uRirsad SeiZleboda
gradaciis~ universaluri feriao. zogierT wreebSi qandake- yofiliyo miCneuli. imavdroulad, artistebma, romelTa
bisadmi winaaRmdegoba imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom 1983 wels saqmianoba adre sazogadoebrivi interesis miRma iyo dar-
vietnamis veteranTa memoriulma fondma meore, naturalis- Cenili, daafuZnes saxelovnebo instituciebi da yuradRe-
turi qandakebis Seqmna daafinansa. axali qandakebis avtori bis centrSi yofna moiTxoves agresiuli gamosaxulebebiT,
jorjiis StatSi dabadebuli frederik harTi (1943-1999) iyo. romlebic maT identobas da seqsualuri orientaciiT,
qandakeba sam jariskacs warmogvidgenda da kedlidan 37 met- genderuli, rasobrivi da klasobrivi kuTvnilebiT ganpi-
ris siSoreze iyo dadgmuli. 1993 wels, teqsaselma moqanda- robebul, araTanabar mopyrobas exeboda. am artistTagan
kem, glena gudeiqrma (Glena Goodacre, d. 1939) samxreTisken kidev bevri, gansakuTrebuli aRtkinebiTa da simwvaviT muSaob-
92 metris siSoreze dadga sami meddis sayuradRebo qandakeba, da, vinaidan Tavad isini an maTi megobrebi da partniorebi
romelic qalTa mier omSi Setanil wvlils ukvdavyofda. SidsiT iyvnen daavadebulni an gardacvlilni. 1990-ianma
wlebma aseve, yvelas dagvanaxa cifruli epoqis dasawyisi,
xelovneba, aqtivizmi da rodesac fotografiisa da kinoxelovnebis cvalebadobis
unarisadmi axalma interesma artistebis warmosaxvisTvis
uTanxmoebebi: axali perspeqtivebi gaxsna.
purierma mSvidobis korpusTan purierma, romelic avejis Seqmnis qandakebis sicxade, misi
erTad, erTi weli gaatara siera xelovnebas jeims krenovTan erTad abstraqtuli buneba, monumenturi
leoneSi. is afrikel xis mWrelebTan eufleboda, bolomde SeinarCuna masStabi (daaxl. 2 m.) erTi SexedviT,
muSaobda da swavlobda xis damuSa masalaze xeliT muSaobis umaRlesi minimalizms mogvagonebs, magram
vebis maT meTodebsa da unarebs. standarti. yuradReba miaqcieT konusis uswormasworo monaxazi
daakvirdiT qandakebis yelis nawilisa rqis Sida zedapiris sxivisebur aSkarad avlens namuSevris SeqmnaSi
da kudis gadabmuli monakveTebis struqturas, kudisebri daboloebis adamianis xelis monawileobis kvals
xeliT damuSavebuli zedapiris spiralisa da SeerTebis adgilebis da gviCvenebs, rom aq procesis
sinazesa da natif uTanabrobas. srulyofil xarisxs. xelovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme.
qandakebis daxveuli kudi ucnauri qandakebis zariseburi forma, Tavis aluziur qandakebaSi, puriers surs,
cxovelis, an mcenaris cariel niJa- sxvadasxvagvar _ musikaluri say- Soreul msgavsebaTa rigi daanaxos mayurebels.
ras mogvagonebs. marTalia, mocemul viris, Zvelmoduri gramafonis, SesaZloa, yvelaze cxadiad is siuxvis rqas
momentSi is mSvidad wevs, magram iseT yvavilis gvirgvinis Tu siuxvis hgavdes, romelic savsea moweuli mosavliT
STabeWdilebas gviqmnis, TiTqos Seu- rqis asociaciaciebs iwvevs. da simbolurad dovlaTs ganasaxierebs. magram
Zlia swrafad wamoimarTos (daakvirdiT konusi carielia, rac, namuSevris saTaurSi
SeerTebis adgilebs) da Tavisi nestariT gacxadebuli frazis sapirispirod, `cariel
sasikvdilod dagvgeslos. Tavmomwoneobas“ migvaniSnebs.
unda dafaros Tu ara sazogadoebrivma Tanxebma xelovnebis im nimuS- kvlavac gamofenda iseT nimuSebs, romlebsac meri `avadmyofur~
is Seqmnis xarjebi, romelsac gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli Seuracxmyo- da `sazizRar~ xelovnebad miiCnevda. juliani da kaTolikuri
flad da Seufereblad miiCnevs? sakiTxma 1989-1990 wlebSi politi- eklesiis winamZRolebi gansakuTrebiT Seuracxyo qris ofilis
kuri brZolis sibrtyeze gadainacvla, mas Semdeg, rac robert mafl- namuSevarma wminda qalwuli mariami (sur. 4-47). mas Semdeg, rac bruk-
sorpisa (Robert Mapplethorpe, 1946-1989) da andres seranos (Andres Serra- linis xelovnebis muzeumma eqspoziciis daxurvaze kidev erTxel
no, d. 1950) namuSevrebi sajarod warmoadgines gamofenaze, romelic ganacxada uari, julianim SeaCera muzeumis momsaxurebisTvis
nawilobriv daafinansa federaluri mTavrobis saagentom _ National gamoyofili yovelTviuri fuladi gadaricxva ($497,554) da sarCe-
Endowment for the Arts (NEA _ erovnuli Semowiruloba xelovnebisTvis). li Seitana Statis sasamarTloSi, muzeumisTvis ijaris gauqmebis
Semdgom debatebSi artistebi da muzeumis mmarTvelebi daupiris- moTxovniT. muzeumma, meris mier konstituciis pirveli Seswore-
pirdnen politikisa da religiis warmomadgenlebs da im brZolaSi bis darRvevis sababiT, sapasuxo sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos.
Caebnen, romelsac axla `kulturaSi gamarTul omebs~ vuwodebT. sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis saolqo sasamarTlos mier, niu
debatebis centralur Temad seranos qriste SardSi (ix. sur. 4-48) iorkis aRmosavleTi olqisTvis gamotanili dadgenilebiT
iqca. am namuSevris Sesaqmnelad seranos uSualod sazogadoebrivi julianis aekrZala muzeumis winaaRmdeg nebismieri damsjelobiTi
saxsrebi ar gamouyenebia, magram Tanamedrove xelovnebis samx- RonisZiebis gatareba. juliani amtkicebda, rom ofilis xelovneba
reT-aRmosavleTi centri (SECCA), romelmac is jgufur gamofenaze religiur Seuwynareblobas aRvivebda, magram sasamarTlom miuTi-
warmoadgina, NEA-s fondis mimRebi organizacia iyo. amerikuli Ta, rom xelisuflebas ar SeiZleba hqondes `kanonieri interesi,
ojaxis asociaciis xelmZRvaneli, Rirsi mama donald uildomi se- daicvas nebismieri, an yvela religia misTvis miuRebeli Sexedu-
ranos qmnilebas `siZulviliT savse, miuRebel, antiqristianul da lebebisgan~ da rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi `yvela tipis
uxams~ namuSevrad miiCnevda da mravalricxovan momxreebs mouwo- Sexedulebis subsidirebas axdenen, maT Soris im Sexedulebebisac,
debda kongressa da NEA-Si daegzavnaT werilebi, romlebSic sazoga- romlebsac ar eTanxmebian~ da SesaZloa, `sZulT kidec~.
doebrivi fondebis araswori gankargva iqneboda gaprotestebuli.
ramdenime konservatiulad ganwyobili, cnobili politikosi res-
publikelTa partiidan, maSinve SeuerTda am ieriSs.
imave dros, vaSingtonis (kolumbiis olqi) qonqoranis xelov-
nebis galeream gaauqma moZravi gamofena The Perfect Moment (srulyo-
fili momenti), romelic SidsiT axalgardacvlili fotografis,
maflsorpis namuSevarTa retrospeqtivas warmoadgenda. organiza-
torebs SeeSindaT, rom gamofenis Sinaarsi Seuracxmyofeli aR-
moCndeboda mayureblisTvis, an Tavad galereis dafinansebas Seuqm-
nida safrTxes. srulyofili momenti, romelic Seicavda ramdenime
homoerotikul da sadomazoxistur gamosaxulebas, maT Soris, ar-
tistis Zalze provokaciul avtoportretebs, filadelfiis Tana-
medrove xelovnebis institutis (ICA) mier iyo organizebuli, Tavad
instituts ki NEA-s fondi afinansebda. cincinatiSi am gamofenis
gaxsnis mere, muzeumis direqtori daakaves. amasTan erTad, 1990
wels, gacxarebuli debatebis dros, NEA-m oTxi gamarjvebuli ar-
tistisTvis misacemi granti gaauqma, radgan artistebi, romlebic
NEA-s oTxeulis saxeliT arian cnobilni (qaren finli , jon fleqi,
holi hiusi da tim mileri), lesbosur, gei da radikalur feminis-
tur xelovnebas qmnidnen. kongresma NEA-s 45.000 dolariT Seukveca
dafinanseba. jamSi es iyo seranosTvis gankuTvnili SECCA-s granti
_ 15.000 da maflsorpis gamofenisTvis gamoyofili ICA-s granti _
30.000. NEA-s oTxeulma 1993 wels, sasamarTlos gziT daibruna es
Tanxa, Tumca NEA-s regulaciebs daemata e.w. `uxamsobis muxli~,
romelic Jiurisgan `gansxvavebuli rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis mi-
marT pativiscemisa da wesierebis amerikuli sazogadoebis zogadi
standartebis~ ganxilvas moiTxovda. Semdgomi xuTi wlis manZilze,
NEA mniSvnelovanad Seicvala respublikelebis mier kontroli-
rebadi, warmomadgenlobiTi saxlis zegavleniT, romlis zogierT
wevrs saerTodac, saagentos daxurva surda. 1996 wels kongresma
NEA-s biujeti 40%-iT Seamcira.
sazogadoebrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb diskusiebi grZeldeboda.
1999 wels, bruklinis xelovnebis muzeumma warmoadgina gamofena
`SegrZnebebi: axalgazrda britaneli artistebi saaCis koleqcii-
dan~, romelmac sazogadoebriv dafinansebasa da Seuracxmyofel 4-47 • qris ofili. wminda qalwuli mariami,
xelovnebaze gamarTuli diskusiebis kidev erTi talRa gamoiwvia. 1996; akrili, zeTis saRebavi, poliesteri, rezini, qaRaldis
bruklinis muzeumi jiutad ar xuravda gamofenas. niu iorkis imJa- kolaJi, mbrwyinavi masala, rukis samagri, spilos fekaliebi
mindeli meri, rudolf juliani ki mas dafinansebis SewyvetiTa da tiloze. 2.44X1.83. Zveli da axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MONA),
qalaqis kuTvnili Senobidan gasaxlebiT emuqreboda, Tuki muzeumi hobarTi, tasmania, avstralia © qris ofili
ofili, romelmac xelovnebaSi masalebis gamoyenebis Se- gamo. omebi kulturaSi, mravali TvalsazrisiT, im artis-
saswavlad, erTi weli gaatara zimbabveSi, ganmartavda, rom tebis Sesaxeb iyo, romlebic gamudmebiT eZiebdnen adgils
mravali afrikeli eri, tradiciulad iyenebs napovn an gadar- samyaroSi, im dros, rodesac ufro metni tovebdnen mas.
Cenil obieqtebsa da masalebs, rogorc popularuli, ise ma-
gonsales-toresi 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, adamian-
Rali xelovnebis Sesaqmnelad. ofilis suraTi dasavluri ma-
Ta Soris imunodeficitis virusis gavrcelebas (aiv infeq-
donebis tradiciis Tanamedrove, bikulturuli gamonagonia.
cia), romelic Sidsis ZiriTad gamomwvevs warmoadgenda, bev-
spilos fekaliebi aq zimbabves kulturasa da religiasTan am
ri adamianis sicocxle emsxverpla, gansakuTrebiT gei TemSi.
Savi madonas kavSiris gasamZafreblad da misi nayofierebis
filiqs gonsales-toresis (Felix Gonzalez-Torres, 1957-1996) 1990
warmosaCenadaa gamoyenebuli. niu iorkis imJamindelma merma
wlis namuSevari usaTauro (mimzidveli sayvareli) (sur. 4-50), mis
rudolf julianim da misma mokavSireebma, imdenad Sokismom-
didi xnis partniors, Sidsisgan sasikvdilod ganwirul ros
gvrelad da mkrexelurad miiCnies namuSevari, rom misi uswra-
leiqoqs eZRvneba. namuSevari, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Zalze
fesi Camoxsna moiTxoves, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini mTeli
eqspoziciis daxurviT imuqrebodnen. juliani amtkicebda,
rom `konstituciis pirvel SesworebaSi araferia iseTi, rac
mxars dauWerda saSinel da zizRismomgvrel proeqtebs~.
aqtivisturi xelovneba
omebi kulturaSi kidev ufro gaamwvava 1990-ian wlebSi aq-
tivisturi xelovnebis zrdam. Sidsma gaanadgura axalgazr-
da artistebis saxelovnebo scena niu iorkis isT vilij-
Si da aTwleulis Sua xanebSi, mTel msoflioSi jandacvis
globaluri krizisi gamoiwvia. axalgazrdebis gazrdil
agresias kidev ufro amwvavebda momakvdav megobarTa da
sayvarelTa agonia da maTi garduvali dakargvis gancda.
Sidsi, mTavrobis umoqmedoba, es yovelive maT xelovnebaSi
gadaiRvara. 1990-iani wlebi daiwyo xelovnebiT, romelic
4-50 • filiqs gonzales-toresi.
gabrazebuli iyo sxeulze, Sidsze, identobaze, iseve ro-
`usaTauro~ (mimzidveli sayvareli),
gorc, kvlavindebur moTxovnaze aRiarebuliyo diskrimina-
1990; lurji qaRaldi, ganusazRvreli raodenoba
cia, romelsac adamianebi awydebodnen rasobrivi, eTniku- (19.1X73.7X58.4 sm), instalaciis saerTo xedi, filiqs gonsales-
ri, klasobrivi kuTvnilebisa, Tu seqsualuri orientaciis toresi, andrea rousenis galerea, niu iorki, 1990 weli
voineroviCi devid voineroviCi (David Wojnarowicz, 1955- smiTi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis qandakebaSi, adamianis
1992) sikvdils gmobda manam, vidre 1992 wels Tavadac ar fizikurma sxeulma kvlav ganacxada sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
gardaicvala SidsiT. 1987-Si, am daavadebiT voineroviCis Sidsis diskursisTvis saWiro mediumma. moqandake kiki smi-
partniori, fotografi peter hujari gardaicvala, Tavad Ti (Kiki Smith, d. 1954), romlis dac SidsiT gardaicvala, 1990
voineroviCs ki aiv-dadebiTi diagnozi daudginda. amis sapa- wels Sesrulebul namuSevarSi usaTauro (sur. 4-52) sxeuls,
suxod, artistma gaSmagebiT daiwyo mZlavri agresiiT savse sxeulebriv funqciebs da momakvdav sxeulze fizikuri
xelovnebis Seqmna, romelic mogviTxrobda SiSze da dabneu- konstrolis dakargvas ikvlevs. es amaRelvebeli qandakeba
lobaze, romelsac sayvareli adamianis neli sikvdilis yu- gviCvenebs qalisa da mamakacis naturaluri zomis or SiSvel
reba iwvevs, maSin rodesac Tavad dgaxar sikvdilis pirispir. figuras. kanis feris futkris cvilisgan damzadebuli sxeu-
namuSevarSi usaTauro (xelebi) (sur. 4-51) voineroviCma saxveve- lebi iatakidan ramdenime santimetris simaRleze, pasiur
mdgomareobaSia gverdigverd dakidebuli, magram miuxedavad
amisa, sasicocxlo Zalebi maT sxeulebSi jer kidev igrZnoba.
qalis mkerdidan rZe, kacis fexze ki Tesli moJonavs, TiT-
qos orivem dakarga kontroli sxeulis funqciebze, rome-
lic erT dros, maTi sicocxlisa da siamovnebis wyaro iyo.
Rrma da Zlieria danakargis grZnoba, magram namuSevars arc
Svebis gancda aklia. smiTi werda, rom vidre Cveni sazoga-
doeba zizRiT moekideba sxeulebrivi funqciebis realobas,
Cven vibrZolebT maT misaCqmalad da gasakontroleblad da
amgvarad, sikvdilis moaxloebisas, sxeulze kontrolis da-
kargvis process kidev ufro damamcirebels da SemaSinebels
gavxdiT. es qandakeba gvTxovs, davfiqrdeT sxeulis kont-
rolze, sakuTar kontrolis grZnobaze da kontrolze, ro-
melsac sxvebi axorcieleben Cvens sxeulze gardacvalebis
Semdeg. misi varaudiT, kontrolze uaris Tqma SeiZleba Ta-
nabari ZaliT, ganmaTavisuflebelic iyos da damangrevelic.
uyureT videos
qristof vodiCkoze
veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com
Tebis Sesanaxad gankuTvnili, kalaTi hqonda damagrebuli. ganadgurdes. vinaidan sxva saxlebi ukve dangreuli iyo,
urikaze aRmarTuli kaSkaSa feris droSa, mis moaxloebas uaiTridma `Tavisi saxlis~ kedlebs miasxa Txevadi cementi
mianiSnebda. usaxlkaroebi, romlebsac gaumarTlaT da er- da amgvarad, Seqmna Sida sivrcis anabeWdi, Tavad saxli ki
goT es satransporto saSualeba, kmayofilebi darCnen misi daSala. darCenili TeTri betonis anabeWds miRma, im aCr-
muSaobiT. magram niu iorkis xelisuflebam CaTvala, rom es dilad qceuli sivrcis kvalia, romelic odesRac viRacas
`transporti~ metismetad xiluls xdida usaxlkaroTa fe- ekuTvnoda. uaiTridis saxlma maRali sazogadoebrivi inte-
nas, amitomac isini maleve gauCnarda qalaqis quCebidan. resi gamoiwvia da britanul sazogadoebaSi ramdenime metad
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi wamoWra, aseTia: usaxlkaroba, urba-
uaiTridi britanelma moqandakem reiCel uaiTridma nuli ganaxlebis xarjebi da sargebeli, muSaTa klasis so-
(Rachel Whiteread, d. 1963), rogorc axalgazrda britanel ar- cialuri pozicia. uaiTridi sadao sakiTxebze msjelobda
tiststTa (YBA) jgufis wevrma, sayofacxovrebo nivTebisa iseTi xerxebiT, romelTa gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda
da obieqtebis (mag., abazana, gamoyenebuli leibi) Camosxmu komunikaciis sxva saSualebebisTvis. artists ganzraxuli
li anabeWdebis keTebiT moipova saxeli. aseTi xerxiT, mas hqonda saxli eqcia politikur gancxadebad `inglisSi sa-
surda eCvenebina, rom yvelaferi tovebs Tavis kvals da cxovrebeli saxlebis mdgomareobaze, sasacilo politika-
obieqtebis ararseboba moCvenebiTia. 1993 wels, Tavis yve- ze, romelic iTvaliswinebda amgvari saxlebis ngrevasa da
laze did da sadao namuSevarSi saxli (sur. 4-54), artistma qa- maT nacvlad, cudad daproeqtebuli, maRlivi blokebis Se-
laqis RaribTa uxilaobas miapyro yuradReba. am proeqtis- nebas, romlebic 20 weliwadSi Tavadac gaxdeba dasangrevi~.
Tvis, uaiTridma betonisgan Camoasxa londonis isT endis
erT-erTi samsarTuliani, daterasebuli saxlis mTeli Sida postkoloniuri diskursi
sivrce. aseTi saxlebis mTeli rigi developerebma dasan- sul ufro mzardi migraciis, globaluri komunikaciisa
grevad gawires da amgvarad, im Temis ukanaskneli kvalic da ekonimikis pirobebSi, 1990-ian wlebSi, pirovnuli, po-
ki waSales, romelic gmirulad umklavdeboda dabombvebs II litikuri, kulturuli da erovnuli identobis sakiTxebi
msoflio omis dros. saxli mogonebebzea, romlebic adgi- wamoiWra. postkoloniuri epoqis artistebma identobis sa-
lebsa da droSi saxloben da romlebic ase iolad SeiZleba dao da postkoloniuri xalxebis identobisTvis brZolis sa-
rul epoqaSi, sakuTari identobis Seqmnis sakiTxebs wamo- teqnologiebis samyaro, romelic mudmivad gvitevs axali
Wris. instalacia im nivTebis didi zomis qandakebebisgan obieqtebiTa da gamosaxulebebiT, Cveni identobis koncef-
Sedgeba, romelTa gareSe dRes cxovreba ver warmogvidge- cias intensiuri vizualuri siWarbis CarCoebSi aqcevs.
nia, esaa _ uzarmazari mobiluri telefoni, saxelwodebiT
multipleqsirebuli (sur, 4-65), giganturi xuTdolariani bank- xelovneba da identobebi
noti, `mxrColavi sigaretebis tye~ da a.S. maTgan praqtiku- wignis bolo nawilSi warmodgenili xelovanebi mraval-
li rCevebis e.w. self-help (daexmare sakuTar Tavs) uzarmazar mxrivi mimarTulebiT ikvleven pirovnuli Tu jgufuri
wignebsa da jinis boTlSi Tavad xelovanis gamosaxulebiani identobebis sul ufro mzard da garTulebul problemas.
videoa CarTuli. osleris gamofena samomxmareblo sazoga- isini angreven mediumsa da gzavnils Soris tradiciulad
doebis, pop artis mier Semotanili kritikis gonivrulad arsebul sxvaobas, aqroben sazRvrebs da qmnian xelov-
ganaxlebul variants warmoadgens da gakvriT migvaniSnebs nebas, romelic iseTive saintereso, aRmafrTovanebeli,
uorholze, oldenburgze da lixTensTainzec ki (ix. sur. 4-11, rTuli da damabnevelia, rogorc Tavad dRevandeli, axali
4-14, 4-15). namuSevrebs acocxlebs maTze dadebuli animaciuri aTaswleulis samyaro.
video proeqcia, romelic sigaretis
wvis Tu `ab~ linkolnis win wamoweuli
saxis iluzias qmnis. iluzorulad,
Tavisi boTlidan gaqcevas cdilobs
Tavad osleri, mobiluri telefoni
ki (mocemul suraTze), rogorc amas
gamofenis pres-relizi gvamcnobs, sa
ubrebis calkeuli fragmentebis am
onTxevas lamobs. osleris xelovneba
mogviwodebs davfiqrdeT imaze, rom
gu uenda gu (Wenda Gu, d. 1955) Tavis Semoqmedebas adamianebis bic `adamianis codnis naklulobas gvaxsenebs~. gu aseve
gaerTianebas uZRvnis. CineTis saxviTi xelovnebis erovnul qmnis `erovnul~ monumentebs, romelTa calkeuli nimuSebi
akademiaSi man tradiciuli melnis ferwera Seiswavla. ame- poloneTSi, israelSi da taivanSia instalirebuli. yoveli
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi gu 1987 wels gadmovida sacxov- maTgani maspinZel qveyanaSi Segrovebuli Tmisgan mzaddeba da
reblad, 1992 ki Seudga globalur proeqts, saxelwodebiT am qveynis problemebs asaxavs. `gaerTianebuli erebis seriis~
_ `gaerTianebuli erebis seria~. am seriis TiToeuli `mo- `transnacionaluri~ monumentebi ufro globaluri xasiaTis
numenti~ Seqmnilia adamianis Tmebisgan, romlebsac artisti sakiTxebs exeba da sxvadasxva qveynebSi Segrovebuli Tmebis-
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis silamazis da Tmis salonebSi ganaa Seqmnili. aseTnairad, xelovani axali aTaswleulisTvis
agrovebs. am masalas gu blokebad an wnulebad xaliCebsa da `axal, gabedul rasobriv identobas~ gvTavazobs.
fardagebSi aqsovs da maT Tavisi mogonili idiogramebiT
faravs. Cinuri monumenti: zeciuri taZari (sur. 4-68) sxvadasxva hemensi devid hemensi (David Hammons, d. 1943) im socialu-
erovnebis adamianebis Tmebsa da Cinuri, inglisuri, hindis rad moazrovne xelovanTa rigs ganekuTvneba, vinc dauRa-
da arabuli damwerlobis Sereul warwerebs Seicavs, romle- lavad Sromobs sazogadoebriv sferoSi. is amerikuli sa-
galereo sistemis gulwrfeli kritikosia da sinanuliT ri zomis, ori uTavo mandilosnis qandakebas. kanis feris
aRniSnavs, rom afro-amerikeli xelovanebis rTuli Sinaar- mixedviT, anu zedapirulad, maTi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis
sis namuSevrebi Zalze mwiradaa warmodgenili gamofenebze. garkveva SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom figurebs qa-
hemensis azriT, xelovnebis samyaro `novokains hgavs, rome- lis sxeulebi aqvs, maTi xelebi mamakacuria. isini pirispir,
lic adre afxizlebda, axla ki aZinebs~. artistis mtkice- dueliantebis pozaSi dganan da XIX saukunis kaJis pistole-
biT, mxolod sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi aqtiurad CarTul tebs umizneben erTmaneTs ararsebul TavebSi. maTi samosi
xelovnebas ZaluZs komerciis sibinZurisgan Tavis daRweva XIX saukunis kostiums mogvagonebs, magram holandiuri qso-
da sazogadoebis gamofxizleba. namuSevari usaTauro (sur. vilisgan Sekerili, kaSkaSa feradovnebis kabebi Cveulebriv,
4-69) cocxali, mwvave, maxvilgonivruli da msusxavi sati- dasavleTi afrikis xalxebTan asocirdeba. qsovilis isto-
raa afro-amerikelTa, jer kidev orazrovan mdgomareobaze riis sirTule da Sonibares mier, misi gamoyenebis xerxi,
amerikul sazogadoebaSi. ramdenime Statis sazogadoebriv gvixsnis am qandakebis mravalgvar, farul sazrisebs. brwyin-
Senobebze konfederatebis droSis aRmarTvasTan dakavSi- vale feradovnebis monaxWuli qsovili, romelsac miliono-
rebiT gamarTuli debatebis sapasuxod, hemensma, 1990 wels, biT afrikeli atarebs dResac, indoneziuri warmoSobisaa.
harlemis studio muzeumisTvis (Studio Museum) Seqmna dro- afrikaSi is holandieli kolonistebis mier iyo Semotani-
Sa, romelic Semdgomac ramdenjerme gamoifina, maT Soris, li, mzaddeboda inglisSi, manCesteris bambis fabrikebSi,
2000 wels, niu iorkis axali xelovnebis muzeumSi. hemensis Semdeg ki isev dasavleT afrikaSi igzavneboda, sadac mas
droSis ferebi imeorebs pan-afrikul (Pan-African), Savkani- modificirebuli da gardaqmnili saxiT, ukve adgilobrivebi
anTa globaluri ganviTarebis asociaciis (Universal Negro moixmardnen. namdvili ironiaa, rom Tavisi qandakebebisTvis
Improvement Association) da afrikul TemTa ligis (African Com- Sonibare qsovilebs londonSi, briqsTonis bazarSi iZens.
munities League) droSas, romelic 1920 wels, afro-amerike- miuxedavad imisa, rom misi namuSevrebi maxvilgonivruli da
lebis mier Seiqmna, raTa simbolurad aReniSnaT `msoflios ironiulia, isini mware notebsac Seicavs, radgan aaSkaravebs
SavkanianTa uflebebi~. wiTeli _ afrikis yvela xalxebis im ZalTa daxlarTul qsels, romelic identobas ayalibebs
gamaerTianebeli da Tavisuflebis ZiebaSi daRvrili sisx- da gviwvevs gadavxedoT rasis, post-kolonializmis, sakuT-
lis feria, Savi _ simbolurad Savkanian xalxs aRniSnavs, rebis, qonebis, Zaladobisa da klasis Cveneul aRqmas.
mwvane ki afrikis simwvaniT dafarul miwas.
siera mexikoSi mcxovrebi, espaneli xelovani santiago
Sonibare londonSi dafuZnebuli, nigeriuli warmoSobis siera (Santiago Sierra, d. 1966) Tavis intervencionistul na-
britaneli xelovani inka Sonibare (Yinka Shonibare, d. 1962) muSevrebSi aseve mimarTavs rasobriv, eTnikur da RaribTa
Tavisi xelovnebis saSualebiT, identobis Camoyalibebis kapitalisturi eqspluataciis sakiTxebs. 2001 wels, ve-
sakiTxebs ikvlevs da gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aRiqmeba is neciis 49-e bienaleze sieram warmoadgina xiluli komen-
koloniuri istoriis peripetiebis, klasis, rasis da Tvi- tari gamofenaze, romelSic fufunebis, qedmaRlobisa da
TaRqmis WrilSi. namuSevari rogor avafeTqoT erTdroulad eliturobis atmosfero sufevda, siRaribe da rasistu-
ori Tavi (qalbatonebi) (sur. 4-70) warmogvidgens naturalu- li daZabuloba ki uxilavi iyo. anazRaurebis sanacvlod,
dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
4.1. dawereT dematerializebuli obieqtebis mniSvne urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
lobaze omis Semdgomi xanis SeerTebuli Statebis
xelovnebaSi. Semdeg ganixileT Tu rogor SeiZina XX saukunis gamorCeulma arqiteq-
reprezentaciulma xelovnebam xelaxla mniSvne- torebma daaproeqtes kerZo saxlebi,
loba momdevno wlebSi, kerZod 1980-ianebis Semdeg masStaburi savaWro, religiuri Tu
da ganmarteT is axali formebi, romlebic am rep- sazogadoebrivi Senobebi. ganixileT
rezentaciam miiRo. garemoebebi, romlebmac am ori, cno-
4.2. ganixileT 1950-1960-ian wlebSi pop artis Camo- bili saxlis Seqmna ganapiroba. rogor
yalibebis procesi da daaxasiaTeT axali Temebi, ewereba es namuSevrebi maTi Semqmneli
romlebic pop artistebis yuradRebis arealSi mo arqiteqtorebis Semoqme-
sur. 3-43
eqca. ganmarteT rogor da ratom upasuxa pop artma
debaSi? rogor ukavSir-
abstraqtul eqspresionizms.
deba isini maTi Seqmnis
4.3. gaanalizeT, rogor gamoiyenes Tanamedrove ameri- xanis arqiteqturuli
kelma xelovanebma TavianTi xelovneba rasobriv
proeqtirebis mniSvnelo-
problemebTan dakavSirebuli politikuri da soa-
ciluri sakiTxebis sakvlevad. SearCieT da ganixi- van problemebs? rogor
leT am TavSi moyvanili artistebidan aranakleb ukavSirdeba maTi fiziku-
oris namuSevrebi. ri konteqsti maT dizains?
sur. 4-31
4.4. ganmarteT, rogor gardaqmna globalizmma vizua
luri xelovneba da ganixileT Tu rogor iyeneben
xelovanebi Tanamedrove strategiebs sakuTari,
lokaluri kulturebis problemebze sasaubrod.
SeiswavleT da mimoixileT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
238 leqsikoni
xelovanis mier Seqmnili xazebi da formebi emateba. nizebul kulturebs axasiaTebs.
kombinacia (gv. 187) aratradiciuli masalebis gamoyenebiT, redimeidi (gv. 138) popularuli an materialuri kulturis
ferwerisa da qandakebis kombinacia. obieqti, romelic xelovanis mier, yovelgvari saxelovnebo
liTografia (gv. 53) qvis brtyel zedapirze cximiani fanq manipulaciis gareSe, xelovnebis nimuSad aris warmodgenili.
riT Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebidan Seqmnili anabeWdi. qvis saloni (gv. 7) stumrebisTvis gankuTvnili didi gasarTo-
dasvelebul zedapirze wasmuli melani mxolod cximian ad- bi oTaxi, an cnobili adamianebis socialuri da inteleq-
gilebs ekvris. tualuri Tavyrilobis adgili. agreTve, xelovnebis nimuSe-
mediumi mravlobiTSi media. masala, romlisganac xelovne- bis gamosafeni sivrce, galerea.
bis nimuSi mzaddeba. trafaretuli beWdva (gv. 193) beWdvis teqnika, romelSic
moqmedebis xelovneba (gv. 175) sasuraTe sibrtyeze saRebavis saRe
ba
vi an melani trafaretisa da specialurad momzade-
dasasxmelad, an dasawveTeblad farTe, Tavisufal Jestebs buli naWris meSveobiT, mravalasliani gamosaxulebis Sesa-
iyenebs. meTodi asocirdeba XX saukunis Sua wlebSi moR- qmenlad iwnexeba.
vawe, amerikuli abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis warmomadgen- formalizmi (gv. 173) midgoma, romelic formaze dafuZ-
lebTan, kerZod, jeqson polokTan. nebuli xelovnebis gagebisa da SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba.
namuSevari miwaze (gv. 203) (ingl. earthwork) Cveulebriv, xe- formalisturi midgoma xelovnebis nawarmoebs misi Seqmnis
lovnebis msxvilmasStabiani nimuSi, romelic Ria cis qveS droisa da adgilisgan damoukidebelad ganixilavs.
aris Seqmnili, bunebrivi garemos saxecvliT. fotomontaJi (gv. 140) mravali (zogjer erTmaneTis gadamfa
odaliski (gv. 52) haramxanis xarWis an mZevali qalis aRmniSv ravi), mcire zomis fotosgan Sedgenili foto kompozicia,
neli Turquli sityva. romelic Semdeg xelaxlaa gadaRebuli.
orientalizmi (gv. 68) axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebiT frotaJi (gv. 158) iqmneba teqsturian zedapirze moTavsebul
aRfrTovanebam biZgi misca ekleqturi XIX saukunis evro qaRaldze naxSiris an romelime sxva rbili mediumis xaxuniT.
pel
Ta fantaziebs, ramac aRmosavleTis egzotikuri cxov- cxovelxatuli (gv. 19) (ingl. Picturesque) 1. gamoyenebulia
reba xelovnebaSi popularul Temad aqcia. inglisuri baRis dasaxasiaTeblad 2. yovelive Cveulis,
pasteli (gv. 14) mSrali pigmentis, carcisa da webos Semad- sasiamovnos, saamurisadmi midrekili gemovneba, stili XVIII-
genlobis mqone fanqari an Cxiri; agreTve: pasteliT Sesru- XIX saukuneebis evropaSi. pirveladi mniSvnelobiT `sura-
lebuli nauSevari. Tobrivi~ xasiaTis mqone peizaJuri scenis aRsawerad ga-
moiyeneboda. amaRlebulTan SedarebiT, mimzidvel, magram
performansis xelovneba (gv. 187) Tanamedrove xelovnebis
Cveulebriv peizaJs aRniSnavs.
nimuSi, romelic efuZneba xelovanis mier warmodgenil, rea-
lur droSi mimdinare qmedebas, romelic xandaxan Teatra- jaspervea (gv. 919) (Jasperware, ing. jasper _ iaSma, ware _ kera-
luri warmodgenis elementebs Seicavs. mikuli nawarmi) joSua vejvudis mier warmoebuli msxvil-
marcvlovani, mouWiqavi TeTri keramika. jasperveas nivTze
pleneri (gv. 87) franguli termini (en plain air _ `Ria cis
reliefuri, amoburculi forma-gamosaxuleba, xSirad, TeT-
qveS~, `gare sivrceSi~), romelic aRniSnavs Ria cis qveS xat-
rad rCeboda, xolo foni, metalooqsidiT iyo daferili.
vis impresionistul meTods, rodesac mxatvars muSaobisas
ganaTebisa da atmosferos cvalebad efeqtebze uSualo dak- hefeningi (gv. 187) alan qefrous mier, 1960-ian wlebSi Camo-
virvebis SesaZlebloba aqvs. yalibebuli saxelovnebo forma, romelic Tavis TavSi aer-
Tianebs performanss, Teatralur warmodgenas da vizualur
pluralizmi (gv. 207) socialuri struqtura an mizani, ro-
gamosaxulebebs. hefeningi specialuri narativis an miznis
melic saSualebas aZlevs gansxvavebuli eTnikuri, rasobri-
gareSe iyo organizebuli da auditoriis Tanamonawileo-
vi an sxva jgufebis wevrebs mSvidobianad iarsebon sazo-
bas gulisxmobda. is individualuri improvizaciebisa da
gadoebis SigniT, TavianTi gansxvavebuli kulturebisaTvis
SemTxveviTobis Sedegs warmoadgenda.
damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebis Seucvlelad.
agreTve: zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic aRniSnavs Tanamedro- Fête galante (gv. 10) (fr. galanturi garToba, zeimi). ferweris
ve stilTa mravalferovnebas, romelic imavdroulad, xel- Janri, romelic qalaqis parkebsa da soflis midamoebSi la-
misawvdomia xelovanTaTvis. mazad gamowyobili adamianebis garTobisa da dasvenebis sce-
nebs asaxavs. umeteswilad asocirdeba XVIII s-is franguli
preriebis stili (gv. 146) SemuSavebulia Sua dasavleTel ar-
rokokos mxatvrobasTan.
qiteqtorTa erTi jgufis mier, romlebic TavianT namuSev-
rebSi mimarTaven preriebis esTetikas, landSaftis dizainSi memento mori (gv. 9) (laT. `gaxsovdes sikvdili~). am ideas va-
ki adgilobriv, preriebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mcenareebs nitasSi ganasaxierebs iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa Tavis qala,
iyeneben, raTa Seqmnan ZiriTadad, myudro sacxovrebeli da Camqrali sanTeli da sxv., romlebic am SemTxvevaSi sicocx-
mcire zomis sazogadoebrivi nagebobebi. lis warmavlobasa da wamierebas aRniSnaven simbolurad.
primitivizmi (gv. 123) dasavleli xelovanebis mier, sakuTari
namuSevrebisTvis ara-evropuli an preistoriuli wyaroe-
bidan Temebisa da formebis dasesxeba, im eqspresiulobis
misaRwevad, rac maTi azriT, ucxo, gansakuTrebiT, kolo-
leqsikoni 239
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