MyArtsLab

xelovnebis istoria
XVIII saukunidan dRemde
xelovnebis istoria
XVIII saukunidan dRemde

merilin sToqsTedi
kanzasis universitetis emeritusi
xelovnebis istoriis profesori judiT merfis fondis dafinansebiT

maikl v. qoTreni
svorTmoris kolejis xelovnebis ganyofilebis humanitarul mecnierebaTa profesori
Soieris sagvareulo fondis dafinansebiT

Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia

APOLLON KUTATELADZE TBILISI STATE ACADEMY OF ART
 Government of the United States
Tssa TSAA

dafinansebulia saqarTveloSi aSS-is saelCos

wignis Targmnis programis farglebSi
Tanadamfinanseblebi: saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro
Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia

Funded through the Book Translation Program US Embassy Georgia

Co-founding: Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia
Apollon Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art

mTargmnelebi: Tea tabataZe, TamTa-Tamar SavguliZe Translated by Tea Tabatadze, Tamta-Tamar Shavgulidze
redaqtorebi: ana kldiaSvili, marine bulia Edited by Ana Kldiashvili, Marina Bulia

teqnikuri dizaineri: irma liparteliani Layout design by Irma Liparteliani

merilin sToqsTedisa da maikl v. qoTrenis wignis ART HISTORY,

me-5 gamocemis (ISBN 0205873472) avtorizebuli Targmani
gamomcemloba Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008.
gamocemulia Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis
saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis mier
yvela ufleba daculia. Pearson Education, Inc.-is nebarTvis gareSe am wignis
romelime nawilis reproduqcia an gavrceleba eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri,
maT Soris fotoaslebis, an sxva romelime formiT, dauSvebelia

Authorized translation from English entitled ART HISTORY, 5th edition,

ISBN 0205873472, by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren
Published by Pearson Education, Inc. copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008
Georgian edition published by Apollon Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission
from Pearson Education, Inc.

garekanze: inka Sonibare, rogor avafeTqoT erTdroulad ori Tavi (qalbatonebi), 2006

copyright © 2017. Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis wignis dizaini:

saxelobis saxelmwifo Laurence King Publishing LTD, London
samxatvro akademia www.laurenceking.com

ISBN 978-9941-0-9739-3
 winamdebare gamocema warmoadgens
cnobili amerikeli avtorebis merilin sToqsTedisa
da maikl v. qoTrenis wignis `xelovnebis istoria~
XXX-XXXIII Tavebis Targmans.
Sinaarsi

I II
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis XIX saukunis meore naxevris

Tavi
Tavi

dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli

CrdiloeT amerikaSi Statebis xelovneba

industriuli, inteleqtualuri franguli akademizmi.

da politikuri revoluciebi 6 arqiteqtura da xelovneba 64
rokoko 7 akademizmi arqiteqturaSi 65
rokokos salonebi 7 akademizmi ferwerasa da qandakebaSi 66
rokokos mxatvroba da skulptura 8
adreuli fotografia evropasa
rokokos eklesiis dekori 12
da SeerTebul StatebSi 68
italia: didi turi da klasicizmi 12
realizmi da avangardi 72
didi turis portretebi da xedebi 13
realizmi da revolucia 72
klasicizmi romSi 15
mane: „Tanamedrove cxovrebis
klasicizmi da adreuli amsaxveli mxatvari“ 76
romantizmi britaneTSi 17
gamoxmaureba realizmze safrangeTs miRma 80
klasikis aRorZineba
arqiteqturasa da dizainSi 18 impresionizmi 87
goTikis aRorZineba peizaJi da mocaleoba 88
arqiteqturasa da dizainSi 22 Tanamedrove cxovreba 93
britanuli mxatvrobis tendenciebi 22 gviani XIX saukune 95
XVIII saukunis miwurulis xelovneba postimpresionizmi 95
safrangeTSi 34 simbolizmi 101
arqiteqtura 34 franguli skulptura 103
ferwera da qandakeba 34 ar nuvo 105

xelovneba espaneTSi da amerikis modernizmis sawyisebi 107

espanur koloniebSi 40 evropuli arqiteqtura:
portretis xelovneba da teqnologia da struqtura 108
protesti espaneTSi: goia 40 Cikagos skola 109
amerikis xelovneba espaneTis sezani 112
mmarTvelobis qveS 43
CanarTebi
XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba:
xelovneba da misi konteqsti
klasicizmi da romantizmi 45
orientalizmi 68
safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebi 46
peizaJi romantizmis mxatvrobaSi 54 farTo rakursiT
modernisti mxatvrebi da
goTuri da klasicisturi stilebi
msoflio kulturebi: iaponizmi 96
XIX saukunis dasawyisis arqiteqturaSi 58
axlo xediT
CanarTebi mahana no atua (RvTaebis dRe) 100
xelovneba da misi konteqsti
akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi 26 arqiteturis elementebi
qalaqis parki 110
farTo rakursiT
`meduzas~ tivi 48 teqnika
fotografiuli procesi 71
axlo xediT
jorjianuli vercxli 21

arqiteturis elementebi
liToni, rogorc samSeneblo masala 28

teqnika
liTografia 54
 III IV
axali xelovneba saerTaSoriso viTareba
Tavi

Tavi
evropasa da amerikaSi, 1950 wlis Semdeg
1900-1950 wlebi

evropa da amerika XX saukunis 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg 184

dasawyisSi 118 xelovnebis samyaro 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg 184
adreuli xanis axali xelovneba evropaSi 119 gafarTovebuli
fovistebi: feris veluri mxecebi 119 saxelovnebo samyaro 184
pikaso, „primitivizmi“ da kubizmis dabadeba 121 asambliaJi 184
xidi da primitivizmi 126 hefeningisa da performansis xelovneba 187
damoukidebeli eqspresionistebi 128 fotografia 191
lurji mxedris spiritualizmi 129 pop arti 191
kubizmis gavrceleba 131
tradiciuli qandakebidan abstraqciisken 135 xelovnebis obieqtis dematerializacia 195
dada xelovnebis raobaze svams SekiTxvebs 137 minimalizmi 196

modernistuli tendenciebi amerikaSi 140 konceftualuri xelovneba

Stiglici da galerea „291“ 140 da performansi 197
xelovneba, rogorc procesi 199
The Armory Show (arsenalis gamofena)
feminizmi da xelovneba 201
da adgilobrivi modernizmi 141
„xelovneba miwaze“ da
adreuli xanis modernistuli adgilspecifikuri qandakeba 203
arqiteqtura 144 arqiteqtura: XX saukunis Sua wlebis
evropuli modernizmi 145 modernizmidan postmodernizmisken 204
amerikuli modernizmi 146 XX saukunis Sua wlebis modernistuli
evropuli xelovneba arqiteqtura 205
or msoflio oms Soris 150 postmodernuli arqiteqtura 206
utilitaruli xelovnebis
formebi ruseTSi 151 postmodernizmi 207
De Stijl-i niderlandebSi 152 ferwera 208
bauhauzi germaniaSi 155 postmodernizmi da genderi 209
„gaerTianeba erTi“, inglisi 160 postmodernizmi da rasobrivi,
an eTnikuri kuTvnileba 211
axali xelovneba amerikaSi
or msoflio oms Soris 161 qandakeba 213
harlemis renesansi 161 xelovneba, aqtivizmi da uTanxmoebebi:
soflis amerika 167 oTxmocdaaTianebi 216
kanada 167 omebi kulturaSi 216
meqsika 168 aqtivisturi xelovneba 220
brazilia 170 postkoloniuri diskursi 223
kuba 171
maRali teqnologiebi da
omis Semdgomi xelovneba evropasa da dekonstruqtivizmi arqiteqturaSi 224
amerikaSi 171 video da firi 228
figuratiuli pasuxi da
araformaluri xelovneba evropaSi 171 globalizmi: axali aTaswleulisken 229
eqsperimentebi laTinur amerikaSi 172 xelovneba da teqnologia 230
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi niu iorkSi 173 xelovneba da identobebi 231

CanarTebi CanarTebi
xelovneba da misi konteqsti xelovneba da misi konteqsti
avangardis CaxSoba nacistur germaniaSi 156 partizani gogonebi 210
amerikuli xelovnebis federaluri patronaJi
polemika xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi
didi depresiis dros 166
dafinansebis Sesaxeb 218
farTo rakursiT
farTo rakursiT
gernika 162
sadResaswaulo sadili 200
axlo xediT axlo xediT
germaneli oficris portreti 142 gadaWarbebuli Tavmomwoneoba 217
arqiteturis elementebi
caTambjenebi 149 leqsikoni 238
internacionaluri stili 157 bibliografia 240
1-1 • jon singlTon qofli. Tomas miflini da sara morisi (mister da misis miflinebi),
1773; tilo, zeTi, 156.5X121.9 m. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis
dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa
da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
Tomas miflinisa da misi meuRlis, sara morisis wyvile-
di portreti (sur. 1-1) jon singlTon qoflim (John Singleton
Copley, 1738-1816) maSin Seasrula, rodesac meuRleebi 1773
wels filadelfiidan bostonSi ojaxis wevris dakrZalva-
ze iyvnen Casulebi. es swored is weli iyo, rodesac ame-
rikelma kolonistebma britanul Caize dawesebuli gada-
saxadi e.w. `bosTonis Cais wveulebis~ saxiT gaaprotestes.
maSin britaneTidan Semotanili mTeli Cai bostonis yure-
Si gadaiyara. namuSevari wyvilis saxlSi im dros daikida,
rodesac cnobili vaWari da politikosi Tomas miflini,
koloniis sxva wamyvan warmomadgenlebTan erTad, pirvel
kontinentur kongresze britaneTTan kavSiris mosalod-
neli gawyvetis strategias ganixilavda. da marTlac, su-
raTi meuRleebs swored damoukideblobis ideisTvis Ta-
vdadebul amerikel patriotebad warmoaCens.
yuradRebis centrSi swored sara, da ara misi cnobili
meuRle eqceva. Zvirfasi maqmaniT morTul modur abreSu-
mis kabaSi gamowyobili, sadad davarcxnil Tmebze abreSu-
mis faqizi maqmanis TavsaburaviT, igi suraTis wina planze
mjdomi warmogvidgeba. sara mdidari da namdvilad ele-
ganturi qalbatonia, Tumca, Zvirfaseulobis nacvlad, mas
mxolod ZafiT naqsovi mokrZalebuli yelsabami amkobs.
misi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone qalisTvis Seufereb-
lad mklavebakapiwebuli sara, gaprialebul magidaze dad-
gmul did xis CarCoze abreSumis Zafs arTavs. es yofiTi,
saojaxo saqmianobaa, romelic arasdros aisaxeboda did
da ZviradRirebul oficialur portretebze, magram amas
mniSvnelovani politikuri mizezebi hqonda. sara im tipis
abreSumis maqmans qsovs, rogoric warsulSi inglisidan
SemoqondaT xolme. gviCvenebs ra saras swored am saq-
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
1.1 gamoikvlieT im mimdinareobaTa warmoSoba, romlebsac xe-
lovnebis istorikosebma rokoko, klasicizmi da romantiz-
mi uwodes da gaiazreT am mimdinareobaTa damaxasiaTebeli
niSan-Tvisebebi.
1.2 ganixileT romantizmis Temebi (bunebis gandidebiT dawye­
buli, monebiT vaWrobis sisastikiT dasrulebuli), maTTan
dakavSirebul emociebsa da grZnobebTan mimarTebiT.
I
Tavi
mianobis dros, qofli mas warmogvidgens ojaxisTvis Ta-
vdadebul Sromismoyvare meuRled da revoluciis gul­
Sematkivar upretenzio qaladac, romelsac britane­Tidan
Semotanili nivTebis gareSec SeuZlia arseboba. mnaxvelis
winaSe igi warsdgeba Tavisi rwmeniTa da gonierebiT, ro-
gorc patrioti meuRlis Rirseuli partniori britane-
Tis kolonializmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. Tavad Tomas
miflini ki suraTis siRrmeSi zis, kiTxva Seuwyvitavs
da aRfrTovanebiT Sescqeris Tavis sayvarel meuRles.
1773 wlisTvis jon singlTon qofli ukve upirobod
aRiarebuli portretisti da SeZlebuli adamiani iyo.
amgvar reputacias mxatvris ostatoba da misi natifi
Sesrulebis manera ganapirobebda, romelic ara mxolod
modelis garegnobis yovel detalsa da pirovnul Tvi-
sebebs, aramed, qalebis samosis abreSumis, atlasisa da
maqmanebis, aseve, Zvirfasi gaprialebuli avejis didebu-
lebasa da brwyinvalebasac gadmoscemda, anu warmoaCenda
yovelive imas, rac maTi mflobelebis simdidresa da sa-
zogadoebriv mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qoflis simamri vesT indoeTis
kompaniis (romlis kuTvnili Caic Caiyara yureSi) warmo-
madgeneli iyo bostonSi, mxatvari garkveulwilad Tanau-
grZnobda revolucias; ecada kidec bostonis krizisis
mogvarebas, Tumca, uSedegod. maSin, rodesac Tomas da
sara miflinebis es portreti ixateboda, Tavad qoflis
koloniebis politikur momavalze araerTmniSvnelovani
azri hqonda (igi momdevno wels tovebs kidec koloniis
aramdgrad garemos da karieras londonSi agrZelebs), ma-
gram misi modelebi calsaxad avlenen revoluciis saq-
misadmi Tavdadebas.
1.3 gamoavlineT urTierTdamokidebuleba am periodis mxatv-
rul stilTa kompleqsur nazavsa da evropisa da amerikis
rTul politikur atmosferos Soris.
1.4 gamoavlineT neoklasicizmis damokidebuleba ganmanaT-
leblobis faseulobebTan da romis antikuri memkvidreo-
bis Seswavlisadmi interesis mizezi.
mousmineT am Tavis audio masalas veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
5
industriuli, inteleqtualuri da ganmanaTlebloba Tvlida, rom adamiani ar warmoadgenda
RmerTis an aristokratiis mier marTul crumorwmune ar-
politikuri revoluciebi sebas da rom yvelas (zogi maT Soris qalebsac moiazrebda)
`sicocxlisa da TavisuflebisTvis, bednierebis misaRwevad~
amerikis omi damoukideblobisTvis mxolod erT-erTi iyo
Tanaswori uflebebi da Tanabari SesaZleblobebi unda hqo-
XVIII da XIX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi momxdar im mraval re-
noda. ganmanaTlebel filosofosTa umetesobas sjeroda,
voluciaTagan, romlebmac damkvidrebuli wyoba Searyia. es
rom Tuki qali, an mamakaci gaTavisufldeboda Zveli reli-
iyo sazogadoebaSi, azrovnebasa da politikaSi radikaluri
giuri da politikuri marwuxebisgan, mas keTilgonivruli
gardaqmnebis xana. da, marTalia, cvlilebebi, gansakuTre- da zneobrivi moqmedebis saSualeba miecemoda da, Sesaba-
biT inglisSi, safrangeTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi igrZno- misad, amgvaradac moiqceoda. saxelmwifos funqcias isini
boda, maTi Sedegebi mTel evropasa da, sabolood, mTel swored adamianis am uflebebis dacvasa da uzrunvelyofaSi
samyaroze aisaxa. xedavdnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, am sistemis Secvla ukve
am periodis gardatexas is axali azrovneba amJRavneb- sazogadoebis moraluri valdebuleba iyo. amerikis 1776 da
da, romelsac sawyisi wina saukunis samecniero revolu- safrangeTis 1789 wlis revoluciebma Tavisi gamarTleba
ciam daudo. inglisSi jon loki (1632-1704) irwmuneboda, swored am damokidebulebaSi hpova.
rom religiuri crurwmena racionalur da argumentire- XVIII saukune industriuli revoluciiT gamowveuli
bul azrovnebas unda Caenacvlebina, isaak niutoni (1643- ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebis xanac iyo. 1700
1727) maTematikisagan da, zogadad, mecnierebisgan empiriul wlisTvis evropaSi Zalauflebas, simdidresa da miwas aris-
dakvirvebas, racionalur Sefasebasa da logikur gansjas tokratia flobda da Raribi fermerebis bedic maTive
moiTxovda. samecniero inovaciebis mqadagebeli frangi xelSi iyo. industriulma revoluciam droTa ganmavlo-
bernar de fonteneli (1657-1757) werda, rom igi `im ga- baSi miwaTmflobelobaze damyarebuli aristokratiis Za-
naTlebuli saukunis molodinSia, romelTan SedarebiTac laufleba im kapitalistebis finansuri ZalauflebiT Caa-
yvela gasul aswleuls wyvdiadi STanTqavs.~ mTeli XVIII nacvla, romelTac, energiis axali wyaroebis gamoyenebiT
saukunis ganmavlobaSi goniT `ganaTlebis~ debulebis mniS- manufaqturebis meqanizeba, saqonlis raodenobisa da mo-
vnelovaneba politikis, moralisa da mecnierebis sferoebs gebis gazrda moaxerxes. soflis Raribi mosaxleoba qala-
Tanabrad exeboda. qebma miizida, radgan aq fabrikebSi muSaobis SesaZlebloba,

britaneTi
safrangeTi berslemi derbi
espaneTi birmingemi holandia
qoldbruqdeili
baTi londoni
md

sTorhedi Cizviki
.r

Tviqenhemi
ain

valonsieni
i

i
arx
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dania
versali
fontenblo
200 km a
ar sankt-peterburgi
lu
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safrangeTi
kanada 200 mili SCO
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TLA
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irlandia germania
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uelsi berlini poloneTi
londoni varcburgi drezdeni
atlantikis parizi habsburgebis
CrdiloeT Atlantic evropa avstr. imperia
amerika qvebeqi
okeane
Ocean ix. CanarTi Sveic. veneciaDan
ube R.
bolonia
bosToni marseli romi
SeerTebuli otomanebis
Statebi filadelfia niu-iorki portugalia madridi imperia
Carlstonvili vaSingtoni, espaneTi ix. CanarTi
R.

kolumbiis olqi
pi

riCmondi
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alJiri
palestina
Tusoni florencia maroko iafa
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ri
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meqsika Gulf off is
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kuba haiti
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mexiko
herkulanumi pompei
Caribbean Sea senegali

Pwynari
a c i fi c 100 km
1000 km

O cean
okeane 100 mili
1000 mili

ruka 1-1 • evropa da CrdiloeT amerika XVIII saukuneSi

XVIII s-is ganmavlobaSi evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi sami ZiriTadi stili iyo gavrcelebuli _ rokoko, klasicizmi da romantizmi

6 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
xelfasi da meti Tavisufleba egulebodaT. Tumca, Sromisa
da cxovrebis is pirobebi, romlis atanac qalaqis muSebs
uwevdaT, aseve umZimesi iyo. am mdgomareobam XIX saukunis
Sua xanebSi evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi autaneli realobi-
sadmi xalxis Seurigebloba gamoiwvia da revoluciis wina-
pirobebi warmoSva. industrializaciam warmoqmna saSualo
klasis didi fenac, romelic Tavad iyo fabrikebSi Seqmnili
saqonlis mwarmoebelica da momxmarebelic.
XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis bevr qveyanaSi dasustebuli
aristokratia safrangeTSi, faqtobrivad, gaqrobis piras
iyo misuli. evropis vaWrobas, industriasa da politikas
saSualo klasis zeda fenis warmomadgenlebi _ mewarmee-
bi da vaWrebi _ akontrolebdnen da sazogadoebriv stan-
dartebsac, Sesabamisad, maTi rwmena-warmodgenebi da Cveu-
lebebi gansazRvravda. imavdroulad, ganmanaTleblobis
idealizms TandaTan Zala ekargeboda. gansakuTrebiT revo-
luciis Semdgom safrangeTSi, sadac `xalxis~ respublikuri
mmarTvelobis axalma formam, wesrigisa da stabilurobis
nacvlad, qaosi da sisxlisRvra moitana.
romantizmad cnobili axali inteleqtualuri mimarTu-
leba1790-ian wlebSi yalibdeba literaturuli moZraobis
saxiT. ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmis sapirispirod, mis-
Tvis miuRebeli iyo idea, rom samyaro mxolod da mxolod
gonebiT Seimecneboda da imarTeboda. romantizmis amosavali
azri iyo is, rom adamianis azrovnebis emociuri, warmosaxvi-
Ti da intuiciuri sferoebis Seswavla samyaros srulyofi-
lad da ufro niuansirebulad gagebis saSualebas iZleoda.
romantizmi da ganmanaTlebloba erTi kompleqsuri kultu- 1-2. • Jerman bofrani. princesas saloni, otel de subisi,
ris or gansxvavebul, magram ufro Tanaarsebul, vidre ur- parizi, 1732 wlidan.
TierTdapirispirebul nawilad moiazreba.
morTuli parizis darbazebi maRali wris sazogadoebis Ta-
vSeyris adgilad iqca, sadac, gonebamaxviluri saubrebiTa
rokoko da eleganturi manerebiT, aristokratia garTobasa da sia-
axali epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas, romlis drosac movnebas iyo micemuli. Tumca, brwyinvale cxovrebis miRma,
pirovnebis, an instituciis (eklesiis, monarqiis, aristokra- xSirad, socialuri daucveloba da ambivalentoba imale-
tiisa Tu mdidari vaWrebis) dakveTiT Seqmnil xelovnebas boda. salonebi _ Tavad darbazis sivrceebi, da, aseve, iq
mdidari mewarmeebisa da saSualo klasisTvis Seqmnili xelo- mimdinare movlenebi, cnobil, sakmaod intimur, modur da
vneba anacvlebs, safuZveli rokokos xelovnebaSi eyreba, im inteleqtualur Tavyrilobebs warmoadgenda, sadac mra-
droidan, rodesac versalis samefo karis kulturis adgils valferovani gasarTobi RonisZiebebi mcire masStabiT imeo-
parizis salonuri kultura ikavebs. Tavad termini _ roko- rebda versalis samefo karis ritualebs. saloni kviraSi
ko ori sityvis, italiurisa _ barocco (iregularuli formis erTxel ewyoboda da mas maRali sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli
margaliti, savaraudod, pirvelwyaro sityvisa baroque, baro- da daxvewili qalbatonebi maspinZlobdnen. maT Soris iyvnen
ko) da frangulis _ rocaille (baRis an interieris niJarebiTa madam de steli, de la faeti, de sevinie, de Satle.
da kenWebiT morTvis wesi) kombinirebas warmoadgens da im rokokos stilis srulyofili Sefaseba SeuZlebelia
rafinirebul da ucnaur stils aRniSnavs, romelic mTeli mxolod calkeuli nivTebis mixedviT; is salonis yovel
XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropis garkveul nawilSi iyo elementSi vlindeba _ kedlisa da Weris oqroTi da vercx-
gavrcelebuli. rokoko safrangeTSi daaxloebiT 1715 wli- liT daferil, daxvewilad naZerw uxv morTulobasa da uza-
dan iRebs saTaves, maSin, rodesac orleanis hercogs, mci- do TeTri feris mdidrul ornamentebs Soris moTavsebul
rewlovani mefis _ lui XV-s (1715-1774) regents, safrange- intimur da sensualur suraTebSi, ostaturad Sesrule-
Tis samefo kari versalidan parizSi gadaaqvs. am droidan es bul brolis WaRebSi, sarkeebian kedlebSi, natif avejsa da
mimdinareoba evropaSi swrafad iwyebs gavrcelebas (ruka 1-1). mcire plastikaSi. SandlebiT ganaTebuli parizis salone-
bi, albaT, erTianad brwyinavda sanTlis SuqiTa da priala
rokokos salonebi zedapirebze, misi alis anareklebiT. udavoa, rom parizul
safrangeTis samefo kari enTuziazmiT tovebs versals da salonebs rokokos mbrwyinav arqiteqturul detalebTan,
parizSi inacvlebs, sadac misi wevrebi eleganturi qalaquri mxatvrobasTan da skulpturasTan erTad, aristokratTa
saxlebis (frangulad _ hốtels) mSeneblobas iwyeben. versa- energiuloba da aseve, maTi lurji, vardisferi, mwvane da
lisaze ufro mcire zomis, magram aranaklebi fufunebiT yviTeli pasteluri tonebis ucnauri samosic acocxlebda.

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 7
1-3 • Jan antuan vato. Jersenis abra,
daaxl. 1721; tilo, zeTi, 1.62X3.06 m.
prusiis sasaxleebisa da berlin-brandenburgis baRebis fondi, Sarlotenburgis sasaxle

vatos abra edme fransua Jersenis xelovnebis galereisTvis Seiqmna. katalogis mixedviT namuSevrebis gayidvis praqtika safran­
geT­sa da inglisSi swored Jersenma daamkvidra. namuSevarTa sistematizebul siaSi yoveli suraTis saTauri, masala da zomebi
iyo Setanili. suraTze warmodgenili galerea Jersens ar ekuTvnis, is idealuri galereis magaliTia, romelsac eleganturi
da xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli mepatroneebi ewvivnen. abram iseTi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, rom is gamofenidan 15 dReSi
gaiyida. mogvianebiT is or nawilad gayves da cal-calke Casves CarCoebSi, ramac suraTis kideebze tilos garkveuli nawilebi
Seiwira. suraTis retavracia da misi gancalkevebuli nawilebis gamTlianeba XX saukuneSi moxda.

waikiTxeT Jan antuan vatos Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

safrangeTis revoluciis wina wlebSi Jerman bofranis
(Germain Boffrand, 1667-1754) dizainiT Seqmnili otel de subisis
princesas saloni (sur. 1-2) parizis aristokratiis amgvari Ta-
vyrilobebis adgili iyo. salonis sinatife da graciozuloba
tipuria 1730-iani wlebis franguli rokokos salonebisTvis:
stukoTi daZerwili arqiteqturuli elementebi mravalgva-
ri skulpturuli formiTaa Semkuli _ arabeskebiT, S-isebu-
ri, C-seburi, volutiseburi Tu mcenareuli formebiT; nati-
fi ornamentiT dafarul gaprialebul iatakze nakveTi xis
dafebi, e.w. boiserie-ebia Casmuli, inkrustirebulia xis avejic;
oqrosa da vercxlis brwyinvaleba TeTr fersa da pastelur
tonebs upirispirdeba da es yovelive sarkeebSi irekleba.
rokokos mxatvroba da skulptura
rokokos salonebisa Tu sxva eleganturi sivrceebis
mdidruli da sensualuri atmosferos SeqmnaSi ferweru-
li da skulpturuli namuSevrebi mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebda. namuSevarTa Tematika, umeteswilad, klasikuri
sasiyvarulo istoriebidan iyo aRebuli, xolo mxatvroba-
ca da skulpturuli ornamentic savse iyo tipuri xalisia-
ni putti-s (puti), xSirfoTlovani mwvane safarisa da fafuki
Rrublebis gamosaxulebebiT. Jan antuan vatos, fransua
buSesa da Jan onore fragonaris ferweruli tiloebi, ise-
ve, rogorc klodionis saxeliT cnobili moqandakis, klod
miSelis mcire plastika, gansakuTrebiT maRali moTxovniT
sargeblobda salonur kulturaSi.
vato Jan fransua vato (Jean-Antoine Watteau, 1684-1721) frangul
mxatvrobaSi rokokos stilis Semqmnelad da mis udides warmo-
madgenladaa miCneuli. igi provinciul qalaq valansienSi dai-
bada, parizSi ki 1702 wlisTvis Cavida. parizSi vato piter paul
rubensis mier Seqmnili maria mediCisadmi miZRvnili ferweru-
li tiloTi interesdeba, romelic im droisTvis luqsemburgis
sasaxleSi iyo gamofenili. igi aseve gatacebulia XVI saukunis
venecieli mxatvrebis ticianisa da jorjones ferweruli na-
muSevrebiTa da naxatebiT; vato maT namuSevrebs parizelebis
kerZo koleqciebSi ecnoba. iTvisebs ra warsuli xelovnebi-
dan Tavisufal, swraf monasmsa da mdidar feradovnebas, vato
Tavisi drois suliskveTebis amsaxvel natif stils qmnis.
vato Tavis namuSevrebs qalaqis macxovrebeli axali
aristokratebisTvis asrulebda, romlebic, sakmaod xSirad,
su­ra­­
Tebs xelovnebiT movaWre pirebis meSveobiT iZendnen.

8 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
Jersenis abra (sur. 1-3), romelic vatom xelovnebiT movaWre
(dileris) edme fransua JersenisTvis Seasrula, warmogvid-
gens am tipis erT-erTi maRaziis interiers _ xelovnebis
galereas, romelic vatosTvis gansakuTrebiT aRmafrTova-
nebeli, veneciuri da niderlanduli skolis namuSevrebiTaa
savse. marTlac, atlasisa da abreSumis kabebis faqturulo-
ba da brwyinvaleba erTgvari pativis migebaa iseTi mxatvris-
Tvis, rogoric herard ter borhia. galereaSi myofi ele-
ganturi qalbatonebi da batonebi maTTvis kargad nacnobi
xelovnebis garemocvaSi Tavs Tavisuflad grZnoben; var-
disfrad molivlive atlasis kabiT mosili, suraTis marcxe-
na mxares gamosaxuli qali zRurbls ise abijebs, rom uyu-
radRebod tovebs Tanmxlebi mamakacis misken gawvdil xels,
raTa suraTebis Calagebis process Tvali miadevnos. sanam
erT-erTi mtvirTavi sarkes iWers, meore ludoviko XIV-is
portrets xis yuTSi frTxilad aTavsebs. monarqis port-
reti, romelic, SesaZlebelia, Jersenis maRaziis saxelwo-
debaze _ Au Grand Monarque (didi monarqisTvis) _ mianiSnebs,
Taviseburad asaxavs eqvsi wliT adre momxdar istoriul
faqts _ ludoviko XIV-is gardacvalebas.
drois warmavlobisa da cvalebadobis gancda suraTis
sxva elementebSic vlindeba. marcxena mxares, zustad lu-
dovikos portretis Tavze gamosaxuli didebis alegoriuli
figuriT dagvirgvinebuli saaTi, romlis qvemoT Seyvarebu-
li wyvilis skulpturebia mimagrebuli, sikvdilis (memento
1-4 • Jan antuan vato. piligrimoba kunZul siteraze,
1717; tilo, zeTi, 1.2X1.9 m. luvris muzeumi, parizi
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
mori _ gaxsovdes sikvdili) gardauvalobis Sexsenebaa; Sexse-
neba imisa, rom siyvarulsa da didebas, orives, dro gaanad-
gurebs. gamxmari balaxi wina planze, daxlTan mjdomi sar-
keSi momzirali axalgazrda qali suraTis marjvena nawilSi
vanitasis (vanitas) cnobil simboloebs warmoadgens; sarkee-
bi, maTSi momzirali axalgazrda qali da mamakaci, baro-
kos periodidan moyolebuli, adamianis arsebobis simyifis,
cxovrebis amaoebis aRmniSvneli saxeebia. vatom, romelic
40 wlisac ki ar iyo tuberkuloziT rom gardaicvala, es
suraTi avadmyofobis dros Seasrula. Jerseni mogvianebiT
werda, rom vatom suraTi 7 dReSi daasrula da rom, Seryeu-
li janmrTelobis gamo, mxatvari mxolod dRisiT axerxebda
muSaobas. tilo sazogadoebam sruli aRfrTovanebiT miiRo,
Jersenma ki suraTi erTi TveSi gayida.
tiloze piligrimoba kunZul siteraze (sur. 1-4), romelic
oTxi wliT adre, 1717 welsaa Serulebuli, vato rokokos
periodis aristokratiis idiliuri da sensualuri yofis
warmosaxviT suraTs gvixatavs, magram erTgvari melanqo-
liiT Seferils, rac, isev da isev, adamianis bednierebis
warmavlobaze mianiSnebs. es aris saocnebo samyaro, romel-
Sic siyvarulis qalRmerT veneras sakralur kunZulze, pu-
tis figurebiT garemoculi, natifad Cacmuli elegantu-
ri wyvilebis romantikuli paemani dasasruls uaxlovdeba.
girliandebiT Semkuli veneras qandakeba suraTis marjvena
kidesTanaa gamosaxuli. atlasiT, abreSumiTa da xaverdiT
Tavi I. 9

mdidrulad Semosili Seyvarebuli wyvilebi abibinebuli bu-
nebis wiaRSi arian Sekrebilebi. aristokratiuli garTobisa
da dasvenebis amgvari idiliur-melanqoliuri xedviT ad-
reuli XVIII saukunis parizi da evropis umetesi nawili er-
Tianad moxibluli aRmoCnda. piligrimoba kunZul siteraze
vatom Seasrula, rogorc oficialuri sagamocdo namuSeva-
ri ferwerisa da qandakebis safrangeTis samefo akademia-
Si gasawevrianeblad (ix. akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi,
gv. 26); Tumca tilo verc erT akademiur kategorias ver
miakuTvnes, magram namuSevarma imdenad didi STabeWdileba
moaxdina akademiis wevrebze, rom maT sagangebod vatosTvis
Seqmnes axali kategoria, e.w. fềte galante (natifi sanaxaoba bu-
nebis wiaRSi), rac zustad Seesabameboda am namuSevars.
buSe vatos gardacvalebis Semdeg parizul rokokosTan
yvelaze metad mxatvari fransua buSe (François Boucher, 1703-
1770) asocirdeboda. fransua buSe mxatvris Svili iyo. 1723
wels buSe graviuris saxelosnoSi iwyebs muSaobas, sadac
igi koleqcionerebisTvis vatos reproduqciebis Sesasru-
leblad daiqiraves. saxelosnoSi muSaoba ganmsazRvreli
aRmoCnda misi momavali karierisTvis.
ferwerisa da qandakebis safrangeTis samefo akdemiis
mier daarsebuli romis akademiaSi 1723-1731 wlebSi swavlis
Semdeg buSe parizSi mkvidrdeba da akademiis wevri xdeba.
am droidan misi cxovreba da kariera mWidrod ukavSirdeba
or qals: meuRles, mari Jana biuzos, xelovnebaSi sakmaod
gawaful, niWier qalbatons, romelic buSes modeli da sa-
xelosnoSi misi asistenti iyo da ludoviko XV-s sayvarels,
cnobil madam de pompadurs, buSes mfarvelsa da misi xe-
10 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-5 • fransua buSe.
wamowolili
axalgazrda qali
luiza o’merfi,
1751; tilo, zeTi,
73X59 sm.
valraf-riharcis muzeumi,
kiolni
lovnebis Tayvanismcemels. pompaduri Tavad iyo moyvaruli
mxatvari da buSesgan graviuris gakveTilebsac iRebda. 1735
wels Sesrulebuli pirveli samefo SekveTis Semdeg buSe
TiTqmis uwyvetad muSaobs versalisa da fontenblos same-
fo rezindenciebis gasaformeblad. 1755 wlidan igi parizis
gobelenis manufaqturis mTavar zedamxedvelad iniSneba;
qmnis eskizebs parizis, sevris faifurisa da boves qsovi-
lebis manufaqturebis nawarmisaTvis. samive saxelosno pro-
duqcias ara mxolod samefo karisTvis, aramed Ria bazarze
gasatanadac awarmoebda iseTi vaWrebisTvis, rogoric, maga-
liTad, Jerseni iyo. xelovnebis bazari ki, wina saukunesTan
SedarebiT, bevrad ufro momgebiani iyo mxatvrebisTvis.
1765 wels buSe samefo karis pirveli mxatvari gaxda. igi
qmnis lui XV-s ramdenime portrets, yoveldRiuri cxovre-
bis amsaxvel scenebsa da miTologiur suraTebs, aseve, ti-
loebs kerZo mflobelebisTvis _ erotikuli namuSevrebis
serias, romlebSic, xSirad, veneras Tavgadasavlebi iyo asa-
xuli. Tumca, erT-erTi aseTi suraTis, wamowolili axal-
gazrda qali: luiza o’merfi (sur. 1-5) Znelia, es Tema miTo­
logiurad CaiTvalos. jer kidev mozardi luiza o’merfi,
romelic male lui XV-s erT-erTi sayvareli gaxdeba, sru-
liad SiSveli, gamomwvev pozaSi taxtze guldaRma gawoli-
la da suraTis miRma iyureba; iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba,
TiTqos igi sruliad ar uwevs angariSs mayurebels. atlasis
daWmuWnul samosze gawolils, fexebi gauSlia da baliSze
udevs, Tma TasmebiTa da lurji bafTebiT aqvs Semkuli,
vardisferi vardi ki, iatakze davardnia. zustad suraTis
centrSi gamosaxuli luizas sxeulis savse formebi daufa-
ravad gvamcnobs namuSevris realur arss. vatos e.w. fềte ga-
lante-s suraTebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac aristokratebisa
da putis SeTxzuli personaJebi idiliur garemoSi uwyinar
sasiyvarulo garTobas micemian, realur garemoSi warmod-
genili buSes vnebiani qali Tavadac sruliad realuri,
TanamedroveTaTvis cnobili pirovnebaa da udavod qmnis
rokokosTvis damaxasiaTebel erotikul ganwyobilebas.
fragonari Jan onore fragonari (Jean-Honoré Fragonard, 1732-
1806) franguli rokokos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warmomad-
geneli, buSesTan erTad swavlobda. swored buSes rCeviT mii-
Ro man monawileoba e.w. pri de romis (Prix de Rome _ romis prizi)
konkursSi, romelic safrangeTis samefo akademiis xelovnebis
skolis saukeTeso kursdamTavrebulebs sami, oTxi an xuTw-
liani stipendiebiT ajildoebda. fragonarma konkursSi gai-
marjva da 1756-1761 wlebi italiaSi gaatara, magram aka­demiis
wevroba mxolod 1765 wels miiRo. fragonaris xe­lov­neba sa-
vsebiT akmayofilebda aristokrati momxmareblis gemovnebas
da 1770 wels, buSes gardacvalebis Semdeg fra­ gonarma, ro-
gorc interieris dekoratorma, misi adgili daikava.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
suraTis saqanela (sur. 1-6) Sesruleba Tavdapirvelad
mxatvar gabriel fransua duaiens daevala. suraTis Tema
mxatvars zedmetad sensualurad miuCnevia, SekveTaze uari
uTqvams da SeTavazeba fragonarisTvis dauTmia. fragonar-
ma am suraTis saxiT namdvili ferweruli Sedevri Seqmna.
saqanelaze Camomjdar axalgazrda qals marjvena mxares
buCqebis CrdilSi gamosaxuli asakovani episkoposi saqane-
laze gamobmuli TokiT arwevs. marcxniv ki, sasiamovno mo-
lodinisgan lamis gondakarguli, qalis loyebawiTlebuli
Seyvarebuli buCqebSi imaleba, raTa saqanelas moaxloebi-
sas afrialebuli samosis qveS qalis gamoCenil fexs Tvali
Seavlos. axalgazrda kacs qudi aqvs gawvdili qalisken ise,
TiTqos amaod cdilobs xedis dafarvas. qali ki, am dros
qvemoT iyureba da misken macduneblad isvris fexsacmels.
Seyvarebulebis mouridebeli keklucoba, marcxena mxares
dumilis niSnad tuCebTan TiTmidebuli kupidonis skul-
ptura, saqanelas qvemoT delfinisa da putis ori figu-
ra, romlebic Taviseburad TiTqos kidec aqezeben qals,
sabralo, motyuebuli episkoposi xelmarjvniv _ es yove-
live molodiniTa da surviliT aRsavse
suraTs qmnis, magram, amasTanave, jansaR
iumorsac Seicavs.
klodioni safrangeTSi XVIII saukunis
bolo meoTxedisTvis rokokos mimarT
keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba Seic-
vala. rokokos stili da misi Tematika
amoralurad, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, ze-
dapirulad da fuqsavaturad CaiTvala.
klodionis saxeliT cnobili moqandake
klod miSeli (Claude Michel, Clodion 1738-1814)
rokokos stilisadmi erTguli, faqtob-
rivad, safrangeTis revoluciamde rCeba.
misi namuSevrebis umetesoba mxiaruli da
erotikuli xasiaTis mcire zomis gaufe-
radebeli terakotis mcire plastikis
nimuSebia, romlebsac im periodSi Ziri-
Tadad magidaze dgamdnen xolme. 1784
wels samefo komisiis winaSe sakonkursod
wardgenili namuSevari sahaero buStis ga-
mogoneba (sur. 1-7), romelic didi monumen-
tisTvis terakotiT Sesrulebul models
warmoadgens, rokokos dizainis tipuri
nimuSia. sahaero buStebi XVIII saukune-
Si rokokosTvis saxasiaTo scenebiT iyo
moxatuli da saguldagulod morTuli
oqros TasmebiTa da foCebiT. ornamen-
tuli zolebiT Semovlebuli klodionis
buSti, marcxniv qaris RvTaebis, marjv-
niv ki, gamarjvebis qalRmerTis gamosa-
1-6 • Jan onore fragonari, saqanela,
1767; tilo, zeTi, 82.9X66 sm.
uolesis koleqcia, londoni
Tavi I. 11
xulebebiT, svetiseburi formis gasaSvebi mowyobilobidan,
kvamlis qulebs Soris amoimarTeba. gamarjvebis qalRmerTi
sayviriT amcnobs frenis dawyebas, qaris RvTaeba ki suls
uberavs da amiT TiTqos buSts afrenaSi exmareba. ramdenime
puti buStSi haeris gasacxeleblad als aRvivebs, danarCe-
nebi ki, cecxlisTvis Calis SegrovebiT arian dakavebulebi.
1-7• klodioni. sahaero buStis gamogoneba,
1784; terakotis modeli monumentisTvis, simaRle 110.5 sm.
metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki. rojeris fondisa
da frederik r. harisis saCuqari, 1944 (44.21a b)
klodioni moqandakis xangrZlivi karieris ganmavlobaSi rokokos mdid­-
rul stilSi muSaobda, romlis magaliTsac 1783 wlis gamogonebis
aRsaniSnavad Sesrulebuli es namuSevari warmoadgens. pirveli
respublikis (1792-1795) umZimes revoluciur periodSi, igi rokokos
im mcirericxovan xelovanTa Sorisaa, vinc warmatebiT iTvisebs
axal, ufro misaReb klasicistur stils. 1806 wels mas napoleonma
SeukveTa reliefebi ori monumentisTvis _ vandomis svetisa da
luvrTan mdebare karuselis triumfaluri TaRisaTvis.
12 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
rokokos eklesiis dekori
rokokos dasawyisi im periods emTxveva, rodesac eklesia
CrdiloeT evropaSi TandaTan kargavs xelovnebis mTavari
mfarvelis rols. taZrebis mSenebloba da gaformeba, marTa-
lia, isev grZeldeba, magram eklesiisa da sagvareulo aris-
tokratiis patronaJi xelovnebaze ukve mniSvnelovnadaa Se-
sustebuli. miuxedavad amisa, rokokos stils sulierebisa
da religiuri gamocdilebis gamosavlenad sakmaod mZlavri
resursi aRmoaCnda. am stiliT agebuli ramdenime eklesia
cxadad gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba, forma _ garegnuli
niSnebi, sxvadasxvagvar sazogadoebriv azrsa da mis mniSvne-
lobebs moergos. ToTxmeti meoxi wmindanis saxelze agebu-
li e.w. vircenhailigenis bazilika rokokos arqiteqturis
erT-erTi yvelaze mdidruli nagebobaa. eklesiis dizaini
iohan balTazar neimans (Johann Balthasar Neumann, 1687-1753)
ekuTvnis. 1743-1772 wlebSi bavariaSi agebuli am taZris ge-
gma (sur. 1-8), romelic kamariT gadaxuruli kvercxiseburi
formis mqone centris irgvliv sxvadasxva zomis urTierT-
gamWoli ovaluri sivrculi monakveTebis wriulad ganla-
gebis safuZvelze igeba, franCesko borominis mier romSi
agebuli san karlo ale kuatro fontanes (San Carlo alle Quatt-
ro Fontane _ wm. karlosis taZari oTx SadrevanTan) baroku-
li taZris gegmarebas gvagonebs, magram mxatvrul efeqts
aq haerovnebisa da simsubuqis STabeWdileba gansazRvravs.
rokokosTvis Cveuli uxvad dekorirebuli talRovani arqi-
teqturuli formebi, romlebSic kedlis brtyeli zedapiri
praqtikulad gamqralia, erTgvar zRaprul-warmosaxviT sa-
myaros qmnis (sur. 1-9). mnaxveli garSemortymulia pilastre-
bis konebiTa da svetebiT, romlebic navebis gamyof oriaru-
sian TaRebs aerTianebs; qoroebis gayolebaze gaWrili didi
fanjrebidan uxvad Semosuli Suqi ki TeTrsa da oqrosfer
interiers efineba. ucnauri formis kapitelebis Semamkobe-
li foTlovani motivebi gamudmebiT meordeba arabeskebSi,
girliandebsa da wnulebSi, kamarebze akruli iregularuli
formis panelebis ornamentul moCarCoebaSi. sulieri amaR-
lebulobis amaRelvebeli gancda aq arqiteqturisa da de-
koris sruli erTianobiT miiRweva.
italia: didi turi da klasicizmi
XVII saukunis bolodan, mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
SeZlebuli CrdiloeT evropeli da amerikeli axalgazrda
mamakacebis ganaTleba samxreT evropaSi umTavresi kultu-
ruli centrebis mosanaxuleblad xangrZlivi mogzaurobiT,
e.w. didi turiT sruldeboda. qalTagan mxolod sul ramde-
nimem Tu moaxerxa amgvari ganaTlebis miReba. maTi mogzau-
roba aRmzrdelisa da msaxurebis TanxlebiT parizSi iwyebo-
da, Semdeg romanuli periodis Zeglebis gasacnobad samxreT
safrangeTSi grZeldeboda, dabolos, italiaSi _ veneciis,
florenciis, napolisa da romis monaxulebiT sruldeboda.
italia, rogorc antikuri da renesansuli istoriis sacavi,
didi turis marSrutis yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti iyo.
italia, kerZod ki romi, klasikuri warsuliT daintere-
sebuli mxatvrebisa da mecnierebisTvisac umTavresi daniS-
nulebis adgils warmoadgenda. romSi arsebuli antikuri

sakurTxeveli
trapezi
Sesasvleli
1-8 • vircenhailigenis eklesiis gegma.
qalaq bambergTan axlos, bavaria, germania, 1743-1772
1-9 • vircenhailigenis eklesiis interieri.
qalaq bambergTan axlos, bavaria, germania, 1743-1772
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
xelov­nebis auracxel nimuSTan erTad, iqve axlos, pompeisa
da herkulanumis axlad aRmoCenili Zeglebi brwyinvale ma-
salas inaxavda Sesaswavlad da axali varaudebis gamosaT-
qmelad. ax.w. 79 wels vulkanis ucabedi amofrqvevis Sede-
gad daRupuli, erT dros ayvavebuli romauli qalaqebis
sistematuri gaTxrebi arqeologebma swored XVIII saukunis
Sua xanebSi daiwyes.
antikuri warsuliT STagonebuli mxatvrebisa da inte-
leqtualebis roli gansakuTrebiT qmediTi aRmoCnda klasi-
cizmis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic ara mxolod xelovnebis
mniSvnelovani mimdinareoba, aramed garkveuli msoflxed-
vac iyo. klasicizmi klasikuri idealebisa da Temebis gad-
mocemas antikuri stilidan nasesxebi formebiT cdilobda.
klasicisturi mxatvroba antikuri reliefisTvis dama-
xasiaTebel mkafio formas, kompaqtur kompoziciasa da
xalvaT sivrces iyenebs. antikuri samyaro britaneTisa da
evropuli demokratiis, sekularuli mmarTvelobis, civi-
lizebuli azrovnebisa da qmedebis pirvelwyarod iyo mi-
Cneuli. misi xelovnebac, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeobrivi da
zneobrivi magaliTis maradiul gansaxierebad ganixilebo-
da. klasicisturi mxatvroba da skulptura patriotizmis,
simamacisa da erovnuli grZnobebis gasaRviveblad, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, sajaro sivrcisTvis sruldeboda. klasiciz-
mi, rogorc saxelmwifosa da politikuri stabilurobis
vizualuri gamoxatuleba, gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo
britaneTSi, amerikasa da safrangeTSi.
didi turis portretebi da xedebi
mxatvrebi italiaSi maTTvis iolad xelmisawvdomi antikuri
xanis namuSevrebis xilvis garda, didi turis monawile mdi-
dari koleqcionerebis uwyveti nakadis Sedegadac iRebdnen
sargebels. turistebi xSirad stumrobdnen cnobili ita-
lieli mxatvrebis saxelosnoebs namuSevrebis SesaZenad,
rom Semdeg, rogorc TavianTi mogzaurobis damadasture-
beli sabuTi, isini sakuTar saxlSi gamoefinaT.
kariera mdidari evropelebi sakuTar portretebs gan­
sakuTrebiT xSirad XVIII saukunis pirveli naxevris wamyvan
veneciel mxatvars, rozalba karieras (Rosalba Carriera, 1675-
1757) ukve­Tavdnen. kariera umTavresad pasteliT muSaobda.
pasteli, zeTis saRebavebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis gaSro-
bac garkveul dros saWiroebs, gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli
iyo qalaqSi mcire droiT Casuli damkveTebisTvis. pasteli
swrafi da mravalmxrivi efeqtis mqone masalaa. misi safuZ-
veli carcSi Sereuli pigmentia, SemakavSirebelad ki co-
taodeni wylis webo gamoiyeneba. pasteliT swrafi, sponta-
nuri Canaxatebis Sesrulebaa SesaZlebeli, xolo qaRaldis
zedapirze gadasma-Selesvisas ki, gaprialebuli zedapiriT
is sruliad dasrulebul gamosaxulebas iZleva.
sanam fermweri portretisti gaxdeboda, kariera maqma-
nebis eskizebsa da saburnuTeebis spilos Zvlis Tavsaxu-
rebze miniaturul portretebs asrulebda. misma portre-
tebma iseTi sayovelTao aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, rom 1705
wels mxatvari romis wm. lukas akademiis sapatio, xolo,
mogvianebiT, florenciisa da boloniis akademiebis nam-
dvil wevrad airCies. 1720 wels parizSi mogzaurobisas
Tavi I. 13
 1-10 • rozalba kariera. dorsetis me-2 hercogi, Carlz seqvili,
1730; pasteli, qaRaldi, 63.5X48.3 sm. kerZo koleqcia

karieram pasteliT axalgazrda lui XV-s portreti Seas-

rula. amis gamo, 1706 wels SemoRebuli wesis miuxedavad,
romelic akademiaSi qalebis miRebas krZalavda, kariera
mxatvrobisa da qandakebis samefo akademiis wevrad miiRes.
1721 wels italiaSi dabrunebis Semdeg, rozalba kariera
veneciaSi mkvidrdeba da axalgazrda warmosadegi mamakace-
bis portretebis SesrulebiT ixveWs saxels. aseTia, maga-
liTad, britaneli aristokratis dorsetis me-2 hercogis,
Carlz seqvilis portreti (sur. 1-10).

kanaleto veneciis yvelaze Rirebul saxsovars mainc qa-

laqis xedebi warmoadgenda. veneciaSi ori tipis qalaqis
xedebi iqmneboda. maTgan erT-erTi iyo kapriCio (capriccio _
kaprizi), qalaqis warmosaxviTi peizaJi, romelzec, realu-
rad arsebul nagebobebTan erTad, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
cnobili Zeglebis nangrevebi, warmosaxviTi Senobebic ga-
moisaxeboda. qalaqis xedis meore saxeoba iyo veduta (veduta
_ xedi) _ cnobili xedebisa da nagebobebis, venecielebisa
da qalaqis stumrebis mcire zomis figurebiT savse, sayo-
velTaod cnobili kolorituli turistuli adgilebis
ufro naturalisturad amsaxveli suraTebi. veduta xSirad
aRbeWdavda iseTi cnobili adgilebis panoramul xedebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, kanaletos saxeliT cnobili vene-
cieli mxatvris jovani antonio kanalis (Canaletto, 1697-1768)

1-11 • kanaleto. doJebis sasaxle da riva deli skiavoni,

1730-iani wlebis bolo; tilo, zeTi. 61.3X99.8 sm. londonis nacionaluri galerea

14 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi

doJebis sasaxle da riva deli skiavoni (sur. 1-11). arsebobda
varaudi, rom vedutas topografiuli sizustiT gadmosace-
mad, kanaleto kamera obskuras (gv. 68) iyenebda, magram misi
naxatebis mixedviT irkveva, rom mxatvari, rogorc Cans,
mxolod xeliT muSaobda. sinamdvileSi, kanaletos xedebi
iSviaTadaa topografiulad zusti. ufro xSirad isini swo-
red kompozituria, Tavisufladaa agebuli da, Tanac, iseTi
ostatobiT Sesrulebuli namuSevrebia, rom mnaxvels maT
`realurobaSi~ eWvi arc ki Seaqvs. kanaletom imdenad bevri
namuSevari Seqmna da miyida kidec britanelebs, rom misma
dilerma 1746-1755 wlebSi igi londonSi miavlina inglisis
dedaqalaqis xedebis Sesasruleblad. kanaletos britanel
klientebs Soris, ramdenime cnobil aristokratTan erTad,
britaneTis mefe jorj III-c ki iyo.
piranezi turistebsa da modasayolil mogzaurebs Soris
didi moTxovniT qalaq romis amsaxveli vedutac sargeblob-
da. gansakuTrebiT jovani batista piranezis (Battista Piranesi,
1720-1778) mier Sesrulebuli peizaJebi fasobda. specialo-
biT arqiteqtori, piranezi veneciidan romSi gadadis, sadac
igi gravirebis teqnikas eufleba, SemdgomSi sagamomcemlo
saxls aarsebs da Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze warma-
tebuli graviuris ostati xdeba. piranezi antikuri romis
Zeglebisa da nangrevebis gamosaxulebebiT vedutas vrcel
serias qmnis. misi namuSevari panTeonis xedi (sur. 1-12), anti-
kuri romis arqiteqturis am brwyinvale nimuSs, Rrubliani
moqufruli cis dramatul fonze, zedmiwevniT zustad asa-
xavs. panTeonis garSemo warmodgenili, misi grandiozulo-
biT aRfrTovanebuli mcire zomis adamianTa figurebTan
SedarebiT, Zegli kidev ufro monumenturad gamoiyureba.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-12 • jovani batista piranezi.
panTeonis xedi, romis
xedebis seriidan,
pirvelad dabeWdilia
1756 wels, 47.2X69.7 sm.
graviuris kabineti,
berlinis saxelmwifo muzeumi
klasicizmi romSi
romSi saswavleblad da samuSaod Casuli mxatvrebi da in-
teleqtualebi klasicisturi idealebis mimarT arsebuli
saerTo interesebis irgvliv xSirad jgufebad erTiande-
bodnen. britanul dajgufebaSi, magaliTad, Sediodnen an-
jelika kaufmani (ix. sur. 1-26), benjamin uesTi (ix. sur. 1-27)
da gevin hamilToni (sur. 1-28). adreuli klasicizmis gan-
viTarebaSi samives Tavisi wvlili miuZRvoda. arsebobda,
agreTve, germaniidan da safrangeTidan Camosuli mxatv-
rebis gaerTianebebic. am drois yvelaze gavleniani daj-
gufeba kardinal alesandro albanis (1692-1779) finansuri
mxardaWeriT romis ganapiras, vila albaniSi daarsda.
1760-1761 wlebSi kardinalma albanim Tavisi umdidresi
koleqciis Sesanaxad da gamosafenad vila sagangebod aago.
misi koleqcia antikur qandakebebsa da sarkofagebs, gemeb-
sa da kameoebs, keramikul nakeTobebs moicavda da is didi
turis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti iyo. vila mxolod
muzeums rodi warmoadgenda, is siZveleebisadmi gazrdili
moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad, xelovnebisa da artefaqte-
bis Sesyidvis adgilic iyo. Tumca, bevri maTgani, samwuxa-
rod, yalbi, an, umeteswilad, kardinalis mier daqiravebuli
xelosnebis mier uxeSad iyo restavrirebuli. am nivTebis
myidvelebi ki, turistebis garda, Tavad mxatvrebic iyvnen.
1758 wels albanim mdivnad da biblioTekarad klasiciz-
mis wamyvani Teoretikosi iohan ioahim vinkelmani miiwvia.
prusiaSi dabadebuli vinkelmani drezdenSi muSaobisas, sa-
dac mis mier negatiurad Sefasebuli rokokos stili aq-
tualobas jer kidev inarCunebda, klasikuri xelovnebis
eqspertad yalibdeba. 1755 wels man gamoaqveyna werili fi-
qrebi berZnuli mxatvrobisa da qandakebis mimbaZvelobis
Tavi I. 15
1-13 • anton rafael mengsi. parnasi,
vila albanis Weris moxatuloba, romi, 1761
Sesaxeb, romelSic igi akritikebda ra rokokos, rogorc
dekadansur stils, amtkicebda, rom Tanamedrove Semoqmedi
mxolod berZnuli xelovnebis mibaZviT Tu daimkvidrebda
mxatvris statuss. amis Semdgom, igi maleve iwyebs muSaobas
romSi kardinal albanisTan. 1764 wels vinkelmani Tavis
meore mniSvnelovan naSroms aqveynebs; esaa Zveli xelovne-
bis istoria, romelic dResac xelovnebis istoriis swavle-
bis sawyis teqstad miiCneva. vinkelmanma am naSromSi pir-
velad gaaanaliza xelovnebis istoria, rogorc stiluri
periodebis Tanmimdevruli monacvleoba. es midgoma, Semd-
gomSi xelovnebis istoriis Sesaxeb dawerili wignebisTvis
(maT Soris, am wignisTvisac) normad iqca.
mengsi romSi vinkelmanis uaxloesi megobari da kolega,
misi Tanamemamule anton rafael mengsi (Anton Raphael Mengs,
1728-1779) iyo. 1761 wels mengsi kardinal albanis dakveTiT
mis axal vilaSi didi galereis Weris moxatulobas asru-
lebs. misi namuSevari parnasi (sur. 1-14), SesaZloa, erTgvarad
xelovnuri da pompezuri mogveCvenos, magram miuxedavad
amisa, es mniSvnelovani namuSevaria, ramdenadac klasicis-
turi stili Tavisi srulyofili saxiT pirvelad swored am
namuSevarSi gamovlinda. warmodgenili scena antikur miTo-
logias ukavSirdeba. saberZneTis SuagulSi, parnasis mTaze,
Zveli berZnebis rwmenis Tanaxmad, poeziis, musikisa da xe-
lovnebis RmerTi apoloni da cxra muza (qalad personifi-
cirebuli xelovanis STagoneba) saxlobdnen. mengsma TiTq-
mis SiSveli apoloni kompoziciis centrSi, vinkelmanisTvis
erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli antikuri skulpturis, vati-
16 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
kanis koleqciaSi daculi apolon belvederelis analogiur
moZraobaSi gamosaxa. zeTisxilis rtoTi da liriT xelSi,
igi artistuli poziT warmogvidgeba. mis irgvliv muzebi da
maTi deda, doriul svetze dayrdnobili mnemosine (mexsie-
reba) Sekrebilan. mkacrad simetriul piramidul kopozi-
cias mengsi, herkulanumSi mis mier Seswavlili reliefebis
msgavsad, sasuraTe sibrtyis paralelurad agebs. vinkelman-
ma parnass aRmatebuli Sefaseba misca, aRniSna ra, rom men-
gsma namuSevarSi berZnuli antikuri qandakebis `keTilSo-
bili ubraloebisa da mSvidi didebulebis~ aRbeWdva SeZlo.
parnasis dasrulebisTanave mengsi espaneTSi miemgzavreba,
sadac 1777 wlamde samefo karis mxatvaria. sxva mxatvrebic,
mis msgavsad, romidan evropis sxvadasxva qveynaSi miemgzav-
rebian da klasicizmic, am gziT, mTel evropaSi vrceldeba.
kanova alban-vinkelmanis wris Teoriebi yvelaze intensiu-
rad romaeli moqandakeebis mier iqna gaziarebuli; klasi-
cizmisadmi erTguleba maT TiTqmis asi wlis ganmavlobaSi
SeinarCunes. XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi klasicisti moqandake antonio
kanova (Antonio Canova, 1757-1822) iyo. igi veneciasTan axlos,
qvismTlelebis ojaxSi daibada; 1781 wlidan ki, romSi gada-
vida, sadac Sotlandieli mxatvris gevin hamilTonis xel-
mZRvanelobiT klasicistur stils iTvisebs da maleve evro-
paSi Tavisi drois yvelaze popularuli moqandake xdeba.
kanova ori tipis skulpturas qmnida: didi zomis sajaro
oficialur qandakebebs evropis liderebisTvis da namuSe-
vrebs erotikul-miTologiur Temebze koleqcionerebisa
1-14 • antonio kanova. paulin borgeze veneras saxiT,
1808; marmarilo, 218 sm. borgezes galerea, romi
da kerZo pirebisTvis. paulin borgeze veneras saxiT (sur.
1-14) swored meore kategorias ganekuTvneba, Tumca misi
damkveTi XVIII saukunis miwurulis evropis yvelaze Zle-
vamosili mmarTveli, safrangeTis imperatori napoleoni
(1769-1821) iyo. qandakeba, faqtobrivad, napoleonis dis,
paulinas portrets warmoadgens. paulina, imperatoris
surviliT, romis erT-erTi yvelaze warCinebuli gvaris _
borgezeebis warmomadgenelze, princ kamiolo borgezeze
iyo gaTxovili. veneras saxiT wardgena Tavad paulinas
survili iyo. naxevradSiSveli paulina taxtzea wamowoli-
li, xelSi ki, samTagan umSvenieresi qalRmerTis niSnad,
troas ufliswul parisisgan venerasTvis boZebuli vaSli
uWiravs. marmariloSi nakveTi baliSebi da drapireba sru-
liad bunebrivad gamoiyureba. priala TeTri marmarilos
sxeuli elinisturi skulpturis sensualobas gvaxsenebs,
gansakuTrebiT, taxtis nacrisferi, TeTri da oqrosferi
xazobrivi kontrastuli formebis fonze. paulinas meuR-
les ar moewona qandakeba, romelic misi azriT, qals saeW-
vo reputacias uqmnida da kanovas es namuSevari borgezes
vilis erT-erT Soreul oTaxSi moaTavsa, sadac is dRemde
inaxeba.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
klasicizmi da adreuli
romantizmi britaneTSi
adreuli klasicizmis mTavari mimdevrebi da mxardamWerebi
italiaSi myofi britaneli turistebi da mxatvrebi iyvnen,
rac, nawilobriv, klasikis mimarT maT qveyanaSi ukve damk-
vidrebuli interesis Sedegi iyo. Tumca, britanelTa da
romaelTa damokidebuleba klasikuri xelovnebis mimarT
gansxvavebuli iyo. Tuki romauli klasicizmi warsulis
memkvidreobaSi zneobriv da moqalaqeobriv faseulobebs
eZebda, XVIII saukunis miwurulis britaneli mxatvrebis Se-
moqmedebaSi moqalaqis Rirsebis koncefts patriotizmi
anacvlebs, rac britanelebisadmi miZRvnil romantikuli
xasiaTis namuSevrebSi vlindeba. romantizmis sawyisebi swo-
red britanul xelovnebasa da literaturaSi iCens Tavs.
klasicizmis msgavsad, romantizmi ara mxolod stilis,
aramed zogadi damokidebulebis aRmniSvnelia: misTvis fa-
seulia individualuri da subieqturi, maSin, rodesac kla-
sicizmi universalursa da racionalurs aRiarebs. roman-
tizmis saxelwodeba da misi bevri Temac romanul enebze
(laTinuri Ziris mqone enebze) Seqmnili moTxrobebidan,
Tavi I. 17
rainduli romanebidan da poemebidan iRebs saTaves. ter- jgufi, skoT qolen qembelis (Scot Colen Campbell, 1676-1729)
mini `romantizmi”, raRac fantastikursa da SeTxzuls, Se- xelmZRvanelobiT, italiuri barokos, maTi SexedulebiT,
saZloa, Soreul drosa da sivrceSi momxdars, poetur-me- amo­ralur eqstravangatulobas daupirispirda. antikurobiT
lanqoliurs an, sulac, SemaZrwunebeli gancdis aRmZvrel STagonebulni, isini konkretulad andrea paladios saxlebis
raimes aRniSnavs. mkacri da martivi arqiteqturisken mibrunebas qadagebdnen.
adreuli romantizmis erT-erTi saukeTeso literatu-
ruli magaliTi iohan volfgang fon goeTes (1749-1832) Cizviq hausi, romelic misi mflobelis berlingTonis
axalgazrda verteris vnebania (1774), romelSic mgrZnobia- me-3 grafis, riCard boilis (Richard Boyle, 1695-1753) mier 1727
re da sazogadoebisgan gariyuli axalgazrda mamakaci, wa- wels aigo, britanuli neo-paladianizmis TvalsaCino nimu-
rumatebeli siyvarulis gamo, cxovrebas TviTmkvlelobiT
asrulebs. es nawarmoebi gzaabneul mwuxare adamianzea; igi
sruliad dacilebulia antikur Rirebulebebs da moklebu-
lia sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. XVIII
s-is miwurulsa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi samyaros ori gansxva-
vebuli xedva Tanaarsebobda klasicizmisa da romantizmis
saxiT; Tumca, orive imdroindeli sazogadoebis miswra-
febebs gamoxatavda. klasicizmi xelovnebis ufro sajaro
forma iyo, romantizmi ki _ individualuri da piradi. kla-
sicizmi xandaxan romantizmis wiaRSic avlenda Tavs. sazR-
vari maT Soris yovelTvis mkveTri ar iyo.

klasikis aRorZineba
arqiteqturasa da dizainSi
antikuri saberZneTi da romi fasdaudebeli resursi aRmoC­
nda britanuli arqiteqturis, sayofacxovrebo nivTebis,
poeziisa da samosisTvisac ki. qalebi TeTri muslinis kabebi-
Ta da mantiebiT Seimosnen, mamakacebi ki, antikuri qandakebe-
bis msgavsad, kululebs atarebdnen. 1720-ian wlebSi SeZlebu-
li britaneli arqiteqtorebisa da xelovanebis moyvarulTa

1-15 • riCard boili (lordi berlingToni). Cizviq hausis gegma (A) da eqsterieri (B),
dasavleT londoni, inglisi. 1724-1729; interieris dekorireba (1726-1729) da axali baRebi (1726-1729) _ uiliam qenTi.

18 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-16 • henri fliTkrofTi da henri hoari. parki sTourhedSi,
uilTSiri, inglisi, gaSenebulia 1743, gaSeneba grZeldeboda 1744-1765
Sia. italiaSi yofnisas berlingToni paladios mier qalaq-
gareT agebul saxlebs gacnobia da masze gansakuTrebuli
STabeWdileba vila rotondas mouxdenia. Cizviq hausi (sur.
1-15) man swored paladios am vilis mixedviT daagegmara. na-
gebobis gegma, vilis msgavsad, bila­teralur, anu ormxrivi
simetriis principzea agebuli. Tumca, centraluri nawili
aq, paladios wriuli formisagan gans­ xvavebiT, oqtogona-
luria da mxolod ori Sesasvleli aqvs. saparado Sesasv-
leli, orive mxridan midgmuli kibeebiT, ro­ mauli taZris
fasadis imitacias warmoadgens. Cizviq hausis fasadi, fun-
damentze daSenebuli ZiriTadi sarTuliTa da frontone-
biT dagvirgvinebuli maRali marTkuTxa fanjrebiT, tipu-
rad paladianuria. nagebobis cxad, mwyobr proporciebsa da
struqturas idealurad Sexamebuli sul ramdenime, mkafiod
gamokveTili detali aSkarad paladios dizains gvagonebs.
romSi yofnisas berlingTonma ingliseli emigranti ui-
liam qenTi (William Kent, 1685-1748) londonSi dabrunebaze da
masTan Tanam­Sromlobaze daiTanxma. qenTis proeqtiT Seiqm-
na Cizviq hausis gasaocrad mdidruli interieri da kar-mi-
damos dizaini. stili, romlis mixedviTac es ukanaskneli
gaformda, inglisuri landSafturi baRis saxeliT gaxda
cnobili mTel evropaSi. qenTis baRis gegmareba ugulve-
belyofs barokuli baRebis regularobasa da xist forma-
lobas. misTvis mixveul-moxveuli bilikebi, tbebi, patara
CanCqerebi, iregularulad gaSenebuli buCqnari da sxva im-
gvari efeqtebia damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic soflis buneb-
rivi peizaJebis imitacias qmnis; sinamdvileSi ki, yovelive
sagangebodaa gaTvlili da dagegmarebuli.
sTourhedi qenTis Cizviqis baRis Semdeg, dizainerebis
_ lanseloT braunisa (metsaxelad `niWieri brauni~) (Lan-
celot (Capability) Brown, 1716-1783) da henri fliTkrofTis (Henry
Flitcroft, 1697-1769) wyalobiT, landSafturma arqiteqturam
gansakuTrebuli popularoba moipova inglisSi. 1740-ian
wlebSi bankirma henri hoarma uilTSirSi, sTourhedis ma-
mulis (sur. 1-16) rekonstruireba berlingTonis proteJes,
fliTkrofTs daavala. sTourhedis baRebSi qenTis inglis-
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
uri baRis ideam Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova. sTourhedi
inglisuri cxovelxatuli baRis samagaliTo nimuSia: misi
koncefcia da xedebi, inglisSi im droisaTvis popularuli
frangi peizaJistis, klod lorenis suraTebis kompozici-
ur sqemebs ganzraxaa mimsgavsebuli. baRis, romlis mSvenier
xeds ilustraciaze vxedavT, erTgvari `daudevari~ dizai-
ni moCvenebiTia: is sagangebod daaproeqtes amgvarad, raTa
bunebrivi da xelSeuxebi garemos STabeWdileba SeeqmnaT.
patara tbaze uxeSad nakveTi qviT nagebi xidia gadebuli,
ukan ki, rogorc Taviseburi `axireba~, romis panTeonis mi-
niaturuli `versia~ dgas. parkSi mimofantulia klasikuri
xelovnebis mibaZviT agebuli taZrebi, antikur qandakebaTa
aslebi, xelovnuri qvabulebi, soflis kotejebi, Cinuri
xidi, goTikuri Spili, Turquli karavic ki. sxvadasxva sti-
lisa da kulturis es aRreva, romelSic klasicizmica da
romantizmic warmatebiTaa SeTavsebuli, momxibvlel Sedegs
iZleva. hoarma mengss Tavisi saxlis erT-erTi kedlis mo-
xatva daukveTa da antikuri istoriis romantikuli Temis,
antoniusisa da kleopatras Sexvedris asaxva daavala.
vejvudi Cizviqisa da sTourhedis msgavsi qalaqgareT nage-
bi saxlebis interieris dizaini, garkveulwilad, britaneli
aristokratebis koleqciebis gansaTavseblad iyo Seqmnili.
koleqciebi, siZveleebTan erTad, klasicisturi mxatvro-
bis, skulpturisa da dekoratiuli xelovnebis nimuSebs Sei-
cavda (ix. axlo xedi, gv. 21). klasicisturi dekoratiuli
xelovnebis yvelaze warmatebuli mwarmoebeli joSua vej-
vudi (Josiah Wedgwood, 1730-1795) iyo. 1769 wels man mSobliur
sofel berslemTan axlos keramikis qarxana gaxsna, romel-
sac keramikiT ganTqmuli etruskuli kulturis analogiiT,
etruria uwoda. warmoeba ramdenime ganyofilebisgan Sed-
geboda, TiToeuli Tavisi gamosawvavi RumeliT da cal-
keul specialobebSi daostatebuli muSebiT. 1770-ian wleb-
Si niWierma qimikosma vejvudma srulyofilebamde miiyvana
wvrilmarcvlovani mouWiqavi feradi keramika, romelsac
Tavad jasferveas (jasperware) uwodebda. misi yvelaze cnobili
jasfervea cisfer fonze gamosaxuli TeTrfigurebiani niv­
Tavi I. 19
 1-17 • joSua vejvudi. homerosis apoTeozi,
gakeTebulia vejvudis etruriis fabrikaSi, sTafordSiri, inglisi,
1790-1795; Ria lurjiT daferili jasferveas TeTri karkasi da
TeTri reliefi, simaRle 45.7 sm. reliefi ekuTvnis jon flaqsman
umcross, 1778; vejvudis muzeumis sameurveo sabWo, barlasToni,
sTafordSiri, inglisi

1-18 • uiliam heqvudi joSua vejvudisTvis.

gana me adamiani da Tqveni Zma ar var?
1787; Sav-TeTri jasfervea, 3.5X3.5 sm. vejvudis muzeumis
meurveebi, barlasToni, sTafordSiri, inglisi

1-19 • horas uolfoli da sxvebi. sTroberi hili,

Tviqenhemi, inglisi, 1749-1776

20 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
 |
axlo xediT jorjianuli vercxli
elisabed morli: jorj III-s punSis amosaRebi kovzi, 1802; alisa da jorj barouzi: jorj III-s
saburnuTe, 1802; elisabed quqi: jorj III-s sini, 1767; ana da piter beiTmeni: georg III-s punSis
sasmisi, 1797; hesTer beiTmeni: jorj III-s wyvili Wiqa, 1790
qalTa xelovnebis nacionaluri muzeumi, vaSingtoni, nensi valentinis koleqcia,
Sesyidulia mister da misis oliver greisebis ojaxis donaciiT.

vercxlis saxelosnoebi, romelTa damRebic am nivTebzea aRbeWdili, qalebis mier an qalebis Tanamo­nawi­
leobiT imarTeboda. britaneTis istoriis e.w. jorjianul periodSi, oTxi Tanamosaxele mefis 1714-1830 wlebis
warmatebuli mmarTvelobis dros, es saxelosnoebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda inglisis vercxlis warmoebaSi.

es sasmisi britaneTis
maRal sazogadoebaSi
popularuli
alkoholuri
vercxlis sini savse
sasmelis punSisTvisaa
sasmisis dasadgmelad
gankuTvnili. sasmisis
gamoiyeneba.
mooqrovili Sida
zedapiri vercxls
alkoholis mJavis
zemoqmedebisgan icavs.

es wyvili Wiqa
kolofSi burnuTi punSis dasalevadaa
inaxeboda, romelsac gankuTvnili.
maRali klasis momcro forma mas
mamakacebTan erTad mogzaurobisas
qalebic moixmardnen. mosaxerxebels xdis.
saburnuTes,
jentlmenis viwro
Sarvlis jibeSi iolad
Casadebad, odnav
gaRunuli forma aqvs.

es kovzi punSis Tasidan sasmisSi gadmosasxmelad gamoiyeneboda.

kovzis dagrexili saxeluri Tasidan siTxis amoRebas aadvilebda.

ixileT jorjianuli vercxlis Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

Tebia; magaliTad, rogoricaa larnaki homerosis apoTeozi
(sur. 1-17). larnakis
dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli dekoris
kompozicia moqandake jon flaqsman umcross ekuTvnis, ro-
melic vejvudisTvis 1775-1787 wlebSi muSaobda. reliefi
flaqsmanma cnobili koleqcionerisa da vejvudis erT-erTi
mTavari mfarvelis, uiliam hamilTonis (1730-1803) biblio-
TekaSi daculi berZnuli WurWlis Sesaxeb daweril wignSi
mocemuli ilustraciis mixedviT Seqmna. flaqsmanma gaamar-
tiva originalis dizaini, raTa antikuri xanis berZnul xe-
lovnebaze arsebuli idealizebuli warmod­genebi masobrivi
warmoebis moTxovnebisTvis SeeTavsebina.
ganmanaTleblobis ideebiT gatacebuli vejvudi fab-
rikis muSebis keTildReobaze zrunavda da maTTvis sofe-
lic ki aaSena. igi monebiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg da monobis
gauqmebisTvis arsebuli saerTaSoriso moZraobis aqtiuri
monawile iyo. am moZraobis mxardasaWerad man moqandake
uiliam heqvuds (William Hackwood, 1757-1839) 1787 wels daar-
sebuli monebiT vaWrobis akrZalvis britanuli komitetis
emblema SeukveTa. heqvudma mcire zomis Sav-TeTri jasfer-
veas medalioni Seqmna masze gamosaxuli jaWviT dabmuli,
muxlebze dacemuli afrikelis kameosmagvari figuriT da
warweriT: `gana me adamiani da Tqveni Zma ar var?~ (sur. 1-18). me-
dalionis aslebi vejvudma filadelfiis monobis amkrZala-
vi komitetis prezidents, benjamin franqlins da moZraobis
sxva wevrebs gaugzavna. gamosaxuleba imdenad STambeWdavi
aRmoCnda, rom mogvianebiT amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
Si saarCevno uflebebisTvis mebrZol qalTa moZraobam es
motivi sakuTari logosTvis gamoiyena, oRond, mamakacis
figura qalis gamosaxulebiT Caanacvla da warwerac Sesa-
bamisad Secvala: `gana me qali da Tqveni da ar var?~

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 21

goTikis aRorZineba
arqiteqturasa da dizainSi
klasicizmis paralelurad XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi brita-
neTSi goTikis aRorZineba iwyeba, xolo XIX saukunidan is sxva
qveynebSic iCens Tavs. am tendenciis erT-erTi pirveli mimde-
vari konservatori politikosi da mwerali horas uolfoli
(1717-1797) iyo, romlis mier 1764 wels gamocemuli Txzuleba
otrantos sasaxle sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rogorc pir-
veli goTikuri romani. Sua saukuneebSi aRwerilma idumal-
ma da jadosnurma ambavma goTikuri stilis mimarT interesi
imTaviTve gamoiwvia. 1749 wels uolfoli Tavis qalaqgareT
mdebare saxlis, sTroberi hilis, missave romanSi aRweril go-
Tikuri tipis sasaxled gadakeTebas Seudga (sur. 1-19).
ramdenime megobarTan da arqiteqtorTan erTad man
Semdgomi 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi imuSava da Senobis fasads
dekoratiuli elementebi _ kedlebis dakbiluli daboloe-
bebi, aJuruli fanjrebi da koSkurebi _ Semata. sasaxlis
interieric britaneTis istoriul warsulze uolfolis
Sexedulebis Sesabamisad gadakeTda. suraTebis galereis-
Tvis (sur. 1-20) man sasaxlis biblioTekis uZveles wignebSi
aRbeWdili Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis graviurebi ga-
moiyena. galereis Weri henri VII-s vesTmisTeris kapelis
mixedviTaa gaformebuli, magram calkeuli detalebi uol-
folis gemovnebiTaa Secvlili. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia
marwyvismagvari formebi maraosebur kamarebze, rac sru-
liad ucxoa Sua saukuneebis goTikuri arqiteqturisaTvis.
britanuli mxatvrobis tendenciebi
XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi britaneTSi, xelovnebis nimuSTa
SesyidviT dainteresebul pirTaTvis, portreti jer isev
22 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-20 • horas uolfoli, jon CuTi da
riCard benTli. suraTebis galereis
Weris maraoseburi kamarebi,
sTroberi hili, 1754 wlis Semdeg
popularul Janrad rCeboda, magram, amave dros, izrdebo-
da interesi sxva Janrebisa da Temebis mimarTac, rogoricaa
moralisturi satira da karikatura, Zveli da Tanamedrove
istoria, scenebi britanuli literaturuli nawarmoebebi-
dan, britanuli peizaJi da qveynis mosaxleoba. magram nebis-
mieri Janrisa Tu Temis SemTxvevaSi, britaneTSi Sesrulebu-
li bevri ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevari romantikul
mgrZnobelobasa da ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebs asa-
xavda; maT Soris, interess socialuri cvlilebebisadmi,
ltolvas bunebis silamazisadmi, Tu mecnierebiTa da teqno-
logiebiT aRfrTovanebas.
satira industrializaciis Sedegad britaneTSi saSualo
klasis farTo da gavleniani fena Camoyalibda, romlisTvi-
sac SedarebiT mcire zomisa da nakleboficialuri namu-
Sevrebis _ peizaJebis, Janruli scenebisa Tu grafikuli
furclebis SeZena, sruliad xelmisawvdomi gaxda. bevri
myidveli yavda ferweruli namuSevrebis SedarebiT iaf
nabeWd versiebsac. uiliam hogarTma (William Hogarth, 1697-
1764) xelovnebis am axali bazris aTviseba warmatebiT moa-
xerxa; britaneTis beWvdiTi industriis aRorZineba XVIII
saukuneSi didwilad swored mas ukavSirdeba.
mxatvari portretisti hogarTi Tvlida, rom xelovnebas
sazogadoebis gajansaRebisTvis unda Seewyo xeli. igi sxva-
dasxva politikuri da socialuri sakiTxebisadmi mimarTuli
britanuli satiris kulturis wiaRSi trialebda. hogarTma
Seasrula ilustraciebi jon geis TxzulebebisTvis, rom-
lis 1728 wels dawerili piesa maTxovris opera, yvela klass
korumpirebulad, aristokratias ki, damatebiT, upasuxis-
mgeblod warmoaCenda. 1730 wlisaTvis hogarTi oTxi-eqvsi
kompoziciisgan Sedgenil sakuTar moralistur vizualur
 1-21 • uiliam hogarTi. saqorwino kontraqti.
seriidan Marriage à la Mode, 1743-1745; tilo, zeTi, 69.9X90.8 sm. nacionaluri galerea, londoni
Txzulebebs qmnis. mogvianebiT man es namuSevrebi beWdur
warmoebaSi CauSva, ris Sedegadac, mogebis gazrdasTan erTad,
am saxiT, isini TiTqmis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada.
1743-1745 wlebSi hogarTma gamosca ferweruli seria mo-
duri qorwineba (Marriage à la Mode), romelic jozef edisonis
1712 wels speqtatorSi gamoqveynebuli esseTi iyo inspiri-
rebuli. esse, aristokratiuli maqinaciebiT Seqnili ojaxis
sapirispirod, siyvarulze damyarebul qorwinebas qadagebda.
namuSevrebis am seriasa da Semdgom gamocemul mis nabeWd as-
lebSi, hogarTi, gaRaribebuli aristokratiis STamomavlebsa
da axladgamdidrebul mewarmeTa klasis warmomadgenlebs So-
ris angarebiani qorwinebis ambavs aRwers, Tavisi sevdiani da-
sasruliT. seriis pirveli scenis, saqorwino kontraqtis (sur.
1-21) monawileebi saqorwino kavSiris dasakanoneblad arian
Sekrebilebi. suraTis marjvena kideSi lordi squanderfil-
di zis. mtkivani Sexveuli fexi dabal skamze udevs, marcxena
xeliT ki, did furcelze gamosaxul ramdenime ganStoebis
mqone, Sua saukuneebis raindidan dawyebul sagvareulo genea-
logiur xeze miuTiTebs imis niSnad, rom magidaze dadebuli,
misTvis SeTavazebuli fulis Sekvra ar aris sakmarisi qorwi-
nebis aqtis gasaformeblad. suraTis marcxena kideSi axal-
gazrda gapranWuli, qarafSuta squanderfildi sacolesken
zurgSeqceviT zis, Tan sarkeSi iyureba da sakuTari gamosaxu-
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
lebiT tkbeba, Tan saburnuTedan TuTuns iRebs. Cans, rom igi
sruliad gulgrilia mis gverdiT mjdomi sacolis mimarT.
am axalgazrda kacs kiserze ukve amCnevia infeqciuri
daavadebis, sifilisis kvali. danaRvlianebuli patarZali
eqstravagantuladaa Cacmuli, magram mainc ubralod ga-
moiyureba, saqorwino beWedSi ki, cremlebis mosawmendad
gamzadebuli cxvirsaxoci gauyria. centrSi misi mama mda-
bio, magram mdidari vaWari, mkveTri wiTeli mosacmeliT,
genealogiis Sesaswavlad winaa gadaxrili. carieli fulis
CanTa mis fexebTan agdia. danarCeni personaJebi iuristebi
arian, maT Sorisaa gaqnili silverTangi, romelic axalga-
zrda wyvilisTvis sabediswero kontraqtis gasaformeblad
batis kalmis wvers Tlis. mkvlelobiTa da TviTmkvlelo-
biT dasrulebuli sevdiani istoriis Semdegi xuTi scena
TanmimdevrobiT aRwers am damRupveli kavSiris Sedegebs.
hogarTi cdilobda yovelgvari miTologiuri bundo-
vanebisgan gaTavisuflebuli, gamokveTilad britanuli
stilis xelovnebis Seqmnas, romelic mayureblis sulier
gajansaRebasa da socialur progress gamoiwvevda. aris-
tokratiis dekadansuri midrekilebebisadmi hogarTis
siZulvili lord squanderfildis kedlebze dakiduli
suraTebis komikur detalebSi Cans. hogarTs auditoriis
garToba da gaxaliseba surda, magram, imavdroulad, misi
gesliani, gonebamaxvili istoriebi Tanamedrove britaneT-
Tavi I. 23

1-22 • joSua reinoldsi. ledi sara banberis msxverplSewirva graciebisadmi, cenatebiTa da asistentebiT. magram reinoldsi uam-
1765; tilo, zeTi. 242X153 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, mister da misis
u.u. qimbelebis koleqcia, 1922.4468
ledi sara banberi Tavisi drois erT-erTi ulamazesi qali iyo. am portretis
daxatvamde ramdenime wliT adre man jorj III-s daqorwinebaze uari uTxra.
waikiTxeT joSua reinoldsis Sesaxeb
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
Si arsebul klasobriv da qonebriv winaaRmdegobebs avlen-
da. hogarTis namuSevrebi imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom
1745 wlidan man Tavi daaneba portretul Janrs, romelic
pativmoyvareobis gamovlenis samarcxvino formad miaCnda.
portretuli Janri ser joSua reinoldsi (Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, 1723-1792), romelic hogarTis momdevno Taobas ekuTvno-
da, sa­ u­
kunis dasasrulis britaneTis xelovnebis meinstrims
24 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
warmoadgenda. italiaSi renesansuli xelovnebis
Seswavlis Semdeg, 1753 wels reinoldsi londonSi
damkvidrda da didi energiiT Seudga mxatvrebisa
da xelovnebis moyvarulTa wreSi klasikuri stilis
istoriuli mxatvrobis popularizacias. 1768 wels
igi samefo akademiis pirveli daniSnuli prezidenti
gaxda (ix. akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi, gv. 26).
1769-1790 wlebSi reinoldsis mier samefo akademiaSi
wakiTxul cnobil TxuTmet leqciaze, saxelwodebiT
TxuTmeti diskursi samefo akademiisaTvis, igi de-
talurad warmoadgenda xelovnebis miseul Teo-
riebs. reinoldsi Tvlida, rom mxatvrebi warsulis
didi, gansakuTrebiT, klasikuri tradiciebis mqone
ostatebis mier damkvidrebuli wesebis mimdevrebi
unda yofiliyvnen. igi acxadebda, rom idealuri sa-
xe-xati universalur WeSmaritebasTan unda yofili-
yo kavSirSi da rom mxatvars Tavi unda aeridebina
martooden arsebuli sinamdvilis asaxvisaTvis, rad-
gan es mxolod `mdabali realobis~ suraTs iZleoda.
istoriuli Tu miTologiuri portretis tipis
SeqmniT, romelsac Tavad did maneras (Grand Manner)
uwodebda, reinoldsma moaxerxa istoriuli mxat-
vrobis mimarT Tavisi interesi portretis damk-
veTTa moTxovnebisTvis SeeTavsebina. misi suraTi
ledi sara banberis msxverplSewirva graciebisadmi
(sur. 1-22) amis
kargi magaliTia.
tilos didi formati migvaniSnebs, rom saqme
istoriul suraTTan gvaqvs, misi detalebi ki, an-
tikur garemos gvixatavs. monumenturi klasikuri
svetebiTa da TaRiT garemoculi, romaeli qurumi
qalis saxiT gamosaxuli, antikuri samosiT mosili
ledi sara qalis silamazis ganasaxierebas warmoad-
gens da sami graciis winaSe msxverplSewirvis ro-
maul rituals aRasrulebs. amgvari portretebi
sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, darbazebsa da aris-
tokratTa rezidenciebis kibeebis Tavze gamosafe-
nad iyo gankuTvnili. reinoldsis e.w. didi maneris
portretebi farTod iyo aRiarebuli da misi lon-
donis saxelosno mudmivad savse iyo modelebiT, me-
rav eqsperiments atarebda saRebavebze, ris gamoc,
samwuxarod, bevri misi namuSevari Zlier dazianda.
reinoldsisgan gansxvavebul portretul stils
vxvdebiT Tomas geinsboros (Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-
1788) xelovnebaSi. gein­sboros saxelosno mdidar da
feSenebelur sakurorto qalaq baTSi hqon­da. damk-
veTebis gemovnebis sapasuxod, geinsboro araforma-
lur, Tavisufal pozebSi warmodgenil figurebsa da buneb-
riv landSaftebs xatavda; igi 1620-iani wlebis inglisisTvis
kargad cnobili van deikis namuSevrebis msgavs suraTebs qm-
nida. geinsboros adreuli dausrulebeli tilo roberT en-
driusi da frensis qarTeri (sur. 1-23), romelic maTi qorwinebis
Semdeg malevea Sesrulebuli, mdidar miwaTmflobelsa da
mis meuRles sakuTar mamulSi, mdinare sadberisa da safol-
qis mTebis fonze warmogvidgens. axalgazrda frensis qarTe-
1-23 • Tomas geinsboro. roberT endriusi da frensis qarTeri (mister da misis endriusebi),
1748-1750; tilo, zeTi. 69.7X119.3 sm. nacionaluri galerea, londoni

geinboros am wyvilis portretis Seqmna, 20 wlis roberT endriusisa da 16 wlis frensis qarTeris qorwinebisTanave, 1748 wlis
noemberSi daukveTes. aRsaniSnavia, rom frensis qarTeris kabis kalTa daumTavrebelia; SesaZloa, im mizniT, rom momavalSi
mxatvars aq wyvilis pirmSo unda Caexata.

1-24 • jozef raiTi derbidan.

eqsperimenti Citze haeris
gamwovSi.
1768. tilo, zeTi. 182X243 sm.
nacionaluri galerea, londoni

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 25
xelovneba da misi konteqsti | akademiebi da akademiis gamofenebi
XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTis mTavroba literaturis,
mxatvrobisa da qandakebis, musikisa da cekvis, arqiteqturis
swavlebisaTvis da am dargebis mxardasaWerad, studentebisTvis
ramdenime akademias aarsebs. 1664 wels mxatvrobisa da qandakebis
samefo akademia parizSi drodadro akademiis wevrebis axali namu-
Sevrebis gamofenebs marTavs. gamofenebi, maTi Cvenebis adgilis _
luvris sasaxlis salon kares (Salon Carré _ kvadratuli saloni)
_ mixedviT, salonis saxeliT xdeba cnobili. 1737 wlidan salonis
gamofenebi ukve yovelwliurad ewyoba da aq specialuri Jiuris
mier SerCeuli namuSevrebi ifineba.
istoriuli suraTi (istoriuli, miTologiuri an bibliuri
narativis mixedviT Sesrulebuli mxatvroba, romelic, Cveulebriv,
maRalzneobriv da inteleqtualur ideebs gadmoscemda) akademiis
mier dawesebul Janrebis ierarqiaSi pirvel adgils ikavebda. mas
Semdgom moyveboda istoriuli portreti, sxva tipis portretebi,
peizaJi, Janruli suraTi da naturmorti. saloni erTaderT avtori-
tetul sajaro gamofenad iTvleboda parizSi. amdenad, is did zega-
vlenas axdenda oficialuri stilis damkvidrebasa da sazogadoebis
gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze; xelovnebis produqciaze kontrolic,
aseve, misi saSualebiT xorcieldeboda. `pri de romis~ (Prix de Rome _
romis prizis) maRalkonkurentul SejibrSi gamarjvebulebs romSi
samidan xuT wlamde swavlis saSualeba eZleodaT. aseTive prizi 1720
wels arqiteqturis safrangeTis samefo akademiamac daawesa. fran-
guli akademiis modeli dasavleTis bevrma mniSvnelovanma qalaqma
nimuSad aiRo; akademiebi daarsda berlinSi 1696 wels, drezdenSi _
1705 wels, londonSi _ 1768 wels (sur. 1-25), bostonSi _ 1780 wels,
mexiko siTiSi _ 1785 wels da niu iorkSi _ 1802 wels.
marTalia, XVIII saukunemde evropis akademiebis wevrad mxolod
ramdenime qali iTvleboda, magram es raodenoba mxolod nawilob-
riv Tu Seesabameboda maT aRiarebul miRwevaTa xarisxs.
safrangeTSi samefo akademiis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT war-
moTqmul sityvaSi lui XIV-m ganacxada, rom akademia damsaxurebis
mixedviT, sqesis miuxedavad, daajildoebda yvela mxatvars, magram
am gadawyvetilebas praqtikuli Sedegi ar moyolia. 1648-1706 wleb-
Si akademikosis tituli mxolod Svid qals mieniWa, Semdeg ki, same-
fo akademiis kari maTTvis, faqtobrivad, daixura. da miuxedavad
imisa, rom 1770 wlamde akademiaSi damatebiT sul oTxi qali iqna
miRebuli, mamakacebi SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen maTi `gadaWarbe-
ri dekoratiul skamze gamarTuli zis, atlasis daxvewili
mbrwyinavi kaba skamze farTodaa gaSlili (xoxbis gamosaxu-
leba kabis kalTaze daumTavrebelia). misi meuRle ki, mxris
qveS daudevrad amodebuli sanadiro TofiTa da fexebTan
gamosaxuli ZaRliT, skams Tavisuflad dayrdnobili, moSve-
buli dgas. ladnSafts sakuTar miwa-wyalze wyvilis mzrun-
velobis kvali emCneva. wina planze gamosaxuli Znebis rigebi
da namja robert endriusis mier mis mamulSi warmatebulad
ganviTarebul soflis meurneobaze mianiSnebs; ukana Soreul
planze gamosaxul mindorze ki, cxvrebi da cxenebi bala-
xoben. suraTis mniSvnelobas wyvilis Tavisufali pozebiT
gadmocema, maTi mamulis xedebisa da sakuTari miwa-wyliT
amayi meuRleebis asaxva ganapirobebs, iseve, rogorc mxat-
vris mier gamovlenili damokidebuleba bunebis _ silamazisa
da simdidris guluxvi pirvelwyaros _ mimarT.
26 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
buli raodenobis~ gamo da sabolood akademiis wevr qalTa saerTo
ricxvi oTxamde Semcirda.
franguli akademiis skolaSi swavla da akademiis jildos
misaReb konkursSi monawileoba axalgazrda qalebs ekrZalebodaT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es orive faqtori profesiuli warmatebis
misaRwevad aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda. maTi mdgomareoba
kidev ufro rTuli iyo londonis samefo akademiaSi. Sveicarieli
mxatvrebis _ meri mozerisa da anjelika kaufmanis garda, romlebic
1768 wels akademiis damfuZnebel wevrTa Soris iTvlebodnen, 1922
wlamde akademikosad arc erTi qali aRar aurCeviaT. 1922 wlis Semd-
gom ki, isini mxolod asocirebul wevrebad iTvlebodnen.
1-25 • iohan zofani. samefo akademiis akademikosebi,
1771-1772; tilo, zeTi. 120.6X151.2 sm. samefo koleqcia,
uinZoris sasaxle, inglisi
zofanis mier Seqmnili londonis samefo akademiis wevrebis jgufu­ri
portreti 1770-ian wlebSi mxatvrebis swavlebis process asaxavs.
suraTi warmogvidgens naturidan xatvis klass da cocxal diskusiaSi
CarTul mxatvrebs, romelTagan yvela mamakacia. studia savsea
kla­sikuri qandakebebiTa da TabaSiris aslebiT. arsebuli wesis mi­
xedviT, naturidan xatvis klasSi qalebis daswreba akrZaluli iyo.
amitom, zofanim samefo akademiis qali akademikosebis meri mozerisa
da anjelika kaufmanis gamosaxulebebi suraTis zeda marjvena
kuTxeSi kedelze Camokidebuli portretebis saxiT CarTo.
mecnierebis ambebi mxatvari jozef raiTi der­b­idan (Joseph
Wright of Derby, 1734-1797) inglisis midlendsSi warmoadgens Ta-
vis su­raTs eqsperimenti haeris gamwovSi moTavsebul Citze
(sur. 1-24). am suraTiT mxatvari ganmanaTleblobis peri­ odSi
samecniero siaxleebis mimarT sazogadoebaSi arsebul cxo-
vel interess warmoaCens. raiTi Tavis studias indus­triuli
revoluciis pirveli talRis dros aarsebs. mis mfarvelebsa
da damkveTebs Soris bevri iyo TviTnabadi mdidari mewarme.
raiTi e.w. `mTvaris sazogadoebas~ _ mrewvelebis, vaWrebisa da
progresuli aristokratiis im nawilisgan Semdgar dajgufe-
bas ekuTvnoda, romelic TveSi erTxel birminghemSi, an mis ma-
xloblad, mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis Sesaxeb samsjelod
ikribeboda. mecnierebis popularizaciisTvis sazogadoebis
mcdelobaTa mxardasaWerad raiTi samecniero eqsperimente-
bis Temaze nauSevrebis „gasarTob~ serias qmnis.
1-26 • anjelika kaufmani. kornelia, romelic Tavis ganZze, Svilebze miuTiTebs,
1785; tilo, zeTi, 101.6X127 sm. virjiniis xelovnebis muzeumi, riCmondi, virjinia.
adolf d. da uilqins s. uiliamsebis fondi

XIX saukunis meore naxevari swrafi teqnologiuri cvli­
lebebis periods warmoadgenda (ix. liToni _ samSeneblo ma-
sala, gv. 28) da haeris gamwovi mowyobiloba im drois mra-
val axal samecniero inovaciaTagan erT-erTi iyo. marTalia,
mowyobiloba, umTavresad, airis Tvisebebis Sesaswavlad
gamoiyeneboda, magram mas samecniero wesebis sajaro de-
monstrirebisTvisac xSirad xmarobdnen. suraTze warmodge-
nil eqsperimentSi mecnieris Tavs zemoT gamosaxuli minis
didi WurWlidan airi iqamde gaiwoveba, sanam masSi moTavse-
buli Citi Jangbadis naklebobisgan kolafsur mdgomareobaSi
ar aRmoCndeba. Semdeg ki, sanam frinveli jer kidev cocxa-
lia, WurWlis zemoT damagrebuli martivi mowyobiloba ha-
ers ukan abrunebs. raiTi suraTze swored im kulminaciur
moments aRbeWdavs, rodesac haeriT WurWlis xelaxali Se-
vseba unda daiwyos. magidaze dadgmuli erTaderTi sanT-
lis dramatuli ganaTebis fonze, mecnieri xelebgawvdili
dgas, rogorc magi triukis Sesrulebis win. haeris nakadis
WurWelSi Cabrunebis SeyovnebiT, igi amaRelvebeli molodi-
nis mZafr ganwyobilebas qmnis. marcxena mxares warmodgenili
sami mamakaci didi interesiT mSvidad adevnebs Tvals eqspe-
riments, qalebi ki ufro emociurad reagireben. marjvniv,
zemoT, fanjarasTan, romlis miRma manaTobeli savse mTva-
re moCans (rogorc `mTvaris sazogadoebis~ aluzia), Citis
gamococxlebisTanve galiis dasaSvebad momzadebuli biWi
dgas. mecniereba, rogorc suraTi gvauwyebs, cnobismoyva-
reobis dakmayofilebisa da mRelvare gancdebis gamowvevis,
sikvdil-sicocxlis raobaSi garkvevis potencials flobs.
istoriuli mxatvroba jer kidev klasicizmamde isto­
riuli suraTi xelovnebis umaRles Janrad iyo miCneuli.
italiaSi ganswavluli adreuli klasicizmis erT-erTi
udidesi warmomadgeneli, Sveicarieli mxatvari anjelika
kaufmani (Angelica Kauffmann, 1741-1807) londonSi 1766 wels
Cadis, sadac klasi­ cis­ti mxatvrebica da xelovnebis mo-

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 27
 |
arqiteqturis elementebi liToni, rogorc samSeneblo masala
1779 wels abraham darbi III-m inglisSi, SrofSirSi, fabrikebiTa da
muSaTa dasaxlebebiT savse tipur inglisur industriul qalaq
qoulbruqdeilSi, mdinare severnze xidi aago (sur. 1-27).
severnis xidi, romelic mdinaris or napirs akavSirebda erTma-
neTTan, industriuli saqonlis transportirebisTvis saukeTeso
ixileT Tujis konstruqciis simulacia veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
yvarulebic mas didi enTuziazmiT egebebian. joSua rei-
noldsTan daaxloebulma wrem ki igi maSinaTve Tavis ri-
gebSi miiRo. 1768 wels anjeli­ ka kaufmani erT-erTi iyo
samefo akademiis damfuZnebel or qal wevrTagan (ix. akade-
miebi da akademiis gamofenebi, gv. 26).
ukve 15 wlis asakSi kaufmani portrtebis SekveTebs
iRebs; romSi yofnisas xatavs vilkenmanis portrets da
erT-erT yvelaze populalur klasicistad iTvleba. rom-
Sive mas wm. lukas akademiis wevrad irCeven. XVIII sauku-
nis mxatvar qalTa umetesoba mxatvrobis ufro `dabal~
_ portretis, an peizaJis JanrSi muSaobda, magram kauf-
mani Tamamad Seudga istoriuli suraTis mxatvris damo-
ukidebel karieras. londonSi, sadac igi 1766-1781 wleb-
Si cxovrobda, mraval istoriul suraTs qmnis, romelTa
umetesoba antikur Temebzea Sesrulebuli. italiaSi dab-
runebis Semdeg, ingliseli damkveTis davalebiT, kaufman-
ma daxata suraTi kornelia, romelic Tavis ganZze, Svilebze
miuTiTebs (sur. 1-26). suraTze asaxuli istoria Zv.w. II sau-
kunes, respublikuri romis periods ganekuTvneba. stuma-
ri qali kornelias Tavis samkauls aCvenebs da sanacvlod
maspinZels igives sTxovs. kornelia ki miuTiTebs ra Tavis
qaliSvilsa da or vaJze, pasuxobs: `Cemi yvelaze Zvirfasi
samkaulebi eseni arian.~ kornelia `keTili dedis~ magaliTs
warmoadgens. es is Temaa, romelic gansakuTrebuli popu-
28 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
saSualebas warmoadgenda. am nagebobis mniSvnelobas isic gan-
sazRvravda, rom, aq, xidebis mSeneblobaSi, aseTi didi masStabiT
pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli liTonis konstruqcia. adrindeli
xidebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xeliT gaTlili qvebiT amoyvanili
TaRebi, severnis xidis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad Caanacvla Tujis
konstruqciam, romlis xuTi Sewyvilebuli
cilindruli liTonis TaRi 30-metrian myar da
ekonomiur Riobs qmnida.
amgvar funqciur arqiteqturaSi gamoyenebu-
li teqnologiebi, masalis Tvisebebi da sainJin-
ro xerxebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs
nagebobis formas da, xSirad, moulodnel, arawi-
naswargansazRvrul esTetikas qmnis. aq liToniT
imgvari msubuqi, ConCxiseburi konstruqciis
Seqmna gaxda SesaZlebeli, rogorsac mSeneblebi
XII saukunidan eswrafvodnen. Tuji maleve iqna
aTvisebuli da gamoyenebuli iseTi sainJinro
`saocrebebis~ asagebad, rogoric XIX saukunis
rkinigzis sadgurebia; aman ki, sabolood imgvar
`saswaulamde~ migviyvana, rogorsac cnobili
eifelis koSki wamoadgens (sur. 2-1).
1-27 • abraham darbi III.
xidi mdinare severnze,
qoulbruqdeili, inglisi, 1779
larobiT sargeblobda xelovnebis im moyvarulTa Soris,
romlebic XVIII saukunis bolos sazogadoebrivi da zneob-
rivi faseulobebis warmomCen klasikur Temebsa da metafo-
rul saxeebs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. kornelias dedobriv
Tavdadebas kidev met mniSvnelobas sZens is, rom misi vaJe-
bi _ tiberiusi da gaius graqhusi, momavalSi, politikuri
reformatorebi gaxdebian. kaufmani klasikuri simkacriT
agebs kompozicias, magram mxatvrul saxes Tbili, mqrqali
ganaTebiTa da figuraTa mSvidi graciozulobiT arbilebs.
klasicisturi istoriuli mxatvrobis mimarT interesi
kaufmans romSi, amerikel benjamin vesTTan (Benjamin West,
1738-1820) damegobrebisas uCndeba.
amerikaSi yofnisas vesTi filadelfiaSi swavlobda. 1759
wels ki igi romSi Cadis, sadac vinkelmans ecnoba da mengsis
mowafe xdeba. 1763 wlidan vesTi londonSi mkvidrdeba da
klasicisturi istoriuli suraTis JanrSi iwyebs muSaobas.
1768 wels ki, kaufmanTan da reinoldsTan erTad, igi samefo
akademiis damfuZnebel wevrTa Sorisaa.
ori wlis Semdeg vesTi qmnis namuSevars general vulfis
sikvdili (sur. 1-28), romelmac reinoldsi da akademiis sxva we-
vrebi SokSi Caagdo. tilo sruliad ugulvebelyofda klasi-
cisturi da akademisturi istoriuli suraTis tradiciebs.
vesTi Tvlida, rom istoriuli suraTi mxolod klasikur kos-
tumebSi gamowyobili figurebis asaxviT ar ganisazRvreboda.
1-28 • benjamin vesTi, general vulfis sikvdili,
1770; tilo, zeTi, 1.51X2.14 m. kanadis nacionaluri galerea, otava, gadmotanilia kanadis omis
memorialidan, 1921. vesTmisTeris II hercogis saCuqari, iTon holi, CeSiri, 1918

cnobili msaxiobi devid geriqi imdenad STagonebula am namuSevriT, rom samefo akademiaSi gamofenili
am tilos win eqspromtad vulfis sikvdilis scena gauTamaSebia.

misi azriT, am Janrs SeeZlo aesaxa Tanamedrove siuJeti, Tuki,
sakuTriv didi Tema da amaRlebuli idea suraTSi SenarCune-
buli iqneboda. amgvarad, vesTis namuSevari da Janri, romel-
sac man saTave daudo, `Tanamedrove istoriis~ mxatvrobis sa-
xeliT gaxda cnobili. marTalia, jorj III da joSua reinoldsi
Tavdapirvelad Sokirebulebi iyvnen namuSevriT, magram axali
Janri Zalian mimzidveli aRmoCnda britaneli koleqcionere-
bisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvisac; xolo, mogvianebiT,
suraTis oTxi aslidan erT-erTi jorj III-mac daafinansa.
vesTis suraTi qvebeqze gavlenis mosapoveblad brita-
neT-safrangeTis Svidwlian omSi (1756-1763) 1759 wels daRu-
pul britanel generals jeims vulfs ganadidebs. RrublebiT
dafaruli cis fonze mocemulia scena: wiTel uniformaSi
Cacmuli waqceuli momakvdavi generali TanamebrZolTa mkla-
vebzea misvenebuli. sinamdvileSi vulfi ori Tu sami Tan-
mxlebis TandaswrebiT xis Ziras daiRupa, magram istoriuli
suraTi gacilebiT amaRlebul, gmirul scenas moiTxovda. su-
raTi namdvilad realisturad gamoiyureba, Tumca, is sinam-
dviles dokumenturad rodi asaxavs da aseTad Cafiqrebuli
arc yofila. ganadidebs ra generlis gmirobas, jariskacebis
erTgulebasa da samarTlian mizans, namuSevarSi vesTi im `did
maneras~ mimarTavs, romelsac reinoldsi Tavis leqciebSi
(diskursebSi) gvTavazobs. CrdiloeT amerikis garemos rea-
lurad aRsabeWdad ki, mxatvarma kompoziciis marcxena mxares
adgilobrivi amerikeli mebrZolis figura CarTo, romelic
momakvdavs Sehyurebs. es kidev erTi fiqciaa namuSevarSi:
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am omSi frangebis mxares ibrZoda,
magram indieli mebrZolis scenaSi CarTva imis niSania, rom
ambavi swored Crdi­loeT amerikaSi xdeba. dramatuli ganaTe-
ba aZlierebs scenis emociurobas. dramatuloba kidev ufro
Zlierdeba vulfis TanmxlebTa pozebiT, romlebic ise arian
ganlagebulni, rom scena qristes datirebis kompozicias mo-
gvagonebs. analogias Tu ganvavrcobT, vulfis Tavs zemoT
gamosaxulma amerikis droSam scenaSi jvris gamosaxuleba
Caanacvla, vulfi ki iseve Seewira eris keTildReobas, ro-
gorc qriste _ kacobriobas. brwyinvale ferweris, mZafri
emociurobisa da zneobrivi poziciis gamo suraTma britanul
sazogadoebaSi udidesi popularoba moipova. namuSevris mixe-
dviT Sesrulebuli grafikuli amonabeWdi dRemde yvelaze
farTod gavrcelebul gamosaxulebad iTvleba britaneTSi.

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 29
1-29 • iohan henrix fuseli. Ramis koSmari, 1781; tilo, zeTi, 101X127 sm. detroitis xelovnebis muzeumi.
Sesyidulia mister da misis berT l. smoqlerebis da mister da misis lourensebis mier, a. flaiSmanebis fondTan erTad

fuseli ar sargeblobda popularobiT inglisel kritikosebSi. erT-erT mwerals isic uTqvams, rom 1780 wels londonis
samefo akademiaSi misi gamofenis Sesaxeb Canaweric ki unda ganadgurebuliyo. horas uolfolma ki 1785 wels mis naxats
„Sokismomgvreli da giJurze giJuri“ uwoda. mas Semdegac ki, rac fuselis niWi oficialurad aRiares, mas „SeSlil
Sveicariels“ da „eSmakis mxatvars“ uwodebdnen; magram sazogadoebam misi namuSevari daafasa da Ramis koSmari, romelic
samefo akademiaSi 1782 wels gamoifina, mxatvarma sul mcire samjer gaimeora. xolo graviorebma am namuSevris anabeWdebi
daamzades da gaavrceles. erT-erTi aseTi anabeWdi mogvianebiT avstrieli fsiqoanalitikosis zigmund froidis (romelic
sizmrebs adamianis daTrgunuli survilebis gamovlenad miiCnevda) kabinetSi ekida.

romantizmis mxatvroba vesTis ferweris emociurma
dramam britaneTSi romantizms daudo saTave. romantizmis
erT-erTi pirveli mimdevari iohan henrih fuseli (John Henry
Fuseli, 1741-1825) iyo. mSobliuri Sveicariidan londonSi igi
1764 wels Cavida. TeologiaSi, filosofiasa da vinkelmanis
(romlis naSromebsac igi inglisurad Targmnida) klasikur
esTetikaSi ganswavluli fuseli londonis inteleqtualur-
ma elitam Tavis wreSi maleve miiRo. joSua reinoldsis rCe-
viT fuselim 1770 wels datova inglisi da samxatvro ga-
naTlebis misaRebad romSi wavida, sadac momdevno rva weli
dahyo. romauli skulpturisa da miqelanjelos mxatvrobis
simZafrem da eqspresiulma formebma mas ara klasicizmis-
ken, aramed, sakuTari, mZlavrad gamomsaxveli stilis gan-
viTarebisken ubiZga. misi namuSevrebi, umeteswilad, swored
romaul, mogvianebiT ki, miqelanjelos xelovnebis emociu-
robas ukavSirdeba da ara antikuri saberZneTis xelovnebas,
romliTac vinkelmani iyo aRfrTovanebuli.
londonSi dabrunebis Semdeg fuselim istoriuli suraTis
ostatis saxeli daimkvidra, Tumca, mis SemoqmedebaSi ufro
metad homerosis, dantes, Seqspiris da milTonis nawarmoebe-
bidan aRebuli dramatuli siuJetebi Warbobs. adamianis gone-
bis idumal, bnel siRmeebSi wvdomisaken miswrafebam igi zebu-
nebrivi da iracionaluri Temebis asaxvamde miiyvana. suraTSi
Ramis koSmari (sur. 1-29) igi divanze gadawolil qals asaxavs,
romelsac sazareli inkubusi (igive mara, boroti suli) azis.
legendis Tanaxmad, inkubusi gatacebul qalebTan sqesobrivi

30 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
 1-30 • uiliam bleiki. niutoni, 1795;
daaxl. 1805; feradi amonabeWdi, dasrulebuli melniTa da akvareliT, 46X60 sm. TeiTi, londoni
kavSiriT sazrdoobda. erotikul sizmarSi qali xedavs, rom
inkubusi mis dauflebas apirebs. ukana planze fardis ukan
veluri, anTebulTvalebiani cxenis Tavi moCans. namuSevari
idumal, aracnobier SiSsa da TavaSvebul seqsualurobas gad-
moscems. suraTi 1782 wels samefo akademiaSi gamoifina da,
fuselis kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, didi STabeWdileba moa-
xdina sazogadoebaze. mxatvarma am suraTis sul cota oTxi
varsia Seasrula, romelTa aslebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.
fuselis megobari uiliam bleiki (William Blake, 1757-1827)
uaRresad originaluri poeti, mxatvari da graviori, aseve
STagonebuli iyo miqelanjelos dramatuli xelovnebiT. mas
Semdeg, rac bleiki graviuris teqnikas daeufla, igi cota
xniT Cairicxa samefo akademiaSi, sadac maleve uaryo rei-
noldsis swavleba. mas miaCnda, rom wesebi ufro xels uSlida,
vidre exmareboda Semoqmedebas. mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlo-
baSi SeuzRudav, Tavisufal warmosaxvaSi Cawvdomis momxres,
fantazia da warmosaxva sulis umaRles samyaroSi SeRwevis
gzad, xolo goneba damdablebuli materialuri samyaroTi
SezRudulad miaCnda. bleiki bibliaze, berZnul miTologia-
sa da britanul legendebze dayrdnobiT sikeTisa da boro-
tebis arsis kvleviT, qristianuli rwmenis pirovnul-indi-
vidualizebuli (idiosinkretikuli) formis SemuSavebiT iyo
dainteresebuli. 1790-ian wlebSi gamocemul mis `winaswarme-
tyvelur wignebSi”, sulieri krizisisa da monaniebis Temebis
gamosakvlevad, mxatvroba da poeziaa gaerTianebuli.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
`winaswarmetyvelur wignebs~ Tematurad ukavSirdeba 12
didi feradi graviurisgan Semdgari damoukidebeli seria,
romelic man, ZiriTadad, 1795 wels Seqmna. erT-erTi maTgani
XVIII saukunis racionalizmis simbolod qceul niutons warmo-
gvidgens (sur. 1-30). maTematikuri gamoTvlebiTa da naxazebiT
samyaros aRweris ideiT Sepyrobili SiSveli niutoni, romel-
sac xelSi fargali uWiravs, gamoqvabulSi zis. am suraTze igi
ufro metad Sua saukuneebis adamianis warmodgenaSi arsebuli
RmerTis saxes waagavs, vidre Tanamedrove mecniers.
jon singlTon qofli, romlis mier Seqmnili maflinebis
portreti zemoT aris aRwerili (sur. 1-1), revoluciuri omis
Semdeg bostonidan londonSi gadavida da samSobloSi aRar
dabrunebula. londonSi igi amerikeli Tanamemamulis, ben-
jamin vesTis msgavsad, Camoyalibda rogorc portretisti
da Tanamedrove istoriuli suraTis mxatvari. qoflis yve-
laze warmatebuli namuSevari iyo uoTsoni da zvigeni (sur.
1-31), romelic mas 1778 wels mdidarma londonelma vaWarma
da politikosma bruq uoTsonma SeukveTa. qoflis namuSeva-
ri 1749 wels momxdar dramatul SemTxvevas asaxavs. 14 wlis
uoTsons havanis yureSi curvisas Tavs zvigeni daesxa da
sanam mas misi megobrebi gadaarCendnen, marjvena fexi da-
karga. suraTis piramidul kompozicias navSi myofi maSvel-
Ta figurebi, Tavad sabralo uoTsoni da mis sapirspirod,
portis fonze sakmaod ararealurad warmodgenili zvigeni
Tavi I. 31
1-31 • jon singlTon qofli. uoTsoni da zvigeni,
1778; zeTi, tilo, 1.82X2.29 m. xelovnebis erovnuli galerea, vaSingtoni, ferdinand lamoT belinis fondi
qmnian. zogierTi figura marTlac klasikuri wesebis mixe-
dviTaa agebuli, magram Tavad kompozicias klasikurs nam-
dvilad ver vuwodebT. wina planze mZvinvare zvigeni umweo
SiSvel uoTsons esxmis Tavs, samaSvelo navis kiCoze kacs
zvigenis gasagmirad barji (Harpun) aRumarTavs. kompozi-
ciis marcxena mxares gamosaxuli uoTsonis ori megobari
cdilobs, miwvdes dazaralebuls, danarCenebi ki, aRelve-
bulebi uyureben scenas. naxatis zeda nawilSi gamosaxul
afrikels uoTsonis mklavze Semoxveuli, navTan damakavSi-
rebeli Toki uWiravs. zogierTi mkvlevari afrikels msa-
xurad miiCnevs, romelic xelsayrel dros elodeba, rom
TeTrkanian patrons Toki miawodos, magram kompoziciaSi
mis CarTvas politikuri mizezebiTac xsnian. uoTsonze ha-
vanis yureSi zvigenis Tavdasxma im dros moxda, rodesac
igi afrikidan vesT-indoeTSi monebis gadamyvan transatla-
tikur gemze muSaobda. swored maSin, rodesac uoTsoni am
suraTs ukveTavda, britaneTis parlamentSi amerikelebis
damoukideblobis deklaraciasa da monebiT vaWrobis sa-
kiTxebis Taobaze cxare debatebi mimdinareobda. zogierTi
Tori, maT Soris uoTsonic, ewinaaRmdegebodnen amerikis
damoukideblobis ideas da isini Tvlidnen, rom sanam Tavad
amerikeli kolonistebi afrikeli monebis Tavisuflebas ar
32 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
uzrunvelyofdnen, amerikis mowodeba britaneTis samefos
qveSevrdomobidan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze TvalTmaqcoba
iqneboda. marTlac, revoluciuri omis dros britanelebma
Tavisufleba SesTavazes yvela im gaqceul amerikel monas,
romelic britaneTis armiasa da flots SeuerTdeboda.
eWvgareSea, rom qoflis suraTis Tema uoTsonis mier
iyo nakarnaxevi da, amdenad, SesaZloa, amerikeli monebis
mimarT uoTsonis simpaTiaze mianiSnebda; an, rogorc ves-
Tis namuSevarSi vulfis sikvdili (sur. 1-28) mkvidri amerike-
lebis CarTva, es figurac, SesaZloa, mxolod momxdari faq-
tis adgilze, am SemTxvevaSi _ havanaze mianiSnebdes. qofli
erT-erTi pirveli mxatvari iyo dedaqalaqSi, romelmac
Tanamedrove istoriis Temaze Seqmnili suraTebi londo-
nis sazogadoebriv adgilebSi gamofina; Sesvlaze gadasaxa-
dis dawesebiT mxatvari Semosavalsac iRebda da Tavis na-
muSevrebs reklamasac uwevda. iseTi sanaxaobrivi xerxebis
efeqturi gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa fantasmagoria (Cveneba
magiuri farniT, kvamliT, sarkeebiT, ganaTebiT da moCve-
nebebiT), panoramebi, diorama da eidofusikoni (miniaturu-
li Teatri specialuri efeqtebiT) XIX saukunis dasawyisis
londonSi qofli sensaciur eqtraordinalur saxe-xatebs
qmnida da fenda kidec.
 1-32 • Jak Jermen suflo.
panTeoni (wm. Jenevievas eklesia),
parizi, 1755-1792

am Senobas saintereso istoria aqvs. sanam mSe­-

nebloba dasruldeboda, parizis makont­ro­­-
lebelma revoluciurma xelisuflebam sa­xel­
mwifo fondis Sesavsebad eklesiis sakuTrebis
konfiskacia moaxdina. Tumca, gayidvis
nacvlad 1791 wels gadawyda, rom wm. Jenevievas
eklesia didebis taZrad gadaqceuliyo da
iq TavisuflebisTvis daRupuli gmirebi
daekrZalaT. napoleon I-is mmarTvelobis dros
(1799-1814) Senoba kvlav kaTolikuri eklesiad
akurTxes. aseTad rCeboda is mefe lui
filipes (1830-1848) da napoleon III-s (1852-1870)
mmarTvelobis drosac. mas Semdeg ki taZari
arcerT konfesias aRar ekuTvnoda. 1851
wels Senoba gamoiyeneboda, rogorc fizikis
laboratoria. aq, taZris maRali gumbaTis
qveS dakida frangma fizikosma Jan bernar
fukom Tavisi cnobili qanqara da mis rxevebze
dakvirvebiT daamtkica sakuTari Teoria,
rom dedamiwa Tavisi RerZis garSemo saaTis
isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavda.
1995 wels, aqve, safrangeTis gamoCenili
adamianebis panTeonSi, gadaitanes mari kiuris
(romelsac 1911 wels nobelis premia mieniWa
qimiis dargSi) ferfli. mari kiuri panTeonSi
dakrZaluli pirveli qali iyo.

1-33 • panTeoni. Wrili

moiZieT panTeonis
arqiteqturuli panorama
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 33
XVIII saukunis miwurulis
xelovneba safrangeTSi
XVIII saukunis bolos safrangeTSi rokoko ganmanaTleblo-
bis ideebma da momavali revoluciis moaxloebam gadafara.
franguli xelovneba ufro metad gadaixara klasicizmisken;
frangi arqiteqtorebi ufro metad mimarTavdnen romauli
xuroTmoZRvrebis proporciebsa da sicxades, xolo mxat-
vrebi da moqandakeebi didaqtikur klasicizms da, sazoga-
dod, klasikur stils aniWebdnen upiratesobas.
arqiteqtura
XVIII saukunis bolos frangi arqiteqtorebi klasicizms,
Cveulebriv, ganixilavdnen ara rogorc erT-erT alterna-
tiul, aramed rogorc erTaderT WeSmarit mxatvrul stils.
vinkelmanis debuleba, rom „antikuri periodis xelovanTa
mibaZva~ kargi gemovnebis niSania, safrangeTSi enTuziaz-
miT aitaces. klasicisturi stilis wamyvani arqiteqtoris
frangi Jak Jermen suflos (Jacques-Germain Soufflot, 1713-1780)
wm. Jenevievas eklesia, romelic dRes cnobilia, rogorc
panTeoni (sur. 1-32), parizis yvelaze tipuri klasicisturi
nagebobaa. panTeonSi suflom sami tradiciis gaerTianeba
scada: romauli arqiteqturis, romelsac igi italiaSi yof-
nisas gaecno, franguli da inglisuri barokuli klasiciz-
mis da im droisaTvis inglisSi aRorZinebuli paladianuri
stilis. panTeonis fasadi, Tavisi uzarmazari portikiT,
Zveli romauli taZrebis formebisa da proporciebis mixe-
dviTaa Seqmnili. gumbaTi XVII saukunis arqiteqturiT, maT
Soris, ser qrisTofer renis londonis wminda pavles kaT-
edraliTaa STagonebuli, xolo nagebobis centruli gegmis
34 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
mkafio geometrizmi (sur. 1-33) taZars berlingTonis neo-pa-
ladianuri stilis Cizviq hausTan (ix. 1-15) aaxloebs.
panTeoni, aseve, qristianul tradiciasTan avlens ka-
vSirs. Tumca, panTeoni ar aris nawilTa martivi krebu-
li. misi racionaluri, Tanmimdevruli gegma marTkuTxa,
kvadratuli da wriuli formebisgan Sedgeba, xolo misi
kedlebis sada sibrtyeebi simkacres avlens.
ferwera da qandakeba
sanam XVIII saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi frangi mxatvrebi
buSe, fragonari da maTi mimdevrebi jer kidev rokokos
stilSi ganagrZobdnen muSaobas, 1760-ian wlebSi rokokos
winaaRmdeg Zlieri moZraoba daiwyo. rokokos mTavari mo-
winaaRmdege iyo deni didro (1713-1784), romlis `codnisa
da unarebis~ 32-tomiani kompendiumi _ enciklopedia (Seqm-
nili Jan le ron d’alamberTan (1717-1783) erTad) ganmanaT-
lebluri azris namdvil arqivs warmoadgenda. 1759 wels
didrom periodul biuletenSi, romelsac mdidari mkiTxve-
li hyavda, oficialuri salonis Sesaxeb mimoxilvebis gamo-
qveyneba daiwyo. didro xelovnebis Tanamedrove kriticiz-
mis damfuZnebelad moiazreba. mas sjeroda, rom xelovnebis
WeSmariti daniSnuleba adamianSi `Rirsebis grZnobis gaRvi-
veba da eTikis dawmenda~ iyo; rasac, misi azriT, rokoko
verafriT SeZlebda.
Sardeni didro aRfrTovanebuli iyo Jan simeon Sarde-
niT (Jean-Siméon Chardin, 1699-1779), mxatvriT, romelmac jer
kidev 1730-ian wlebSi XVII saukunis holandiuri Janruli
mxatvrobis tradiciebis mixedviT, zneobriv-damrigebluri
xasiaTis namuSevrebis Seqmna daiwyo. Sardeni am namuSevreb-
Si saSualo klasis yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan gulmodgin-
ed Sesrulebul gulisamaCuyebel scenebs asaxavda. magali-
Tad, suraTSi aRmzrdeli (sur. 1-34) wignebiT xelSi koxtad
Cacmuli biWia warmodgenili. biWs ZiZa esaubreba da Tan mis
samkuTxa quds wmends. iatakze Cogani, volani (badmintonis
burTi) da banqo yria, is bavSvuri gasarTobebi, romlebic
biWma ukan unda moitovos, radgan saswavleblad da zrdas-
rulis pasuxismgeblobiT savse cxovrebisTvis emzadeba. na-
muSevari avtoritetuli adamianis keTilganwyobasa da mis
mimarT mozardis nebayoflobiT morCilebaze migvaniSnebs.
orive es Tviseba imxanad mniSvnelovnad iyo miCneuli, ro-
gorc politikur, aseve ojaxur cxovrebaSi.
grezi didro didad afasebda Jan batist grezs (Jean-Baptiste
Greuze, 1725-1805), 1750-iani wlebSi Tavad grezis STagonebis
1-34 • Jan simeon Sardeni. aRmzrdeli,
1739; zeTi, tilo, 46X37.5 sm. kanadis erovnuli galerea, otava,
Sesyidulia 1956
Sardeni erT-erTi pirveli frangi mxatvari iyo, romelic qalebisa da
bavSvebis yofas simpatiiT gadmoscemda, axalgazrda aRmzrdelebisa da
mosamsaxureebis saxeebiT qalis Rirseul Sromas asaxavda. 1739 wels
salonSi gamofenilma aRmzrdelma Tanamedrove kritikosebis qeba
daimsaxura. erT-erTi maTgani aRniSnavda: „aRmzrdelis lmobiereba,
siTbo da TavdaWeriloba, romelic biWs usufTaobis, uwesrigobis da
daudevrobis gamo tuqsavs, darcxvenili biWis yuradReba da sinanuli,
es yovelive didi sisadaviT aris gadmocemuli.“
 1-35 • Jan batist grezi.
soflis patarZali,
an qorwineba, momenti,
rodesac mama siZes
mziTevs gadascems,
1761; tilo, zeTi,
91.4X118.1 sm. luvri,
parizi

wyaro ki didros mier Seqmnili piesebi gaxldaT. pariz-

Si didrom Teatraluri Semoqmedebis speqtri gaafarTo-
va, man tradiciul tragedias da komedias burJuaziuli
drama (drame bourgeois) da saSualo klasis tragedia (middle
tragedy) Semata, rasac mogvianebiT `melodrama~ ewoda.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis martiv ambebze Seqmnili mora-
listuri xasiaTis piesebi zneobriobisa da moqalaqeobis
magaliTebs iZleoda. grezis yofiTi Janris suraTebi,
rogoricaa soflis patarZali (sur. 1-35), didros burJua-
ziuli dramis da saSualo klasis tragediis vizualuri
analogiaa. am suraTze grezi moqmedebas Teatralize-
bulad ganaTebul, viwro scenismagvar sivrceSi gadmo-
gvcems. moxucebuli mama, siZisTvis qaliSvilis mziTvis
gadacemis Semdeg, Tavisi Tbili ojaxis wevrebs mimarTavs,
notariusi ki momxdars werilobiT afiqsirebs. axalgazr-
da wyvili xelixelCakidebuli dgas, magram igrZnoba, rom
isini erTmaneTs kargad ar icnoben. patarZlis gverdiT

1-36 • mari luiza elizabet viJe-lebreni. mari antuanetas

portreti SvilebTan erTad, 1787; tilo,zeTi, 2.75X2.15 m.
versalis sasaxlis nacionaluri muzeumi

rogorc dedoflis rCeuli mxatvari viJe-lebreni revoluciis

mijnaze 1789 wels Tavis qaliSvilTan erTad parizidan romSi
gaiqca. nebayoflobiTi gadasaxlebisas, italiaSi, avstriaSi,
ruseTSi da inglisSi warmatebuli muSaobis Semdeg, mxatvari
1805 wels sabolood parizSi damkvidrda da parizel mecenatTa
Soris popularoba moixveWa. xangrZlivi karieris ganmavlobaSi
cocxali, energiuli maneriT, romelic aTwleulebis ganmav­lo­
baSi didad ar Secvlila, man daaxloebiT 800 portreti Seqmna.

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 35
misi da da deda arian gamosaxulni. hogarTis saqorwino
kontraqtSi asaxuli tyulisa da angarebisgan gansxvavebiT
(ix. 1-21), grezis suraTi gviCvenebs, rom Rirsebisa da si-
Raribis Tanaarseboba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. am tipis emo-
ciuri, Teatralizebuli da zneobrivi yofiTi scena didad
dafasebuli iyo grezis dros da safrangeTSi adreklasicis-
turi istoriuli Janris mxatvrobas upirispirdeboda.
viJe-lebreni im dros, rodesac grezi Tavis namuSevreb-
Si dabali da saSualo klasis yofas asaxavda, mari elizabet
luiza viJe-lebreni (Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1755
1842) cnobili xdeba, rogorc dedofal mari antuanetas
sayvareli portretisti.
viJe-lebreni gamoCenili imiTac iyo, rom igi safrange-
Tis ferwerisa da qandakebis samefo akademiis wevrad iyo
arCeuli. im droisTvis akademiaSi mxolod oTxi qalis ar-
Ceva iyo SesaZlebeli. 1787 wels viJe-lebrenma Seqmna tilo
mari antuaneta SvilebTan erTad (sur. 1-36). mimarTavs ra `ke-
1-37 • Jak lui daviTi. horaciusebis fici,
1784-1785; tilo, zeTi, 3.26X4.27 m. luvri, parizi
waikiTxeT Jak lui davidTan dakavSirebuli masala veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
36 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
Tili dedis~ Temas, misTvis ukve nacnobs anjelika kaufma-
nis suraTidan kornelia (ix. 1-26), viJe-lebreni dedofals,
rogorc egoist, eqstravagantul da amoralur adamianze
sazogadoebis warmodgenis sapirispirod, keTil, mosiyva-
rule dedad warmogvidgens. dedofals suraTze Sesabamis
mefur pozaSi vxedavT, Svilebi ki ufro bunebrivad arian
gamosaxulni: prin­cesa siyvaruliT miyrdnobia dedas, pa-
tara dofini _ tax­tis memkvidre ki, romelic mefobas ve-
rasdros miaRevs, co­ta xnis win gardacvlili Zmis carieli
akvnisken migviTiTebs.
avtori suraTSi mari antuanetas meuRlis, lui XVI-s
mmarTvelobis qveS myofi safrangeTis mSvidobianobasa da
keTildReobas asaxavs. lui XVI, romelic taxtze 1774 wels
avida, teroris epoqis dros, 1792 wels, sikvdiliT dasajes.
mis meuRles, mari antuanetasac igive bedi ewia.
davidi Jak lui davidi (Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825) fran-
guli klasicisturi epoqis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxatva-
ri iyo. oc welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, revoluciisa da, da bavSvebis jgufisgan da kidev ufro amZafrebs dapiris-
Semdgom, napoleonis mmarTvelobis dros, mas mniSvnelovani pirebas axalgazrda mamakacebis stoikur Tavganwirvasa da
gavlena hqonda safrangeTis xelovnebaze. 1774 wels davidma dardisagan Ronmixdil qalebs Soris.
romis prizi (Prix de Rome) moigo da momdevno eqvsi wlis gan- am istoriuli suraTis emociurma ganwyobilebam fran-
mavlobaSi romSi antikur qandakebasa da klasicizmis princi- guli akademiis zneobis wesebi umaRles xarisxSi aiyvana.
pebs swavlobda. parizSi dabrunebis Semdeg davidi antikuri bedis ironiiT, Tavdapirvelad monarqis mier SekveTili
Rirebulebebis _ stoicizmis, mamakacurobisa da patriotiz- namuSevari, male safrangeTis 1789 wlis revoluciis simbo-
mis ganmadidebel, wminda klasicistur namuSevrebs qmnis. lod iqca. patriotizmisa da keTildReobisTvis Tavganwir-
am namuSevrebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani, albaT, 1784- vis idea sruliad Seesabameboda 1792 wels axlad Seqmnili
1785 wlebSi Seqmnili horaciusebis ficia (sur. 1-37). suraTi safrangeTis respublikis liderebis ganwyobilebas. mas
sruliad Seesabameba lui XVI-s gemovnebasa da faseulobebs, Semdeg, rac revolucionerebma monarqia da TavadaznaurTa
romelic xelovnebis ministr, graf d’anJiviesTan erTad, gan- wodebebi gaauqmes, ganaTlebaze kontroli eklesias Camo-
manaTleblobas TanaugrZnobda. didros msgavsad, d’anJivies arTves da adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia daiwera, davidi
da mefes sjerodaT, rom xelovnebas sazogadoeba moralu- memarcxene iakobinelTa partias SeuerTda.
rad unda aemaRlebina. d’anJivies pirveli oficialuri nabi- 1793 wels davidma Tavis suraTSi iakobinelTa lideris,
ji am mimarTulebiT 1775 wlis salonSi uxamsi, SiSveli ga- Jan pol maratis sikvdili (sur. 1-38) asaxa. radikali Jurnalis­ti
mosaxulebebis akrZalva da didaqtikuri xasiaTis istoriuli marati, avejis nacvlad yuTebiT gawyobil binaSi mokrZale-
suraTebis SekveTa iyo. davidisTvis 1784 wels SekveTili ho- bulad cxovrobda. Tavis pamfletebSi igi aristokratTa
raciusebis fici am programis nawils warmoadgenda. privilegiebis gauqmebisken mouwodebda sazogadoebas.
suraTis Tema STagonebuli iyo didi frangi mwerlis kanis mwvave daavadebis gamo, igi xSirad samkurnalo aba-
pier kornelis (1606-1684) tragediiT „horaciusi“, rome- zanis miRebis dros muSaobda. opoziciuri partiis erT-erT
lic, Tavis mxriv, uZvelesi romauli isto-
riuli teqstebis safuZvelze Seiqmna; Tum-
ca, davidis mier namuSevarSi asaxuli ficis
dadebis patriotuli scena uSualod am wy-
aroebidan ar aris aRebuli da, rogorc Cans,
mxatvris fantaziis nayofi iyo.
suraTze Zv.w. VII saukuneSi momxdari am-
bavia asaxuli, rodesac romi da misi metoqe,
mezobeli qalaq-saxelmwifo alba SeTanxmd-
nen, rom omis sanacvlod, romis moqalaqe ho-
raciusis sam vaJsa da albas warmomadgenel
sam kuraciuss Soris sasikvdilo orTabrZo-
la gaimarTeboda. davidis tiloze horaciu-
sebs xelebi aqvT gawvdili mamisken, romelic
maT xmlebs aZlevs. Svilebi aRTqmas deben,
rom bolomde ibrZoleben da Tavs gawiraven
romisTvis. Zala, romelic axalgazrda mama-
kacebis mamisken gawvdil xelebSi igrZnoba,
TiTqos ukan axevinebs am ukanasknels. mtkice,
Zlier mamakacebs kompoziciis marjvena mxa-
res mtirali qalebisa da SeSinebuli bavSve-
bis jgufi upirispirdeba. isini orive mxaris
_ horaciusebisa da kuraciusebis beds das-
tirian. sabina (centraluri figura) kuraci-
usis da da erT-erTi horaciusis meuRlea.
kamila (moSorebiT, bavSvebTan myofi qali)
ki, horaciusebis daa da kuraciusis saco-
le. sasuraTo sibrtyis paralelurad fonze
gamosaxuli TaRebi kompoziciurad kidev
ufro metad gamoyofs mebrZolebs qalebisa

1-38 • Jak lui daviTi. maratis sikvdili,

1793; tilo, zeTi, 1.65X1.28 m. belgiis saxviTi
xelovnebis samefo muzeumi, briuseli

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 37
momxres Sarlot kordeis miaCnda, rom marati nawilobriv hqonda. senegalSi dabadebuli bele (1747?-1805) yofili mona
pasuxismgebeli iyo 1792 wlis areulobaze, romlis drosac iyo, romelic san domingos koloniam (axlandeli haiti) pa-
asobiT politikuri patimari, mefis mimarT simpaTiis gamo, rizSi, safrangeTis konventSi Tavis warmomadgenlad gagzav-
gaasamarTles da sikvdiliT dasajes. amisaTvis, Sarlot kor- na. haitis 1791 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, rodesac afrikelma
deim maratze Suri iZia, mis saxlSi Seipara da igi sakuTar monebma safrangeTis koloniuri Zalaufleba daamxes, san do-
abazanaSi daniT mokla. davidi Tavs aridebs momxdaris sensa- mingo pirveli respublika iyo, romelsac gaTavisuflebuli
ciur mxares _ mkvlelobis faqtis asaxvas da mxolod mis tra- afrikeli monebi marTavdnen. 1794 wels belem koloniebSi mo-
gikul Sedegs warmogvidgens: gardacvlili marati abazanaSi nobis gasauqmeblad da afrikuli warmoSobis adamianebisTvis
wevs, dabla uRonod Camovardnil marjvena xelSi jer kidev sruluflebiani moqalaqeobis misaniWeblad, warmatebuli
uWiravs kalami, marcxenaSi ki is werili ukavia, romelic kor- sakanonmdeblo kampania gaaCaRa. portretze bele frangi fi-
deim mis saxlSi SesaRwevad gamoiyena. abazanis gverdiT mdga­ losofosis abat giiom reinalis (1711-1796) biustis kvarcxl-
ri xis martivi, marTkuTxa formis yuTi, romelsac marati bekzea dayrdnobili. abatis 1770 wels gamocemulma wignma,
magidad iyenebda da romelzec maratisa da Tavad mxatvris, romleSic igi monobas gmobda, gza gaukvala amgvar kanonm-
davidis saxelebia amotvifruli, TiTqos maratis saflavis deblobas. ase rom, portreti orives _ belesac da reinal-
qvad qceula. davidis mier Seqmnili kompaqturi, lakoniuri sac Tanabrad miagebda pativs. 1801 wels napoleonma aRadgina
da mkafiod agebuli kompozicia STambeWdav mxatvrul sa- monoba karibis kunZulebze, magram ajanyebam, romelic 1804
xes qmnis. dautvirTavi foni kedlis erTgvarovan sibrtyes wlamde gagrZelda, haitis sruli damoukidebloba moutana.
warmoadgens, rac, horaciusebis ficis fonis msgavsad, su-
raTSi asaxul dramas erTgvar simSvides sZens. micvalebuli adelaid labil-Jiari (Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, 1749-1803),
maratis sxeulis feri, qveS dafenili zewris fers Seesabame- romlis Semoqmedebac agreTve asaxavda im periodis revolu-
ba. zewrisa da sxeulis naTel laqas muqi foni da abazanaze ciur suliskveTebas, mxatvari qalebis uflebebs icavda. igi
gadafarebuli mwvane naWeri aCarCoebs. sastiki, daundobeli ferwerisa da qandakebis safrangeTis samefo akademiaSi vi-
mkvleloba davidma pirquSi, STambeWdavi sceniT gad-
moca. maratis poza miqelanjelos vatikanis pietas
mogvagonebs, riTic mxatvari imaze migvaniSnebs, rom,
qristes msgavsad, maratic adamianebisTvis ewama.
safrangeTis revolucia 1793-1794 wlebSi brbos
mmarTvelobaSi gadaizarda da misi mowinaaRmdegeebis,
aTasobiT iakobinelis mimarT sastik angariSsworebad
gadaiqca, xolo SemdgomSi, teroris mmarTvelobis
saxeliT gaxda cnobili. davidi, rogorc iakobinelTa
nacionaluri konventis deputati, ori kviris ganma-
vlobaSi prezidentad iyo arCeuli. am periodSi man
dapatimrebis ramdenime orders moawera xeli. ro-
desac iakobinelebma 1794 wels Zalaufleba dakarges,
davidi orjer daapatimres, Tumca sasjeli msubuqi
iyo da mas xatvis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobac eZleo-
da. mogvianebiT davidi isev gamoCnda politikur as-
parezze, rogorc napoleonis momxre da napoleonis
mmarTvelobis dros Tavisi karieris piks miaRwia.

Jirode-triozoni davidi qarizmatul da maRali

avtoritetis mqone maswavlebelad iyo cnobili. 1790-
ian da 1800-ian wlebSi igi frangi mxatvrebis umeteso-
bas aswavlida, maT Soris an lui Jirode-triozonsac
(Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, 1767-1824), rac aSkarad mJRavn-
deba Jirode-triozonis mier Sesrulebul Jan batist
beles portretSi (sur. 1-39). masSi davidis adreuli sti-
lisTvis damaxasiaTebel TavSekavebul feradovneba-
sa da lakoniur kompoziciasTan erTad, Taviseburi
msubuqi eleganturobac SeimCneva. davidis namuSevre-
bis msgavsad, am portretsac politikuri datvirTva

1-39 • an lui Jirode-triozoni. Jan batist beles portreti,

1797; tilo, zeTi, 1.59X1.13 m.
versalis sasaxlis nacionaluri muzeumi

38 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi

Je-lebrenTan erTad airCies 1785 wlis salonSi wardgenili
suraTisTvis avtoportreti or mowafesTan erTad (sur. 1-40).
suraTi Taviseburi pasuxi iyo im gavrcelebul Worze, TiTqos
viJe-lebrenis namuSevrebi sinamdvileSi mamakacis mier iyo da-
xatuli. am didi zomis tiloze warmodgenili erTaderTi mama-
kacis gamosaxuleba, rogorc mxatvris STagonebis wyaro, mol-
bertis gverdiT mdgari labil-Jiaris mamis biustia. mxatvarma
maxvilgonivrulad Caanacvla rolebi, radgan muzis funqcia,
Cveulebriv, qalebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. garda imisa, rom
suraTze mxatvari Zalian momxiblavad gamoiyureba, igi, aseve
gamoxatavs sakuTar Tavs, rogorc angariSgasawev, Zlier qals,
romlis mzerac Tamamad upirispirdeba mnaxvels da romlis
moswavleebi seriozulad da azrianad udgebian swavlas. saf-
rangeTis revoluciis momdevno wels labil-Jiarma TxovniT
mimarTa ferwerisa da qandakebis samefo akademias, raTa moxs-
niliyo SezRudva, romelic mxolod oTxi qalis wevrobas iT-
valiswinebda. reforma mogvianebiT revoluciurma mTavrobam
gaauqma, maSin, rodesac is metad avtoritaruli gaxda.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-40 • adelaid labil-Jiari.
avtoportreti or mowafesTan erTad,
1785; tilo, zeTi, 2.11X1.51 m. metropoliten
muzeumi, niu-iorki, julia a. bervindis
saCuqari, 1953 (53.225.5)
hudoni frangma moqandakem Jan antuan hudonma (Jean-Antoine
Houdon, 1741-1828), romelic Prix de Rome-s miRebis Semdeg 1764-
1768 wlebSi italiaSi swavlobda, klasikur stils realiz-
mis elferi SesZina. man epoqis mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani
pirovnebebis, maT Soris, didros, volteris, Jan Jak rusos,
ekaterine didis, Tomas jefersonis, benjamin franklinis,
lafaietis (revoluciis gmiris) da napoleonis qandakebebi
(biustebi da figurebi mTeli taniT) Seqmna. garda origi-
nalebis Seqmnisa, hudonis studia stabilurad awarmoebda
ganmanaTleblobis xanis moazrovneTa mier Rirsebisa da
patriotizmis magaliTad aRiarebul adamianTa skulptu-
rebis aslebs. benjamin franklinis biustis Semdeg virji-
niis Statma hudons jorj vaSingtonis qandakeba SeukveTa.
qandakeba jefersonis mier daproeqtebuli virjiniis Sta-
tis klasicisturi stiliT nageb saxelmwifo kapitoliumSi
unda daedgaT. 1785 wels vaSingtonis qandakebisaTvis es-
kizisa da TabaSiris biustis Sesaqmnelad hudoni amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi gaemgzavra, xolo parizSi marmarilos
sruli zomis figuris (sur. 1-41) Sesasruleblad dabrunda.
Tavi I. 39
 iseve rogorc benjamin vesTis generali vulfi (ix. sur.
1-28),
vaSingtonis figura klasikuri maneriTaa Sesrulebu-
li, magram mas Tanamedroved acvia. qandakeba keTilSobi-
lebis, Rirsebis da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis klasikur
1-41. • Jan antuan hudoni. jorj vaSingtoni,
1788-1792; marmarilo, simaRle 1.9 m.
saxelmwifo kapitoliumi, riCmondi, virjinia
vaSingtonis figuris ukan warmodgenili guTnis piri Zv.w. V sau­ku­-
nis romael jariskacze, romis daniSnul diqtatorze, cincinatusze
mianiSnebs. cincinatusi romis armiis alyidan gamosaxsnelad
italikuri tomis _ eqvebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaigzavna.
gamarjvebis Semdeg cincinatusi Tanamdebobidan gadadga da Tavis
miwis nakveTs daubrunda. Tanamedroveebi vaSingtons cincinatuss
adarebdnen, radgan amerikelebis britanelebze gamarjvebis
Semdeg isic gadadga da imis nacvlad, rom politikur asparezze
gaegrZelebina moRvaweoba, sakuTar fermaSi dabrunda. vaSingtonis
Jiletis qveS cincinatis sazogadoebis emblema moCans. sazogadoeba
1783 wels kontinenturi armiis im oficrebma daaarses, romlebic
omis Semdeg mSvidobian saqmianobas daubrundnen. vaSingtoni
virjiniis StatSi, maunT vernonSi, Tavis plantaciaSi xuTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi, 1789 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pirvel
prezidentad arCevamde cxovrobda.
40 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
idealebs gamoxatavs. vaSingtons amerikis damoukideblobi-
saTvis warmoebuli omis, e.w. revoluciuri omis (1775-1783)
periodis generlis uniforma acvia; paralelurad qandake-
baSi Zveli romis Zalauflebis simboloebia CarTuli. mag.,
rogoricaa romauli fasciebi _ wiTeli lentebiT Sekru-
li Telas an aryis xis wnelebis kona, romelsac erT mxa-
res culis piri hqonda mimagrebuli. fasciebi Zvel romSi
umaRles magistratTa da liqtorTa insignia iyo da misi
floba damnaSavis dasjis an Sewyalebis uflebas aRniSnavda,
mogvianebiT ki saxelmwifos erTianobis da saxelmwifoeb-
riobis dacvis simbolos ganasaxierebda. swored amerikaSi,
inglisis cameti koloniis niSnad, cameti Zelisgan konad
Sekrul fasciebze udevs marcxena xeli generals, marjve-
naTi ki najaxispirian kverTxs eyrdnoba. aqve, fasciebzea
mimagrebuli xmali da `mSvidobis guTani~. mniSvnelovania,
rom hudonis vaSingtoni xmals ar exeba.
xelovneba espaneTSi da
amerikis espanur koloniebSi
XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi filipe V-s (1700-1746) dros,
espaneTis xelovneba marginalizebuli iyo, radgan samefo
kari xelovnebis nimuSebs umeteswilad ucxoel xelovanebs
ukveTavda. germaneli mxatvris, mengsis karlos III-s (1759-1788)
samefo karze moRvaweobis Sedegad, espaneTi klasicizms gaec-
no, magram es stili espaneli mxatvrebis mier ar yofila iseTi
enTuziazmiT miRebuli, rogorc wina saukuneSi SeTvisebuli
baroko. XVIII saukunis bolos espaneTis sasaxlis karis mxatv-
rad am periodis erT-erTi yvelaze didi Semoqmedi, fransis-
ko goia lusientesi (Francisco Goya y Lucientes, 1746-1828) iniSneba.
XVI saukunis Semdeg xelovnebis nimuSebi espaneTis Sekve-
TiT aseve mravlad iqmneba amerikis espanur koloniebSi. am
Soreuli qveynebis XVIII saukunis xelovnebasa da arqiteqtu-
raSi, adgilobriv mxatvrul tradiciasTan erTad, espanuri
barokos uwyveti gavlena aisaxa. am ori kulturuli tra-
diciis erToblioba naTlad mJRavndeba meqsikisa da samx-
reT-dasavleT amerikis xelovnebaSi.
portretis xelovneba da
protesti espaneTSi: goia
goia espaneTis samefo karis samxatvro wreebSi 1774 wels ga-
moCnda, rodesac mas mengsis xelmZRvanelobiT gobelenebis-
Tvis eskizebis Seqmna daukveTes. igi samefo karze karlos
III-isa da karlos IV-is dros (1788-1808) msaxurobda, magram,
amasTanave, inteleqtualTa im wres miekuTvneboda, rome-
lic safrangeTis revoluciis idealebs izia­ rebda. kriti-
kuli damokidebuleba im samefo karis mimarT, romelsac igi
emsaxureboda, SefarviT mJRavndeba kidec mis namuSevrebSi.
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg socialuri gardaqmne-
bis safrTxiT SeSinebulma karlos IV-m espaneTSi xelaxla
daawesa inkvizicia, SeaCera reforma da qveyanaSi frangu-
li wignebis Setanac ki akrZala. am viTarebis sapasuxod
goiam ubralo xalxisTvis, visTanac sakuTar Tavs aigiveb-
da, grafikuli seria Seqmna. esaa 80 ofortisgan Semdgari,
1796-1798 wlebSi Sesrulebuli seria kapriCos (Los Caprichos
 1-42 • fransisko goia. mTvlemare goneba monstrebs Sobs, #43,
seriidan kapriCos (Los Caprichos),
1796-1798; gamoica 1799; graviura da akvatinta, 21.6X15.2 sm.
amerikis espanuri sazogadoeba, niu iorki

1799 wels, daaxloebiT 300 kompleqtis dabeWdvis Semdeg, goiam

seria gasayidad gaitana. ori dRis Semdeg ki yovelgvari axsna-
ganmartebis gareSe gayidvaze uari Tqva. istorikosebis azriT,
rogorc Cans, igi eklesiam gaafrTxila, rom Tu namuSevrebs
gayidda, zogierT graviuraze eklesiis upativcemulod gamosax­vis­
Tvis, mas inkviziciis winaSe mouxdeboda wardgoma. 1803 wels goiam
firfitebi samefo tipografias saCuqrad gadasca.

ixileT mTvlemare goneba monstrebs Sobs

axlo xediT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

_ kaprizebi). ugulvebelyofili Wkua-goneba mTvlemare

monstria _ es Tema aerTianebda seriis namuSevrebs. na-
muSevarSi saxelwodebiT mTvlem­are goneba monstrebs Sobs
(sur. 1-42) personificirebul mTvlemare gonebas mosvenebas
ar aZleven demonuri arsebebi, frinvelebi da cxovelebi _
buebi, Ramurebi da katebi, romelTac, sanam gonebas sZinavs,
Tavi auSviaT. seriis sxva namuSevrebSi asaxulia espanuri
sazogadoebis ugunureba, rac goiasa da mis wres aseve amaz­
rzenad miaCndaT. am seriis faruli mizani sazogadoebis
moqmedebisken mowodeba, espaneli xalxis gamofxizleba da
maTi gonierebisken moxmoba iyo.
rogorc hogarTma inglisSi, goiamac scada Tavisi ofor-
tebis gayidva, magram misma namuSevrebma winaaRmdegobrivi

1-43 • fransisko goia.

mefe karlos IV-s ojaxi,
1800; tilo, zeTi, 2.79X3.36 m.
prados muzeumi, madridi

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 41
1-44 • fransisko goia. 1808 wlis sami maisi,
1 814-1815; tilo, zeTi, 2.67X4.06 m. prados muzeumi, madridi
damokidebuleba gamoiwvia da samefo karis yuradRebac mii-
pyro. Semdgomi dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad da mefis
dasarwmuneblad, rom igi monarqias sulac ar akritikebda,
seriis liTonis firfitebi goiam mefes warudgina. goia ix-
liCeboda samefo karis mxatvris valdebulebebsa da mxurvale
survils Soris, rom espaneTi Tavisufali qveyana yofiliyo.
goias orWofuli mdgomareoba naTlad vlindeba mis didi
zomis suraTSi mefe karlos IV-is ojaxi (sur. 1-43).
mxatvars aSkarad undoda, rom misi mfarveli ojaxis
portreti velaskesis meninebisTvis, espaneTis samefo karis
ufro adreuli ojaxuri portretisTvis miemsgavsebina, ri-
Tic pativs miagebda mefes; amiT mis keTilganwyobasac moipo-
vebda da sakuTar mdgomareobasac gaiumjobesebda. suraTze,
velaskesis msgavsad, goiam, marcxena mxares, molbertTan sa-
kuTari Tavic gamosaxa. ojaxis wevrebiT garemoculi mefe da
dedofali kompoziciis centrSi arian warmodgenilni. maTi
mkacrad oficialuri pozebi sakmaod daZabulia. bevri ram
Tqmula imis Sesaxeb, rom goia Tavis mfarvelebs am suraT-
Si ironiiTac ki warmoaCenda: samefo ojaxis wevrTagan zogi
gabezrebuli Cans; medlebiT daxunZlul mundirSi gamowyo-
42 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
bili, erTgvarad gaocebuli gamometyvelebis mqone mefe
ojaxis erT-erTi wevris pirispir dgas, romelic suraTidan
dabneuli iyureba (es saxe, SesaZloa, bolo momentSi daemata
namuSevars); Rababiani dedofali almacerad gvimzers (cno-
bilia, rom am dros mas gaxmaurebuli romani hqonda pre-
mier-ministrTan); maTi ufrosi qaliSvili, suraTis siRrme-
Si icqireba; kidev ukan mdgo­mi erTi xanSiSesuli naTesavi ki
am garemocvaSi moxvedriT TiTqos gakvirvebulic kia. erTi
frangi xelovnebaTmcodnis SeniSvniT, `suraTi im xabazis
ojaxs waagavs, romelmac lataria moigo”. Tumca, am yoveli-
ves miuxedavad, samefo ojaxi, rogorc Cans, kmayofili darCa
goias namuSevriT. im dros, rodesac espaneTis aristokratiis
avtoriteti TandaTan ecemoda, konfliqturi emociebis, misw-
rafebebisa da pasuxismgeblobaTa ase kompleqsurad warmoCena
kidev ufro did dartymas ayenebda maT; zogierT mnaxvels ki,
SesaZloa, efiqra, rom es axali, Tanamedrove stili iyo.
1808 wels napoleonma espaneTi daipyro da taxtze Tavisi
Zma, Jozef bonaparti (1768-1844) aiyvana. Tavdapirvelad es-
paneTis moqalaqeebi, maT Soris goiac, miesalmnen frangebis
mmarTvelobas, ris Sedegadac politikuri reformebi daiwyo
da axali, ufro liberaluri konstituciac iqna miRebuli,
magram 1808 wlis 2 maiss madridSi xma gavrcelda, rom fran-
gebi samefo ojaxis ganadgurebas apirebdnen. xalxi frange-
bis winaaRmdeg aRdga da quCebSi sisxliani brZola gaimarTa,
rasac moqalaqeTa masobrivi dapatimreba moyva. asobiT ada-
miani Seyares monasterSi da 3 maiss gamTeniisas daxvrites.
goias mier Seqmnil am sasaklaos amsaxvel memoriul tiloze
1808 wlis sami maisi (sur. 1-44) ganwiruli meamboxeebis mgznebare
Jestebi da jalaTebis mWidro rigi dramatul suraTs qmnis.
TeTri perangiT mosili msxverpli Tavis usaxur mkvlelebs
xelebgaSlili upirispirdeba. misi figura jvarcmul qris-
tes mogvagonebs. sami maisi ukve aRar aris davidis hora-
ciusebis ficis (ix. sur. 1-37) msgavsi samoqalaqo Tavganwirvis
auRelvebeli, didaqtikuri reprezentacia, aramed, es ukve
brma terorisa da sasowarkveTili SiSis saxea. am namuSee-
varSi yvelaferi romantizmze metyvelebs: sensaciuri da
amaRelvebeli ambavi, Tavisufali ferwera, eqspresiuli,
cocxali pozebi, asimetriuli, daubalansebeli kompozicia
da dramatuli ganaTeba. aq ar arsebobs morali, mxolod sa-
sowarkveTili risxvaa darCenili. rodesac goias hkiTxes, Tu
ratom daxata aseTi Semzaravi scena, man upasuxa: „rom ga-
vafrTxilo adamianebi, ase aRarasdros moiqcnen.“
amis Semdeg espanuri monarqia maleve aRdga. ferdinand
VII-m (1808; 1814-1833) kvlav ganaaxla inkvizicia da gaauqma
axali konstitucia. 1815 wels goia inkviziciis winaSe war­
dga, mas erT-erT adreul namuSevarSi SiSveli qalis da­
xat­visTvis brali uxamsobaSi dasdes. goia gaasamarTles da
madrididan gaaZeves. saxlis kedlebi, romelSic igi amis
Semdeg dasaxlda, mxatvarma e.w. „Savi naxatebis“ koSmaru-
li seriiT moxata da maTSi samyaros mimarT Tavisi mwva-
ved kritikuli damokidebuleba gadmosca. cxovrebis bolo
oTxi weli goiam safrangeTSi gaatara.

amerikis xelovneba
espaneTis mmarTvelobis qveS
XVI saukuneSi espaneTis mier centraluri da samxreT ameri-
kis dapyrobis Semdeg, adgilobrivi religia aikrZala. Zveli
taZrebi kaTolikurma eklesiebma Caanacvla. franciskaneli,
dominikaneli da avgustineli berebi mkvidri mosaxleobis
mosaqcevad iRwvodnen. zogierTi misioneri imdenad iyo
SeZrwunebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT dampyro-
blebis sisastikiT, rom aTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis Txov-
niT espaneTis mefesac ki mimarTa.
centraluri amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis _ meso­
amerikelebis kaTolicizmze iZulebiTi moqcevisas, qris-
tianoba maT uZveles religiur Sexedulebebs Seerwya. es
sinTezi adgilobrivi moqandakeebis mier Seqmnil adreko-
loniuri periodis atriumis jvrebSi vlindeba. misionerebi
am jvrebs eklesiis atriumSi aTavsebdnen, sadac qristianu-
li ganaTlebis misaRebad axladmonaTlulebi ikribebod-
nen. dabali reliefiT uxvad Semkuli XVI saukunis atriumis
jvari (sur. 1-45), romelic axla mexikoSi, gvadalupes bazili-
kaSi inaxeba, adgilobriv skulpturul tradiciebs avlens;
qristianuli da adgilobrivi religiebi masSi erTmaneTs
erwymis da kompleqsurad vlindeba. qristianuli simboloe-
bi, rogorc Cans, misionerebis ilustrirebuli wignebidan
da bibliidanaa gadmoRebuli. es niSnebia: macxovris saxe,
1-45 • atriumis jvari. 1556 wlamde; qva, simaRle 3.45 m.
indielebis samlocvelo, gvadalupes bazilika, mexiko
misi jvarcmuli sxeulis nacvlad, jvris Zelze Semoxveuli
eklis gvirgvini, jvris mklavebze daxveuli wminda sudara da
sxv. jvris zeda nawilSi frTian angelozTa TavebTan erTad,
warweris garSemo aRdgomis niSnad ganlagebuli broweulebia
mocemuli. Tavad jvars, qristes mier kacobriobis codvebis
gamosyidvis simbolos, mesoamerikul religiebSi sicocxlis
xis mniSvneloba eniWeboda. sisxli, romelic qristes xelebi-
dan Jonavs, msxverplze mianiSnebs, magram samsxverplo sisx-
lis gamosaxva, aseve, adgilobriv religiebsac ukavSirdeba.
mas Semdeg, rac gadmocemis Tanaxmad, meqsikaSi RvTismSob-
lis gamocxadeba moxda, mesoamerikuli ukugavlena RvTis­
mSoblis ikonografiamac ganicada. magaliTad, 1531 wels
meqsikelma xuan diegom ganacxada, rom mas RvTismSobeli ga-
moecxada da im mTaze, sadac odesRac actekebis qalRmerTs
scemdnen Tayvans, eklesiis aSeneba daavala; es yovelive ki
mis mSobliur, adgilobriv nahuatlis enaze amcno. amboben,
rom amis Semdgom mTaze, im adgilas, sadac gamocxadeba mo-
xda, uamravi yvavili amosula da amiT xuan diegos sakuTa-
ri xilvis sinamdvileSi arqiepiskoposis darwmuneba ganuz-
raxavs; rodesac xuan diegos mTidan wamoRebuli, mosasxamSi
gaxveuli Taiguli gauSlia, masze (mosasxamze) e.w. meqsike-

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 43
 1-46 • sebastian salsedo. gvadalupes RvTismSobeli,
1779; zeTi, dafa da spilenZi, 63.5X48.3 sm. denveris xelovnebis muzeumi

qvemoT, marjvniv mocemulia qali _ axali espaneTis (meqsikis) gansaxireba, xolo marcxniv _ papi benediqt XIV
(ponti­fikati 1740-1758), romelmac 1754 wels gvadalupes RvTismSobeli amerikis mfarvelad gamoacxada.
figurebs Soris moCans gvadalupes taZari meqsikaSi. RvTismSoblis garSemo oTxi mcire zomis scena xuan diegos
istorias asaxavs, zeda sami ki _ RvTismSoblis saswaulebs. RvTismSoblis Tavs zemoT gamosaxulia bibliuri
winaswarmetyvelebisa da patriarqebis eqvsi figura, aseve, mociqulebi da wmindanebi.

44 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi

li RvTismSoblis saxe aRmoCnda saswaulebrivad gamosaxu-
li. RvTis­mSoblis meqsikuri ikonografiuli tipi, romelic
ubiwo Casaxvis ideas gamoxatavs, farTod gavrcelda evro-
paSi da gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda espaneTSi. xuan
diegos xilvis adgils meqsikaSi, iseve, rogorc espaneTSi
gavrcelebul RvTismSoblis xatis am ikonografiul versias
gvadalupe ewoda da es adgili momlocvelTa centrad iqca.
1754 wels romis papma benediqte XIV-m gvadalupes RvTismSo-
beli, romelic sebastian salsedos 1779 wels Seqmnil xatzea
gamosaxuli, amerikis mfarvel wmindanad gamoacxada (sur. 1-46).
espaneli kolonistebi nagebobebs maTi mSobliuri qvey-
nis arqiteqturis mibaZviT agebdnen. amerikis samxreT da-
savleTSi, arizonas StatSi, Tusonis maxloblad san xavier
del bakis misia espanuri arqiteqturis gavlenis erT-erT
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens (sur. 1-47).
san xavier del bakis misiis mSenebloba iezuitma mRvdelma
eusebio kinom (1644-1711) 1700 wels daiwyo. nagebobis saZirk-
velisTvis man adgilobrivi qva gamoiyena, romelsac pimas
xalxi karierze moipovebda. udabnoSi maT mier ukve gayvanili
iyo sairigacio arxebi, da rogorc mama kino Tavis angariSeb-
Si werda, axali misiis yvela oTaxi da saxelosno wyliT iq-
neboda uzrunvelyofili. mSeneblobis dawyebamde, 1768 wels,
mas Semdeg, rac iezuitebis mimarT espaneTis politika Seic-
vala, es adgili franciskanelebs gadaeca. mama kinos idea sa-
bolood 1776 wels misiaSi misulma espanelma franciskanelma
berma, xuan bautista velderenma ganaxorciela.
samreklos koSkebiT flankirebuli 30 metris sigrZis es
didi zomis jvar-gumbaTovani nageboba uCveuloa, radgan is
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-47 • san xavier del bakis misia
Tusonis maxloblad,
arizona. 1784-1797.
am adgilisTvis tradiciuli aliziT (romelic TixiTa da Ca-
liT mzaddeba) ki ar aris naSeni, aramed _ aguriTa da kir-du-
RabiT. misi ZiriTadi nawilis mSenebloba velderenma 1790
wels daasrula, xolo fasadebis Semkoba misma memkvidrem
velderenis sikvdilis Semdeg ganagrZo da 1797 wels daamTa-
vra. san xavieris fasadi ar warmoadgens espanuri arqiteqtu-
ris uSualo asls, Tumca, vizualurad yuradRebis centrSi
moqceuli, eklesiis centraluri Sesasvlelis espanuri ba-
rokosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dekori, aSkarad pedro de ribe-
ras tradiciis mixedviT aris Seqmnili. mas Semdeg, rac misia
fransisko xavieris saxelobis gaxda, karibWis Tavze misi qan-
dakeba daidga; niSebSi ki dRemdea SemorCenili oTxi wmindani
qalis, savaraudod, lusias, sesilias, barbares da ekaterine
sienelis qandakebebi. am skulpturul jgufSi erTi patara
uCveulo scenacaa CarTuli: kata, romelic Tagvis daWeras
cdilobs, ramac adgilobrivi pimas tomis cnobili gamoTqma
warmoSva: qveynis dasasruli maSin mova, rodesac kata Tagvs
daiWerso (citirebuli Chinn and McCarty-Si, gv. 12).
XIX saukunis dasawyisis
xelovneba: klasicizmi da
romantizmi
XIX saukunis evropul da amerikul xelovnebaSi klasicizmi
da romantizmi gverdigverd Tanaarsebobda. klasicizmi ar-
qiteqturasa da qandakebaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSic
ganagrZobs arsebobas, radgan xelovnebis moyvarulebis,
Tavi I. 45
mfarvelebisa da Tavad xelovanebis mier es stili kvla­ vac Ta privilegiebi gaauqma, man davidsa da mis mowafeebs Tavi-
gamoiyeneboda demokratiisa da respublikanizmis mxarda- si moRvaweobis amsaxveli namuSevrebis seria daukveTa.
saWerad. klasicizmis sicocxlisunarianobis mizezi, gark- 1800 wels, oTxi wliT adre, vidre napoleoni imperatori
veulwilad, xelovnebis akademiebSi miRebuli, antikur gaxdeboda, davidi ukve ganadidebs mas suraTiT napoleoni
qandakebasa da rafaelis xelovnebaze dafuZnebuli misi swa- sen bernaris uReltexilze (sur. 1-48). napoleons davidi e.w.
vlebis meTodic iyo. xelovnebis klasicisturi xedva, ro- `didi maneriT~ asaxavs da gviCvenebs, Tu rogori iqneboda,
gorc gemovnebisa da silamazis universaluri standartebis misi azriT, napoleoni, rodesac igi jars alpebis gadasala-
gansaxiereba ki, Tavis mxriv, swrafad cvalebad epoqaSi, aka- xad italiisken miuZRoda. suraTze napoleoni yalyze Semd-
demiis, rogorc tradiciaTa sacavis ideas ganamtkicebda. gar cxenzea amxedrebuli da ukan, fonze gamosaxul jars
romantizi, romlis safuZvlebi XVIII saukunis brita- mouwodebs. cxenis aSlili fafari da Smagi Tvalebi, na-
neTSi ukve ganvixileT (gv. 29-32), XIX saukunis dasawyisSi poleonis afrialebuli mosasxami energias, Zalasa da mizan-
sxvadasxva formas iRebs. am formebs isev da isev emociuri swrafulobas gadmoscems. 1814 wels, rodesac napoleonma
gamomsaxveloba da individiseuli gancdisa da SegrZnebebis Zalaufleba dakarga, davidi iZulebuli iyo briuselSi ga-
xazgasma axasiaTebs. mayureblis grZnobebsa da ganwyobile- dasaxlebuliyo, sadac 1825 wels gardaicvala kidec.
baze zemoqmedebis mizniT, romantizmis mxatvroba xSirad antuan Jan gro (Antoine-Jean Gros, 1771-1835) mozardi iyo, ro-
mimarTavda dramatul Temebs, romlis wyaros literatura, desac davidis studiaSi daiwyo muSaoba, bolos ki napoleo-
mimdinare movlenebi, buneba, an Tavad mxatvriseuli war- nis SekveTebze Tavis maswavlebels konkurenciasac ki uwev-
mosaxva warmoadgenda. da. 1797 wels gro napoleonTan erTad italiaSi gaemgzavra
da mogvianebiT misi samxedro kampaniis oficialuri memati-
safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebi ane gaxda. misi suraTi napoleoni Savi WiriT daavadebulebTan
XIX saukuneSi parizi TandaTan imkvidrebda xelovnebis mniS- iafaSi (sur. 1-49), romelic aseve `didi maneriTaa~ Sesrulebu-
vnelovani centris saxels. 1800-1830 wlebSi mxatvrebis war- li, realur movlenas asaxavs. 1799 wels, osmalebis winaaRm-
matebulobas parizis akademiis sistema gansazRvravda.
natif xelovnebaTa skola mTeli evropidan da ameriki-
dan izidavda studentebs, iseve, rogorc parizis akade-
miis wevr mxatvarTa atelieebi (saxelosnoebi), romlebic
maT kerZo gakveTilebs sTavazobdnen. akademiis arawevr
mxatvarTaTvis gamarTul parizis salonis yovelwliur
gamofenaze mosaxvedrad sastiki metoqeoba imarTeboda.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi pusenistebsa da rubensistebs
Soris mkveTri dapirispireba arsebobda. pusenistebi
amtkicebdnen, rom xazi pusenis stilis wamyvani ele-
menti iyo da swored is warmoadgenda suraTis wyobis
fundaments. rubensistebis azriT ki, suraTis wyoba
arsebiTad mdidari feradovnebiTa da Tbili ferebis
daxvewili gamoyenebiT iqmneboda ise, rogorc es ruben-
sis mxatvrobaSi gvxvdeboda. analogiurad kamaTobdnen
eskizis (esquisse) _ didi namuSevrisaTvis winaswari Ca-
naxatis da Tavad namuSevris Rirebulebaze. zogi amt-
kicebda, rom eskizi mxolod saSualeba iyo ufro didi,
dasrulebuli namuSevris Sesaqmnelad, zogi ki ambobda,
rom eskizis swraf da impulsur gamomsaxvelobasTan Se-
darebiT, dasrulebuli naxati ufro mdare da mosawye-
ni iyo. es swrafva emociuri gamomsaxvelobisken kargad
Cans romantizmis ayvavebis periodSi 1815-1830 wlebSi.

davidis da gros „didi manera“ napoleon bona­

par­
tis aRzevebasTan erTad, Jak lui davidi xelaxla
imkvidrebs dominantur pozicias frangul mxatvro-
baSi. davidi napoleonSi frangul ganmanaTlebloba-
ze ori­entirebul, politikuri miznebis ganmaxorcie-
lebel figuras xedavda; Tavis mxriv, napoleonisTvis
davidi revoluciuri Rirebulebebis damamkvidrebeli
pirovneba iyo. mas Semdeg, rac napoleonma Zalaufleba
myarad moipova, evropaze Tavisi gavlena gaavrcela, sa-
kanonmdeblo reformebi ganaxorciela da aristokrat-
1-48 • Jak lui daviTi. napoleoni sen bernaris uReltexilze,
1800-1801; tilo, zeTi, 2.7X2.3 m. versalis muzeumi
davidi napoleons imiTac ganadidebs, rom mas or sxva did generals
_ Sarlemansa da hanibals adarebs. maTac, napoleonis msgavsad, jari
alpebis uReltexilebze gadaiyvanes. samives saxeli suraTis qveda
marcxena kuTxeSi gamosaxul kldezea dawerili.

46 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-49 • antuan Jan gro. napoleoni Savi WiriT daavadebulebTan iafaSi,
1804; tilo, zeTi, 5.32X7.2 m. luvri, parizi

suraTis marcxena nawilSi warmodgenili figurebi miqelanjelos saSineli samsjavros jojoxeTis

karibWis gamosaxulebebs mogvagoneben.

deg napoleonis kampaniis dros, armiaSi Savi Wiris epidemiam
ifeTqa. meomrebis gasamxneveblad napoleonma qalaq iafaSi
(maSindleli osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo, amJa-
mad israelSia), meCeTis SenobaSi ganTavsebuli daavadebuli
da momakvdavi jariskacebi moinaxula. gros suraTis kom-
poziciuri wyoba _ araRrma scenismagvari sivrce da mTavari
gmirebis ukan gamosaxuli TaRebis rigi, davidis namuSevars
horaciusebis fics (ix. sur. 1-37) mogvagonebs, magram gros
namuSevari sakmaod gansxvavdeba davidis suraTisgan; gros
ferebi ufro cocxalia da Sesrulebis manera ki _ ufro
spontanuri. saerTo STabeWdilebiT namuSevari, garkveulwi-
lad, romantizmis farglebSi eqceva. da ara marto dramatu-
li elferisa da uxvad gadmocemuli egzotikuri da, xSirad,
SemaZrwunebeli detalebis gamo, aramed, imitomac, rom su-
raTi ufro metad gviCvenebs napoleonis adamianur mxares da
naklebad warmoaCens mas respublikuri Rirebulebebis mata-
rebel mmarTvelad. napoleoni kompoziciis centrSi, jaris-
kacebis mcire jgufisa da eqimis garemocvaSia warmodgenili.
bonapartis Tanmxlebni daavadebulebisgan moSorebiT dganan
da saxeze cxvirsaxocebi aqvT afarebuli, raTa usiamovno
sunisgan daicvan Tavi, napoleoni ki uSiSrad exeba erT-erTi
daavadebulis wylulebs. am poziT igi qristes mogvagonebs,
romelic xelis SexebiT kurnavda avadmyofebs.
Jeriko Teodor Jeriko (Théodore Géricault, 1791-1824) adreuli
franguli romantizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadge-
neli 32 wlis asakSi, sul axalgazrda gardaicvala, magram
man moaswro, didi gavlena moexdina XIX saukunis dasawyisis
parizis saxelovnebo samyaroze. 1816-1817 wlebSi romSi xan-
mokle yofnis Semdeg, sadac man miqelanjelos xelovneba aR-
moaCina, Jeriko parizSi dabrunda im gadawyvetilebiT, rom
Tanamedrove istoriuli suraTis JanrSi emuSava. Temad man
gemis „meduzas“ daRupvis skandaluri da sensaciuri ambavi
airCia da Seqmna Tavisi cnobili suraTi `meduzas~ tivi (sur.
1-50). 1816 wels franguli gemi, romelic senegalSi midioda,
meCeCs wamoego. misma kapitanma, lui XVIII-is axlad aRdgenili
monarqiis mier daniSnulma arakompetenturma aristokratma,
eqvsi samaSvelo naviT mxolod oficrebi da xelisuflebis
ramdenime warmomadgenli gaiyvana samSvidobos. darCenili
152 adamiani TviTnakeTi tiviT dinebam gaitaca. rodesac

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 47
farTo rakursiT | `meduzas~ tivi
Teodor Jerikos monumenturi tilo
`meduzas~ tivi (sur. 1-50) Tavisi didi
zomebiTa (4.8X7.0 m) da mravalfiguriani
kompoziciiT, romelic realur istoriul
movlenas warmogvidgens, istoriul Janrs
ganekuTvneba. Tumca, imis gamo, rom namuSe-
vris mizani mayureblisTvis keTilSobilu-
ri grZnobebis an moqalaqrobrivi pasuxis-
mgeblobis didaqtikuri Sexseneba ki ara,
aramed adamianis upasuxismgeblobis, sxvisi
sicocxlis mimarT daundobeli gulgrilo-
bis gamoaSkaravebaa, igi istoriul Janrs
SeiZleba arc mivakuTvnoT. suraTis gmiric
am JanrisTvis uCveulod aris SerCeuli; igi
ara imperatori an mefe, an Tundac, intele-
qtualia, aramed esaa Savkaniani mamakaci,
senegaleli Jan Sarli, romelmac ukiduresi
safrTxis winaSe gansakuTrebuli gamZleoba
da simtkice gamoavlina.
adamianis sxeulebisgan agebuli mZlavri
piramiduli forma metyvel kompozicias
1-50 • Teodor Jeriko. „meduzas~ tivi,
1818-1819; tilo, zeTi, 4.9X7.16 m. luvri, parizi
48 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
qmnis. erTi diagonali, romelic mTel
suraTs msWvalavs, qveda marcxena kuTxi-
dan suraTis zeda marjvena nawilisaken
miemarTeba da xelSi mofriale qsoviliT
gamosaxuli Jan Sarlis figuriT srul-
deba. am diagonals meore, sapirispiro
diagonali kveTs, romelic qveda marjvena
kuTxeSi gamosaxuli gardacvlili adamianis
sxeuliT iwyeba, anZaze mimagrebuli dabe-
rili ialqnebisken miemarTeba da mnaxvelis
yuradReba ukana planze gamosaxul uzar-
mazar talRaze gadaaqvs. tilo sasowarkve-
Tilebasa da gadarCenis imeds Soris myofi
adamianebis emocias asaxavs. isini SiSoben,
rom Soreulma gemma, SesaZloa, maTi tivi
ver SeniSnos. mravlisTqmelia, rom „imedis
diagonali~ suraTSi swored Jan Sarlis
energiuli figuriT sruldeba. gadarCenili
adamianebis figurebiT Seqmnili piramidis
damagvirgvinebel nawilSi misi moTavsebiT
da megobrebis gadamrCenelad swored misi
warmodgeniT, Jeriko metaforulad mianiS-
nebs, rom Tavisufleba, xSirad, sazogadoe-
bis yvelaze Cagruli wevrebis Zalixmevazea
damokidebuli.
Jeriko Tavis suraTs saguldagulod
amzadebda, man frangul akademiur sis-
temaSi istoriuli suraTis Sesaqmnelad
miRebuli yvela safexuri gaiara. suraTi
misi intensiuri kvlevisa da eqsperimente-
bis kulminacia iyo. kalmiT Sesrulebuli
adreuli Canaxati („argusis“ gamoCena, sur.
1-51) ukidures marcxena kideSi gamosaxuli,
horizontze gamoCenili gemis danaxvisas
gadarCenili adamianebis imediT savse
reaqcias asaxavs. am emociis sapirispirod,
tivis marjvena mxares, mgloviare kacs
vxedavT, romelic daRupul axalgazrdas
dastiris. Canaxatis Sesrulebis manera sw-
rafi, spontanuri da energiiT savsea. kal-
miTa da akvareliT Sesrulebul momdevno
Canaxatze (sur. 1-52), romelzec igive scena
sapirispiro xedvis wertilidanaa asaxuli, figurebs Soris
meti erTianobaa, rac Suq-CrdiliT maTi aqtiuri modelirebiT
miiRweva. es namuSevari Suqisa da Crdilis gamomsaxvelobis Se-
saZleblobebis kvlevis magaliTia. Jerikos sxva mravali kvle-
va yuradRebas amaxvilebda rogorc kompoziciaze, aseve, masSi
figurebis ganlagebasa da ferTa gamaze. Canaxatebi „meduzas~
tivis saboloo kompoziciis dasadgenad iqmneboda, magram
orive maTgans jer kidev aklda Jan Sarlisa da gardacvlili
da momakvdavi adamianebis figurebi kompoziciis zeda da qveda,
ukidures marcxena da marjvena nawilebSi.
Jeriko gulmodgined swavlobda adamianis sxeuls, mis
sxvadasxva nawils. amisaTvis mas axlomdebare saavadmyofoSi
momuSave megobrebi gvamebs, adamianis mokveTil Tavebsa da
kidurebs awvdidnen (sur. 1-53). Jerikos biografis cnobiT
„ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mxatvris studia erTgvar mor-
gad iyo qceuli. gvamebs mxatvari iqamde itovebda, sanam isini
ar gaixrwneboda da amgvar garemoSi ganagrZobda muSaobas.“
sabolood kompoziciis saerTo monaxazi Jerikom did tiloze
gadaitana da scenis piramiduli wyoba cocxali modele-
bis mixedviT Sesrulebuli sxeulebiT aago. adamianis gvami
„meduzas~ tivis romelime konkretuli figuris gamosaxvisas
mas modelad ar gamouyenebia. gvamebsa da adamianis sxeulis
calkeul nawilebs Jeriko Tavis studiaSi mxolod imitom
ikvlevda, rom sikvdilis arsi Seecno da gaego misi zemoqmedeba
adamianis sxeulis formebze.
marTlac, Jeriko ar aRwers tivze cocxlad gadarCenilebis
realur fizikur mdgomareobas: Ronegamoclil, gamofitul,
mziT damwvar da sikvdilis piras myof adamianebs. amis nacvlad,
`didi maneris~ Sesabamisad, mis figurebs aTleturi aRnagoba
da energiuli pozebi aqvT, rac, Tavis mxriv, miqelanjelosa da
rubensis namuSevrebs gvagonebs. figurebis amgvarad warmod-
genas Jeriko Temis ganzogadebisa da misi gakeTilSobilebis
mizniT mimarTavs; konkretuli gemis daRupvaze gacilebiT
ufro mniSvnelovani misTvis iseTi fundamenturi konfliqtebis
warmoCenaa, rogoricaa: kacobrioba _ bunebis winaaRmdeg, imedi _
sasowarkveTis winaaRmdeg, sicocxle _ sikvdilis winaaRmdeg.

1-51 • Teodor Jeriko. „argusis“ gamoCena (zemoT),

1818; kalami da melani qaRaldze, 34.9X41 sm.
natif xelovnebaTa muzeumi, lili

1-52 • Teodor Jeriko, „argusis“ gamoCena (SuaSi),

1818; kalami, melani, sepia qaRaldi, 20.6X28.6 sm.
natif xelovnebaTa muzeumi, ruani

1-53 • Teodor Jeriko, kidurebis Seswavla (qvemoT),

1818-1819; tilo, zeTi, 52X64 sm. fabris muzeumi, monpelie

ixileT „meduzas~ tivi axlo xediT

veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 49
13 dRis Semdeg tivs miagnes, masze mxolod 15 adamini iyo
darCenili, zogi maTgani adamianis xorciTac ki ikvebeboda.
ramdenadac kapitani mTavrobis mier iyo daniSnuli, am saza-
reli SemTxvevisa da frangebis mier marTul senegalSi Cade-
nili sxva danaSaulebebisTvis presam monarqias dasdo brali.
Jerikom suraTze asasaxad yvelaze emociuri kulminaciuri
momenti airCia, rodesac tivze gadarCenilebi Soreul gems
erTdroulad SiSiT da gadarCenis imediT gahyureben.
Jerikom `meduzas~ tivi salonSi 1819 wels gamofina; na-
muSevarma didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. im drois mowinave fran-
gma kritikosebma da roialistebma suraTi mefis dacinvad
aRiqves, mefisa, romlis mowyalebazec akademiis bevri wevri
iyo damokidebuli. liberalebi ki xotbas asxamdnen Jerikos
mier saxelmwifoSi arsebuli korufciis gamoaSkaravebis
mcde­lobas. am debatebma mniSvnelovani SekiTxvebi wamoW-
ra imis Taobaze, Tu sad gadioda zRvari ferwerasa da po-
litikas Soris. Jerikos ganzraxva sazogadoebisTvis Sokis
mogvra da SeZrwuneba ufro iyo, vidre didaqtika da misi
1-54 • eJen delakrua. Tavisufleba barikadebze: 1830 wlis 28 ivlisi,
1830; tilo, zeTi, 260X325 sm. luvri, parizi
50 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
zneobis gakeTilSobileba, magram sxva mxriv suraTi sru-
liad Seesabameboda akademiis mier dadgenil wesebs. mefem
uari Tqva tilos Sesyidvaze, amitom Jerikom is irlandiasa
da inglisSi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare komerciul
gamofenaze waradgina. 50 000-ze meti mnaxveli am suraTis
sanaxavad mxolod londonis gamofenaze mivida da Sesabami-
si safasuric ki gadaixada.
delakrua axasiaTebda ra romantizmis suliskveTebas,
frangi mwerali stendali werda: `romantizmi xelovnebaSi
asaxavs dRevandelobas, Tanamedrove adamianebs da ara gmi-
rebs warsulis im Soreuli heroikuli epoqebidan, romle-
bic, SesaZloa, arc arsebobda.~ eJen delakrua (Eugène Delac-
roix, 1798-1863) Jerikos sikvdilis Semdeg parizis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani romantikosi mxatvaria, romelic Tavis Semoq-
medebaSi im drois sastiki brZolebis monawile gmirebisa da
msxverplTa saxeebs aRbeWdavda. 1830 wels delakrua qmnis Se-
devrs Tavisufleba barikadebze: 1830 wlis 28 ivlisi (sur. 1-54);
esaa ferweruli namuSevari, romelmac napo­
leonis Semdgomi safrangeTis istoria Semo­
inaxa. 1815 wels napoleonis damarcxebis
Semdeg, lui XVI-is Zmis lui XVIII-is (mefobda
1815-1824) gamefebiT safrangeTSi monarqia
aRdga. marTalia, mefis Zalaufleba konsti-
tuciiTa da parlamentiT SezRuduli iyo,
magram xelisuflebam, romelic wlebis ganma-
vlobaSi sul ufro konservatiuli xdeboda,
bevri revoluciuri reforma gaauqma. luis
umcrosma Zmam da memkvidrem, Sarl X-em (1824-
1830) presaze cenzura aRadgina, ganaTlebaze
kon­troli kaTolikur eklesias daubruna da
saarCevno uflebebi SezRuda. am qmedebeb-
ma parizis quCebSi farTomasStabiani amboxi
gamoiwvia, romelmac 1830 wlis ivlisSi, sam
dReSi burbonebis dinastia daamxo da, Sede-
gad, Sarl X politikurad misma SedarebiT
zomierma biZaSvilma lui filipe orleanelma
(1830-1848) Secvala. axalma mmarTvelma piro-
ba dado, rom daicavda axal konstitucias.
safrangeTis istoriis es periodi ivlisis
monarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili.
1830 wlis ivlisis revolucia delakruam
Tavis suraTze mxolod ramdenime Tvis Sem-
deg aRbeWda. misi didi istoriuli tilo
mniSvnelovan Tanamedrove movlenebs aRwers,
magram Tavisi Canafiqris mkafiod gamosaxa-
tad, delakruas suraTi garkveul warmosa-
xviT alegoriul saxe-xatebsac Seicavs. mis
mier asaxuli revolucionerebi arian stu-
dentebi, xelosnebi da muSebi, bavSvebi da
inteleqtualebic ki. isini brZoliT miiweven
win, nagviTa da gvamebiT warmoqmnil barika-
debze gadadian. ukan, fonze kvamlsa da bu-
rusSi notr damis koSkebi moCans. marTalia,
suraTi, arsebiTad, realur movlenas asaxavs,
magram delakrua aq qalis figuris saxiT Ta-
visuflebis personifikaciasac warmoadgens.
esaa barikadebze mdgomi Tavisuflebis ale-
goriuli figura, meamboxeTa lideri, gigan-
turi, dakunTuli, naxevrad SiSveli energiu-
li qali, romelsac cal xelSi revoluciis 1-55 • fransua rudi. moxaliseTa laSqrobaSi gamgzavreba 1792 wels
droSa, meoreSi ki xiStiani Tofi uWiravs. (marselieza), triumfaluri TaRi, plas de etuali, parizi, 1833-1836, kirqva,
delakruam es klasikuri principebis mixed- simaRle daaxl. 12.8 m
viT agebuli, Tanamedrove iaraRiT aRWurvi-
li da frigiuli qudiT mosili (gaTavisuflebuli monis rudi xelovanebi, romlebic ivlisis monarqiis movlenebs
Zveli simbolo, romelic meamboxeebs exuraT) alegoriu- aRwerdnen, 1830 wlis revoluciis warmosaCenad, roman-
li figura brZolis SuagulSi moaTavsa. mxatvari gznebiT, tizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel dramatul Temebsa da formebs
mRelvarebiTa da safrTxiT savse emociur movlenas asa- mimarTavdnen zustad ise, rogorc, klasicistebi mimarTa-
xavs; igi irCevs swored im moments, rodesac revolucio- vdnen klasikuri xelovnebis principebs wina revoluciis
nerebi, romlebic barikadebis gadasalaxad TavganwirviT aRsabeWdad. ivlisis monarqiis damyarebisTanave, safrange-
miiweven win, faqtiurad sikvdilze midian. es romantizmis Tis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris iniciativiT, rogorc erovnu-
ferweris dramatuli, mgznebare da mSfoTvare nimuSia, ro- li Serigebis aqti, parizSi, Sanz-elizeze, napoleonis mier
melSic, realobasTan erTad, mxatvris warmosaxvac aqtiur 1806 wels dawyebuli triumfaluri TaRis mSeneblobis das-
rols asrulebs. ruleba gadawyda. TaRis centraluri nawilis Semamkobeli

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 51
1-56 • Jan ogiust dominik engri. didi odaliski, 1814; tilo, zeTi, 88.9X162.5 m. luvri, parizi

CrdiloeT afrikaSi britaneTis winaaRmdeg napoleonis kampaniis dros frangebma egzotikuri axlo aRmosavleTi
aRmoaCines. saSualo klasis evropel mamakacebs gansakuTrebiT izidavdaT haramxana. es nawilobriv franguli
revoluciis Semdeg qalebis Tanasworobis moTxovnebze reaqciac iyo.

reliefis Sesruleba fransua ruds (François Rude, 1784-1855)
daukveTes. qandakebas im moxaliseTa armiis mebrZolebi
unda ukvdaveyo, romelTac 1792-1793 wlebSi safrangeTSi
prusiis jaris SemoWra SeaCeres. Tavisuflebis frTosani
figuris qvemoT gamoqandakebuli mebrZolebi win miiweven,
zogi maTgani SiSvelia, zogs ki antikuri abjari aqvs asx-
muli (sur. 1-55). am klasikuri detalebis miuxedavad, qanda-
kebis saerTo stili mainc ufro romantizmisken ixreba. pa-
rizSi am dros mgznebare patriotuli mowodebebi gaismoda
da qandakebas `marselieza~ _ safrangeTis erovnuli himnis
saxeli _ Searqves, himnisa, romelic swored aRwerili mo-
vlenis dros, 1792 wels daiwera.
engri Jan ogiust dominik engri (Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,
1780-1867), davidis erT-­ erTi yvelaze cnobili moswav-
le, 1835-1841 wlebSi franguli akademiis direqtori iyo
romSi. mxatvari, maswav­lebeli da Teoretikosi, igi Tavisi
drois erT-erTi yve­l­aze
­ gavleniani Semoqmedi gaxda. engri
rafaeliseul zus­tsa da mkafio naxats, idealizebul for-
mas da klasikur kompozicias sensualobiTa da erotikulo-
biT aRsavse saxe-xatTan aerTianebs da amiT romantizmisa
Tu xarWis uamravi versia Seqmna. suraTSi didi odaliski
(sur. 1-56) qalis mzera gulgrilia, maSin, roca misi gveliviT
moqnili, SiSveli sxeuli daufaravad amJRavnebs erotiku-
lobas. divanis da fardis silurje qalis TeTri kanisa da
lurji Tvalebis efeqts aZlierebs, xolo daWmuWnuli zewa-
ri vnebiani sxeulis konturebs usvams xazs. odaliski `TeT-
ri monis~ engriseuli saxea. qalis Tavsaburavis, maraosa da
Zvirfasi TvlebiT morTuli samkaulis egzotikuri detale-
bi mis vnebianobas amZafrebs. engris akademiuri xazi da kom-
poziciis struqtura mis mier miRebuli klasikuri ganaTle-
bis Sedegia, Tumca, moxdenili SiSveli qalebis saxe-xatebi
ufro romantizmiT aris STagonebuli.
imis miuxedavad, rom engrs portretebis xatva drois
kargvad miaCnda, mas Seudarebeli unari hqonda brwyinvaled
warmoeCina garegnuli msgavseba, zustad gadmoeca portre-
tirebulis varcxniloba, tansacmlisa Tu samkaulis detale-
bi, maTi faqtura. igi naturaluri zomis mraval daxvewil da
dasrulebul portrets qmnida, Tumca, xSirad, mcire zomis
Zalze natif, cocxal naxatebsac asrulebda, Tanac Zalze
swrafad, erT dReSi. madam dezire raul-roSetis portretze
(sur. 1-57) mSvidi, momxiblavi da eleganturi qalia asaxuli.

da klasicizmis Tavisebur nazavs qmnis.
engris didi survilis miuxedavad, rom igi istoriuli
suraTis ostatad eRiarebinaT, saxeli man swored niusa da
aristokrati qalebis portretebis SeqmniT gaiTqva. engr-
ma od­al
­ iskis, sulTnis haramxanis egzotikuri mona qalis,
marjvena xelze mas xelTaTmani acvia, rac mis socialur
statusze miuTiTebs _ Txeli tyavis xelTaTmanebi evropis
maRali wris warmomadgenlebs ecvaT, maT, visac xeliT Sro-
ma ar uwevda. saqorwino beWedi ki marcxena xelze mis oja-
xur mdgomareobaze metyvelebs. im drois modis mixedviT

52 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
 1-57 • Jan ogiust dominik engri.
madam dezire raul-roSetis
portreti,
1830; grafiti, qaRaldi, 32.2X24.1 sm.
klivlendis xelovnebis muzeumi, ohaio.
Sesyidulia j.h. veidis fondidan (1927.437)

madam raul-roSeti (1790-1878), qalwulobaSi

antuanet klod hudoni, cnobili klasicisti
moqandakis, Jan antuan hudonis (ix. 1-41)
umcrosi qaliSvili iyo. 1810 wels, 20 wlis
asakSi, is colad gayva dezire raul-roSets,
cnobil arqeologs, engris axlo megobars,
romelic mogvianebiT natif xelovnebaTa
akademiis mdivani gaxda (natif xelovnebaTa
akademiam, romelic 1816 wels daarsda,
safrangeTis ferweris da qandakebis samefo
akademia Secvala). engrma madam raul-
roSetis portreti mis qmars miuZRvna
(„megobars da kolegas, misie raul-roSets
engrisgan“), romlis portretic daaxloebiT
imave dros daxata.

Sekerili bzvinvare abreSumis kaba, maRali weli-

Ta da fuSfuSa saxeloebiT, fanqris zusti da
msubuqi StrixebiTaa Sesrulebuli. es Strixebi
ufro kabis calkeul niuansebze mianiSnebs, vidre
detalurad aRwers mas. didi yuradReba eqceva
qalis natif saxesa da daxvewil varcxnilobas,
romelTac engri msubuqi Suq-CrdilebiT didi
sizustiT gadmoscems.

domie onore domie (Honoré Daumier, 1808-1879) pa-

rizSi marselidan 1816 wels Cavida. xatva suisis
akademiaSi iswav­la, liTografiis teqnika (ix. gv. 54)
ki belardis TanaSemwed yofnis dros aiTvisa. pir-
veli liTografia domiem 1829 wels, 21 wlis asak-
Si gamoaqveyna yovelkvireul satirul JurnalSi
„la siluet“ (La Silhouette). 1830 wlis revoluciis
Semdeg domie namuSevrebs antimonarqistuli,
1-58 • onore domie. transnonas quCa, 1834 wlis 15 aprili,
prorespublikuri JurnalisTvis „la karikatur“
1834; liTografia, 28X44 sm. nacionaluri biblioTeka, parizi
(La Caricature) da liTografiiT ilus­ t­
rirebuli
pirveli yoveldRiuri gazeTis _ parti­ zanuli

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 53
 |
teqnika liTografia

liTografia (lithos berZnulad qvas niSnavs) 1790-ian wlebSi gamoigo-

nes. am teqnikas safuZvlad udevs is, rom cximi da wyali erTmaneTs
ar ereva. mxatvari tradiciulad wvrilmarcvlovani qvis brtyel
zedapirze cximiani fanqriT xatavs gamosaxulebas. amis Semdeg qvis
zedapirs wyliT asveleben, Semdeg ki zemodan zeTovan melans an
saRebavs usvamen. saRebavi cximian adgilebs (anu im adgilebs, sadav
naxati iyo datanili) ekroba, wylians ki _ ara. amis Semdeg qaRaldis
furcels amgvarad damuSavebul qvaze deben da presSi atareben, ris
Sedegadac saRebavi da, Sesabamisad, am saRebaviT moniSnuli gamosa-
xuleba qvidan qaRaldze gadadis. amgvarad, liTografia (rogorc
reliefi da intalio) erT-erTi umTavresi meTodia beWduri gamosa-
xulebis misaRebad. liTografias efeqturad iyenebdnen fransis-
ko goia, Teodor Jeriko, eJen delakrua, onore domie da anri de
tuluz-lotreki.
domie albaT liTografiis yvelaze didi ostati iyo XIX saukune-
Si. es teqnika farTod gamoiyeneboda safrangeTSi saxviTi xelovne-
bis nimuSebis anabeWdebis misaRebad da popularuli Jurnalebisa
da gazeTebis ilustrirebisaTvis. 1830-iani wlebisTvis beWduri
namuSevrebiT vaWrobas safrangeTSi didi gasaqani hqonda. mxatvrebs
liTografiis teqnikiT sakuTari namuSevrebis Seqmna axla ukve 1-59 • onore domie. beWdvis moyvarulebi,
gravioris ZviradRirebuli daxmarebis gareSec SeeZloT. domies akvareli, Savi fanqari, Savi melani, nacrisferi akvareli, 25.8X30.7
liTografiaze beWdvis moyvarulebi (sur. 1-59) asaxulia sami sm. luvri, parizi
adamiani, romlebic miuxedavad imisa, rom garSemo kedelze uamravi
skreperi damuSavebuli moZravi
xelovnebis nimuSia, swored anabeWdebs dascqerian yuradRebiT. XIX (rkinis saxeluri) qaRaldi qva baza
saukunis bolos iafi liTografia sazogadoebis yvela fenisTvis
iyo xelmisawvdomi da is yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis
saxlSi moipoveboda.

liTografiuli
procesis diagrama

uyureT videos liTografiuli procesis Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

„le SarivarisTvisac“ (Le Charivari) qmnida. 1834 wels domie

transnonas quCis saSinelebaTa Sesaxeb (sur. 1-58) liTogra-
fiul anabeWds qmnis. liTografiis am seriis gayidvidan Se-
mosuli Tanxa sasamarTloSi „le Sarivaris“ dasacavad Seqm-
nil fondsa da, Sesabamisad, presis Tavisuflebas moxmarda.
am quCaze, romelic domies saxlis maxloblad mdebareob-
da, demonstraciis dros muSebma guSagi mokles. sapasuxod,
guSagebma im Senobis yvela maxcovrebeli amoxoces, sadac,
maTi azriT, mkvleli imaleboda. domiem im sisxliani tra-
gediis Sedegi asaxa, romlis drosac ojaxi jer gaaRviZes
da Semdeg misi yvela wevri daxoces. coli marcxniv, Cabne-
lebul kuTxeSi agdia, qmari _ oTaxis centrSi, xanSiSesuli
kaci ki _ marjvniv. mnaxvels garkveuli dro sWirdeba, raTa
centraluri figuris _ mokluli bavSvis sisxliani Tavi da
xelebi aRiqvas. domie, zogadad, cnobili iyo Tavisi mwvave
karikaturebiTa da socialuri komentarebiT, magram es misi
erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi namuSevaria.
peizaJi romantizmis mxatvrobaSi
mudmivad cvalebad, araprognozirebad da ukontro­ lo bu­
nebas romantizmis mimdevrebi adamianis aseve arap­rog­nozi­
rebadi da cvalebadi xasiaTis, Tu ganwyobilebis anal­ ogad
ganixilavdnen; buneba maTTvis gasaocari, momxiblavi, Zlieri
da warmtaci iyo, swored amitom romantizmis yvelaze mniSv-
nelovan vizualur gamoxatulebad peizaJi iqca.
qonsTebli SeZlebuli mewisqvilis Svilis, jon qonsTeb-
lis (John Constable, 1776-1837) TqmiT, samxreT inglisis mSob-
liurma mSvidma landSaftma igi mxatvrad manamde aqcia, sa-
nam funjs aiRebda xelSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qonsTebli
samefo akademiaSi swavlobda, masze didi gavlena moaxdina
XVII saukunis holandiurma peizaJurma ferweram. 1816 wels
londonSi gadasvlis Semdeg qonsTeblma monumenturi zomis
soflis xedebis (romlebic `sixs-footers~ _ eqvsfutianis saxe-

54 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
liTaa cnobili) xatvas mihyo xeli. es peizaJebi qonsTebls
iseve mniSvnelovnad miaCnda, rogorc istoriuli Janris su-
raTi. qonsTeblis erTguleba Tanamedrove inglisuri Te-
mebisadmi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom igi 1832 wels inglisis
xelovnebis erovnuli galereis daarsebas SeewinaaRmdega;
motivi ki is iyo, rom galereas, SesaZloa, xeli Seewyo ucxo
da moZvelebuli Temebisa da stilis damkvidrebisTvis.
1821 wels qonsTeblis mier Sesrulebuli suraTi
uremi Tivis zviniT (sur. 1-60) inglisis mSvid, wynar peizaJs
asaxavs. qonsTebli xasxasa ferebiT vizualurad zustad
aRwers garemos da amiT mnaxvels aiZulebs, irwmunos, rom
suraTze asaxuli buneba marTlac uSualod naturidanaa
aRebuli. sasurveli feradovnebis misaRwevad qonsTebli
uamrav eskizsa da Canaxats qmnida plenerze, magram namu-
Sevars sabolood saxelosnoSi saguldagulod asrulebda.
suraTis zomebi istoriuli landSafturi peizaJisTvisac
ki Zalian didia. uremi Tivis zviniT gviCvenebs ingliss
iseTs, rogoric is, qonsTeblis warmodgeniT, saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi iyo _ myudro, idiliuri sofluri yofiT.
mxatvari suraTze saguldagulod amoxatuli detalebiT
zustad gadmoscems bunebis xasiaTs, aminds. Tumca, ubrun-
deba ra soflis warsul yofas, romelic industrialize-
bul inglisSi swrafad qreboda, suraTi Rrmad nostal-
giur elfersac iZens.
Terneri jozef melord uiliam Terners (Joseph Mallord Wil-
liam Turner 1775-1851) xSirad ixsenieben qonsTeblTan erTad.
orive peizaJis ostati iyo da isini daaxloebiT erT period-
Si moRvaweobdnen, magram Terneris kariera sxva gziT wari-
marTa. igi samefo akademiaSi 1789 wels uCveulod axalga-
zrda, 27 wlis asakSi Sevida da akademiis srul wevrad iqna
arCeuli; mogvianebiT ki samefo akademiis skolis profesori
gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos igi zeTiT Sesrulebul masS-
tabur peizaJebsa da istoriul Temebze agebul monumentur
tiloebs qmnis, romlebSic Terneri cdilobs vizualurad
gamoxatos filosofos edmund berkis (1729-1797) amaRlebu-
lis koncefcia. berkis mixedviT, rodesac Cven raime iseTis
mowmeni vxdebiT, rac CvenSi SiSnarev aRtacebas iwvevs, an ro-
desac raime diadis winaSe aRmovCndebiT, maSin Cveni grZnobe-
bi gacilebiT ufro mZafri xdeba, vidre, Cveulebriv. Tumca
realuri safrTxe ar arsebobs, magram aseTi veluri sidiade
mnaxvelSi mainc iwvevs mokrZalebasa da SiSs. da radgan `amaR-
lebuli“ gaSualebulad, arapirdapir ganicdeba, igi ufro
momajadoebeli da amaRelvebelia, vidre SemaSinebeli da xSi-
rad RmerTis transcendentuli Zalis SegrZnebas iwvevs. ter-
nerma „amaRlebulis“ koncefcia Tavis naxatebSi gadaitana.
1812 wels Sesrulebuli misi suraTi qarbuqi: hanibalisa
da misi jaris gadasvla alpebze (sur. 1-61) bunebis Semzarav
Zalas asaxavs. saSineli grigali, nisli da Tovli faravs

1-60 • jon qonsTebli. uremi Tivis zviniT,

1821; tilo, zeTi, 130.2X185.4 sm. erovnuli galerea, londoni. henri voganis saCuqari, 1886

waikiTxeT jon qonsteblis Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 55
 1-61 • jozef melord
uiliam Terneri. qarbuqi:
hanibalisa da misi jari
gadasvla alpebze,
1812; tilo, zeTi,
1.46X2.39 m.
TeiTi, londoni

1-62 • jozef melord uiliam Terneri. lordTa da TemTa palatis xanZari, 1834 wlis 16 oqtomberi,
tilo, zeTi, 92.1X123.2 sm. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi, jon hovard makfadenis koleqcia, 1928

56 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
mzes da jariskacebs ganadgurebiT emuqreba. Sors moCans
hanibalis ZlivsSesamCnevi, spiloze amxedrebuli figura,
romelic Zv.w. 218 wels alpebSi jars miuZRvoda romis
armiasTan sabrZolvelad. Ternerma namuSevari, rogorc
Cans, napoleonis omebis alegoriad Caifiqra. napoleon-
ma Tavad gadaiara alpebi da swored am istoriul faqts
miuZRvna davidma napoleonis portreti (ix. 1-48). magram Tu
davidis namuSevari, romelic Ternerma parizSi 1802 wels
naxa, asaxavda napoleons, rogorc Zlier figuras, romelic
mxolod jars rodi meTaurobda, aramed Tavad bunebasac
marTavda, Ternenma hanibalis gamosaxuleba horizontze
ZlivsSesamCnev laqamde Seamcira. mxedarTmTavari da misi
jari stiqiuri ubedurebiT arian SeSfoTebulebi. mxatvari
maT TiTqos gardauval damarcxebas uwinaswarmetyvelebs.
Ternerma kidev erTi dramatuli da amaRelvebeli sura-
Ti Seqmna, romelic britaneTis parlamentis istoriul Sen-
obaSi gaCenil xanZars aRwers. Terneris dramatul tiloze
lordTa da TemTa palatis xanZari, 1834 wlis 16 oqtomberi (sur.
1-62)alisferi dominirebs da ganaTeba asrulebs gansakuT-
rebul rols. mxolod Cven ar varT gaognebuli am Semzaravi
sanaxaobiT _ suraTis wina planze, Temzis samxreT napirze
Sekrebili adamianebic SeSfoTebiT gahyureben xanZars. es
xanZari erovnuli tragedia iyo. londonis uZvelesi parla-
mentis Senoba inglisis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mo-
vlenebis momswre iyo. cecxlma mTlianad gaanadgura lor-
dTa palata, xolo TemTa palata saxuravis gareSe darCa.
Terneri Tavad iyo am faqtis momswre da saswrafod gaakeTa
eskizebi akvareliT; ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki gamofenisTvis
ukve didi suraTi hqonda mzad. am suraTis WeSmariti arsi
brwyinvale ferebiTa da uzadod asaxuli SuqiTaa gadmoce-
muli; swored amitom eZaxdnen Terners „sinaTlis mxatvars“.
1-63 • Tomas qouli.
uReli,
1836; tilo, zeTi,
1.31X1.94 m.
metropoliten
muzeumi, niu-iorki.
misis rasel seijis
saCuqari 1908 (08.228)
ixileT axlo
xediT „uReli~
veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
qouli Tomas qouli (Thomas Cole, 1801-1848) peizaJis
erT-erTi pirveli didi profesionali ostati iyo ameri-
kis SeerTebul StatebSi. qouli 17 wlis asakSi inglisi-
dan emigraciaSi midis da 1820 wlamde, rogorc mogzauri
portretisti muSaobs. 1829-1832 wlebSi Tavisi mfarvelis
daxmarebiT igi evropaSi mogzaurobs; SeerTebul StatebSi
dabrunebis Semdeg qouli niu iorkSi dasaxlda da warma-
tebuli peizaJistis saxeli daimkvidra. igi eskizebs Tavi-
si namuSevrebisTvis bunebaze uSualo dakvirvebis Sedegad
asrulebda. suraTze uReli (sur. 1-63) wina planze mxatvarma
sakuTari Tavi gamosaxa; igi Cvensken, mayurebliskenaa mob-
runebuli. eskizebs qouli zeTis saRebavebiT portatul
molbertze xatavda, magram, rogorc misi Taobis peizaJis-
ti mxatvrebis umetesoba, did, dasrulebul namuSevrebs
studiaSi, zamTris ganmavlobaSi qmnida.
es tilo qoulma niu iorkSi dizainis nacionalur aka-
demiaSi gamosafenad Seqmna. swored aman gansazRvra tilos
didi zoma. mxatvris azriT, suraTi peizaJs warmoadgenda,
radgan masSi konkretuli adgili da dro iyo asaxuli. am
masStabur tiloze warmodgenilia dasavleT masaCuseTsSi
mdebare holiokis mTis mwvervalidan danaxuli mdinare qo-
neqTiquTis xeobis erTi Tvalwarmtaci adgilis (romelsac
„uRels“ eZaxian) farTo xedi. qouli werda, rom amerikul
peizaJs aklda istoriuli Zeglebi, swored is, rac evro-
pul peizaJs sainteresos xdida; mdinare huZonis napirebze
ver naxavdiT iseT sasaxleebs, rogorsac rainze; amerikaSi
arc iseTi uZvelesi Zeglebi ar­ se­
bobda, rogoric romSi.
magram, mxatvris azriT, amerikis bunebis iseTi saocrebebi,
rogoric am suraTze asaxuli „uReli“ iyo, amerikis ero-
vnul saganZurad unda ganxiluliyo. suraTis saxelwodeba
migviTiTebs, rom qoulma realuri adgili aRbeWda. magram,
Tavi I. 57

sxva peizaJisti mxatvrebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic Ta-
vianT namuSevrebSi istoriuli movlenis asaxvas met mniS-
vnelobas aniWebdnen, qoulma tiloze, cicabo kldiTa da
cis dramatuli elferiT, mxolod landSaftis sidiade da
mniSvnelovaneba gadmosca. Savi Rrublebi da mTa or nawi-
lad yofs peizaJs. qouli erTmaneTs upirispirebs ameri-
kuli landSaftis or mxares: qarbuqian, udabur adgilsa
da dasaxlebul pastoralur xeobebs. Cawynarebuli qarbuqi
TiTqos mianiSnebs, rom baraqiani miwa uxvad gaiRebs Tavis
nayofs adamianebisaTvis.
fridrihi germanel romantikos mxatvars kaspar david
fridrihs (Caspar David Friedrich, 1774-1840) buneba sulieri STa-
gonebis misaRwev saSualebad miaCnda. axalgazrdobaSi masze
didi gavlena iqonia goThard kozegartenis, adgilobri-
vi luTerani pastorisa da poetis nawerebma da swavlebam,
romelic qadagebda, rom RvTaebrivis gamJRavneba mxolod
bunebasTan Rrma personaluri kavSiris Sedegad aris Se-
saZlebeli. kozegarteni amtkicebda, rom peizaJi bunebis
RvTiuri wignia, iseTive, rogoric biblia. fridrihi ko-
penhagenis akademiaSi swavlobda, Semdeg ki drezdenSi da-
saxlda, sadac mas iohan volfgang fon goeTem urCia, rom
peizaJi Tavisi xelovnebis ZiriTad sagnad eqcia. kaspar
david fridrihi eskizebs plenerze xatavda, magram namu-
Sevars studiaSi asrulebda, aerTianebda ra amiT bunebis-
gan miRebul STabeWdilebebs da sakuTar TavSi aRZrul
grZnobebs. tilos saabato muxis tyeSi (sur. 1-64) qveda nawil-
Si berebis samgloviaro procesiaa gamosaxuli, romelic
nislSi odnav Tu gairCeva. TovliT dafarul adamianebis
samyofelze wyvdiadi Camowolila. ufro detaluradaa
amoxatuli mijriT miwyobili muxis xeebis siluetebi da
SiSveli totebi, romlebic am idumalebiT aRsavse peizaJ-
Si TiTqos Tavadve qmnian bunebriv taZars.
58 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-64 • kaspar david
fridrihi. saabato
muxis tyeSi,
1809-1810; tilo, zeTi,
111.8X174 sm. nacionaluri
galerea, berlini.
goTikuri da klasicisturi
stilebi XIX saukunis dasawyisis
arqiteqturaSi
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi arqiteqtorebi, dasaxuli amoca­
nebidan gamomdinare, orive stils mimarTavdnen: klasiciz­
msac da romantizmsac. klasicizmi arqiteqturaSi sazoga-
doebriv Senobebs Tavisebur sidiadesa da maradiulobis
elfers aniWebda, romantizmi ki Tavisi sulierebiT arqite-
qturis goTikur warsuls mogvagonebda.
goTikuri arqiteqtura britanelebi amtkicebdnen,
rom goTikuri stili maTi memkvidreobis nawili iyo. XIX
sa­ukunis inglisSi neogoTikuri stilis bevri nageboba Sen-
deba, maT Soris parlamentis Senobac (sur. 1-65). mas Semdeg,
rac 1834 wels vesTminsTeris sasaxle daiwva da es faqti
STambeWdavad asaxa Ternerma (ix. 1-62), britaneTis mTavro-
bam axali Senobis asagebad konkursi gamoacxada. nageboba
inglisSi gviani goTikis etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebel e.w.
perpendikularul goTikur stilSi unda daproeqtebuliyo
da harmoniulad Serwymoda gverdiT mdgom vesTminsTeris
saabatos XIII saukunis eklesias, sadac, istoriulad, ing-
liseli monarqebis mefed kurTxevis rituali tardeboda.
konkursi Carlz berim (Charles Barry, 1795-1860) da ogas-
tes uelbi norTmor fiujinma (Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin,
1812-1852) moiges. beri pasuxismgebeli iyo axali Senobis
ZiriTad gegmaze, romlis simetriasac britaneTis saparla-
meto sistemaSi arsebuli politikuri Zalebis balansi unda
aesaxa. fiujins ki arsebiTad klasikuri gegmis mqone Senobis
goTikur stilSi gaformeba unda uzrunveleyo. goTikuri
arqiteqturis upirvelesi qomagi, fiujini 1836 wels aqvey-
nebs Tavis Teoriul naSroms kontrastebi, romelSic igi
 1-65 • Carlz beri da ogastes uelbi
norTmor fiujini.
parlamentis Senoba,
londoni, 1836-1860; inglisis
istoriuli Zeglebis samefo komisia,
londoni

1836 da 1841 wlebSi fiujinma ori

mniSvnelovani wigni gamoaqveyna.
am wignebSi igi amtkicebda, rom
vesTminsTeris saabatos goTikuri
stili WeSmariti inglisuri geniis
gamovlineba iyo. misi azriT, berZnuli
da romauli klasikuri orderuli
wyoba xis adreuli nagebobebis
imitacias warmoadgenda da, amdenad,
qvis konstruqciis principebs ver
Seesabameboda.

Sua saukuneebs _ Rrma sulierebisa da mSvenieri xelosnobis

idiliur dros _ materializebul da meqanizebul Tanamed-
rove problemur epoqas adarebda. fiujinisTvis goTika ara
stili, aramed, klasicizmis msgavsad, qmnadobis principi
iyo. is amtkicebda, rom goTika arqiteqturis or `umTav-
res wess~ mihyveboda: `1. nagebobaSi ar unda arsebobdes arc
erTi iseTi detali, romelic mis keTilmowyobas, konstru-
qciasa da specifikas ar Seesabameba da 2. yoveli orna­menti
Senobis ZiriTad konstruqcias unda amdidrebdes.~
am periodis goTikuri stilis nagebobebi umetesad ka-
Tolikuri da anglikanuri (amerikis SeerTebuli Stateb-
Si _ episkopaluri) eklesiebi iyo. britanuli warmoSobis
amerikeli arqiteqtoris, riCard afjonis (1802-1878) proe-
qtiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mravali mniSvnelova-
ni neogoTikuri stilis eklesia aigo, maT Soris, samebis
taZari niu iorkSi (sur. 1-66). Tavisi maRali SpiliT, grZeli
naviTa da kvadratuli formis sakurTxevliT samebis ekle-
sia adreuli XIV saukunis britanuli goTikis stils ukav-
Sirdeba, romelic gansakuTrebiT xiblavda anglikanebs da
episkopalebs. yoveli detali istoriuli sizustiTaa Ses-
rulebuli, Tumca TaRebi aq TabaSirisganaa Camosxmuli da
ara aguriT nagebi. sakurTxevlis Tavze Casmuli vitraJebi
erT-erTi pirvelia amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi.

klasicisturi arqiteqtura XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

ramdenime evropuli dedaqalaqis erovnuli muzeumebis Seno-
bebi klasicisturi stilis mixedviT daproeqtda, rac axal Sen-
obebs kulturis taZrebis funqcias sZenda da erovnul mniS-
vnelobas aniWebda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani maT Soris, albaT,
berlinis altes muzeumi (Altes Museum, Zveli muzeumi) gaxldaT,
romelic 1822 wels karl fridrih Sinkelma (Karl Friedrich Schin-
kel, 1781-1841) daaproeqta da romelic 1824-1830 wlebSi aSenda
(sur. 1-67). altes muzeumi xelovnebis nimuSebis samefo koleq­
ciis gamosafenad aigo Suagul berlinSi, barokuli samefo
sasaxlis mopirdapired, mdinare Sprees kunZulze. muzeumis
mTavar impozantur fasads 18 ioniuri svetisgan Semdgari, co-
kolze aRmarTuli STambeWdavi kolonada qmnis, romliskenac
centralur ganier kibes mivyavarT. Sinkelma gaiTvaliswina 1-66 • riCard afjoni. samebis eklesia,
xelovnebis nimuSebis ganaTebis problema muzeumis rogorc niu iorki, 1839-1846

XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi Tavi I. 59
 1-67 • karl fridrih
Sinkeli.
altes muzeumi,
berlini, 1822-1830

qveda, ise zeda sarTulebze da centraluri rotondis orive
mxares Sida ezoebi daaproeqta. muzeumis fasadebze gaWrili
maRali fanjrebi bunebrivi ganaTebiT uzrunvelyofda inte-
riers; fanjrebis mimarT perpendikularulad ganlagebuli
kedlebi suraTebis zedapirebs anareklebisgan icavda.
klasicistuli stilis sajaro nagebobebi SeerTebul
StatebSic Sendeboda. yvelaze mniSvnelovan da simbolur
klasicistur Senobas vaSingtonSi SeerTebuli Statebis ka-
pitoliumi warmoadgens. kapitoliumis Tavdapirveli proe-
qti moyvarulma arqiteqtorma uiliam TornTonma (William
Thornton, 1759-1828) Seadgina 1792 wels. misi grandiozuli
gegmis mTavari komponenti iyo taZris damagvirgvinebeli
didi gumbaTi. Senobis am centralur nawils orive mxridan
warmomadgenelTa palatisa da senatis ori frTa esazRvre-
boda. 1803 wels prezidentma Tomas jefersonma (1743-1826),
aseve moyvarulma arqiteqtorma, kapitoliumis mSeneblo-
bis gasakontroleblad britaneTSi naswavli profesionali
arqiteqtori benjamin henri laTrobi (Benjamin Henry Latrobe,
1764-1820) daiqirava. laTrobma Secvala TornTonis proeqti
da aRmosavleT nawilSi mas didi kibe da korinTuli kolo-
nada daumata (sur. 1-68). 1812 wlis omis dros, rodesac Senoba
britanelebis mier gaiZarcva, laTrobma kapitoliumis fr-
Tebi aRadgina, Tavad Senobas ki ufro maRali gumbaTi daad-
ga. laTrobma Senobis interierisTvis tradiciuli klasi-

1-68 • benjamin henri laTrobi. SeerTebuli Statebis kapitoliumi,

vaSingtoni, 1808. T. sazerlendis graviura, 1825; niu-iorkis sajaro biblioTeka, i.n. felfs sTouqis koleqcia,
miriam da ira valahebis xelovnebis, beWdvis da fotografiis ganyofileba

60 Tavi I. XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
1-69 • Tomas jefersoni. montiCelo,
SarloTsvili, virjinia, 1769-1783, 1796-1809
uyureT videos montiCelos Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
kuri sistemidan aRebuli korinTuli orderis variaciebi
Seqmna, Caanacvla ra akanTis foTlebi adgilobrivi kultu-
rebis _ marcvleulisa da Tambaqos _ mcenareuli motivebiT.
1817 wels man datova Tanamdeboba, kapitoliumis re-
konstruqcia ki Carlz balfinCma (Charles Bulfinch, 1763-1844)
daasrula. Senobis kidev erTi arsebiTi SekeTeba 1850 wels
ganxorcielda, romlis drosac kidev ufro gaizarda gum-
baTis zomebi.
vir­jiniis StatSi, SarloTsvilis maxloblad, mTis
wverze agebuli jefersonis saxlis proeqti, saxelwodebiT
montiCelo (Montichello, italiurad _ patara mTa), klasicis-
turi arqiteqturis magaliTia (sur. 1-69). jefersonma mSe-
neblobis pirveli etapi (1769-1782), romlis proeqti pa-
dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
1.1 SeajameT franguli rokokos xelovnebis da arqiteq-
turis zogierTi ZiriTadi stilisturi maxasiaTeble-
bi da axseniT, rogor ukavSirdeba es maxasiaTeblebi
salonis cxovrebis socialur konteqsts. gaaanalizeT
rokokos stilis erT-erTi namuSevari am Tavidan da
axseniT, Tu ratom aris is am periodis stilis tipuri
namuSevari.
1.2 axseniT, ratom aerTianebs romantizmi vizualurad
iseT gansxvavebul mxatvrebs, rogorebic arian dela-
krua da fridrihi. ramdenad gamosadegia klasifika-
ciisTvis termini „romantizmi“?
1.3 rogor imoqmeda politikurma viTarebam fransisko
goias xelovnebaze? pasuxis gacemisas aqcenti gaakeTeT
mis tiloze 1808 wlis sami maisi (sur. 1-44).
1.4 ganixileT kavSiri ganmanaTleblobis arqeologiisad-
mi interessa da klasicizmis axal moZraobas Soris
XVIII saukuneSi.
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
ladios stilis safuZvelze iyo SemuSavebuli (ix. Cizviq
hausi, sur. 1-15), maSin daiwyo, rodesac virjinia jer kidev
britaneTis kolonia iyo. Tumca, 1796 wels mas guli auc-
ruvda ingliselebsa da maT arqiteqturaze da amerikis el-
Cad parizSi yofnisas, frangulma arqiteqturam gaitaca.
montiCeloSi man axali mSenebloba wamoiwyo (1796-1809), sa-
xli gaafarTova da agurisa da xis eqsterieri ise Secvala,
rom saxlis ori sarTuli, moduri parizuli tendenciebis
msgavsad, garedan erT did sarTulad gamoCeniliyo. nage-
bobam inglisis, safrangeTisa da amerikis Tanamedrove da
saberZneTisa da romis antikuri samyaro gaaerTiana. XIX
saukunis meore naxevarSi sxvadasxva kulturis mibaZvam ki-
dev ufro farTo masStabi miiRo.
urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
wyvilTa portretebi
gavrcelebulia evropuli
xe­­lovnebis istoriaSi. Se­­­
afaseT rogor aris asa­­xuli
am suraTebze col-­qmruli
urTierToba. rogor asaxavs
portretebi maT Tanamed-
rove socia­lur struq­
turasa da kulturul
viTarebas?
sur. 1-1
SeiswavleT da daaTvaliereT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
Tavi I. 61
2-1 • gustav eifeli. eifelis koSki,
parizi, 1887-1889; 1889 wlis foto, simaRle 300 m

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani
periodebis evropisa da amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
saqveynod cnobili eifelis koSki (sur. 2-1) amayad gvaxse-
nebs XIX saukunis safrangeTis progresisadmi rwmenas da
civilizaciis srulyofaSi mecnierebisa da teqnologie-
bis wamyvan rols. 300 metris simaRlis koSki gustav ei-
felma (Gustave Eiffel, 1832-1923) parizis 1889 wlis msoflio
gamofenis erTgvar monumentur karibWed daaproeqta da
aago. im droisaTvis es iyo yvelaze maRali konstruqcia
msoflioSi, ufro maRali, vidre egvipturi piramidebi an
goTikuri kaTedralebi. eifelis koSki XIX saukunis meo-
re naxevris evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi daaxloebiT
20-ze met saerTaSoriso bazrobas Soris erT-erTis, pa-
rizis msoflio gamofenis mTavari sanaxaobac iyo. es ba-
zroba-gamofenebi saerTaSoriso industriis, mecnierebis,
gamoyenebiTi da dekoratiuli xelovnebis, saxviTi xelo-
vnebis gamocdilebis gasaziareblad da maT warmosaCenad
tardeboda. frangi xalxis erovnul siamayes _ eifelis
koSks sainJinro, teqnologiur da industriul sferoebSi
safrangeTis upiratesobisa da siZlieris demonstrireba
unda moexdina. Tavdapirvelad droebiT nagebobad Cafiq-
rebuli eifelis koSki parizSi dRemde dgas.
pirveli gamoxmaureba eifelis koSkze araerTgvarova-
ni iyo. 1887 wels 47 mwerlis, musikosisa da mxatvrisgan
Semdgarma jgufma `le tempsma~ (Le Temps) dawera werili,
romelSic xelovnebis moRvaweni eifelis koSks `qarxnis
Sav da gigantur kvamlsadens~ uwodebdnen da am `uzarma-
zari usargeblo konstruqciis~ agebas aprotestebdnen.
gustav eifeli ki jiutad amtkicebda: `mjera, koSki dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi SeiZens momxiblelobas~ da `dagvanaxebs,
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
2.1 gaacnobiereT da SeafaseT, Tu ra rols asrulebda XIX s-is
miwuruls akademizmis xelovneba da arqiteqtura, iseve, ro-
gorc akademizmis sawinaaRmdego principebze amave periodSi
aRmocenebuli sxva mimdinareobebi.
2.2 gamoikvlieT Tanamedrove cxovrebidan aRebuli Temebisadmi
gaCenili interesi, aseve, axali simboluri Temebis ganviTa-
reba realizmis, impresionizmisa da postimpresionizmis xe-
lovnebaSi.
II
Tavi
rom Cven (frangebi) mxolod garTobis moyvaruli xalxi
rodi varT, aramed, inJinerTa qveyanac varT~. marTlac,
rodesac eifelis koSkis mSenebloba dasrulda, is male-
ve iqca xelovanebs Soris mowinave azrovnebisa da moder-
nulobis saerTaSoriso simbolod da sazogadoebac mi-
siT, rogorc saucxoo sanaxaobiT, aRtacebuli iyo. dRes
is parizis simbolodaa miCneuli.
eifelis koSki 1889 wels qalaqis erT-erTi yvelaze po-
pulaluri nageboba iyo fotogadaRebebisTvis. koSkis Tva-
luwvdeneli simaRle mis ZirSi mdebare pawawina Senobebs
Crdilavda. profesionali da moyvaruli fotografebis
mier gadaRebuli eifelis koSkis fotoebi msoflio gamo-
fenis aTasobiT damTvalierebelma iyida. aq warmodgenil
1889 wlis martis miwuruls gadaRebul fotoze koSkis
mSenebloba dasasruls uaxlovdeba, mSeneblebi ukanasknel
samuSaoebs asruleben. Tu davakvirdebiT, koSkis ZirSi kar-
gad Cans bazris ori rigis swrafad naSeni konstruqcia, ro-
melsac 6 maisisTvis, bazrobis gaxsnis dRisaTvis, amzadeben.
evropa da SeerTebuli
Statebi XIX saukunis Sua
xanebidan dasasrulamde
XIX saukuneSi moZlierebulma industriulma revoluciam
teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri gardaqmne-
bi gaaaqtiura. naxSirsa da rkinaze gazrdilma moTxovnam
samTamadno, metalurgiuli da satransporto mrewvelo-
2.3 gaaanalizeT rogor asaxa realizmma xelovnebaSi XIX sauku-
nis socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebi.
2.4 ganixileT is adreuli eqsperimentebi, romlis Sedegadac
warmoiqmna fotografia, rogorc xelovnebis axali forma.
mousmineT am Tavis audio masalas veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
63
bis gafarToebis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. lokomotivebisa
da orTqlze momuSave gemebis ganviTareba aseve aadvilebda
nedleulisa da saqonlis gadazidvas, aiolebda mgzavrTa ga-
daadgilebas da xels uwyobda qalaqebis zrdas (ix. ruka 2-1).
am cvlilebebma gaaaqtiura mosaxleobis migraciac. soflis
Raribi mosaxleoba qarxnebSi, maRaroebsa da manufaqturebSi
samuSaos saZieblad qalaqebSi Cadioda. am viTarebaSi mrew-
velebma da mewarmeebma met simdidresa da keTildReobas
miaRwies, magram muSebis pirobebi _ metwilad qalebisa da
bavSvebis _ xSirad umZimesi iyo. marTalia, axali samTavrobo
regulaciebi am mxriv garkveulwilad aumjebesebda mdgo-
mareobas, magram socialisturi moZraoba fabrikebis mesa-
kuTre kapitalistebis mier muSaTa eqsploatacias gmobda da
warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebisa da ganawilebis sazoga-
doebriv an saxelmwifo formas uWerda mxars.
1848 wels evropis ramdenime dedaqalaqSi muSaTa ajanyebam
ifeTqa. amave wels karl marqsma da fridrih engelsma komu-
nisturi partiis manifesti gamoaqveynes, romelic proleta-
riatis (muSaTa klasis) mier burJuaziis (saSualo klasis) Za-
ladobriv damxobas, kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebasa da uklaso
sazogadoebis Seqmnas winaswarmetyvelebda. amave dros, ameri-
kelebma _ lukrecia moTma da elizabeT qedi sTenTonma niu
iorkis Statis daba seneka folSi qveyanaSi qalTa uflebebis
dacvis pirveli konvencia Seqmnes. isini kanonis winaSe qale-
bisa da mamakacebis Tanasworobas, gaTxovili qalebisTvis sa-
kuTrebis uflebebis dacvas, umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebebSi qalTa miRebas, yvela xelobasa da profesiaSi
qalebis daSvebas, Tanaswori Sromisas Tanabar anazRaurebas
da qalTa saarCevno uflebebs iTxovdnen.
XIX saukune imperializmis aRzevebis mowmec iyo. produq-
ciisTvis axali bazrebis mosapoveblad, iafi nedleulisa da
iafi Sromis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad, evropul-
ma qveynebma gadainawila ra afrikis umetesi nawili da aziis
TiTqmis mesamedi, mravali axali kolonia daaarsa. kolonie­
bis teritoriebis eqspluataciisas, kolonialuri kanoni
xSirad ugulvebelyofda adgilobriv kulturas.
axali mecnieruli aRmoCenebis Sedegad telegrafi, tele-
foni da radio Seiqmna. XIX saukunis dasasrulisTvis eleqt-
robam evropisa da amerikis umetesi qalaqebi gaanaTa, amuSavda
Zravebi, tramvai da rkinigza. qimiis ganviTarebam mravali axali
produqti warmoqmna, iseTebi, rogoricaa aspirini, sadezinfeq­
cio saSualebebi, qimikatebi fotografiisTvis da efeqturi
asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi. rkinaze gacilebiT ufro moqnil-
ma, msubuqma da gamZle foladis axalma, rkinisa da naxSirbadis
Senadnobma, mZime konstruqciebis da transportis warmoebaSi
rkina Caanacvla. medicinasa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo-
bis sferoSi lui pasteris siTxis gacxelebis gziT gawmendis
(pasterizaciis) meTodma, vaqcinaciisa da sterilizaciis gan-
viTarebam, antiseptikebma mTel dasavlur samyaroSi sikvdi-
lianobis maCveneblis mniSvnelovani kleba ganapiroba.
zogierTma mecnierulma aRmoCenam tradiciuli reli-
giuri Sexedulebebic eWvqveS daayena da gavlena moaxdina
socialur filosofiaze. geologebma daadgines, rom deda-
miwa, bibliis mimdevrebis mier navaraudev, 6 000 welze be-
vrad ufro Zveli iyo. 1859 wels Carlz darvinma gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom sicocxlis ganviTareba bunebrivi gadarCevis
64 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
gziT xdeboda. religiuri konservatorebi daupirispirdnen
darvinis versias, romelic TiTqos samyaros RvTaebriobas
da RmerTis arsebobasac ki uaryofda. darvinis Teoriis
zogierTi gulmxurvale mxardamWeri imasac ki varaudobda,
rom bunebrivma gadarCevam gansakuTrebiT daawinaura da so-
cialuri evoluciis umaRles safexurze aiyvana zogierTi
rasa, pirvel yovlisa ki anglo-saqsuri maRali klasi. `soci-
aluri darvinizmi~ muSaTa klasis gaWirvebuli mdgomareo-
bisa da msoflios `ganuviTarebeli~ nawilebis kolonizebis
racionaluri axsnis safuZvels iZleoda.
mewarmeebisa da vaWrebis, saSualo klasisa da sxvadasxva
profesiis adamianebis, xelisuflebis garkveuli nawilisa
da xelovnebis erovnuli akademiebis saxiT xelovnebis pat-
ronaJis axali wyaroebi gaCnda. namuSevrebis gamosafenad,
prizebis mosapoveblad, myidvelTa mosazidad da komerciu-
li mogebis gasafarToeblad gaizarda evropisa da amerikis
kulturul centrebSi gamarTuli yovelwliuri didi gamo-
fenebis mniSvneloba; dabalfasiani ilustrirebuli gazeTe-
bi da Jurnalebi aqveynebdnen kritikul werilebs, romle-
bic gavlenas axdenda xelovnebaze, mis aRiarebaze, qmnida
da angrevda kidec mxatvrebis karieras; gaCndnen xelovnebis
nimuSebiT movaWreebi, dilerebi, romlebic myidvelis gemov-
nebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi xelovnebis Seqmnisa da misi
koncefciis Camoyalibebis procesi uzarmazari cvlilebe-
biT aRiniSna. industrializaciisa da socialuri mRelvare-
bis gaZlierebasTan erTad, xelovanTa nawili politikuri
da socialuri aqtivobiT dakavda maSin, rodesac meoreni
TavianT warmosaxvas miendnen. zogi fotografiis im saSu-
alebebs exmianeboda, romlebic xedvasa da aRqmas gardaqmni-
da, bevri Tavs fotografad miiCnevda, danarCenebi ki Tavis
namuSevrebSi axali mediumebis mkafioebasa da sicxades baZa-
vdnen; sxvebi STagonebas fotografiis mier vizualuri rea-
lobis detalur, magram zedapirul aRwerasa da ufro Rrma,
adamianur realobas Soris gansxvavebis kvlevaSi eZiebdnen;
danarCenebi fotografiis, xSirad, vizualurad daubalan-
sebeli kompoziciebis mxatvrul potencials swavlobdnen;
swavlobdnen mis mier siRrmis iluziis Seqmnis, sivrcis Se-
kumSvisa da sibrtyobriobis gamovlenis tendencias; gare
samyaros mkveTrad mosazRvrisa da realobidan SemTxveviT,
fragmentulad `amoWris~ aspeqtebs; suraTis zedapirze yve-
la gamosaxulebis Tanabari fokusiT asaxvis SesaZleblobas,
an piriqiT _ SeuZleblobas; interesdebodnen Tu ratom ver
`xedavda~ adreuli fotografia wiTelsa da mwvanes da ra-
tom Cndeboda fotoze maT nacvlad Savi da TeTri laqebi.
XIX saukunis dasasrulisTvis, sanam mravali xelovani xi-
luli realobis utyuarobas ikvlevda, danarCenebi abstra-
qciis sferos uRrmavdebodnen.
franguli akademizmi.
arqiteqtura da xelovneba
natifi xelovnebis akademia (romelic 1816 wels daarsda,
raTa ferwerisa da qandakebis ukve daSlili samefo akademia
Caenacvlebina) da misi natifi xelovnebis oficialuri sko-
la XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda, safrangeTSi Zlieri
 CrdiloeTis
zRva
md. Temza haaga
londoni
antverpeni
genTi briuseli
e
yur
isis ruani
ingl havri md. sena
monti parizi

i
re i n
barbizoni norvegia

z R va
200 km a ornani sankt-peterburgi
l uar SvedeTi
200 mili safrangeTi
ruseTi

is
didi

ti
dania
kanada britaneTi l
ba prusia
irlandia berlini ga
londoni md. staueri

l
md. sfri

vo
kale ostendi germania
parizi
atlantikis
CrdiloeT Sveic.
amerika
huZoni okeane ix. CanarTi venecia du
nai
seneka-foli orli florencia
oberlini bostoni eqs-en- Savi zRva
Cikago barselona provansi romi
filadelfia niu iorki portugalia madridi italia
senT luisi atlantik siTi espaneTi xmel
vaSingtoni, Ta
SeerTebuli Su siria
pi

kolumbiis olqi a z
alJiri
misisi

Statebi Rv
a palestina
luiziana maroko tripoli
Tel aviv-iafa
sahara
meqsikis
yure a f r i k a
meqsika
kuba

karibis zRva
martinika senegali
wynari

benini
panama gambia
mb
biaa 1000 km

okeane samxreT 1000 mili

amerika
ruka 2-1 • evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi XIX saukuneSi.
XIX saukuneSi evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mzardi industrializaciis qveynebia. evropuli qveynebi
mTel msoflioSi mraval kolonias flobs. parizi dasavluri xelovnebis centrad iqceva.

zegavlena moexdina vizualur xelovnebaze. akademisti mxatv-
rebi akontrolebdnen salonis Jiuris, xolo mTavari sazoga-
doebrivi dakveTebi, rogorc wesi, akademiis arqiteqtorebis,
mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebisken miedineboda. mxatvrebi da
arqiteqtorebi akademiuri xelovnebis wesebis Sesaswavlad
evropidan da SeerTebuli Statebidan parizSi Cadiodnen.
akademiuri mxatvroba da arqiteqtura xSirad istoriuli
modelebidan amokrefil motivebze iyo dafuZnebuli. es iyo
praqtika, romelsac istoricizmi ewodeboda. adreuli kla-
sicizmisa da romantizmis principebze dayrdnobiT SemuSave-
buli istoricizmis xelovneba da arqiteqtura, realurad,
istoriis gawmendas axdenda. istoricistebi xSirad erT na-
muSevarSi ramdenime sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis aluziebs
aerTianebdnen (ix. orientalizmi, gv. 68). axlo aRmosavleTis
warmosaxviTi samyaros Sesaqmnelad zogierTi akademisti mxat-
vari aerTianebda ra egvipturi, Turquli da induri kultu-
rebidan nasesxeb gansxvavebul elementebs, orientalisturi
ferweriT cdilobda egzotikuri sanaxaobebisadmi gazrdili
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas.
akademizmi arqiteqturaSi
1848 wels, socialuri problemebis gamo, frangul qalaqebSi
afeTqebuli ajanyebebis Semdeg, napoleon III-em (mmarTvelobis
periodi _ 1852-1870) axali radikaluri reformebi aamoqmeda.
masobrivma areulobebma gaanadgura parizis centris Semogare-
ni. qalaqis aRdgena da quCebis qselis Secvla JorJ eJen osmans
(Georges-Eugène Haussmann, 1809-1910) daevala. osmanma Sua sauku-
neebis parizis gulSi farTo prospeqtebis, parkebis da gaxsni-
li sazogadoebrivi adgilebis Sesaqmnelad axali racionaluri
gegma waradgina. man saswrafod gamoasaxla Raribebi TavianTi
jurRmulebidan, daangria Zveli garemo, Sua saukuneebis viwro,
mixveul-moxveuli quCebi didi, farTo, swori, mwkrivad dargu-
li xeivniani prospeqtebiTa da maT gaswvriv aRmarTuli axali
SenobebiT Caanacvla, rac erTnairad uzrunvelyofda etlebisa
da qveiTad mosiaruleTa Tavisuflad gadaadgilebas.
opera (sur. 2-2) qalaqis erT-erTi mTavari RirSesaniSnaoba,
Carlz garnies (Charles Garnier, 1825-1898) mier daproeqtebu-
li parizis operis axali Senoba, osmanis didi prospeqte-
bis kveTaze aSenda. Tanamedrove konstruqciebis gamoyene-
biT nagebi, Tujis myari Sida karkasis mqone operis Senoba
transportisa da saavtomobilo moZraobis gaTvaliswinebiT
daproeqtda, rac mas yvela mxridan iolad misadgoms xdi-
da. operis Senoba istoricizmis Sedevrs warmoadgens da,
umTavresad, ufro adrindeli barokos stiliTaa Seqmnili,
raSic erTgvarad safrangeTis odindeli didebis aRdgenis
survili SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. pirveli sarTulis TaRedis

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 65
 2-2 • Sarl garnie. opera,
parizi, 1861-1874

Tavze ganTavsebuli Sewyvilebuli svetebiT morTuli ope-

ris Senobis masiuri fasadi XVII saukunis droindeli luvris
frTis SemkulobasTan iwvevda asociacias; mis erTgvar ga-
moZaxils, replikas warmoadgenda, rac, erTi mxriv, frangu-
li kulturis uwyvet tradiciaze mianiSnebda da, meore mx-
riv, gonebamaxvilurad warmoaCenda lui XIV-s upiratesobas
imperator napoleon III-Tan SedarebiT.
operis Senoba napoleon III-is, misi garemocvisa da fran-
guli elitis TavSeyris erT-erTi sayvareli gasarTobi adgi-
li iyo, ramac gansazRvra kidec Senobis mTavari fasadis uxvi
Semkuloba. interieri ki, romelsac `siamovnebis taZarsac~
uwodebdnen, kidev ufro meti fufunebiT iyo gaformebuli;
morTuli iyo uxvi, Zviri, poliqromuli masaliT, neo-baro-
kos jgufuri qandakebebiTa da mZime mooqrovili dekoriT. aq,
rogorc Cans, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo elitis wevrebis war-
momCeni, grandiozuli, farTo barokuli kibeebi (sur. 2-3), vid-
re scenaze warmodgenili speqtakli, rogorc garnies uTqvams,
operis daniSnuleba adamianebis survilebis asruleba iyo:
mosmena, erTmaneTis monaxuleba da sakuTari Tavis warmoCena.

akademizmi ferwerasa da qandakebaSi

2-3 • didi kibe, opera
moiZieT parizis operis interieris
xedebi veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
gemovneba, romelic XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi natifi xelovne-
bis akademiis ferwerisa da qandakebis mxatvrul saxes gansa-
zRvravda, kargad SegviZlia SevigrZnoT aleqsandr kabanelis
(Alexandre Cabanel, 1823-1889), im drois erT-erTi wamyvani akade-
misti mxatvris, suraTiT veneras dabadeba (sur. 2-4). akademist
ostatTan swavlis Semdeg, kabanelma 1845 wels romis prizi
moigo, 1860-ian da 1870-ian wlebSi ki samjer dajildovda sa-
lonis umaRlesi jildoTi. am miTologiuri Temis miseul ver-
siaSi venera TiTqos talRebs autacia, mfrinavi kupidonebi ki
mis niJaridan dabadebas gvamcnoben. kabanelis mier anatomiis

66 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-4 • aleqsandr kabaneli. veneras dabadeba,
1863; tilo, zeTi, 1.35X2.29 sm. d’orses muzeumi, parizi

codna, sxeulis tonebisa da zRvis zedapiris gadmocemis una-

ri, misi akademisturi ganaTlebisa da virtuozuli teqnikis
Sedegia; veneras denadi kidurebis, moqnili zurgisa da mina-
buli Tvalebis gamo, gamosaxulebas Zlier erotikuli xasia-
Ti aqvs. miTologiuri Temisa da erotikuli mimzidvelobis
es nazavi mosawoni aRmoCnda napoleon III-isTvis, romelmac
veneras dabadeba Tavisi koleqciisTvis SeiZina.
miuxedavad imisa, rom akademistebsa da avangardistebs
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul da diametralurad gansxvavebul
xelovanebad miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi urTierTdamokide-
buleba gacilebiT ufro rTuli iyo. akademizmis zogi mimde-
vari akademiuri sistemis farglebSi eqsperimentebs atarebda,
avangardis xelovanebi ki, Tavis mxriv, zogierT akademistur
xerxsa Tu princips iTvisebdnen, risTvisac akademistebis mxri-
dan mowonebasac imsaxurebdnen. akademist xelovans Jan batist
karpos (Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, 1827-1875), romelic natifi xelov-
nebis skolaSi romantikos moqandake fransua rudTan swavlob-
da (ix. sur. 1-55), operis fasadisTvis didi skulpturuli jgufis
Seqmna daukveTes. es namuSevari, romelsac cekva (sur. 2-5) qvia,
cekvis personifikacias _ frTosan mamakacs warmogvidgens da
igi dionises dauokebel lxins ganasaxierebs. haerSi amxtari
dionise SiSveli mocekvave qalebis kompaqturi jgufis centr-
Sia gamosaxuli. kabanelis veneras dabadebis msgavsad, miTo-
logiuri Tema am namuSevarSic erotikulobiTaa gaJRenTili.
kabanelisgan gansxvavebiT, karpos figurebi ar gamoir-
Ceva klasicisturi manerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sigluviTa
da ganzogadebiT. amasTan, kompoziciac ufro spontanuria,
figuraTa gamometyveleba _ gacilebiT eqspresiuli, musku-

2-5 • Jan batist karpo. cekva,

1867-1868; TabaSiri, simaRle daaxloebiT 4.6 m. d’orses muzeumi,
parizi

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 67
xelovneba da misi konteqsti orientalizmi |
Jan leon Jeromis (Jean-León Gérôme, 1824-1904) namuSevari gvelis
momTvinierebeli (1824-1904), romelSic igi axlo aRmosavleTze XIX
saukuneSi arsebul warmodgenebs asaxavs, daaxloebiT 1870 wels
Seiq­­mna. es namuSevari orientalizmis saxasiaTo nimuSs warmoadgens.
tiloze gamosaxulia mnaxvelisken zurgiT mdgari sruliad SiSveli
biWi piToniT xelSi, iqve xnieri mamakaci stvirze ukravs, suraTis
siRrmeSi gamosaxuli mayurebelTa jgufi ki daxvewili kaligra-
fiuli naxatiT Semkuli, lurji SorenkecebiT mopirkeTebuli didi
oTaxis kedelTanaa Camomjdari. scena, faqtiurad, fotografiuli
sizustiTa da detalebisadmi didi yuradRebiTaa dawerili, rac gvi-
biZgebs vifiqroT, rom konkretuli movlena da adgili zedmiwevniT
zustadaa aRbeWdili. Jeromma axlo aRmosavleTSi ramdenjerme imo-
gzaura; namuSevrebis eTnografiuli sizustisaTvis man 1855 wlis
salonis kritikosebis qebac ki daimsaxura, magram gvelis momTvinie-
rebeli Tavidan bolomde fiqciaa, SeTxzuli egviptur, Turqul da
indur kulturaTa aRreviT.
orientalizmi, axlo aRmosavleTis kulturiT gataceba, saf-
rangeTSi 1798 wlidan iRebs saTaves, mas Semdeg, rac napoleonis mier
latura _ zedmetad konkretuli, proporciebi da Zvlovani
struqtura ufro realisturi, vidre idealizebuli. karpos
namuSevari TiTqos gvauwyebs akademistur xelovnebaSi im
axali tendenciebis aRmocenebas, romlebic mewarmeTa kla-
sis axali Taobis gemovnebisa da midrekilebebis sapasuxod
Cndeba. koleqcionerTa es axali kasta ufro miwieri, vidre
idealizebuli xasiaTis xelovnebiT iyo dainteresebuli.
adreuli fotografia evropasa
da SeerTebul StatebSi
XIX saukunis miswrafebam, aesaxa axali burJuaziuli elitis
warmomadgenlebi, maTi miRwevebi da sakuTreba, zogadad,
68 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
egviptidan wamoRebuli naZarcvi nivTebi 1804 wels gaxsnil luvris
muzeums gadaeca. 1809 wlidan 1822 wlamde safrangeTSi gamoica
egviptis aRwerilobis 24 tomi, romelSic mravlad iyo cnobebi eg-
viptis kulturis, misi xalxis, miwebis Sesaxeb. 1840-1850-ian wlebSi
britaneli, frangi da italieli fotografebi axlo aRmosavleTis
ZiriTad turistul adgilebSi fotografiul studiebs aarsebdnen,
raTa damTvaliereblebi da saxlSi myofi e.w. `savarZlis turistebi~
fotoebiT uzrunveleyoT, ramac, Tavis mxriv, regionisadmi sayo-
velTao interesi gaaRviva.
orientalizms, romelic XIX saukuneSi akademizmisTvisac iseve
iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc avangardisTvis, mecnieri edvard seidi
aRwers, rogorc kolonialur mzeras, mimarTuls dapyrobili aRmosa-
vleTisken (ufro axlo, vidre Soreuli aRmosavleTisken). aRmosa-
vleTs kolonizatori mis mflobelobaSi arsebul nivTad aRiqvamda
da ganixilavda, rogorc `primitiul~ da `egzotikur~ saTamaSo
moedans `civilizebuli~ evropeli vizitorisTvis, romlisTvisac
`adgilobrivi~ mamakacebi velurebi da despoturebi, xolo `adgilob-
rivi~ qalebi vnebianni da seqsualurad xelmisawvdomni iyvnen.
2-6 • Jan leon Jeromi.
gvelis momTvinierebeli,
daaxl. 1870; tilo, zeTi,
83.8X122.1 sm. qlarqis
xelovnebis instituti,
viliamsTauni, masaCuseTsi.
SeiZines sTerling da frensin
qlarqebma, 1942.(1955.51)
erebis imperiuli miswrafebebic ki, gamoxatuleba foto-
grafiaSi hpova. gviani renesansidan moyolebuli xelova-
nebs, da sxvebsac, bunebis asaxvis meqanikuri meTodis Seqmnis
survili amoZravebdaT. erT-erTi pirveli aparati kamera
obskura (laTinurad niSnavs `bnel oTaxs~) iyo, romelic
Cabnelebuli oTaxiT an yuTiTa da optikuri miniT iqmne-
boda; garedan Semosuli sinaTle minis gavliT mopirdapire
kedelze (an yuTis kedelze) scenis Tavdayira gamosaxule-
bis proecirebas axdenda da, Sedegad, mxatvars misi Semdgo-
mi damuSavebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. XIX saukuneSi patara
portatuli kamera obskura, an kidev ufro msubuqi kame-
ra lucida xelovanTa standartul aRWurvilobad iqca.
fotografia ganviTarda, rogorc kamera obskuras mier
(romelsac Semdeg ubralod `kamera~ ewoda) sinaTlisadmi
mgrZnobiare masalaze Seqmnili gamosaxulebis fiqsirebis
da, amdenad, misi samudamod SenarCunebis saSualeba.
fotografias ar hyolia erTi `gamomgonebeli~. mis Seqmna-
ze ramdenime adamiani erTdroulad muSaobda da TiToeulma
maTganma, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, fotografiis teqnikis
ganviTarebaSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana. 1830-iani wlebisTvis
eqsperimentatorTa mcire jgufma Seiswavla gamosaxulebis
`Caweris~ xerxebi, magram saboloo safexuri, Tu rogor unda
`gaemyarebinaT~ anu daefiqsirebinaT es gamosaxuleba ise,
rom Semdgom, sinaTleze eqspoziciisas, igi ar gamuqebuliyo
da gamqraliyo, rTuli misaRwevi aRmoCnda.
safrangeTSi, rodesac lui Jak mande dageri (Louis-Jac-
ques-Mandé Daguerre, 1787-1851) Tavisi ferweruli namuSevre-
bis beWduri aslebis dasamzadeblad eqsperiments atarebda,
SemTxveviT aRmoaCina, rom Tu sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare
qimiuri nivTierebebiT dafarul firfitas 20-dan 30 wu-
Tamde sinaTleze gavaCerebdiT, Semdgom ki vercxliswylis
orTqliT davamuSavebdiT, masze `latenturi gamosaxule-
ba~ gamomJRavndeboda. 1837 wlisTvis dagerma SeimuSava
firfitis marilis xsnarSi gavlebiT masze gamosaxulebis
fiqsirebis meTodi da maleve, ser jon frederik herSe-
lis (Sir John Frederick Herschel, 1782-1871) rCeviT, qimiuri so-
dis hiposulfatis (cnobilia, rogorc `hipo~) gamoyenebiT,
gaaumjobesa kidec es procesi. gamosaxuleba negativs war- 2-8 • semuel finli briz morzes dagerotipi,
moadgenda, magram kargad gaprialebul vercxlis firfi- daaxl. 1845; meeqvse firfitis dagerotipi, 7X8.3 sm,
kongresis biblioTekis dagerotipis koleqcia, vaSingtoni
taze is pozitivad gadaiqceoda. miRebuli gamosaxulebis
dublireba ar iyo ioli da Tanac, is (gamosaxuleba) Zalze manamde ki, sanam dageri safrangeTSi Tavisi fotogra-
myife iyo, Tumca sakmaod maRali xarisxis. dageris mier fiuli teqnikis Sesaxeb ganacxadebda, amerikeli xelovani
gadaRebuli sakuTari studiis magidis (sur. 2-7) detalebi semuel morze (Samuel Morse, 1791-1872) parizSi Cavida, raTa
uaRresad faqizad da mkafiodaa gadmocemuli (am xarisxis telegrafis Sesaxeb Tavisi gamogonebis Sesaxeb informaciis
miRweva dRevandeli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTac ki, re-
gaziarebis sanacvlod, dageris fotografiaze mieRo infor-
produqciaze SeuZlebelia), kompozicia ki naturmortis
macia. morzem amerikas dagerotipi, dageris mier sakuTari
mxatvrobis principebis mixedviTaa agebuli. dagerma 1839
gamogonebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTebidan maleve gaacno,
wlis agvistoSi axali teqnologiis dapatentebisa da aRia-
1841 wlisTvis ki man portretuli fotos gadasaRebad eqs-
rebis Semdeg, Seqmna erTgvari adreuli tipis fotografia,
poziciis drois Semcireba SeZlo (sur. 2-8).
romelsac dagerotipi ewoda.
imavdroulad, inglisSi henri foqs TalboTi (Henry Fox
Talbot, 1800-1877), fotografiis mdidari moyvaruli, graviu-
rebis, maqmanebisa da mcenareebis negativis aslebs akeTebs,
vercxlis qloridis xsnariT gaJRenTil qaRaldze aTavsebs,
Semdeg sinaTliT asxivebs da amgvarad amJRavnebs. manve miagno
meTods, romelic qaRaldze arse­ buli negatiuri gamosaxu-
lebis ganmeorebiT eqsponirebisa da sxva qaRaldis zedapirze
pozitiuri suraTis miRebis saSualebas iZleoda. amdenad,
negativ-pozitivis procesis aRmoCena, romelic fotogra-
fiuli beWdvis safuZveli gaxda, agreTve TalboTs ekuTvnis.
TalboTis negativis gamoyeneba mravaljeradad SeiZlebo-
da, ase rom, mas SeeZlo iafad ewarmoebina didi raodeno-
bis pozitiuri gamosaxulebebi. magram kalotipi, rogorc
man mogvianebiT am process Searqva, mainc arakontras­ tul
da bundovan gamosaxulebebs iZleoda. rogorc ki TalboTma
dageris aRmoCenis Sesaxeb Seityo, man sakuTaris Sesaxebac
2-7 • lui Jak mande dageri. mxatvris studia,
saswrafod ganacxada da daapatenta kidec. am procesebis
1837; dagerotipi, 16.5X21.6 sm. aRmniSvneli termini _ fotografia, rac berZnulad `sinaT-
safrangeTis fotografiis asociacia, parizi lis meSveobiT xatvas~ niSnavs, herSelma daamkvidra.

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 69

2-9 • henri foqs TalboTi. Ria kari,
1843; anabeWdi kalotipis negatividan marilian qaRaldze, 14.3X19.5 sm.
mecnierebis muzeumi, londoni, foqs TalboTis koleqcia
fotografiis axali teqnologia mokle droSi iqna ga-
moyenebuli Tanamedrove auditoriisa da, agreTve, moma-
vali TaobebisTvis `vizualuri Canawerebis~ Sesaqmnelad.
fotografebic maleve iwyeben eqsperimentebs axali me-
diumis gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis Sesaswavlad da
STambeWdavi kompoziciebis Sesaqmnelad. 1844-1846 wlebSi
TalboTma gamoaqveyna eqvsnawiliani wigni saTauriT bune-
bis fanqari, romelic mTlianad kalotipis negativebisagan
damzadebuli, marilian qaRaldze nabeWdi gamosaxulebebiT
iyo ilustrirebuli. fotoebis umetesoba idiliur rura-
lur scenebs, an sagangebod mowesrigebul naturmortebs
warmoadgenda; isini ufro xelovnebis nimu-
Sebs waagavda, vidre guldasmiT Seswavli-
li realobis dokumentebs. TalboTi mixv-
da, rom misi procesis naklovanebebis gamo,
mas, dagerotipis komerciul potencialTan
konkurecia gauWirdeboda da sanacvlod fo-
tografiis vizualuri da saxelovnebo Se-
saZleblobebis warmoCena arCia. magaliTad,
namuSevarSi Ria kari (sur. 2-9) Crdilebis dia-
gonaluri xazebis ganmeorebadi struqtura
arqiteqturis vertikaluri da horizonta-
luri xazebis mimarT kontrasts qmnis. es
foto erTgvarad gamoxatavs cxovrebis im
ruraluri wesis mimarT nostalgiur grZno-
2-10 • aleqsandr gardneri.
meamboxe snaiperis saxli:
geTisburgis brZolis veli,
1863; albuminuri beWdva, 18X23 sm.
kongresis biblioTeka, vaSingtoni
70 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
bebs, romlebic industriul inglisSi am
dros ukve swrafad qreboda.
1851 wels britanelma moqandakem da
fotografma skoT arCerma adreul etapze
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula fotogra-
fiis ganviTarebaSi. arCerma aRmoaCina,
rom vercxlis nitrati myarad ekvroda
SuSis zedapirs Tuki mas kolodiums (eTe-
ris, alkoholisa da piroqsilinis nazavi,
romelsac medicinaSi gadaxvevebisTvis
iyenebdnen) Seurevdi. kolodiumisa da
vercxlis nitratis am nazavs gasaSrobad
da, amis Sedegad, SuSaze gamosaxulebis
aRsabeWdad sul ramdenime wami Wirde-
boda; Sedegad miiReboda SuSis negativi,
saidanac didi tonaluri sizustis mqone
SeuzRudavi raodenobis anabeWdebis mi-
Reba iyo SesaZlebeli.
es axlad aRmoCenili teqnologia ame-
rikelma fotografebma 1861-1865 wlebis
samoqalaqo omis fotografiuli do-
kumentirebisas gamoiyenes. aleqsandr
gardneri (Alexander Gardner, 1821-1882) sa-
moqalaqo konfliqtis dasawyisidanve,
asistent TimoTi o’salivanTan (Timothy O’Sullivan, 1840-1882)
erTad, meTiu bredis (Matthew Brady, 1822-1896) fotografad
muSaobda. mis mier gadaRebuli omis fotoebi farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli. meamboxe snaiperis saxli (sur. 2-10) gadaRebu-
li iyo geTisburgis brZolis Semdeg, 1863 wlis ivlisSi.
teqnikuri siZneleebi angariSgasawevi iyo. sveli firfitis
teqnologia, minaze sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare qimiuri ni-
vTierebebis dasafiqsireblad, damatebiT, minis firfitis
(romelzec negativi aRibeWdeboda), SemaerTebeli masaliT
dafarvas saWiroebda. firfitis gaSrobis SemTxvevaSi fo-
tos gadaReba veRar moxerxdeboda. Tanac, Tuki firfitas
 |
teqnika fotografiuli procesi
kamera Tavisi arsiT sinaTlis gaumtari yuTia masSi datanebuli xvre-
liT. am xvrels diafragma hqvia da misi zoma, rogorc wesi, regulire-
badia _ is firze dacemuli sinaTlis raodenobas aregulirebs. diaf-
ragma dafarulia optikuri miniT, romelsac gamosaxuleba fokusSi
mohyavs. mas aqvs Camketic, gadmoSverili safari, romelic drois
gansazRvruli periodiT ixsneba (rogorc wesi es wamis mcire nawilia)
im xangrZlivobis gasakontroleblad, romlis ganmavlobaSic firma
sinaTlis eqspozicia unda ganicados. xedmZebniTa da patara, amrekla-
vi linziT aRWurvili Tanamedrove kamerebi, sazogadod, Tvalis
gaswvriv, Cveni xedvis wertilis doneze gviWiravs da, amdenad, foto-
muSavebul sinaTle-mgrZnobiare qaRaldze. am qaRaldisken mimarTu-
li sinaTle, negativis gavliT, masze pozitiur gamosaxulebas qmnis.
erTi negativisgan mravali pozitivis dabeWdvaa SesaZlebeli.
dRes am qimiur process cifruli fotografia Caenacvla, ro-
melic gamosaxulebas cifruli informaciis failebis saxiT iwers,
rac misi kompiuterSi, da ara bnel oTaxSi, damuSavebis saSualebas
iZleva. axali fotografiuli mediumis SesaZleblobebi farTod
gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove artistebis mier.
xedmZebni

grafs gadaRebisas imave gamosaxulebis danaxvis SesaZlebloba aqvs

diafragma
virtualurad, rac Semdgom firze aRibeWdeba.
Tanamedrove Sav-TeTr qimiur fotografiaSi vercxlis hali- linza

dis kristalebi (vercxli kombinirebuli iodTan, qlorTan an sxva

halogenebTan) Jelatinis bazasTanaa Sereuli, rac firis damfarav
emulsias qmnis. adreul fotografiaSi, sinTeturi plastikis gamo-
gonebamde, minis firfita sxvadasxva emulsiebiT ifareboda. roca
Camketi Riaa, sagnebidan areklili sinaTle kameraSi aRwevs, ecema
firs da masze eqspozicias axdens. Ria feris sagnebi muq sagnebze met
firi
sinaTles aireklaven. vercxli emulsiaSi ufro mWidrod im adgi-
lebs ikrebs, romlidanac sinaTlis yvelaze meti eqspozicia xdeba da
firze `negatiur~ gamosaxulebas warmoqnis. Semdeg, rodesac firi
qimiur abazanaSi moTavsdeba (mJRavndeba), vercxlis depozitebi
Savdeba, TiTqos laqebad iSleba. rac met sinaTles iRebs firi, Savi
Camketi
tonic miT ufro mkvrivdeba. negativisgan pozitiuri gamosaxuleba
bnel oTaxSi miiReba: negativi, firis msgavsad, Tavsdeba winaswar da- fokusis damaregulirebeli

mtveri moxvdeboda, gamosaxuleba nadgurdeboda. eqsponi-

rebis xangrZlivi drois saWiroeba SeuZlebels xdida sab-
rZolo moqmedebebis fotografirebas, ris gamoc adreuli
omis amsaxveli yvela foto banakebSi an brZolebis Semde-
gaa gadaRebuli. o’salivanis foto, rogorc Cans, misive
saTvalTvalo punqtSi moklul meamboxe snaipers asaxavs;
magram brZolis velis SuagulSi mdebare am kldovan war-
monaqmns snaiperisTvis saWiro arc simaRle da arc saTana-
do pozicia aqvs. sinamdvileSi, gardacvlili, da iaraRic,
gadasaRebad Tavad fotografebma miitanes am adgilas.
faqtia, rom fotoze asaxuli scena dadgmulia, rac mra-
val kiTxvas badebs vizualuri faqtis realurobis Sesaxeb.
ferweris msgavsad, fotografiac suraTs qmnis, magram is
im tipis sinamdvilis gadmocemis molodins gviCens, romel-
sac ferwerisgan arc veliT.
sainteresoa, rom am fotografiul manipulaciebs XIX sau-
kunis Semfaseblebi srulebiT ar Seuwuxebia, radgan maT kar-
gad esmodaT, rom maSindeli fotografia, garkveuli xerxe-
bis gamouyeneblad ver SeZlebda xiluli samyaros asaxvas.
adreuli fotografiis erT-erTi yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi
figura julia margareT qemeronia (Julia Margaret Cameron, 1815-
1879), romelmac pirveli kamera 49 wlis asakSi Tavisi qaliS-
vilebisgan saCuqrad miiRo. misi mTavari gmirebi britanuli
xelovnebis, mwerlobisa da mecnierebis cnobili warmomad-
genlebi iyvnen. bevr maTganTan qemeroni Tavad megobrobda.
fotografiis mimarT qemeronis midgoma eqsperimentuli da
radikaluri iyo. sxva misi fotoportretebis msgavsad, cno-
2-11 • julia margareT qemeroni. Tomas qarlailis portreti,
bili britaneli istorikosis, Tomas qarlailis portretSic
1867; vercxliT beWdva, 25.4X20.3 sm. samefo fotografiuli
ganzrax darRveulia fokusi (sur. 2-11). qemeronma Segnebulad sazogadoeba, fotografiis, kinosa da televiziis nacionaluri
ukuagdo komerciuli portretuli fotografiis mkveTri muzeumis koleqcia, inglisi

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 71
fokusi, rac, misi azriT, ufro metad sagnisa Tu adamia-
nis fizikur, garegnul mxares usvamda xazs da, misi azriT,
ugulvebelyofda subieqtis xasiaTsa Tu Sinagan mdgomareo-
bas. detalebis gabundovnebiT mas yuradReba gadahqonda
misi modelebis sinaTliT rbilad modelirebul saxeebze
aRbeWdil Cafiqrebul gamometyvelebaze. avtobiografiaSi
qemeroni aRniSnavs: `rodesac Cemi kameris win aseTi adamia-
nebi idgnen, mTeli Cemi arsebiT vcdilobdi, rom aRmesrule-
bina Cemi vali maT winaSe, erTgulad aRmenusxa rogorc maTi
Sinagani sidiade, ise garegnuli niSnebi.~
realizmi da avangardi
zogierTma frangma xelovanma sakuTari Tavi avangardis
(`frontis xazs~ an `mowinave razms~ niSnavs) warmomadgenlad
moiazra, rac akademiuri swavlebis simkacresa da, saerTod,
akademizmze sapasuxo reaqcia iyo. termini avangardi (avant-gar-
de) napoleonis mmarTvelobis dros gaCnda da Semtevi armiis
wina xazis im SenaerTs aRniSnavda, romelic dasazverad sab-
rZolo teritoriaze pirveli Sedioda. amdenad, avangardis
xelovanebi, Tavisi SemoqmedebiT, mzardi burJuaziuli sazo-
gadoebis mewinaveebad Tvlidnen Tavs. xelovnebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT es termini pirvelad utopiuri socializmis frangma
warmomadgenlebma gamoiyenes Tavis politikur programaSi
daaxloebiT 1825 wels. anri de sen simoni (Henri de Saint-Simon,
1760-1825) aRniSnavda, rom Tanamedrove industriuli sazoga-
doebis idealur saxelmwifod gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro iyo in-
teleqtualebis, mecnierebisa da xelovanebis Tavmoyra, avan-
gardis Seqmna, romelic safrangeTs momavlisken gauZRveboda.
arqiteqtorma eJen viole le diukma es termini parizeli
xelovanebis mimarT 1830 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, 1831 wels
gamoiyena. viole le diuki agresiulad upirispirdeboda ar-
qiteqturis swavlebis frangul akademistur sistemas. avan-
gardis miseuli koncefcia, radikalurad ganwyobili moaz-
72 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
rovneebis, xelovanebisa da arqiteqtorebis mcirericxovan
damoukidebel elitas axali azrovnebis, ideebis, samyarosa
da xelovnebis axali xedvis damkvidrebis mizniT mouwodeb-
da, kavSiri gaewyvita natifi xelovnebis akademiasTan da sa-
zogadoebriv normebTan. igi winaswar xvdeboda, rom amgvari
cxovreba Seiwiravda xelovanebis reputacias da Seamcirebda
gayiduli namuSevrebis raodenobas. avangardis xelovanTa
umetesoba arc iseTi eqstremaluri da radikaluri iyo, ro-
gorc viole le diuki da, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, arc natifi
xelovnebis akademiasa da avangards Soris urTierToba iyo
erTmniSvnelovani. miuxedavad amisa, es idea aitaces im xe-
lovanebma, romlebmac Semdgom epoqis xasiaTi gansazRvres.
realizmi da revolucia
XIX saukunis Suaxanebis parizis ZaladobiTa da socialu-
ri mRelvarebiT, Warbi mosaxleobiTa da siRaribiT aRsavse
samyaroSi, akademizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli grandiozuli,
ganyenebuli Temebi sruliad miuRebeli iyo im moazrovne-
TaTvis, romlebic mogvianebiT avangardis warmomadgenlebi
gaxdnen. sakvebze fasebis matebam, gazrdilma umuSevrobam,
politikurma uuflebobam da mTavrobis umoqmedobam 1848
wlis revoluciis saxeliT cnobili saxalxo ajanyeba ga-
moiwvia, romelsac socialistebis, anarqistebisa da muSebis
koalicia xelmZRvanelobda. revoluciis Sedegad, ivlisis
bolos monarqia daemxo da safrangeTSi meore respublika
(1848-1852) damyarda. magram reformatorebs Soris konfli-
qtma ajanyebis meore talRa gamoiwvia, romlis drosac axali
xelisuflebis Zalebis mier 10 000-ze meti Raribi muSa iyo
mokluli da daWrili. am socialur da politikur fonze
emil zolas, Carlz diqensis, onore de balzakis da sxvebis
romanebis saxiT, romlebSic avtorebi qalaqis dabali fe-
nis cxovrebas aRwerdnen, realizmis saxelwodebiT cnobili
axali inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba warmoiSva. imas, rasac
xelovnebis istorikosebi realizmad Tvlian, stili nakle-
bad SeiZleba ewodos. es ufro Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi sa-
2-12 • gustav kurbe.
qvis mtexvelni,
1849; tilo, zeTi, 1.6X2.59 m.
uwindeli `gemaldgaleri~,
drezdeni. ganadgurebuli
meore msoflio omis dros
myaros, cxovrebis sisastikis gulwrfelad asaxvis, sinamd-
vilisTvis Tvalis gasworebis survili da valdebuleba iyo.
kurbe gustav kurbe (Gustave Courbet, 1819-1877) erT-erTi
pirveli xelovanTagani iyo, vinc sakuTar Tavs `avangardis-
ti~ an `realisti~ uwoda. mousvenari da xmauriani kurbe,
rogorc Tavad ambobda, `ara mxolod socialisti, aramed
demokrati da respublikelic iyo _ erTi sityviT, revolu-
ciis mxardamWeri~. Sveicariis sazRvris siaxloves, fran-
gul qalaq ornanSi dabadebuli da aRzrdili, igi pariz-
Si 1839 wels gadadis. 1848 wlis parizis quCis brZolebma
mxatvris radikaluri ganwyobileba gansazRvra da misi ori
didi ferweruli tilos Seqmnas misca biZgi. kurbes es su-
raTebi realizmis nimuSebad iqna aRiarebuli.
1849 wels man pirvelad qvis mtexvelni (sur. 2-12) Seqmna.
TiTqmis 2 metris simaRlisa da 3 metris siganis tilo um-
dables, katorRul Sromas asaxavs; aq warmodgenilni arian
axalgazrda da xnieri mamakacebi, romlebic qvis lodebs
xreSis dasamzadeblad amtvreven. am uuflebo adamianebis
Sromis fasad iqmneba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis keTild-
Reoba. axalgazrda mamakaci qvebiT datvirTul kalaTas
mTeli ZaliT ezideba. mas daxeuli perangi da Sarvali, ase-
ve, Tanamedrove fexsacmeli acvia. Sromisgan qancgaclili
xnieri kaci ki Camuxluli amtvrevs lods. mas glexis tan-
sacmeli mosavs, tradiciuli xis sabos CaTvliT. biWi dau-
ndobel, sastik momavals ganasaxierebs, kaci ki yavlgasul
ruralur warsuls. orive ucnobi usaxelo muSaa. Tavad
kurbe aRwers, Tu ram STaagona mas am scenis asaxva:
`mezieris axlos (ornanis midamoebSi) me SevCerdi, rom
davkvirvebodi or mamakacs, romlebic qvebs amtvrevdnen
Saragzaze. iSviaTad Tu Sexvdebi siRaribis aseT aSkara
gamoxatulebas, ase rom, idea suraTisTvis adgilzeve
momivida. me SevuTanxmdi maT meore dRes Cems studiaSi
Sexvedraze... erTi mxriv, xnieri mamakaci, samocdaa-
Tis... meore mxriv, axalgazrda ymawvili... Tavis WuWyian,
daZonZil perangSi... eeh! amgvari Sromisas adamianis
cxovreba ase iwyeba da aseve mTavrdeba.~
ori ram aris cxadi am aRweridan: kurbes, rogorc Cans,
politikuri ganacxadis gakeTeba hqonda ganzraxuli da
studiaSi man es mamakacebi imisTvis miiwvia, rom, akademiu-
ri praqtikis mixedviT, maTze guldasmiT dakvirvebis Sesa-
Zlebloba hqonoda.
didi zomis masStabur tiloze ubralo mSromeli ada-
mianebis aRbeWdviT (tilos zomebi 1.6X2.59 metria) kurbe
provokacias mimarTavs. amgvari zomis tilo akademizmis
xelovnebaSi heroikuli TemebisTvis gamoiyeneboda. kurbem
ki am namuSevriT ganacxada, rom sazogadoeba Ratak mSrome-
lebs iseTive mowiwebiT unda epyrobodes, rogorc gmirebs.
mxatvarma uari Tqva akademizmis daxvewil stilze, aseve,
am stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel amaRlebul Temaze da uxeSi
farTo monasmebiT, muqi ferebiT, uCveulo kompoziciiTa
da adamianTa uxeSi, mouqneli pozebiT tiloze Tanamedro-
ve cxovrebis simZime da sisastike aRbeWda. scena aq asaxul
adamianTa umZimes damamcirebel mdgomareobas realurad
asaxavs. 1865 wels kurbes megobarma, anarqistma filoso-
fosma pier Jozef prudonma (Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, 1809-1865)

2-13 • gustav kurbe. dasaflaveba ornanSi, 1849; tilo, zeTi, 3.1X6.6 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi

dasaflaveba ornanSi STagonebuli iyo 1848 wels mxatvris dedis babuis, 1789 wlis revoluciis veteranis, Jan antuan odos
dakrZalviT. Tumca, suraTi konkretulad am pirovnebis dakrZalvas ar asaxavs, ramdenadac Tavad odo, suraTis ukidures
marcxena mxares profilSia warmodgenili. misi gamosaxuleba kurbem adreuli portretidan gadmoiRo. gaxsnili saflavidan
marjvniv XVIII saukunis samosSi (da ara Tanamedrove samosSi) gamowyobili ori mamakacia gamosaxuli. isini odos Taobis
revolucionerebi arian. saflavTan maTi axlos dgoma mianiSnebs, rom isini TanamebrZolis dakrZalvas eswrebian. kurbes
suraTi, SesaZlebelia, safrangeTSi demokratiis gamarjvebisTvis momxdar 1789 da 1848 wlebis revoluciebs ukavSirdebodes.

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 73
qvis mtexvelni pirvel socialistur suraTad miiCnia, ro-
gorc `Cveni industriuli civilizaciis ironia, romelic
gauTaveblad igonebs Sromis mwarmoebel yvelanair manqa-
nebs.... da mainc ar SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos adamiani yvela-
ze mZime Sromisagan~. Tavad kurbe am namuSevars usamarT-
lobis gamoxatulebad Tvlida.
daasrula Tu ara kurbem qvis mtexvelni, man axali didi
tilos xatva daiwyo. es iyo dasaflaveba ornanSi (sur. 2-13), ro-
melic, qvis mtexvelebTan erTad, 1850-1851 wlebis salonSi
gamofina. es uzarmazari suraTi (daaxloebiT 3X6,5 m) dak-
rZalvis scenas, faqtiurad, naturaluri zomiT warmogvid-
gens. horizontalur rigebad ganlagebuli xalxis masa su-
raTis mTel siganezea gaSlili. centrSi gaTxrili samaris
win muxlebze mdgar mesaflaves vxedavT. Txrilis Tavsa da
boloSi ZaRli da ori biWia gamosaxuli. marcxena mxares
warmodgenili wiTel samosSi gamowyobili samRvdelo pirebi
gulgrilni da erTgvarad gaRizianebulnic ki Canan. marjv-
niv Sejgufuli soflis Saosani motirlebi mwuxarebas sxva-
dasxvagvarad gamoxataven. suraTi iseTi masStaburia, rogo-
ric swored rom gmiris dakrZalvas Seefereba, magram kurbes
namuSevarSi aRaraferia darCenili tradiciuli istoriuli
2-14 • Jan fransua mile. TavTavis Semgroveblebi, 1857; tilo, zeTi, 83.8X111.8 sm. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
74 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
mxatvrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli idealizaciisgan. piriqiT,
mxatvari aq avlens dasaflavebis realuri ritualis mTel
formalobas, adamianTa gulgrilobasa da sicives. suraTi
salonSi gamofenisTanave agresiuli kritikis obieqti gax-
da; kritikosebs ar moewonaT, rom kurbem dasaflavebis erTi
Cveulebrivi soflis scena istoriuli mxatvrobis masStabam-
de ayvana, akademiuri kompoziciis wesebisadmi upativcemulo-
ba gamoiCina, ugulvebelyo isini da sikvdilis Semdeg sicocx-
lis gagrZelebaze suraTSi erTi miniSnebac ki ar gaakeTa.
kurbem icoda, rom mis namuSevars mkacrad gaakritikebdnen,
magram tilo salonSi mainc waradgina. igi gamiznulad dau-
pirispirda akademiuri ferweris winaswar gaweril Temebs,
stilsa da xerxebs, raTa daemkvidrebina Tavisi avangarduli
pozicia da namuSevrebis irgvliv debatebi gamoewvia. 1854
wlis salonis daxurvis Semdeg, rodesac misi namuSevrebi
1855 wlis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze ar waradgines, kurbem,
bazrobis xelovnebis pavilionis maxloblad naqiraveb miwis
nakveTze agebul droebiT SenobaSi Tavisi namuSevrebis Cve-
neba gamarTa. gamofenas man `realizmis pavilioni~ uwoda da
amiT mkafiod gaacxada salonisgan Tavisi damoukidebloba.
misi es qmedeba SemdgomSi sxva xelovanebmac gaimeores.
2-15 • Jan batist kamil koro. pirveli foTlebi mantis maxloblad,
daaxl. 1855; tilo, zeTi. 34X46 sm. karnegis xelovnebis muzeumi, piTsburgi, pensilvania
mile politikuri radikalizmis Sesaxeb msgavsi pretenziebi
Jan fransua miles (Jean-François Millet, 1814-1875) mimarTac gaismo-
da, Tumca Tavad mile, amas uaryofda. mile sofelSi gaizarda,
1837-1848 wlebSi parizSi cxovrobda da muSaobda, Tumca urba-
nul garemoSi igi arasodes grZnobda Tavs komfortulad. 1848
wlis revoluciaSi monawileobisTvis igi saxelmwifo stipen-
diiT daajildoves da aman miles saSualeba misca parizis samx-
reTiT mdebare daba barbizonSi dasaxlebuliyo. aq mxatvarma
Tavisi namuSevrebis mTavar Temad soflis Ratak macxovrebel-
Ta sirTuleebiTa Tu siamovnebiT aRsavse cxovreba airCia.
miles yvelaze cnobil namuSevrebs Sorisaa TavTavis Sem-
groveblebi (sur. 2-14). suraTi gamosaxavs sam qals, romlebic
mosavlis aRebis Semdeg miwaze darCenil xorbals agroveben.
suraTi Tbili, mSvidi feradovnebiT xasiaTdeba, masze war-
modgrnili scena ki ukidures siRaribes asaxavs. mkis Semdeg
darCenili TavTavebis Segrovebis ufleba miwis mflobele-
bisgan, soflis RaribebisTvis didi SeRavaTi da daxmareba
iyo, magram, amave dros, umZimes Sromas gulisxmobda: erTi
puris gamosacxobad samyofi xorblis Segrovebas saaTebi
Wirdeboda. welSi moxrili ori qali miwaSi CarCenil Tav-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
Tavebs da marcvlebs eZebs, mesame ki welSi imarTeba, zurgi
rom daasvenos. rodesac milem 1857 wels suraTi gamofina,
kritikosebma misi Sefaruli socialurad kritikuli xasiaTi
aRniSnes da namuSevari `realisturad~ Seafases.
koro Jan batist kamil koros (Camille Corot, 1796-1875) so-
flis cxovrebis amsaxveli ferweruli namuSevrebi gansxva-
vebul, ufro romantikul da naklebad politikur midgo-
mas avlens. karieris adreul periodSi Seqmnili istoriuli
landSaftebis Semdeg, koro ruraruli safrangeTis ufro
intimuri da `naturalisturi~ scenebis Sesrulebas arCevs.
misi suraTi pirveli foTlebi mantis maxloblad (sur. 2-15) ad-
reuli gazafxulis nislCamowolili tyis xeds asaxavs. ko-
ros msubuqi ferweruli monamebiT Sesrulebuli axladga-
mosuli foTlebi da amowverili balaxi, mwvane buCqnarTan
erTad, romlebic xeebis tanisa da varjebis vertikalur,
gaxevebul formebs upirispirdeba, gazafxulis naTeli dRis
lirikul ganwyobilebas qmnis. gzaze, romelic tilos ukana
planze miiklakneba, qali da kaci sasaubrod SeCerebulan.
suraTis qveda marjvena mxares ki tyeSi qali muSaobs. koro
Tavi II. 75
2-16 • roza boneri. cxenebis bazroba, 1853-1855; tilo, zeTi 2.45X5.07 m. metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki
waikiTxeT roza boneris Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
TiTqos suraTis sivrceSi gviwvevs sufTa, gamWvirvale ha-
eris SesagrZnobad. soflis mSvidobiani cxovrebis amsaxve-
li es suraTebi mimzidveli aRmoCnda 1848 wlis revoluciis
qaosis Semdeg mzard, xalxmraval da xmaurian metropolisSi
macxovrebeli parizelebisTvis.
boneri roza boneri (Rosa Bonheur, 1822-1899) erT-erTi yve-
laze popularuli mxatvari iyo maT Soris, vinc soflis
yofas asaxavda. boneris warmatebis, rac maSin mamakacTa
upiratesobas warmoadgenda, erT-erTi mTavari mizezi misi
mSoblebis socialisturi Sexedulebebi iyo. isini radi-
kaluri utopiuri seqtis wevrebi iyvnen, romelic grafma
sen-simonma (1760-1825) daaarsa da romlebsac ara mxolod
qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis, aramed momavali qali mesii-
sac ki swamdaT. boneris mama xatvis maswavlebeli iyo da
roza pirvel gakveTilebs swored misgan iRebda.
boneri Tavis suraTebze asaxavda Sinaur cxovelebs, rom­
lebic fermeruli cxovrebis teqnologiuri da industriu-
li ganviTarebis Sedegad TandaTanobiT kargavdnen funqcias.
Tavis obieqtebs mxatvari intensiurad swavlobda, kiTxulob-
da wignebs zoologiis Sesaxeb, qmnida pirutyvTa sadgomebisa
da sasaklaoebis detalur etiudebs. imisTvis, rom boneri im
teritoriaze moxvedriliyo, sadac mxolod mamakacebi saq-
mianobdnen, mas policiisgan kacis tansacmlis tarebis nebar-
Tvis aReba mouwia. profesiulma warmatebebma boners 1848
wlis salonSi monawileobis saSualeba misca. salonSi man rva
suraTi gamofina da pirveli xarisxis medalic moipova.
suraTi cxenebis bazroba (sur. 2-16), romelic 1853 welsaa
Sesrulebuli, salpetrieris maxloblad arsebuli cxenebis
bazars aRwers, magram is londonSi daculi parTenonis re-
liefebiTa da Jerikos mxatvrobiTaa STagonebuli. suraTi
76 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
mejinibeebis mier didebuli perSeronis cxenebis gamofenaze
wardgenis scenas asaxavs. zogi cxeni wreze damyolad dadis,
zogi ki, jer kidev gauxednavi, yalyzea Semdgari. zogier-
Ti mecnieris interpretaciiT, cxenebis bazroba 1850-ian
wlebSi qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda. magram
im droisTvis suraTi am TvalsazrisiT aRqmuli ar yofi-
la. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sinauri cxovelebis Temaze Seqmni-
li namuSevrisTvis uCveulod monumenturma suraTma, 1848
wlis salonze umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura. mogvianebiT,
suraTma mTel britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi moipova
popularoba. suraTis sanaxavad sazogadoeba fuls ixdida
da misi anabeWdebi atlantikis okeanis orive mxares farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli. 1889 wels ki kornelius vanderbilTma
is niu iorkis axali metropoliten muzeumisTvis SeiZina.
boneri imdenad cnobili gaxda, rom man 1865 wels safrange-
Tis umaRlesi jildo, sapatio legionis wevroba miiRo da
igi am jildos pirveli mflobeli qali gaxda.
mane: „Tanamedrove cxovrebis amsaxveli mxatvari“
avangardis koncefciasTan erTad, safrangeTis im periodis
xelovnebis formireba `modernulobis~ ideamac gansazRvra.
modernuloba, romelic mudmiv cvlilebebsa da ganaxle-
bas gulisxmobda, mWidro kavSirSi iyo Tanamedrove qalaqis
cxovrebis dinamikasTan. industrializebul samyaroSi Camo-
yalibebuli Tanamedrove qalaqebis yofasTan Tu adamianTa
politikur aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli Temebi is gasaRebia,
romlis meSveobiTac Cven XIX s-is meore naxevris franguli
mxatvrobisa da literaturis gagebas SevZlebT.
1863 wels poeti Sarl bodleri Tavis esseSi `Tanamedrove
cxovrebis amsaxveli mxatvari~ werda: imisaTvis, rom xelo-
vanma Tavisi droisa da sivrcis Sesaxeb isaubros, misi namu-
2-17 • eduard mane. sauzme balaxze,
1863; tilo, zeTi, 2.13X2.64 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
Sevari TanamedroveobiT unda iyos STagonebuli. igi xelo-
vanebs mouwodebda, Tanamedrove maneriT `aesaxaT cxovrebis
warmavloba da masSi gaelvebuli maradisoba.~ amisaTvis ki
gamoeyenebinaT Tanamedrove urbanuli Temebi da vizualuri
samyaros xedvisa da misi aRweris mimarT axali midgoma See-
muSavebinaT. warsulTan kavSiris gawyveta gadamwyveti iyo
awmyos Sesacnobad da mis asasaxad. gansakuTrebiT foto-
grafiis gamogonebis Semdeg moelodnen mxatvrobisagan rea-
lobis asaxvis axali meTodebis SemuSavebas. erT-erTi, vinc
bodleris am gamowvevas upasuxa, frangi mxatvari eduard
mane (Édouard Manet, 1832-1883) iyo.
sauzme balaxze XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi natifi xelovne-
bis akademiam salonis kari sul meti mxatvrisTvis gaxsna, ra-
sac gamofenisTvis wardgenili da, Sesabamisad, salonis Jiu-
ris mier uaryofili namuSevrebis ricxvis zrda moyva. 1863
wels Jiurim 3 000-mde namuSevari daiwuna, ramac mxatvarTa
protesti gamoiwvia. mRelvarebis pasuxad, napoleon III-s ga-
dawyvetilebiT, dawunebuli namuSevrebis gamosafenad cal-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
ke saloni moewyo, romelic `uaryofilTa salonis~ (Salon des
Refusés) saxeliT gaxda cnobili. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo
manes namuSevaric sauzme balaxze (sur. 2-17). mane aristokra-
tiuli parizuli ojaxidan iyo; 1850-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
man ganaTleba damoukidebel mxatvarTan, Toma kutiurTan
(Thomas Couture, 1815-1879) miiRo, 1860-iani wlebis dasawyisis-
Tvis ki igi ukve realizmis mimdevari da modernulobis ga-
nuxreli damcveli gaxda, rac, didwilad, poet bodlerTan
megobrobamac ganapiroba. manes suraTma sauzme balaxze So-
kismomgvrelad da gamaogneblad imoqmeda Tanamedrove mayu-
reblze, Tavad napoleon III-zec da sazogadoebaSi skandaluri
reaqcia gamoiwvia. ironiaa, magram am skandalma garkveulwi-
lad ganapiroba manes Semdgomi warmateba da xeli Seuwyo mas
radikalurad ganwyobili da Tanamedrove avangardisti mxat-
vris saxelis damkvidrebasa da karieris SeqmnaSi.
manes namuSevris yvelaze skandalur mxared misi suraTis
Temis `amoraluroba~ CaiTvala: qalaqis gareubanSi, bunebis
wiaRSi gamarTuli pikniki, romelic SiSveli qalis gverdiT
msxdom or Cacmul burJuasa da maT ukan, siRrmeSi naxevrad-
Tavi II. 77
 |
xelovneba da misi konteqsti xelovnebis masobrivad gavrceleba
iseve, rogorc dRes Tanamedrove xelovanebi cdiloben gaavrcelon
sakuTari namuSevrebi reproduqciebis saxiT, XVIII saukunis mxat-
vrebic, Tavisi suraTebis farTod gasavrceleblad, graviuras an
oforts mimarTavdnen.
gravirebis ostatebi, Cveulebriv, priziT dajildoebuli an
debatebis sagnad qceuli xelovnebis nimuSebis anabeWdebs qmnidnen,
romlebic Semdgom wignebis maRaziebsa da kioskebSi iyideboda. jozef
malord uiliam Terners Tavisi namuSevrebis daxvewili tonaluri
gradaciebis aRsabeWdad graviorTa jgufi yavda daqiravebuli. gravi-
rebuli spilenZis firfitidan daaxloebiT 100 anabeWdis miReba iyo
SesaZlebeli. beWdvis procesi manamde grZeldeboda, sanam firfitis
mravaljeradad gamoyenebis Sedegad qaRaldze gadatanili gamosa-
xulebis xarisxi ar daiklebda. XIX saukunis bolosTvis mxatvrebi
SiSvel meore qals asaxavs. manes suraTis gamo Seuracxyo-
filma mnaxvelebma daaskvnes, rom es msubuqi yofaqcevis
qalebi iyvnen, xolo mamakacebi _ maTi klientebi. aranakleb
Sokismomgvreli iyo maTTvis warsulis xelovnebis im mniS-
vnelovan nawarmoebebze miniSneba, romlebsac natifi xe-
lovnebis akademiis mxatvrebi, rogorc wesi, nimuSebad iye-
nebdnen. manem ki, aq, nacnobi motivi tlanq, Seulamazebel
Tanamedroveobas daukavSira. manes suraTisgan gansxvave-
biT, erT-erTi namuSevari, romelmac im wlis oficialur
salonze aRiareba moipova, aleqsandr kabanelis veneras
2-18 • eduard mane. olimpia, 1863; tilo, zeTi, 1.31X1.91 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
78 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
sabeWdad sul ufro xSirad iyenebdnen foladze, an xeze gravirebis
teqnikas da liTografias. am ufro gamZle masalis gamoyenebis Sede-
gad 10 000-mde maRali xarisxis amonabeWdis damzadeba iyo SesaZlebe-
li, Tumca, am raodenobiT aslebis dabeWdvis saWiroeba sul ramdenime
mxatvars Tu qonda.
aleqsandr kabaneli saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gamWriaxi, komer-
ciuli alRos mqone mxatvari iyo. napoleon III-is mier veneras dabade-
bis (sur. 2_4) Sesyidvis Semdeg, mxatvarma namuSevris reproducirebis
uflebebi xelovnebis dilers, adolf gupils mihyida, romelmac,
Tavis mxriv, daqiravebul mxatvrebs namuSevris ori, mcire zomis as-
lis Sesruleba daukveTa. mas Semdeg, rac kabanelma aslebi moiwona da
maT xeli moawera, dilerma isini graviurebisTvis nimuSad gamoiyena
da anabeWdebis saxiT gaamravla, Tavad aslebi ki gaiyida.
dabadeba iyo (ix. sur. 2-4). figuris siSiSvle kabanelis namu-
SevarSi sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi formiT _ klasikur ga-
remosa da miTologiur konteqstSi iyo warmodgenili; amis
gamo, kabanelis suraTi keTilganwyobiT iqna miRebuli da is
maleve napoleon III-s koleqciaSi moxvda.
aSkaraa, rom manem sauzme balaxze luvrSi daculi re-
nesansis veneciuri skolis tilos, soflis koncertis Ta-
namedrove versiad Caifiqra. suraTi adre jorjones miewe-
reboda, magram axla, savaraudod, erToblivad, ticiansa da
jorjones, an, ufro, mxolod ticians miekuTvneba. manes
2-19 • eduard mane. bari foli-berJerSi, 1881-1882; tilo, zeTi. 95.9X130 sm. semuel kurtos trasti, kurtos galerea,
londoni (p.1934.SC.234)

ixileT axlo xediT bari foli berJerSi veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

kompozicia markantonio raimondis mier rafaelis parisis
samsjavros mixedviT Sesrulebul graviurasac exmianeba,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, mdinaris RvTaebebisa da nimfebis amsa-
xveli klasikuri reliefebis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili. ro-
gorc unda iyos, mxatvris Sesrulebis Tanamedrove stilTan
Serwymuli scenis Tanamedrove interpretacia mizanmimarTu-
lad provokaciuli iyo. klasikur xelovnebaze mimaniSnebeli
formiT warmodgenili Tanamedrove cxovrebis Crdilovani
mxare mxolod manes subversiulobas aaSkaravebda. mkveTrad
ganaTebuli niu, civi ferebi, figuraTa sibrtyobrioba da si-
lueturoba, ris gamoc ferwerul fonze warmodgenili figu-
rebi aplikaciur xasiaTs iZendnen, sazogadoebis SeSfoTebas
iwvevda, sazodagoebisa, romelic racionalurad agebul ga-
remoSi moTavsebul, rbili gradaciebiTa da CrdilebiT mo-
delirebul, gluv formebs iyo SeCveuli.
olimpia am skandaluri namuSevris (sauzme balaxze) das-
rulebis Semdeg, manem maleve Seqmna meore suraTi olimpia
(sur. 2-18).
suraTis saTauri diuma umcrosis romanisa da pie-
sis gmirze, amave saxelis mqone cnobil meZavze mianiSnebda.
suraTis sauzme balaxze msgavsad, manes olimpiac STagonebu-
li iyo renesansuli namuSevriT, kerZod ki, ticianis urbi-
nos veneraTi, romlis aslic manem florenciaSi yofnis dros
Seasrula. erTi SexedviT, namuSevari TiTqos pativs miagebda
ticianis siuJets (im droisTvis jer kidev sjerodaT, rom ti-
cianis suraTze venecieli kurtizani qali iyo gamosaxuli) da
kompozicias. magram manem ticianis wamowolili SiSveli figu-
ris sruliad sapirispiro Tanamedrove `oreuli~ Seqmna. ti-
cianis qali momxiblavia, rbili da momrgvalebuli forme­biT,
manes figuras ki kuTxovani da brtyeli formebi aqvs; ticia-
nis ferebi Tbilia da niuansebiT mdidari, manesi ki _ civi da
mkveTri, rogorc fotoze; ticianis venera morcxvad iyu­reba,
manes olimpia ki civi da indiferentulia. Tanac, igi zemodan
qvemoT qedmaRlurad gvicqers da amiT TiTqos Cvens erTgvar
daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas usvams xazs. mnaxveli TiTqos
iseTive mimarTebaSia olimpiasTan, rogorc sawolis ukan md-
gari Savkaniani moaxle, romelic mas Taiguls miarTmevs. Cvens
mimarT olimipias am damokidebulebas kidev ufro amZafrebs
misi katis reaqcia, romelic, ticianis tilo­ ze gamosaxuli
mZinare ZaRlisgan gansxvavebiT, ajagruli dgas. mane, ticia-

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 79
nis sapirispirod, mTlianad `ayiravebs~ SiSveli qalis gamosa-
xvis tradiciul wess. gasakviri araa, rom 1865 wlis salonSi
gamofenil am namuSevars sastiki kritika xvda wilad.
mane Tavis namuSevrebs, Cveulebriv, yovelwliurad wa-
radgenda salonze, magram ramdenjerme miRebuli uaris Sem-
deg, igi 1867 wels iseve moiqca, rogorc kurbe _ 1855-Si. man
Tavisi damoukidebloba salonis mimdebare teritoriaze da-
qiravebul darbazSi gamarTuli sakuTari gamofeniT ganacxa-
da. am nabijma mane progresuli xelovanebisa da mwerlebis
araoficialur liderad aqcia, romlebic parizis monmart-
ris raionSi, kafe `garbuaSi~ ikribebodnen. kafes xSiri stu-
mrebi iyvnen dega, mone, pisaro da renuari, yvela isini, vinc
male impresionistebis saxeliT erTad gamoifinebian da manes
winamZRolobiT akademizmis tradicias daupirispirdebian.
gviani namuSevrebi mane am mxatvrebTan mWidrod Ta-
namSromlobda da xSirad impresionistebis sayvarel Temeb-
sac mimarTavda, Tumca, Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis
amsaxveli scenebisadmi erTgulebas yovelTvis inarCunebda.
Tavis bolo mniSvnelovan namuSevarSi bari foli-berJerSi
(sur. 2-19) igi Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis genderul
da klasobriv urTierTobaTa kompleqsur Temas ubrundeba.
suraTze axalgazrda gogonaa warmodgenili, romelic bar-
Tan dgas da sasmelebs yidis cnobil Ramis klubSi, sadac
cirkis msaxiobebi (akrobatis fexebi suraTis zeda marcxena
kuTxeSi Cans) da musikosebi gamodian da vodevilebi TamaS-
deba. gogonas RaJRaJa saxe da tlanqi daxorklili xelebi
aqvs. kafe-Santanis naTurebiT gakaSkaSebul da sarkeebiT
Seqmnil sivrceSi igi SeboWili da gariyuli Cans. Tavis Ta-
vSi Caketili, depresiulic ki, igi Tvals ar usworebs Tavis
klientebs. qaliSvili suraTze asaxuli scenisgan erTdrou-
lad gancalkevebulic aris da misi nawilicaa, ise, rogorc
gasayidad gamodgmuli liqioris boTlebiT, mandarinebiTa
2-20 • ilia repini. burlakebi (bornis mzidavebi) volgaze,
1870-1873; tilo, zeTi, 1.3X2.81 m. rusuli saxelmwifo muzeumi, sankt-peterburgi
80 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
da yvavilebiT Sedgenili naturmorti suraTis wina planze.
garda amisa, ukan, sarkeSi sakmaod seqsualurad moCans qalis
anarekli, rac, rogorc Cans, imaze mianiSnebs, rom igi araf-
risganaa daculi da sruliad SesaZlebelia, baris romeli­ me
SezarxoSebuli stumris seqsualuri ltolvis sagnad iqces.
gamoxmaureba realizmze safrangeTs miRma
1850 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac sxva qveynebSic urbanizacii-
sa da industrializaciis socialurma Sedegebma iCina Tavi,
sxvadasxva eris xelovanebma realizmis sakuTari formebi
SeimuSaves. marTalia, frang TanamedoveTa msgavsad, isini
sakuTar Tavs `realistebs~ ar uwodebdnen, magram urbanu-
li cxovrebis sirTuleebisa da Rataki mSromelebis sastiki
realobis asaxvis mimarT maTTan saerTo interesi hqondaT.
realizmi ruseTSi: peredviJnikebi batonymobis gada­
var­
dnis Semdeg ruseTSi franguli realizmis Taviseburi
varianti Camoyalibda. 1861 wels mefem batonymoba gaauqma,
gaaTavisufla ra ruseTis glexoba aristokratTa mamulebSi
maTi faqtiurad monuri mdgomareobisgan. ori wlis Semdeg, am
aqtiT STagonebulma mxatvarTa jgufma Tanadgoma gamoucxada
glexobas. es jgufi aseve daupirispirda sankt-peterburgis
samxatvro akademias, romelic rusul xelovnebas 1754 wlidan
akontrolebda. daupirispirdnen ra, maTi warmodgeniT, aka-
demiis realobisgan gaqcevis (eskapistur) esTetikas, jgufis
wevrebma socialurad aqtiur realizms mimarTes. maT saku-
Tar Tavze aiRes xalxTan xelovnebis mitanis valdebuleba
da amisaTvis isini ruseTis provinciebSi awyobdnen e.w. moZ-
rav gamofenebs, ris gamoc am jgufs `peredviJnikebi~ (rusu-
li sityvidan передвигаться, rac gadaadgilebas niSnavs) ewoda.
1870-iani wlebis bolosTvis jgufis wevrebi, musikosebisa da
literatorebis msgavsad, SeuerTdnen nacionalur moZraobas,
raTa uareyoT rusul aristokratiaSi gamjdari evropuli

tradiciebi da warmoeCinaT, Tu ras miiCnevdnen isini rusul
avTentur kulturad, romelic, maTi azriT, saTaves glexobis
tradiciebSi iRebda. ilia repini (Ilya Repin, 1844-1930), rome-
lic jer sankt-peterburgis akademiaSi, Semdeg ki parizSi swa-
vlobda, 1878 wels ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg peredviJnikebs
SeuerTda. man ruseTSi arsebuli socialuri usamarTlobis
amsaxveli namuSevrebis mTeli seria Seqmna, romelTa Sorisaa
burlakebi (bornis mzidavebi) volgaze (sur. 2-20). suraTi Sro-
misagan qancgawyvetili glexebis jgufs asaxavs, romelTac be-
dad mZime Sroma, mdinare volgidan gemebis amoTreva ergoT.
maT mimarT mnaxvelis TanagrZnobis gasaZliereblad repinma
jgufis centrSi sicocxliT savse axalgazrda kaci gamosaxa,
romelic, Tu raime ar Seicvala, sul male TanamoZmeebiviT qan-
cgawyvetili da uRono, dabeCavebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnde-
ba. es namuSevari repinis erTgvari mowodeba iyo qmedebisaken.
realizmi SeerTebul StatebSi: uwyve­ti tradicia
marTalia, sityva `realizmi~, rogorc termini, SeerTebul
StatebSi ar gamoiyeneboda, magram politikuri elferis
mqone realisturi namuSevrebi _ kolonialuri portretiT
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-21 • Tomas iqinsi. grosis klinika,
1975; tilo, zeTi, 2.44X1.98 m. 1870;
filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi,
pensilvania
iqinsi, romelic pensilvaniis saxviTi
xelovnebis akademiaSi anatomiasa da
figuris xatvas aswavlida, TabaSiris
aslebis meSveobiT akademiuri xatvis
swavlebis winaaRmdegi iyo. 1879 wels man
ganacxada: `saukeTeso SemTxvevaSic ki,
es (TabaSiris aslebi) mxolod imitaciaa.
imitaciis imitacia ki verafriT iqneba
iseTive cocxali, rogorc Tavad bunebis
imitacia... berZnebs ar uswavliaT klasikuri
naxati... parTenonis frontonis figurebis
drapireba, udavod, cxovrebidan iyo
aRebuli~.
dawyebuli, samoqalaqo omis amsaxveli novatoruli
(sur. 2-1)
fotografiiT (sur. 2-10) damTavrebuli _ amerikuli xelovnebis
uwyvet tradicias warmoadgenda. amerikul xelovnebaSi ram-
denime saxis realizmi arsebobda. Tomas iqinsi (Thomas Eakins,
1844-1916), magaliTad, ukompromiso namuSevrebis serias qm-
nis, romlis araerTmniSvnelovani Tema kritikis sagani xdeba.
iqinsi filadelfiaSi daibada. samxatvro ganaTleba Tavda-
pirvelad pensilvaniis saxviTi xelovnebis akademiaSi miiRo,
magram mas mere, rac CaTvala, rom akademiaSi anatomias aras-
rulfasovnad aswavlidnen, maxlobel jefersonis samedici-
no kolejSi Seivso es danaklisi. mogvianebiT ki, igi swavlas
parizis natifi xelovnebis akademiaSi agrZelebs, Semdeg ki
eqvsi TviT espaneTSi miemgzavreba, sadac igi barokos mxatv-
rebis _ juzepe de riberasa da diego velaskesis namuSevre-
bis realizms ecnoba. 1870 wels filadelfiaSi dabrunebis
Semdeg iqinsi daxelovnda portretebisa da yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis gulwrfelad amsaxveli namuSevrebis SemqnaSi, ma-
gram am suraTebma sazogadoebis interesi naklebad gamoiw-
via. Tumca, iqinsi gamorCeulad kargi pedagogi iyo da male
pensilvaniis akademiis direqtorad dainiSna kidec.
Tavi II. 81
2-22 • uinslou homeri. sicocxlis xazi, 1844; tilo, zeTi. 73X113.3 sm. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi, jorj v. elqinsis koleqcia

namuSevrisTvis Sesrulebul winaswar gakeTebul CanaxatebSi maSvelis saxec Canda, magram mxatvarma sabolood igi dafara, raTa yuradRebis
koncetrireba msxverplze da suraTis namdvil gmirze, `maSveli sakidelas~ saxelwodebiT cnobil meqanikur samaSvelo aparatze momxdariyo.

grosis klinika (sur. 2-21) iqinsis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRm-
degobrivi namuSevari iyo. is 1876 wels filadelfiis damouki-
deblobis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili gamofenisaTvis sagan-
gebod Seiqmna, magram radgan Jiurim qirurgia xelovnebisTvis
Seuferebel Temad miiCnia, suraTi daiwunes da samecniero da
samedicino wreebSi demonstrirebisTvis gadagzavnes. tilo
asaxavs jefersonis samedicino kolejSi eqim semuel devid
gross saCvenebeli operaciis Catarebisas. suraTze is momen-
tia asaxuli, rodesac qirurgi wyvets leqcias, raTa ukan ga-
mosaxul students da Tavad iqinss, romlis avtoporetic mar-
jvena qveda kuTxeSia mocemuli, Canaweris gakeTebis saSualeba
misces. ukana planze gamosaxul, sisxliani sceniT SeZrwune-
bul qals, romelic, savaraudod, pacientis naTesavia, saxeze
xelebi aufarebia. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi qirurgebs SiSiT
uyurebdnen, gansakuTrebiT ki maT, vinc swavlebis mizniT saC-
venebel operaciebs sajarod akeTebda da, xSirad, Rarib ada-
mianebze qirurgiul eqsperimentebs atarebda; magram iqinsi
eqim gross heroikul personaJad warmoadgens, farTo, naTeli
SubliTa da moelvare skalpeliT sisxlian xelSi. yvelaze me-
tad ganaTebuli suraTSi mainc pacientis sxeulis usicocxlo
nawilebia: TeZo, gava, daserili terfi da, kidev, daglejili
tansacmeli. am suraTis Seqmnisas, iqinsi, rogorc Cans, rem-
brandtis barokuli namuSevriT, eqim tulpis anatomiiT iyo
STagonebuli; garda amisa, amerikeli mxatvris mier suraTze
ganaTebis aqtiurad gamoyeneba, samecniero miRwevebis mimarT
erTgvari pietetis gamoxatulebaa, imis niSania, rom, avto-
ris azriT, gaunaTleblobis, sibnelisa da SiSis fonze Tana-
medrove mecniereba condis, sinaTlisa da progresis wyaroa.
procedura _ fexis amputacia, romelsac suraTi asaxavs, si-
namdvileSi, grosis qirurgiul inovacias warmoadgenda, rom-
lis wyalobiTac pacientis gadarCena moxerxda.
uinslou homeric (Winslow Homer, 1836-1910) cxovrebis
bolo wlebSi Seulamazebel realistur namuSevrebs qmni-
da. igi bostonSi daibada da kariera 21 wlis asakSi daiwyo.
homeri damoukidebel ilustratorad muSaobda iseT popu-
larul periodul gamocemaSi, rogoric iyo harpers viqli
(Harper’s Weekly) da romelsac 1862 wels samoqalaqo omze masa-
lebs awvdida. 1867 wels, safrangeTSi aTTviani yofnis Sem-
deg, igi JurnalebisTvis ruraluri scenebis nostalgiur
xedebs qmnis. Tumca, Semdeg, 1881-1882 wlebSi, CrdiloeTis
zRvis mkacr sanapiroze, meTevzeTa patara sofelSi yofni-
sas, homeri Raribi muSebis yofis asaxviT interesdeba. iqaur
macxovrebelTa mZime cxovrebiTa da mtkice xasiaTiT STa-
gonebulma homerma idiliuri siuJetebi bunebis mZime pi-
robebTan gmiruli brZolis TemiT Secvala. inglisSi masze
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina samaSvelo mowyo-
bilobam, e.w. `maSvelma sakidelam~, romelic zRvaze samaS-
velo operaciebis dros gamoiyeneboda. 1883 wlis zafxulis

82 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
ganmavlobaSi man niu jersis qalaq atlantiq-siTiSi maSvel-
Ta ekipaJis mier am meqanizmiT gadarCenili adamianis Canaxa-
tebi gaakeTa. Semdeg wels man daxata suraTi sicocxlis xazi
(sur. 2-22), romelic sanapiro dacvis mier gemis CaZirvisas sa-
maSvelo mowyobilobis saSualebiT qalis gadarCenis scenas
gadmoscems. suraTi ara mxolod ubralod simamacis, aramed
gamomgoneblobis karg magaliTs warmogvidgens.
2-23 • edmonia luisi. samaradisod Tavisufalni,
1867; marmarilo, 104.8X55X43.2 sm. hovardis universitetis
xelovnebis galerea, vaSingtoni
es qandakeba ara mxolod Tavisuflebis triumfs gadmoscems,
aramed sakmaod frTxilad asaxavs TeTrkanianTa damokidebulebas
qalisadmi da feradkanianebisadmi. luisis qali gacilebiT ufro
morCilia da naklebad avlens protestis grZnobas, vidre mamakaci.
misi mxatvruli saxe ufro TeTrkanian auditoriazea gaTvlili,
radgan igi swored qalurobis Tanamedrove ideals warmoadgens.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-24 • henri osava Taneri. banjoze dakvris gakveTili,
1893; tilo, zeTi, 124.3X90 sm.
hemptonis universitetis muzeumi, virjinia
moqandake edmonia luisi (Edmonia Lewis, 1845-1911) niu
iorkis StatSi daibada. misi deda indielTa tomis _ Cipe-
vas warmoadgeneli iyo, mama ki afro-amerikeli gaxldaT.
gogona 4 wlis asakSi daoblda da dedis mSoblebis ojaxSi
aRizarda. mozardobisas ebolicionistebis (monebis gaTa-
visuflebisTvis mebrZoli, umetesad, TeTrkaniani moqala-
qeebi) daxmarebiT igi oberlinis kolejSi swavlobda, rome-
lic qalebisTvis xarisxis mimniWebeli pirveli koleji iyo
SeerTebul StatebSi. Semdeg igi bostonSi gadavida. luisis
mier Sesrulebul ebolicionisti liderebisa da samoqala-
qo omis gmirebis biustebsa da medalionebs didi warmateba
xvda wilad da 1867 wels edmonia luiss romSi mogzauroba
daufinanses, sadac igi amerikeli emigranti mxatvris, ha-
rieT hosmeris (Harriet Hosmer, 1830-1908) saxelovnebo wreSi
siamovnebiT miiRes. romSi igi Tanamerove problemur Te-
mebze klasicisturi stiliT Sesrulebul namuSevrebs qmnis.
axlad ganTavisuflebuli monebis TanasworobisTvis brZo-
liT STagonebulma luisma abraam linkolnis mier 1863 wels
miRebuli `emansipaciis proklamaciisadmi~ miZRvnili namu-
Sevari Seqmna, romelsac samaradisod Tavisufalni (sur. 2-23)
uwoda. fexze mdgari mamakacis gverdiT warmodgenili daCo-
qili qali madlierebis niSnad loculobs. mamakacs liTo-
nis sferoze, romelic adre misi borkilis nawili iyo, fexi
Tavi II. 83
daudgams da triumfaluri gamarjvebis niSnad damsxvreul-
jaWviani xeli zeviT aRumarTavs. luisma ver gaiTvaliswina
sakuTari finansuri SesaZleblobebi; am namuSevrisTvis mar-
marilos SesaZenad igi iZulebuli gaxda fuli esesxebina.
skulptura luisma romidan bostonSi daabruna im imediT,
rom ebolicionistebis SemowirulobebiT valis dafarvas
SeZlebda. es mcdeloba mxolod nawilobriv aRmoCnda warma-
tebuli, magram memoriuli medalionebis gayidvis Sedegad,
rogorc Cans, luisma valis dafarva mainc moaxerxa.
pensilvaniis xelovnebis akademiaSi iqinsis moswavleebi
xSirad iyvnen xelovnebis skolebidan garicxuli qalebi da
afroamerikelebi. maT Soris yvelaze warmatebuli henri osa-
va Taneri (Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1859-1937) XIX saukunis bolosa
da XX saukunis dasawyisis yvelaze cnobili afroamerikeli
fermweri iyo. afroamerikuli meTodisturi eklesiis episko-
posis Svili, Taneri filadelfiaSi gaizarda. filadelfiis
saxviTi xelovnebis akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg igi foto-
grafad da xatvis maswavleblad muSaobda atlantaSi. 1891
wels igi parizSi gadadis akademiuri codnis gasaRrmaveblad,
sadac misi namuSevrebi xelovnebis kritikosTa keTilganwyo-
bas imsaxurebs. 1890-ian wlebSi Taneris mier safrangeTis
ruraruli xedebis amsaxveli da afroamerikul Temebze Se-
qmnili realisturi suraTebi safrangeTSi aTvisebuli fa-
qizi ferweruli monasmebiTaa Sesrulebuli. iseTi Rrmad
adamianuri mxatvruli saxeebiT, rogorsac vxedavT suraTze
banjoze dakvris gakveTili (sur. 2-24), Taneri sxva mxatvrebis
mier afroamerikelTa yofis karikaturul aRweras upirispir-
deba. moxuci kaci mis muxlebze mjdom biWs banjoze dakvras
aswavlis. maTi seriozuli da gulisxmieri urTierTdamokide-
84 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
bulebis fonze mniSvnelobas kargavs siRatake; banjo suraTSi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan swored es instru-
menti asocirdeba minestrelebis _ momRerali poetebis im
damamcirebel karikaturebTan, romlebic Tanerma TanagrZno-
biTa da keTilSobilebiT savse Janruli sceniT Caanacvla.
1897 wels palestinaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, Taneri religiur
Temebs mimarTavda im rwmeniT, rom bibliuri ambebiT igi ukeT
SeZlebda misi Tanamedrove afroamerikelebis Tavisuflebi-
saTvis brZolis asaxvas da maTi imedebis gadmocemas.
viTareba britaneTSi XIX saukunis Sua xanebisTvis
britaneTic politikuri da socialuri areulobebis win-
aSe aRmoCnda. `mSieri ormocianebis~ depresiam, `irlandiis
kartofilis SimSilobam~ (1845-1852) da Cartistulma aja-
nyebam inglisis socialur stabilurobas safrTxe Seuqmna.
saukunis Sua xanebis britaneli xelovanebi religiur da
aseve, zneobriv Temebze realistur namuSevrebs qmnidnen,
magram es relizmi sakmaod gansxvavdeboda franguli da
amerikuli realizmisgan.
1848 wels Svidi londoneli mxatvari Tanamedrove brita-
nuli xelovnebis, maTi azriT, mcdari praqtikis sapasuxod,
prerafaelitebis saZmos aarsebs. isini cdiloben xelovneba-
Si silamazisa da sulierebis mopovebas, romlis naklovane-
basac, maTi azriT, Tanadrouli xelovneba ganicdida. amis-
Tvis ki isini samefo akademiaSi miRebuli `rafaelisturi~
midgomis sanacvlod, Sua saukuneebisa da adreuli renesan-
sis (rafaelamdel) xelovnebas mimarTavdnen. maTi rwmeniT,
es adreuli xelovneba ufro zneobrivi da `realuri~ iyo.
2-25 • dante gabriel roseti.
pia de tolomei,
1868-1869; tilo, zeTi, 105.4X119.4 sm.
spenseris xelovnebis muzeumi, kanzasis
universiteti. (1956.0031)
sada formis mooqrovili CarCo rosetim
am suraTisTvis Tavad Seqmna. masze
oTxive mxares wriuli formis mqone
ramdenime dekoratiuli detalia
datanili. suraTis saTauri CarCos
qveda nawilis centrSi, Sewyvilebuli
wreebis Tavzea mocemuli. mis orive
mxares ki dantes salxineblidan, oTx
striqonad pia de tolomeis sulis mier
Tqmuli teqstia dawerili, mar­cxniv
_ italiurad, marjvniv ki rosetis
inglisuri Targmania: `mec momigone,
gevedrebi, gaxlavar pia,/sienam momca me
sicocxle, momkla maremam,/ es kargad
icis, vinc daniSnuls maCuqa erTxel/
Tavis cerisgan waZrobili beWdisa
Tvali~. (Targmani k. gamsaxurdiasi)
 |
xelovneba da misi konteqsti xelovneba 1877 wlis sasamarTloze
aq xelovnebis kritikosis jon rasqinis winaaRmdeg aRZrul sasamarT-
lo procesze uisTleris Cvenebis Canaweris erTi nawilia warmodge-
nili. uisTleris pasuxebi imdenad xSirad iwvevda damswreTa sicils,
rom mosamarTle maT darbazidan gaZevebiT daemuqra.
kiTxva: rogoria noqtiurnis Tqveneuli ganmarteba?
pasuxi: am namuSevris Seqmnisas mxolod wminda mxatvruli in-
teresebi mamoZravebda. mindoda suraTisTvis momeSorebina
yvela sxva elementi. es aris xazis, formisa da, upirveles
yovlisa, feris organizeba... noqtiurni Savsa da oqros-
ferSi (ix. sur. 1-27) Ramis simSvides warmoaCens da asaxavs
feierverks kremornSi.
k. da ara kremornis xeds?
p. mas rom kremornis xedi erqvas, maSin mayurebelSi aranair
SegrZnebas ar gamoiwvevda, mxolod _ imedgacruebas. es
mxatvruli xerxia. suraTi 200 ginead iyo Sefasebuli...
k. vvaraudob, rom aRiarebT, rom Tqveni suraTi garkveulwi-
lad eqscentriulia? amas gauTaveblad imeorebT.
p. diax, Zalian xSirad
k. galereaSi imitom waradgineT, rom publikis aRfrTovaneba
gamogewviaT?
p. es imxela absurdi iqneboda Cemi mxridan, rom ara mgonia, es
SemZleboda
k. didi dro dagWirdaT noqtiurnis dasaxatad? ramden xanSi
daasruleT?
p. albaT, ori dRe. erTi dRe vmuSaobdi da meore dRes davas-
rule.
k. da es is samuSaoa, risTvisac 200 ginea moiTxoveT?
p. ara, es Tanxa mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli Sromis
Sedegad dagrovili codnisTvis moviTxove.
mosamarTlem dava uisTleris sasargeblod gadawyvita. rasqinma mas
namdvilad daswama cili, magram uisTlerisTvis miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba mxolod 1 peniT ganisazRvra. im dros arsebuli wesis
mixedviT, sasamarTlos yvela xarji momCivans unda gadaexada. saqme
mxatvris gakotrebiT dasrulda.

dante gabriel roseti (Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1828-1882) prera- universalur saSualebas. uiliam morisi (William Morris, 1834-
faelitebis saZmos wamyvani wevri iyo. misi suraTi pia de to- 1896) sanam interieris dizainiTa da dekorirebiT dainteres-
lomei (sur. 2-25) dantes RvTaebrivi komediis erT-erTi scenis deboda, prerafaelitebis gavleniT, mcire xans, mxatvrobiT
ilustracias warmoadgens. suraTze warmodgenilia qmris mier iyo gatacebuli. xelnakeTi nivTebisadmi morisis interesi
RalatSi tyuilubralod dadanaSaulebuli cixeSi gamomwyv- mdare dizainis mqone masobrivi nawarmis mimarT arsebuli
deuli pia. mis gverdiT gamosaxuli krialosani da locvani TiTqmis sayovelTao uaryofiTi reaqciis fonze yalibdeba.
pias RvTismosaobaze miuTiTebs, mzis saaTi da yorani _ war- 1859 wels daqorwinebis Semdeg, rodesac morisma axali sax-
maval drosa da moaxloebul sikvdilze, xolo locvanis qveS lisTvis Sesaferisi avejis Sovna ver moaxerxa, igi sakuTari
amodebuli pias mier qmrisadmi miwerili werilis furclebi, dizainis mixedviT, megobrebis daxmarebiT, daamzada. mogvia-
meuRlis mimarT mis maradiul siyvarulze mianiSnebs. leRvis nebiT man sakuTari kompaniac daaarsa, romelic Sua sauku-
xe Tavisi xSiri foTlebiT (leRvis foToli, tradiciulad, neebiT STagonebuli dizainis mravalgvar nivTs awarmoebda.
sircxvilTan asocirdeba), romliTac figuraa garemoculi, morisis kompaniis mier warmoebuli unikaluri, araseriuli
TiTqos mis STanTqmas apirebs. am nivTebs dantes nawarmoeb- obieqtebi sakmaod Zvirad fasobda, magram sxvebi, rogoric,
Tan saerTo araferi aqvs, isini Tavad rosetis ukavSirdeba:
jein berdeni, romelic am da sxva namuSevrebisTvis mxatvris
models wamoadgenda, misi megobris, uiliam morisis meuRle
iyo da, amave dros, _ rosetis sayvarelic. Jesti, romliTac
pia/jeini saqorwino beWedze miuTiTebs, gulisxmobs, rom igi
ara mxolod Tavisi meuRlis, aramed qorwinebis tyvecaa. es
Tavad rosetis uxerxul mdgomareobasac Segvaxsenebs.
sxva britaneli mxatvrebi inspiraciis wyarod Sua sau-
kuneebs irCeven, rogorc modernuli londonis gadarCenis

2-26 • filip uebi. wina planze: saseqsis seriis erT-erTi skami,

daaxl. 1865 wlis produqciidan; ebonitis xe, lerwami. 83.8X42X35.6 sm.
ukana planze: uiliam morisi, farSevangi da drakoni, farda,
1878; Jakardze moqsovili ujredovani Sali. 3.96X3.53 m.
skami da farda warmoebulia Morris&Company-is mier. uiliam
morisis galerea, uolTem-forestis londonis boro

morisma da misma avejis mTavarma dizainerma filip uebma (1831-

1915) saseqsis skamebis seria saseqsis regionis tradiciuli
lerwamgadakruli skamebis mixedviT Seqmnes. fotos ukana planze
warmodgenili xeliT naqsovi farda morisis fabrikis tipuri
nawarmia, rasac qsovis teqnologiac adasturebs. naxatis uxvi
mcenareuli motivebi da lurjisa da mwvane ferebis Sexameba mSvid
kolorits qmnis da realuri peizaJis erTgvar dekoratiul versias
warmoadgens, rac stresuli urbanistuli cxovrebis pirobebSi
adamianisaTvis Svebis momgvreli unda yofiliyo.

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 85

magaliTad, ilustraciaze warmodgenili lerwamgadakruli
skamia (sur. 2-26), sakmaod iafi iyo, martivi forma hqonda da
qarxnulad warmoebuli avejis xelnakeT alternativas war-
moadgenda. `totaluri~ garemos SeqmniT dainteresebuli
morisi da misi kolegebi ara marto avejs, aramed vitraJebs,
Sorenkecebs, Spaliers da qsovilebsac qmnian. ilustracia-
ze, skamis ukan moCans morisis dizainiT Seqmnili farda sa-
xelwodebiT farSevangi da drakoni (sur. 2-26).
morisis iniciativiT Seiqmna e.w. xelovnebisa da xelosno-
bis moZraoba. morisi upirispirdeboda im dros gavrcelebul
mosazrebas, rom xelovneba mxolod elitisTvis gankuTvnili,
maRalprofesiuli ganswavlis Sedegad Seqmnili produqti
iyo da imedovnebda, rom axal epoqaSi es midgoma warsuls
Cabardeboda. Tavis leqciebSi morisi acxadebda: `me ar msurs
xelovneba mxolod ramdenime adamianisTvis, arc ganaTleba
86 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-27 • jeims eboT maqneil uisTleri.
noqtiurni Savsa da oqrosferSi,
SuSxunis vardna,
1875; dafa, zeTi, 60.2X46.7 sm.
detroitis xelovnebis instituti,
detroiti, miCigani. deqster m. faris
saCuqari (46.309)
waikiTxeT uisTleris
noqtiurni Savsa da oqrosferSi.
SuSxunis vardnis Sesaxeb
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
da arc Tavisufleba _ mxolod ramdenimesTvis.~ morisi, ro-
gorc socialisti, ewinaaRmdegeboda cxovrebis industria-
lizebuli wesis damaClungebel gavlenas muSebze. misi mt-
kicebiT, Tuki muSebi nivTebs sakuTari xeliT daamzadebdnen,
maSin isini SemoqmedebiT procesSi sruli CarTulobiT kmayo-
filni, mSvenier da gulwrfel produqts Seqmnidnen.
amerikeli emigrantis jeims eboT maqneil uisTleris (Ja-
mes Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1834-1903) interesis sagans interie-
ris dizaini warmoadgenda, konkretulad ki kedeli, an oTa-
xi, sadac xelovnebis nimuSi unda ganTavsebuliyo, magram,
cxadia, igi amas akeTebda elitis gemovnebisa da moTxovne-
bis Sesabamisad. sxvebTan erTad isic CarTuli iyo im saxe-
lovnebo diskursSi, romelmac xelovneba Semdeg saukuneSi
abstraqciamde miiyvana. mas Semdeg, rac uisTleri 1850-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi `vesT foinTidan~ garicxes, man swavla
parizSi ganagrZo, sadac maleve kurbes realizmis gavlenis
qveS moeqca; maT erTad Seasrules zRvis ramdenime peizaJi.
1859 wels uisTleri londonSi dasaxlda. am droidan misi
xelovneba sul ufro da ufro scildeboda xilul realo-
bas da dekoratiul niSnebs iZenda, rasac Tavad `esTeti-
kas~ uwodebda. misi azriT, suraTze asaxul-agebuli sivrce
gare samyarosTan yovelgvari msgavsebis gareSe, TavisTavad
SeiZleba yofiliyo esTetikurad momxibvleli. uisTleri
drodadro Tavis xelovnebas sakuTari dizainiT Seqmnil
garemoSi fenda, radgan misi mizani sivrcisa da sagnebis
mxatvruli mTlianobis, harmoniis Seqmna iyo.
uisTleris ideebi xelovnebis Sesaxeb revoluciuri iyo.
igi erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo im mxatvarTa Soris, visac
Tavisi namuSevrebi abstraqciad, ganyenebulobad ufro war-
moedgina, vidre xiluli realobis reprezentaciad. uisTle-
ri aseve erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc iaponuri xelovnebis
dekoratiuli xaziT, feriTa da formiT moxiblulma, misi
Segroveba daiwyo, Tumca, am xelovnebis mniSvneloba da da-
niSnuleba mas naklebad esmoda. 1860-iani wlebis meore naxe-
vridan uisTleri Tavis namuSevrebs `simfoniebs~ da `impro-
vizaciebs~ arqmevs, radgan, misi azriT, suraTis mniSvnelobas
mxatvruli saSualebebi, umTavresad ki kompozicia gansazR-
vravda da ara Tematika. 1877 wels man gamofenaze gaitana
ramdenime peizaJi, musikidan nasesxebi saxelwodebiT `noq-
tiurni~. namuSevrebi inglisSi xelovnebis yvelaze cnobili
kritikosis, prerafaelitebis mimdevarisa da maTi zneobrivi
miswrafebebis momxre jon rasqinma (1819-1900) abuCad aig-
do. afasebda ra uisTleris namuSevrebs, rogorc daudevrad
Sesrulebulsa da uazros, Tavis mimoxilvaSi rasqini svamda
kiTxvas _ gana, SeiZleba, sazogadoebis saxeze erTi qila sa-
Rebavis SesxmisaTvis mxatvarma 200 ginea moiTxovoso?
1877 wlis gamofenaze uisTleris noqtiurni Savsa da
oqrosferSi. SuSxunis vardna (sur. 2-27) yvelaze sakamaTo namu-
Sevari iyo. rasqinis mier am suraTis mkveTrad uaryofiTi Se-
faseba xelovnebis istoriaSi yvelaze cnobili da dramatu-
li sasamarTlo procesis Catarebis mizezi gaxda. SezRuduli
feradovnebis mqone, muqi tonebiT Sesrulebuli kompozicia,
erTi SexedviT, abstraqtuli gveCveneba. sinamdvileSi ki su-
raTze londonis kremorn gardenis tbis Tavze Ramis feier-
verki da wina planze napiris gaswvriv mayurebelTa bundovani
siluetebia asaxuli. noqtiurni uisTlerma Tavis namuSevars
frederik Sopenis safortepiano piesebis analogiiT uwo-
da, im imediT, rom mnaxvelSi amiT ferwerisa da musikisaT-
vis saer­To abstraqtuli Tvisebebis asociacias gamoiwvevda.
ras­qinis kritikuli werilis wakiTxvis Semdeg uisTlerma mas
ciliswamebisTvis sasamarTloSi uCivla (ix. xelovneba 1877
wlis sasamarTloze, gv. 85). sasamarTlo mxatvarma Zalian go-
nivrulad warmarTa da Tavdacvisa da sakuTari xelovnebis
reklamirebis sazogadoebriv forumad gadaaqcia. uisTle-
ri sasamarTlos winaSe irwmuneboda, rom xelovnebas ar aqvs
vizualuri xiblis qmnadobaze ufro maRali mizani. Sesaba-
misad, igi uaryofda Tematikis saWiroebas ferweraSi. marTa-
lia, uisTlers arasdros Seuqmnia wminda abstraqcia, magram
misi Teoriuli mosazrebani arsebiTi aRmoCnda abstraqtuli
xelovnebis ganviTarebisTvis momdevno saukuneSi.
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
impresionizmi
1870-iani wlebisTvis frangi mxatvrebis ufrosi Taoba Tana-
medrove urbanul Temebs mimarTavs, magram manesa da realis-
tebisgan gansxvavebuli perspeqtiviT. socialuri realobis
mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis gamoxatvis nacvlad,
es mxatvrebi saSualo klasis zeda fenis soflad da qala-
qSi dasvenebisa da garTobis scenebs asaxavdnen; da Tumca
jgufis ramdenime wevri ruralur scenebsac xatavda, maTi
obiqtebi mainc ufro qalaqeli personaJebi iyvnen. aRsaniS-
navia, rom es mxatvrebi saxelosnos gareT _ plenerze (en plein
air) iwyeben muSaobas, raTa tilos zedapirze sufTa, gauzave-
beli saRebavebis brtylad dadebuli monasmebiT ganaTebisa
da atmosferos swrafad cvalebadi efeqtebis dafiqsireba
moaxerxon. plenerze muSaoba sagrZnoblad gaaadvila 1841
wels zeTis saRebavebis mza tubebis gamogonebam, romelTa
tareba mxatvrebs ukve Tavisuflad SeeZloT. akademiis wese-
bis mixedviT, mosamzadebeli Canaxatebisa da lisirebis damR-
leli proceduris nacvlad, rac studiur muSaobas axlda
Tan, maT Suqis cvalebadi TamaSis swrafi asaxva arCies.
1874 wlis aprilSi mxatvarTa jgufi, romelSic Sediod-
nen pol sezani, edgar dega, klod mone, berT morizo, kamil
pisaro da pier ogiusT renuari, parizSi awyobs gamofenas sa-
xelwodebiT xelovanebis _ fermwerebis, moqandakeebis, gra-
viorebis da a. S., anonimuri korporacia (Société Anonyme des
Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc.) pisaros iniciativiT Seqm-
nili korporacia im anarqistebis poziciis gamtarebeli iyo,
romelTac prudoni uWerda mxars. prudoni mouwodebda mo-
qalaqeebs, rom muSaTa klasis damoukidebel organizaciebSi
gaerTianebuliyvnen da ar mindobodnen saxelmwifos mier san-
qcirebul instituciebs. pisaros warmodgeniT, korporacia
iqneboda xelovanebis urTierTdaxmarebis jgufi, romelic
saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul salonebs daupirispirdebo-
da. dRes es jgufi misi wevri impresionisti mxatvrebis wyalo-
biTaa cnobili, magram im droisaTvis, is sxvadasxva stilSi mo-
muSave mxatvrebs ikrebda. jgufis ocdaaTive wevri, romelTa
namuSevrebs salonis Jiuri xSirad iwunebda, SeTanxmda, rom
im wels salonSi gamosafenad sakuTar suraTebs aRar warad-
gendnen. es iyo akademiisgan damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da
ganacxadi sazogadoebis yuradRebis misapyrobad.
marTalia, gamofenam ramdenime dadebiTi gamoxmaureba
daimsaxura, magram erT-erTma kritikosma lui leruam, rome-
lic satirul Jurnal le SarivarisTvis werda, mones sura-
Tis saTauri _ STabeWdileba: mzis amosvla (ix. sur. 2-28), mTeli
gamofenis mimarT gamoiyena da mas `impresionistuli~ uwoda.
leruam namuSevrebi xSiri, Tavisufali monasmebisa da daus-
ruleblobis gamo gaaqilika, magram mones da mis kolegebs
moewonaT es Sefaseba, radgan, maT mizans, tiloze aRebeWdaT
warmavali momenti da wamieri STabeWdileba, es termini zus-
tad aRwerda. SemdgomSi es saxeli SerCa kidec mxatvarTa am
jgufs. 1876-1886 wlebSi impresionistebis kidev Svidi gamo-
fena gaimarTa. monawileTa Semadgenloba yovel jerze um-
niSvnelod icvleboda; mxolod pisaro iRebda monawileobas
rvave gamofenaSi. gamofenebis SedarebiTma warmatebam mxatv-
rebs salonis alternatiuli, sakuTari gamofenebis gamarT-
visaken ubiZga da 1900 wlisTvis parizis salonis sistema da-
Tavi II. 87
 2-28 • klod mone.
STabeWdileba: mzis amosvla,
1872; tilo, zeTi, 48X63 sm.
marmotonis muzeumi, parizi

waikiTxeT klod
monesTan dakavSirebuli
masala veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com

moukidebeli gamofenebisa da galereebis sistemam Caanacvla.

amiT dasrulda kidec mxatvrul `standartebze~ akademiis
umkacresi saukunovani kontroli da SezRudvebi.

peizaJi da mocaleoba
klod mone (Claude Monet, 1840-1926) impresionizmis wamyvani
figura iyo. igi parizSi daibada, magram saporto qalaq
le havrSi izrdeboda. cota xans mone akademisti mxatvris
moswavle iyo, magram maleve man sakuTari studia daaarsa.
mones megobari, Sarl fransua dobini mas arwmunebda, rom
`sakuTari STabeWdilebis erTguli yofiliyo~, Seeqmna mo-
curave studia navze da plenerze exata. sxva impresionis-
tebis msgavsad, mones umTavresi amocana ara socialurad
mwvave namuSevrebis, aramed mxatvrobis Tanamedrove sti-
lis Seqmna iyo. sawyis etapze impresionistebis interess
saSualo klasis mier qalaqgareT mowyobili seirnobebi da
maTi garTobis scenebi warmoadgenda. qalaqgareT amgvari
`mogzaurobebis~ mowyoba parizis rkinigzis wyalobiT gax-
da SesaZlebeli. parizs moSorebul adgilebs impresionis-
tebis mxolod ramdenime namuSevari asaxavs; umetesobaze
ki parizelebis qalaqisa da mis gareT gaSenebul axal mo-
dur parkebSi fexiT Tu navebiT seirnoba, maTi dasveneba
da garTobaa aRbeWdili.
1870 wlis zafxulSi safrangeT-prusiis omis dawyebis
Semdeg mone, pisarosa da Tavis momaval dilerTan pol du-
ran-ruelTan erTad, londonSi miemgzavreba. omma da mis
Sedegad mniSvnelovani industriuli regionebis _ elzasisa
da lotaringiis dakargvam, safrangeTis ekonomika gaanad-
gura. 1871 wlis mart-aprilSi ajanyebis Sedegad parizSi

2-29 • klod mone. ruanis kaTedrali. portali (mzeze),

1894; tilo, zeTi, 99.7X66 sm. metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki

88 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
 2-30 • kamil pisaro. tyis peizaJi ermitaJSi, pontuazi, 1878; tilo, zeTi, 46.5 X56 sm.
nelson-aTqinsis xelovnebis muzeumi, qanzas siTi, misuri. doqtor da qalbaton nikola s. fiqardebis saCuqari

muSaTa orTviani mTavroba _ parizis komuna damyarda, rom-
lis damxobas 20000 adamiani emsxverpla da 7500 adamianis
dapatimreba mohyva. parizi SiSma moicva. kurbe mcire xniT
daapatimres. xelovanTa wreebSi saxelmwifos mtrebad ga-
mocxadebis safrTxis gamo SiSi ufro gaZlierda. 1871 wlis
Semdeg frangul xelovnebaSi kidev ufro iklo aSkara,
daufaravma socialurma motivebma da avangardis gamowve-
vebi sul ufro metad stilur dapirispirebaSi gamoixata.
avangarduli amboxi ufro metad saxviTi enis axali siste-
mis SeqmnaSi gamovlindeba.
1973 wels londonidan dabrunebisTanave mone qmnis
cnobil namuSevars: STabeWdileba: mzis amosvlas (sur. 2-28) _
le havris navsadguris Tavze dilis nislSi amomavali mzis
scenas. suraTi mcire zomis sxvadasxva feris monasmebiTaa
Seqmnili (leroim am monasmebs ironiulad `eniT alokile-
bi~ uwoda). wina plani bundovania, horizontis xazi ki sqel
nislSi gaxveuli gemebisa da dokebis mocimcime formebs
Soris ikargeba; dasrulebul suraTs mone eskizisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli intensivobiT, energiulobiTa da spontanuri
formebiT qmnis. igi ufro areklili Suqisa da feris efeme-
rul TamaSsa da Tvalze mis zemoqmedebas aRbeWdavs, vidre
saganTa fizikur substancias da sivrcesTan maT realur
mimarTebas gadmoscems. amerikeli fermweri lila qeboT
feri, romelic sicocxlis bolo wlebSi megobrobda mones-
Tan, mis naTqvams ixsenebs:
`rodesac gareT samuSaod gadixar, gaviwydeba, Tu ra
obieqtebia Sens winaSe _ xe, saxli, mdelo, nebismieri
ram. ubralod fiqrob, ai aq lurjis patara monakveTia,
iq ki vardisfris mogrZo forma, aq _ yviTlis zoli; da
xatav maT ise, rogorc xedav; ferisa da moyvanilobis
sizustes gadmoscem manam, sanam Sedegad Sens win gadaS-
lili scenis Senive uSualo STabeWdilebas ar miiReb.~
feriTa da SuqiT aRZruli STabeWdilebebis kvlevas
mone mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebs. 1880-
1890-iani wlebidan es interesi sul ufro daJinebiT
vlindeba mones seriebSi, romlebisTvisac man ramdenime

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 89
2-31 • pier ogiusT renuari. mulen de la galeti, 1876; tilo, zeTi, 1.31X1.75 m. d’orses muzeumi, parizi
motivi airCia: Tivis zvinebi, alvis xeebi cis fonze da ruanis
kaTedralis fasadi (sur. 2-29). kaTedrali mones sakuTari re-
ligiuri damokidebulebebis gamosaxatad rodi aRubeWdavs,
igi taZris cxovelxatul fasadebze sinaTlis TamaSiT iyo
moxibluli; imiT, Tu dRis ganmavlobaSi, ganaTebis cvli-
lebasTan erTad, rogor icvleboda gamudmebiT fasadis
garegnuli ieric. monem ruanis taZris 30-ze meti kompozi-
cia Seqmna. mxatvari namuSevars taZris mopirdapired mdga-
ri saxlis meore sarTulidan uSualo dakvirvebis Sedegad
iwyebda da Tavis studiaSi asrulebda. am tiloebSi mone
kvlavac impresionistuli amocanis _ ganaTebisa da atmos-
feros cvalebadi efeqtebis aRbeWdvis _ erTguli rCeba,
magram saxelosnoSi suraTebze intensiuri muSaobis Sede-
gad, isini, plenerze Sesrulebul mis adreul spontanur
namuSevrebTan SedarebiT, ufro gulmodgined amowerili
da kompoziciurad kargad organizebulia.
mones megobarma da Tanamoazrem, kamil pisarom (Camille
Pissarro 1830-1903) peizaJis axleburi, urbanuli da ruraru-
li cxovrebis epizodebis gamaerTianebeli impresionistu-
li peizaJebi Seqmna. pisaros zog peizaJze mxolod ruraru-
li xedebia asaxuli, magram maTi umetesoba soflad Casul
qalaqelebs, aseve, patara qalaqebs an qalaqis irgvliv gaSe-
90 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
nebul fabrikebs asaxavs, TiTqos qalaqi soflad SeWrili-
yos. warmoSobiT frangi, pisaro vesT indoeTSi, karibis zR-
vis auzis holandiis erT-erT koloniaSi daibada. 1850-iani
wlebidan adreul 1860-ian wlebamde igi xelovnebas parizSi
swavlobda. 1870 wels monesTan erTad londonSi yofnisas
man gaiziara is mxatvruli principebi, romlebmac mogviane-
biT impresionizmis saxeliT cnobil mimdinareobaSi Seisxa
xorci. inglisSi orive mxatvari erTad muSaobda; orive
ferisa da tonalobis gamZafrebiT, Tavisufali monasmebiT
cdilobda aRebeWda is, rasac pisaro `plenerul sinaTles
da wamier efeqts~ uwodebda.
safrangeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg pisaro parizis Crdi­lo-
dasavleTiT mdebare patara mTagorian sofelSi pontuazSi
dasaxlda, sadac igi 1870-ian wlebSi muSaobda. pisaro iyeneb-
da naTel ferebs, werda mokle monasmebiT, raTa sinaTlisa
da atmosferos cvalebadobis niuansebi gadmoeca. 1870-iani
wlebis bolos pisaros tiloebi ufro muqi koloritiT ga-
moirCeva da ufro kompleqsuri xdeba. magaliTad, mis namu-
SevarSi tyis peizaJi ermitaJSi, pontuazi (sur. 2-30) wina planze
gamosaxuli xeebi nawilobriv faravs tyeSi gamaval biliks
da soflis xeds, niRbavs suraTis qveda marcxena kideSi ga-
mosaxul figuras, rac erTgvarad aferxebs sivrcis aRqmas
 2-32 • berT morizo.zafxulis dRe, 1879; tilo, zeTi, 45.7X75.2 sm. londonis nacionaluri galerea, leinis memkvidreoba, 1917
da sibrtyobriobas aniWebs suraTs. pisaro aq sqeli, xSiri,
sxvadasxva mxares mimarTul monasmebs iyenebs.
impresionisti fermweri pier ogiusT renuari (Pierre-Augus-
te Renoir, 1841-1919) ki piriqiT, peizaJis nacvlad yuradRebas
figurebs uTmobs da umetesad saSualo klasis warmomadge-
nelTa dasvenebis scenebs asaxavs. 1862 wels natifi xelovne-
bis akademiaSi monesTan Sexvedrisas, igi ukve Camoyalibebuli
figuraciuli mxatvrobis warmomadgeneli iyo. monem mas pa-
litris gaRiaveba da plenerze xatvis dawyeba urCia da ukve
1870-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi renuari Tavis namuSevrebSi osta-
turad axerxebs spontanuri bunebrivi ganaTebis gaerTianebas
cocxal figuraciul kompoziciebTan. magaliTad, suraTSi mu-
len de la galeti (sur. 2-31) renuari parizis monmartris Zvel-
moduri sacekvao darbazis Sida ezoSi gasarTobad Sekrebili
mxiaruli adamianebis jgufs warmogvidgens. renuarma Tavise-
burad Sealamaza scena, man sacekvao darbazSi muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenlebis gverdiT Tavisi megobari mxatvrebi da maTi
mimzidveli modelebi metyveli, cocxali pozebiTa da momRi-
mari saxeebiT gamosaxa garTobis, cekvisa da saubris dros.
mxatvarma kompoziciis qveda marcxena kuTxeSi bavSvebis figu-
rebic CarTo, riTic erTgvarad xazi gausva ufrosebis flir-
tis uwyinar xasiaTs da Zaldautanebel socialur urTier-
Tobebs; es yovelive ki suraTze uSualo, mSvid da xalisian
atmosferos qmnis. saerTo ganwyobilebas renuari xeebs So-
ris dacemuli mzis sxivebisa da rbili monasmebis erTianobiT
qmnis, aqsovs ra cisfrebsa da iisfrebs figurebSi da tilos
danarCen zedapirze. es udardeli cxovrebisa da garTobis
miamituri suraTi realobas mowyvetili erTgvari burJuaziu-
li samoTxea, romelic srulad gamoxatavs renuaris Sexedu-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
lebas xelovnebis arsis Sesaxeb: `Cemi azriT, _ ambobda igi,
_ suraTi sasiamovno, mxiaruli da mSvenieri, diax, mSvenieri,
unda iyos! cxovrebaSi isedac sakmarisadaa usiamovno ambebi,
Cveni mxridan aRaraa saWiro maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba~.
frangma mxatvarma berT morizomac (Berthe Morisot 1841-
1895) fermweris profesiuli kariera sazogadoebrivi wesebis
uaryofiT daiwyo. 1850-iani wlebis miwuruls da 1860-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi morizo dasTan, edmasTan erTad, luvrSi
suraTebis aslebs akeTebda da xatvis ramdenime maswavlebel-
Tan dadioda, maT Soris korosTan. 1864-1868 wlebSi debma
TavianTi namuSevrebi salonis xuT gamofenaze waradgines.
1868 welsve isini Sexvdenen da dauaxlovdnen manes. 1869 wels
edma gaTxovda, xatvas Tavi daaneba da Tavi ojaxs miuZRvna.
berTma ki gaagrZela ferweraSi muSaoba mas merec, rac 1874
wels manes Zmas, eJens gahyva colad da 1879 wels qaliSvi-
li SeeZina. 1874 wels berTma cxra ferweruli namuSevari
gagzavna impresionistTa pirvel gamofenaze. man am jgufis
TiTqmis yvela gamofenaSi miiRo monawileoba, erTis garda.
respeqtabelur burJua qalbatons, berT morizos imis Se-
saZlebloba ar hqonda, rom Tanamedrove Temebis saZieblad qa-
laqSi Tavisuflad exetiala. amitom igi qalis cxovrebis amsa-
xveli scenebiT Semoifargla; es misTvis axlobeli Tema iyo.
1870-ian wlebSi misi weris manera ferwerulobiT, sibrtyo-
vanebiT da Tavisufali monasmebiT gamoirCeoda. namuSevarSi
zafxulis dRe (sur. 2-32) morizo qalaqgareT, modur adgilas,
bua de bulonis tbaze ori eleganturi axalgazrda qalba-
tonis naviT sasiamovno gaseirnebas asaxavs. suraTi pirvelad
1880 wels, impresionistebis mexuTe gamofenaze iyo wardge-
nili. suraTze zafxulis dRe Cans impresionizmis saxasiaTo
Tavi II. 91
2-33 • edgar dega.
repeticia scenaze,
daaxl. 1874; pasteli, tuSiTa da
funjiT Sesrulebul Tavdapirvel
naxatze; Txeli, naqsovi qaRaldi,
damagrebuli bristolis muyaoze
da gadaWimuli tiloze; 54.3X73 sm.
metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki.
qalbaton h. o. heivmeieris memkvid-
reoba; horas heivmeieris saCuqari
(29.160.26)

2-34 • edgar dega. banaoba,

1886; pasteli, muyao, 60X83 sm.
d’orses muzeumi, parizi

92 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba

2-35 • mari kasati. deda da Svili,
daaxl. 1890; tilo, zeTi, 90.2X64.5 sm.
viCitas xelovnebis muzeumi, kanzasi
tendencia _ formaluri saxviTi enis, saxviTi saSualebebis
upiratesoba Sinaarsze, rodesac monasmi da feri iseTive mniS-
vnelobisaa suraTSi, rogorc Tavad figurebi da maTi qmedeba.
Tanamedrove cxovreba
urbanuli Temebi edgar degasac (Edgar Degas, 1834-1917) izi-
davda, Tumca misi namuSevrebis gulaxdiloba, rac xSirad
socialur motivaciasac gulisxmobda, sxvebze metad aa-
xloebda mas realizmTan. plenerze muSaobis magivrad igi
Tavis tiloebs studiaSi Canaxatebisa da fotoebis mixedviT
qmnida. 1850-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi natifi xelovnebis aka-
demiaSi miRebuli kargi akademiuri ganaTleba da sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi italiaSi Zveli ostatebis SeswavliT miRebuli
gamocdileba, misi namuSevrebis rTul kompoziciur stru-
qturasa da gasaocrad sufTa, mkafio saxviT formaSi ga-
movlinda. misi Tematika da stili, impresionistebze metad,
mravali niSniT, manesas uaxlovdeba.
megobrebisa da naTesavebis fsiqologiuri tipis port-
retebis Seqmnis Semdeg, 1870-ian wlebSi igi parizis cxov-
rebis amsaxvel Temebs mimarTavs; mxatvari xatavs qalaqis
sanaxaobriv da gasarTob adgilebs; moqmedeba mis sura-
Tebze ipodromze, miuziq-holsa da operaSi mimdinareobs;
mas ar ainteresebs auditoria, misi suraTis personaJebi
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
umTavresad msaxiobebi arian, isini, vinc mayurebels ar-
Tobs. dega 1870-1880-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT baletis
TemiTaa gatacebuli da es xdeba swored maSin, rodesac
baleti dakninebas ganicdis. dega mocekvaveebs repeti-
ciebis an speqtaklebis dros rodi xatavda, igi umetesad
qiraobda xolme axalgazrda `baletis virTxebs~ (rogorc
maT Tavad uwodebda) da isini mxatvrisTvis studiaSi pozi-
rebdnen. magaliTad, misi suraTi repeticia scenaze (sur. 2-33)
warmosaxviTi scenaa, romelic Tvals xiblavs, magram, ima-
vdroulad, Tanamedrove cxovrebis sastik realiebsac Se-
gvaxsenebs. mocekvaveebi daqanculni arian; zogi izmoreba
kidec, raTa mZime fizikuri datvirTvisgan daZabul sxeuls
mcireodeni Sveba mainc misces. suraTis marjvena kideSi,
ukana planze ori kargad Cacmuli Suaxnis mamakaci, rogorc
Cans, romelime mocekvavis `mfarveli~, nebierad zis. saqme
isaa, rom balerinebi, ZiriTadad, dabali socialuri fenis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da ramdenadac isini sazogadoe-
bis winaSe TiTqmis SiSvlebi gamodiodnen, anu ise, rogorc
`respeqtabeluri~ burJua qali arasodes moiqceoda, isini
seqsualurad iolad xelmisawvdomad miaCndaT. amis gamo
balerinebi xSirad ipyrobdnen SeZlebuli mamakacebis yu-
radRebas, romlebic, mfarvelobis sanacvlod, balerinebs
maTTan intimuri urTierTobis damyarebas sTavazobdnen.
kompozicia damrec scenaze isea ganawilebuli, TiTqos
moqmedebas mnaxveli scenasTan axlos mdebare yuTidan ade-
vnebs Tvals. mkveTri rakursi xazgasmulia suraTis marcxe-
na qveda kidesTan gamosaxuli kontrabasis muqi fragmen-
tiT. amgvari rakursi da xedvis wertili SesaZloa iaponuri
graviuridan momdinareobdes, romlis koleqciasac dega
agrovebda. kompoziciis fragmentulobas suraTis marcxena
kidiT CamoWrili figurebic gansazRvraven, rac erTgvarad
fotografiis gavlenas SeiZleba mivaweroT, romlis didi
moyvarulic gaxldaT dega.
Tuki degas baletis amsaxveli scenebi sazogadoebrivi sa-
naxaobis araformalur mxares gadmogvcems, mobanave qalebis
ufro gvian Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi intimuri cxovrebis
farul, ucabedad danaxul momentebs asaxavs. masala _ pas-
teli, romliTac umetes SemTxvevSi es suraTebia Sesrule-
buli, scenis uSualobas kidev metad aZlierebs. 1886 wels
Sesrulebuli suraTi banaoba (sur. 2-34) warmogvidgens taStze
Camuxlul qals, romelic tans ibans. erTi SexedviT, SeiZle-
ba mogveCvenos, rom suraTze ori erTmaneTisgan damoukide-
beli nawilia warmodgenili: marcxniv, SiSveli qali, kompaq-
turad Sekruli sxeuliT, romelic xeliT taSts eyrdnoba
da TiTqos interieris fragmentuli sivrcis damrec iatakze
amiT wonasworobas icavs; suraTis marjvena kide ki sruliad
sibrtyobrivad gamosaxul magidis `ayiravebul~ zedapirs
uWiravs, romelzec nivTebi awyvia. am nawilTa dapirispire-
bulobis miuxedavad, xedvis zeda wertilidan mocemuli kom-
pozicia mainc mTliania. suraTis sibrtyobrivi gadawyveta,
sivrcis, garemos mkveTrad `SekumSva~, kompoziciis fragmen-
tuloba iaponuri graviurisa da fotografiis zegavlenis
kidev erT magaliTs iZleva degas xelovnebaSi.
kidev erTi mxatvari, romelic impresionistebTan erTad
ifineboda, amerikidan emigrirebuli mari kasati (Mary Cassatt,
1844-1926) gaxldaT, magram maleve, nawilobriv, degasTan
Tavi II. 93

urTierTobis gamoc, misi manera da teqnika impresionis-
tebisgan gansxvavebuli xdeba. kasati daibada piTsburgTan
axlos, SeZlebul ojaxSi da filadelfiis kosmopolitur
garemoSi izrdeboda. 1861-1863 wlebSi igi pensilvaniis sa-
xviTi xelovnebis akademiaSi swavlobda. Semdeg ki swavlis
gasagrZeleblad parizSi gaemgzavra, sadac sicocxlis ume-
tesi wlebi gaatara. 1870-iani wlebis dasawyissa da Sua xa-
nebSi salonSi gamofenilma misi figuraciuli ferweris rea-
lizmma degas yuradReba miipyro, romelmac 1879 wels mas
impresionistebis meoTxe gamofenaSi monawileoba SesTavaza.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, degas msgavsad, kasatic studiuri
mxatvari iyo (da, amave dros, graviuris ostatic), salonis
Jiuris sistemis, rogorc Tavad ambobda, `tiraniis~ mimarT
siZulvilma, igi jgufis uerTgules mimdevrad aqcia.
kasati Tavis SemoqmedebaSi im samyaros asaxavda, rome-
lic misTvis yvelaze axlobeli iyo _ burJua qalis oja-
xuri da socialuri cxovreba. igi gansakuTrebiT cnobi-
lia deda­Svilobis TemiTa da maTi gasaocrad mgrZnobiare
gamosaxulebebiT, romlebic misi Tanamemamule emigranti
mxatvris, henri osava Taneris (ix. sur. 2-24) Janruli mxat-
vrobis msgavsad, epoqis stereotipebs upirispirdeboda.
daaxloebiT 1890 wels Sesrulebul namuSevarSi deda da
Svili (sur. 2-35) Tavisuflad, impresionistuli manriT
dawe­
ril tansacmelsa da garemosTan xelebisa da saxee-
bis gul­ modgined da mkvri­ vad modelirebuli formebis
dapiris­pirebiT, mxatvari deda-Svilis saTuT urTierToba­
ze mnaxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobas cdilobs. suraTze is
momentia asaxuli, rodesac nabanaveb bavSvs sadacaa dedis
94 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-36 • gustav qeilboTi.
parizis quCa,
wvimiani dRe,
1877; tilo, zeTi.
212.2X276.2sm. Cikagos
xelovnebis instituti,
Carlz h. da meri
f.s. uorsTerebis
koleqcia (1964. 336)
mklavebSi CaeZineba. TiTqmis miZinebuli bavSvis saxe, RaJRaJa
loyebi da msuqani kidurebi realisturadaa gadmocemuli,
maSin rodesac figurebis garSemo asaxuli garemo sibrtyob-
rivi da pirobiTia. Tanamedrove cxovrebidan aRebuli es
patara scena TiTqos erTgvarad exmianeba xelovnebis isto-
rias, Tavisi TematikiTa da kompoziciuri wyobiT is Cviledi
RvTismSoblis tradiciul gamosaxulebebTan iwvevs asocia-
cias da dedaSvilobis ganzogadebul saxed warmogvidgeba.
gustav qeilboTma (Gustave Caillebotte, 1848-1894), degas
SeZlebulma megobarma, romlis wvlili mniSvnelovani iyo
impresionistebis gamofenebis organizebaSi, maTi namuSev-
rebis Sesyidvis Sedegad, impresionistebis didi koleqcia
Seagrova. qeilboTi natifi xelovnebis skolaSi Sesasvle-
lad kerZod emzadeboda akademist mxatvarTan, magram sa-
bolood iq aRar Caubarebia. qeilboTs izidavda osmanis
parizis radialurad regulirebuli quCebi (ix. sur. 2-2), xSi-
rad misi kompoziciebi parizis bulvarebis cxovrebas asaxa-
vda. mis suraTs parizis quCa, wvimiani dRe (sur. 2-36) siRrmeSi
perspeqtiulad agebuli, arastandartuli, asimetriuli
kompoziciuri wyoba aqvs. suraTis mTavari obieqti parizis
erT-erTi farTo sveli quCaa, sxvadasxva mxares mimavali
ucnobi parizelebiT, xelSi wvimisagan aprialebuli qol-
gebi rom uWiravT, romlebic suraTze mkveTr siluetebad
ikiTxeba. yvelaze mkafiod da srulad wina planze gamosa-
xuli Cvenken momavali wyvilia warmodgenili. lampionis da
Senobis mwvane-yavisferi fasadis vertikalebs Soris mo-
qceul wyvils zemodan qolgis horizontali ketavs da amiT
isini erTgvar marTkuTxa formis CarCoSi eqcevian.
gviani XIX saukune
realistebi da impresionistebi TavianT xelovnebas XIX sau-
kunis bolomde qmnidnen, magram 1880-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi
pirveloba maT mxatvrebis axalgazrda Taobas dauTmes. es
periodi ufro mravalferovania da geografiuladac misi
sazRvrebi ufro farToa. qmnidnen ra axali ideebisaTvis Se-
sabamis vizualur enas, mxatvrebis Semoqmedeba sul ufro
da ufro metad gamoirCeoda avangarduli eqsperimentebiT.
am mxatvarTa rigSi iyvnen frangi postimpresionistebi,
romlebic xelovnebas axleburad, Sinagani Tu warmosaxviTi
samyaros amsaxvelad moiazrebdnen, an maT irgvliv arsebuli
realobis gadmosacemad mecnierulad dadgenil wesebs amk-
vidrebdnen; XIX saukunis dasasrulis frangi moqandakeebi,
romlebic adamianis sxeulis mgrZnobelobiT SesaZleblobebs
ikvlevdnen; simbolistebi, romlebic warmosaxvis fantasti-
kur, xSirad, SemaZrwunebel samyaros mimarTavdnen; ar nuvos
xelovanebi, romlebic industriuli samyaros racionalur
wesrigs uaryofdnen da moZravi, asimetriuli, denadi mcena-
reuli formebis mqone gamosaxulebebsa da dizains qmnidnen;
landSaftis arqiteqtorebic, romlebic qalaqis urbanul
xedebs, uwesrigo, bunebrivi landSaftiT anacvlebdnen.
postimpresionizmi
ingliselma kritikosma rojer fraim 1910 wels mis mier gamo-
fenisTvis SerCeul sxvadasxva dajgufebis mxatvrebs postimp-
resionistebi uwoda. man ganacxada, rom am mxatvrebs ar hqon-
daT xelovnebisadmi saerTo midgoma, magram yoveli maTgani
sakuTar stils swored impresionizmis safuZvelze qmnida.
siora JorJ siora (Georges Seurat, 1859-1891) parizSi daibada
da natifi xelovnebis skolaSi swavlobda. igi cdilobda
`Seesworebina~ impresionizmi, romelsac zedmetad zeda-
pirulad da improvizaciulad miiCnevda. siora klasikuri
reliefis mkafio struqturas da optikisa da ferTa Teo-
riiT nakarnaxev, erTi SexedviT, sistemur, sinamdvileSi ki,
ferTa sakmaod emociur gamoyenebas aniWebda upiratesobas.
igi gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli miSel eJen Sevrelis

2-37 • JorJ siora. SuadRe gran Jatis kunZulze kvira dRes,

1884-1886; tilo, zeTi, 207X308 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, helen berC barTleTis memoriuli koleqcia
XIX saukunis miwurulis parizis parkebi socialuri ierarqiis mixedviT iyofoda; bua bulonis (ix. 2-32) parki saSualo klasisTvis
iyo gankuTvnili; is didi aveniuebis arealSi, matarebliT advilad misaRwev adgilas mdebareobda, iq, sadac gran Jati mdinaris
gadaRma mdebare dabali klasis industriul raions gadayurebs. aq gamosaxuli figurebi sxvadasxva `tipaJs~ warmoadgenen,
romlebic XIX saukunis mayureblisTvis iolad amosacnobi iyo. magaliTad, kompoziciis marjvena kideSi gamosaxul moseirne
wyvilSi isini saSualo klasis warmomadgenel qalaqel dendis dainaxavdnen, marto mdgar qalSi msubuqi yofaqcevis qals
SeniSnavdnen, xolo kompoziciis marcxena kideSi gamosaxul mamakacSi ki muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel meniCbes amoicnobdnen.

ixileT axlo xediT SuadRe gran Jatis kunZulze kvira dRes veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 95
 |
farTo rakursiT modernisti mxatvrebi da msoflio kulturebi:
iaponizmi

im droisaTvis evropaSi Semosuli iaponuri fonzea daxatuli, Tu mis ukan, mnaxvelisT- kidev ufro naklebi _ iaponuri xelovnebisa
xelovnebisa da graviurebis nimuSebis egzo- vis sruliad gaurkvevelia. da beWduri grafikis Sesaxeb. hiroSiges
tikuri xasiaTiT moxiblulma da STagoneb- van gogi suraTs ganieri agurisferi qsilografias igi iyenebs, rogorc saSu-
ulma van gogma 1887 wels Seqmna namuSevari Car­CoTi mosazRvravs, romelzec gauwafavi alebas, raTa warmoaCinos, Tu rogoria
iaponuroba: ayvavebuli qliavis xe (sur. 2-39). xeliT fsevdo-iaponur ieroglifebs awers, misi warmodgeniT, mar­tivi, `primitiuli~
1853 wels, xangrZlivi izolaciis Semdeg, TiTqos amiT xazs usvams suraTze asaxuli kultura. imavdroulad, sxva mxatvrebi,
iaponiam dasavleTTan savaWro da diplo- saxe-xatis da misi prototipis `primiti- gogenis msgavsad, STagonebisTvis msoflios
matiuri urTierTobebi ganaaxla; 1855 wlis ulobas.~ van gogma cota ram Tu icoda sxvadasxva kuTxeSi `primitiuli~ kul-
savaWro SeTanxmebis Sedegad ki regularuli zogadad iaponuri kulturis Sesaxeb da turebis saZieblad miemgzavrebian.
sasaqonlo gacvla daiwyo. parizSi Semot-
anil iaponuri xelovnebis pirvel nimuSTa
Soris iyo hokusais Canaxatebis albomi
saxelwodebiT `manga~, romelic didi enTu-
ziazmiT gadadioda xelidan xelSi parizel
mxatvarTa Soris. bevrma maTganma iapon-
uri nivTebis Segroveba daiwyo; 1867 wlis
saerTaSoriso gamofenaze evropaSi iapon-
uri graviuris pirveli gamofena moewyo;
maleve, iaponuri laqirebuli Tu brinjaos
nivTebi, maraoebi, gragnilebi, kimonoebi,
keramika, ilustrirebuli wignebi da ukio-e
(e.w. `mcuravi samyaros~ _ geiSebis samyaros
da popularul sanaxaobaTa graviurebi)
gasayidad sagangebo maRaziebSi, xelovnebis
galereebSi da parizis zog did savaWro cen-
trSic ki gamoifina. 1872 wlisTvis iaponiiT
frangebis gatacebam iseT xarisxs miaRwia,
rom xelovnebis kritikosma filip bertim am
fenomens iaponizmi uwoda.
van gogi moxibluli iyo iaponuri grafi-
kis dizainiTa da naxatiT. igi maT agrovebda
da aslebsac akeTebda. misi iaponuroba:
ayvavebuli qliavis xe, faqtiurad, hiroSiges
erT-erTi qsilografiis _ qliavis baRi, ka-
meido (sur. 2-38) _ asls warmoadgens. van gogi
suraTis wina planze zustad imave xes gamo-
saxavs, romelic hiroSiges suraTze gvxvdeba:
sibrtyobrivi taniT, asimetriuli varjebiT,
wvrili totebiTa da pawawina yvavilebiT;
aseve zustad meordeba momcro zomis xeebis
motivi suraTis Sua planze da Robeebi,
romelTa miRma, suraTis ukana planze, ram-
denime adamiani da qoxi moCans. msgavsia am
ori namuSevris koloritic da gamosaxule-
baTa sibrtyobrivi gadawyvetac; iaponuri
warwerebic ki sruliad identuria. Tumca,
van gogs, imavdroulad, mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebic Seaqvs Tavis namuSevarSi.
misi peizaJi bevrad ufro sibrtyobrivia,
vidre hiroSigesi. balaxi van gogis suraTze
lokaluri mwvane brtyeli laqis saxiTaa
gamosaxuli, mkveTri Savi konturebiT mosaz-
Rvruli ukana planis erTgvarovani nacris-
feri xeebic sruliad sibrtyobrivia, xolo
yviTeli yvavilebi sqlad naweri wiTeli cis

2-38 • hiroSige. qliavis baRi,

1857; # 30 edos asi cnobili xedidan.
qsilografia. 33,6X47 sm.
bruklinis muzeumi, niu iorki

96 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-39 • vinsent van gogi. iaponuroba: ayvavebuli qliavis xe, 1887; tilo, zeTi, 54,6X45,7 sm. van gogis muzeumi, amsterdami

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 97
1820-ian wlebSi aRmoCenili `ferTa simultanuri kontrastis
kanoniT.~ Sevrelis dakvirvebiT, momijnave sagnebi ara mar-
to ireklavdnen erTmaneTis fers, aramed, e.w. damatebiTi
feris efeqtsac warmoqmnidnen. amdenad, Tuki yviTeli sagnis
gverdiT lurji iyo moTavsebuli, maSin, lurjSi, Tvali iis-
fris, anu yviTlis damatebiTi feris kvals SeamCnevda, xolo
yviTelSi _ lurjis damatebiTi ferisas, anu narinjisfers.
sioras mizani sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT dadebuli, sufTa
feris calkeuli mokle monasmebiT iseTi mxedvelobiTi vi-
braciebis Seqmna iyo, romlebic gaacocxlebda suraTis zeda-
pirs; am xerxs mogvianebiT, `divizionizmi~ an `puantiliz-
mi~ ewoda. Teoriulad, gverdigverd dadebuli es patara
sxva­
dasxva feris monasmebi gaerTiandeboda ra mayureblis
TvalSi, sxva feris STabeWdilebas warmoqmnida. garkveuli
manZilidan es axlad warmoqmnili feri, ufro SuqmnaTi da
intensiuri iqneboda, vidre calke aRebuli igive tonaloba,
axlodan ki sioras monasmebi da ferebi isev gansxvavebuli
da gancalkevebuli gamoCndeboda.
sioras didi zomis ferweruli namuSevari SuadRe gran
Jatis kunZulze kvira dRes (sur. 2-37) pirvelad 1886 wels, im-
presionistebis merve anu bolo gamofenaze iyo warmodge-
nili. dasveneba da garToba kvira dRes tipuri Temaa impre-
sionizmisaTvis, magram Sesrulebis mkafio manera, figuraTa
mkveTri, gaxevebuli pozebi da kompoziciis kargad gaTv-
lili geometriuloba, rac erTgvar sazeimo efeqts qmnis,
sakmaod gansxvavdeba impresionizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
`naturalisturi SemTxveviTobisagan~. siora mxolod TerT-
met fers iyenebs da TiToeulis sam tons xmarobs. rodesac
suraTs sami metris distanciidan vuyurebT, mravali feriTa
da sxvadasxva tonalobiT Sesrulebul parkSi myof figurebs
vxedavT, suraTTan miaxloebisas ki (daaxloebiT erTi metris
manZilidan) mkafiod aRviqvamT sxvadasxva feris calkeul
lokalur wertilebs, formebi ki Cvens Tvalwin TiTqos iS­
leba, kargavs konkretulobas da abstraqciad iqceva.
pirveli gamoCenisTanave suraTma urTierTgamomricxavi
Sefasebebi daimsaxura. TanamedroveTa warmodgeniT, kunZu­li

2-40 • vinsent van gogi. varskvlavebiani Rame,

1889; tilo, zeTi, 73X93 sm. Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumi, niu iorki. SeZenilia lili p. bliz beqesTisgan (472.1941)

ixileT varskvlavebiani Ramis axlo xedi veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

98 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
Jati kviraobiT (oficiozis mier frangi muSebis ojaxebisaT-
vis axlad dawesebul uqme dRes) xmauriani, danagvianebuli da
qaosiT moculi adgili iyo. siora ki amis sapirispiro STabeW-
dilebas qmnis suraTze, radgan muSaTa da saSualo klasis erT
sivrceSi dasvenebis SesaZlo idealur suraTs warmogvidgens;
mas undoda eCvenebina, Tu rogori mSvidi iqneboda cxovreba
kunZulze am ori klasis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis SemTxveva-
Si. zogi xelovnebis istorikosi aq uazro Cveulebebisa da xis-
ti damokidebulebebis mqone parizis mzardi saSualo klasis
mimarT sioras damcinav damokidebulebas xedavs, zogi ki am
suraTs mxolod formisa da feris Tvisebebisa da SesaZleblo-
bebis gamosavlenad sioras inteleqtualur varjiSad miiCnevs.
van gogi postimpresionistTa Soris erT-erTma yve­
laze
cnobilma holandielma mxatvarma van gogma (Vincent van Gogh,
1853-1890) sakuTari, mZafrad gamomsaxveli stili Seqmna.
sanam 1880 wels mxatvrobas gadawyvetda, van gogi, romelic
protestanti mRvdlis ufrosi Svili iyo, maswavleblad
xelovnebis dilerad da misionerad muSaobda. bruselSi,
haagasa da antverpenSi xanmokle swavlis Semdeg, van gogi
parizSi gadadis, sadac igi parizul avangards ecnoba. sio-
ras puantilisturi manera, impastos (sqel fenad dadebuli
saRebavi) mravalmimarTulebiani kaSkaSa ferebis monasmebi,
van gogma Tavisi suraTebis umZafresi emociurobisa da
zedapiris xelSesaxebi faqturulobis wyarod aqcia.
van gogi socialisti iyo, romelsac sjeroda, rom Tana­
medrove cxovreba, Tavisi mudmivi socialuri cvlilebe-
biT, progressa da warmatebaze orientaciiT, adamianebSi
erTmaneTisa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT gaucxoebas iwvev-
da (ix. modernisti mxatvrebi da Tanamedrove kulturebi:
iaponizmi, gv. 96). misi namuSevrebi mxatvarsa da mayure-
bels Soris uSualo kavSiris damyarebiT, sakuTari emo-
ciuri mdgo­ mareobis gaziarebisa da am gziT Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis emociuri siRaribis daZlevis mcdelobaa.
mxolod aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri muSaobis Sede-
gad Seqmnilma misma namuSevrebma mravalwilad gansazRvra
mogvianebiT eqspresionizmis aRmoceneba, sadac mxatvris
emociuri mdgomareobis simZafre sruliad gadawonis xi-
luli realobis mimsgavsebis yovelgvar survils. muSaobis
sakuTar meTods van gogi Zmisadmi miweril werilSi aRwers:
`msurs, rom davxato mxatvris megobari, romelsac aqvs
didi ocnebebi, romelic muSaobs ise, TiTqos bulbuli
galobdes, radgan aseTia misi buneba. es kaci iqneba qe-
raTmiani. suraTSi Cemi madliereba, Cemi misdami siyvaru-
li minda gadmovce. am adamians iseve patiosnad davxatav,
rogoric igia Tavad. magram, amiT suraTi ar dasruldeba;
mis dasasruleblad Seupovari koloristi unda gavxde.
unda gavamZafro qera Tmis JReradoba, gamoviyeno narin-
jisfris, yviTlisa da Ria yviTlis tonalobebi. figuris
Tavis ukan, usaxuri oTaxis Cveulebrivi kedlis nacvlad,
usasruloba unda davxato. gavakeTeb rac SeiZleba inten-
siur lurj, ulurjes sada fons da am martivi kombina-
ciiT _ manaTobeli qera TmebiT intensiur lurj fonze
_ mivaRwev idumalebis efeqts, iseTs, rogorsac cis Rrma
silurjeSi acimcimebuli varskvlavebi qmnian.~
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
van gogis am midgomis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia vars-
kvlavebiani Rame (sur. 2-40) _ qalaq sen-remis fsiqiatriuli
klinikidan danaxuli da mxatvris warmosaxviT Seqmnili
xedi. mSvidi qalaqis Tavze ca RvTaebrivi ritmebiT pul-
sirebs da `afeTqebuli~ varskvlavebiT elvarebs. sicocx-
lisa da sikvdilis raobaze fiqriT, van gogi werilSi wers:
`rogorc taraskonsa da ruanSi CavyavarT matarebels, zus-
tad ase mivyavarT sikvdils varskvlavebamde.~ am ideas su-
raTSi kviparosis xe ganasaxierebs, romelic sikvdilisa da
maradiuli sicocxlis sombolodaa miCneuli. suraTis wina
planze dramatulad aRmarTuli kviparosi miwier da zeciur
samyaroTa makavSireblad gvevlineba. yvelaze kaSkaSa varskv-
lavi caze, sinamdvileSi, siyvarulTan asocirebuli planeta
veneraa. SesaZloa, suraTis gasaocari energetika van gogis
mier sikvdilis gziT im siyvarulis mopovebis eiforiul
imeds gadmoscemdes, romelic sicocxleSi ar eRirsa mxat-
vars. es suraTi ferweris xerxebiT ganxorcielebul amboxs
ganasaxierebs, radgan mTeli misi zedapiri sxvadasxva inten-
siuri feris metaliviT mkveTri da TiTqos tkivilisgan da-
krunCxuli monasmebiTaa daserili. van gogis manera uSualo,
intensiuri da eqspresiulia da aRbeWdavs swored imas, rasac
mxatvari grZnobs da ara imas, rasac xedavs. fsiqologiuri
krizisi, romelsac van gogi naxevari cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki bolo wlebSi ganicdida, ramdenime dRe,
xanac kvirebi grZeldeboda. am dros mas gaurkveveli xmebi
esmoda, muSaobas ver axerxebda da sakuTari TavisTvis zia-
nis miyenebis mcdelobebic ki hqonda. stresebisa da umZimesi
Setevebis Sedegad igi fsiqiatriul klinikaSi aRmoCnda, sa-
dac daxata kidec varskvavebiani Rame; bolos ki, 1890 wlis
ivlisSi, van gogma sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula.
gogeni varskvlavebiani Ramis xatvisas, van gogi saku­
Tar
warmosaxvas ufro rom miendo, vidre naturas, SesaZloa, misi
megobris, pol gogenis (Paul Gauguin, 1843-1903) rCevamac ganapi-
roba. gogeni, odesRac, erT mxatvars ase arigebda: `nu daxat-
av naturidan Zalze xSirad da zedmiwevniT zustad, xelovne-
ba abstraqciaa. aiRe es abstraqcia bunebisgan misi Wvretisas
da meti ifiqre Sens namuSevarSi misaRwev saboloo Sedegze.~
gogeni parizSi radikali frangi Jurnalistis ojaxSi daiba-
da. misi deda perueli iyo da gogenic 7 wlamde peruSi iz-
rdeboda. 1870-ian wlebSi da 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisSi igi
birJis warmatebuli makleri iyo da burJuas komfortuli
cxovrebiT cxovrobda. Tavisufal dros ki, pisaros meT-
valyureobis qveS, mxatvrobas uTmobda. 1880-1886 wlebSi man
impresionistebis bolo oTx gamofenaSi miiRo monawileoba.
1883 wels, safondo birJis gakotrebis Semdeg, man samsaxuri
dakarga. sami wlis Semdeg ki gogenma miatova ojaxi, meuRle
da xuTi Svili da Tavi mTlianad mxatvrobas miuZRvna. gogens
sZulda misi Tanamedrove komerciuli kultura, romelsac
Tavad kargad icnobda. im rwmeniT, rom ufro `primitiul~
adgilebSi gaqceva mas preindustriuli cxovrebis martiv
siamovnebebs apovninebda, gogeni jer 1886-1891 wlebSi saf-
rangeTis bretanis provinciaSi gadadis sacxovreblad, 1887
wels ki igi panamasa da kunZul martinikze mogzaurobs; Sem-
deg, 1888 wels ori TviT arlSi Cadis van gogTan; dabolos,
Tavi II. 99
 |
axlo xediT mahana no atua (RvTaebis dRe)
pol gogeni. 1894. tilo, zeTi, 69.5 X 90.5 sm.
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti. helen barleTis memoriuli koleqcia (1926.198)

gogeni suraTs sam horizontalur zonad yofs da kompozicias rogorc taitur periodSi Sesrulebul mraval namuSevarze,
TandaTanobiT, zemodan qvemoT aviTarebs. scenis zeda nawili re- gogeni aqac taitis tradiciul kerps rodi gamosaxavs; igi mis
alobasTan axlosaa: kompoziciis centrSi, sanapiroze taitelebiT xelT arsebul suraTebze warmodgenil boroboduris budisturi
garSemortymuli RvTaebis qandakebaa gamosaxuli. taZris RvTaebis gamosaxulebas warmogvidgens.

qalis
centralur
suraTis Sua figuras fexebi
nawili arabune- wyalSi aqvs
brivi, vard- Cayofili da
isferi sana- mayureblisken
piros fonze morcxvad
gamosaxul iyureba. mis
sam figuras orive mxares
warmogvidgens. androginuli
centraluri figurebi
figuris ukan embrionis
mocemuli mwvane pozebSi wvanan.
TaRovani forma figurebi,
mas imTaviTve albaT, daba­de­
kerpis gamo- bis, sicocxlisa
saxulebasTan da sikvdilis
akavSirebs. (marcxnidan
marjvniv)
simboloebs
warmoadgenen.

suraTis mesame, sul qveda nawilze wylis ucnauri gubea gamosaxuli, romelic
asawyobi Tavsatexis (fazlis) msgavsad, mkveTri Seferilobis mqone, ovalur-
talRovani moyvanilobis brtyeli formebiTaa Sedgenili. suraTis marcxena
nawili iwvevs ra garkveuli sivrciTobis SegrZnebas, TiTqos ufro bunebrivad
erwymis garemos. marjvena mxare ki ufro metad sibrtyobrivi da stilizebulia.
gogeni ucnaursa da moulodnel formebs gamosaxavs sura-
Tis im monakveTze, sadac, wesiT, wylis zedapirze CvenTvis
nacnobi garemos anarekli unda iyos aRbeWdili. es magi-
uri gube naTlad warmoaCens mxatvris survils, dagvana-
xos `azrovnebis misteriuli centrebi.~ gogenis mizani iyo
simboluri da ara aRweriTi xasiaTis namuSevris Seqmna.

ixileT axlo xediT mahana no atua (RvTaebis dRe) veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

1891 wels wynari okeanis samxreT nawilSi, safrangeTis ko-
loniaSi _ kunZul taitize miemgzavreba. 1893-1895 wlebs
gogeni safrangeTSi atarebs da Semdeg isev polineziaSi
brundeba, sadac 1903 wels asrulebs kidec Tavis sicocxles.
gogenis Semoqmedeba iseTi gansxvavebuli wyaroebiT saz-
rdoobda, rogoricaa Sua saukuneebis vitraJebi, xalxuri
xelovneba, iaponuri grafika; igi eZiebda primitiul sax-
viT saSualebebs; iyenebda xalxuri xelovnebisaTvis dam-
axasiaTebel iseT `dekoraciul~ xerxebs, rogoricaa kaS-
kaSa Seferilobis sibrtyobrivi formebi, pirobiTi feri
da sagnebis SemomsazRvreli mkveTri Savi konturi. Tavis
stils gogeni `sinTetizms~ uwodebda, radgan, misi azriT,
ganyenebuli xaziT, pirobiTi formiT, sivrciTa da fer-
iT suraTSi xiluli realobisa da mxatvris gancdebis, Tu
grZnobebis sinTezi xdeboda.
mahana no atua (RvTaebis dRe) swored am sinTezis Sedegia
(ix. axlo xediT, gv. 100). taituri Tematikis miuxedavad, is
safrangeTSi xanmokle dabrunebis periodSia Seqmnili. ta-
itize gogeni im imediT wavida, rom Seuryvnel, preindustri-
ul samoTxes da, misi warmodgeniT, bunebasTan axlos myof
umanko taitelebs ipovida. magram kunZulze mas kolonizaci-
is Sedegad erTianad gadagvarebuli qveyana daxvda, romlis
kulturac, dasavluri civilizaciis zegavleniT, TandaTan
qreboda. amis miuxedavad, gogenma am realobis ugulvebe-
lyofa arCia da sanacvlod, am da sxva namuSevrebSi sakuTari
warmosaxviT SeTxzuli samoTxiseuli idilia aRbeWda.

100 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
simbolizmi
simbolizmi internacionaluri mimdinareoba iyo,
romelic im xelovanebs aerTianebda, vinc Se­moq­
medebis sagnad iracionaluri SiSebi, survilebi
da adamianis gonebis impulsebi gaixada. fsiqikis
Savbneli siRrmeebisadmi interesi XIX saukunis
bolo aTwleulebSi bunebis fotografiuli da
mecnieruli kvlevis, mediumebis spiritualuri
samyaroTi sayovelTao gatacebis fonze aRmocen-
da. zogi simbolisti Tana­ medrove cxovrebisgan
TavSesafars mouTokavi emo­ ciebis iracionalur
samyaroSi eZebda, rogorc amas edgar alan pos
(1809-1849) msgavsi avtorebi aRwerdnen, romelTa
SemaZrwunebeli moTxrobebi zebunebrivis Sesaxeb
mTel evropaSi popularobiT sargeblobda. Sem-
TxveviTi arc is iyo, rom zigmund froidi (1856-
1939), romelic Semoqmedebis process sizmars
adarebda, swored am periodSi wers Tavis saetapo
teqsts sizmrebis interpretacia (1900).
simbolistebma uaryves Tanamedrove dasavlu­
ri kulturis racionalizmsa da materialur
progresze damyarebuli Rirebulebebi. sanacv-
lod, maT emociebis, warmosaxvisa da sulierebis
iracionaluri samyaro airCies. yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis miRma isini ufro Rrma da idumal re-
alobas eZebdnen, romlis mouxelTebel da farul
mniSvnelobas ucnauri da ambiciuri TemebiT,
stilizebuli formebiT asaxavdnen. TavianT namu-
Sevrebs isini xSirad sizmrebs adarebdnen.

2-42 • edvard munki. kivili,

?1910; daugruntavi tilo, tempera, zeTi; 83,5X66 sm. munkis muzeumi, oslo

simbolizmi saxviT xelovnebaSi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli simbo­

lizmTan poeziasa da literaturaSi. magaliTad, Joris karl huismansis,
1884 wels gamocemul romans bunebis sawinaaRmdegod (À Rebours) sul erTi
gmiri hyavs _ aristokrati, saxelad dez isanti, romelic mis mier Seqmnil
xelovnur samyaroSia Caketili, radgan `warmosaxva iolad Caenacvleba
vulgarul yoveldRiurobas.~ dez isantis azriT, samyaro ararelevan-
turi da Seusabamoa. igi fiqrobda, rom `bunebis dro amoiwura~ da `daqan-
culma esTetebma~ xelovnebas unda Seafaron Tavi, `ZvelTaZvel ocnebebsa
Tu garyvnilebaSi CaiZiron da Tanamedrove cxovrebas gaecalon~.

moro akademist mxatvrs gustav moros (Gustave Moreau, 1826-1898) sim-

2-41 • gustav moro. gamocxadeba, 1874-1876;
tilo, zeTi; 106X72,2 sm. luvris muzeumi, parizi
bolistebi TavianT winamorbedad miiCnevdnen. misi bolo periodis na-
muSevrebi mWvretelobiT-winaswarmetyveluri xasiaTisaa. simbolistebi
gansakuTrebiT iyvnen aRfrTovanebulebi iudevelTa mefis asulis _
bibluri salomes saxis moroseuli iterpretaciiT, rodesac salome,
dedis _ herodeas waqezebiT, mamis _ herodes winaSe erotikul cek-
vas Seasrulebs da sanacvlod, ioane naTlismcemlis Tavs moiTxovs
(markozi 6:21-28). moros mier 1876 wlis salonze wardgenil suraTze
gamocxadeba (sur. 2-40) macduri salomes winaSe xilvis saxiTaa warmodgeni-
li haerSi molivlive, Tvalgaxelili da sisxlmdinare, RvTiuri naTliT
garemoculi wmindanis mokveTili Tavi. moro am pirquSi mgrZnobelobiT

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 101
 2-43 • jeims ensori. intriga,
1890; tilo, zeTi, 90,3X105 sm.
xelovnebis samefo muzeumi,
anTverpeni

2-44 • ogiust rodeni. kales moqalaqeebi, 1884-1889; brinjao, 2,1X2,4X2 m. hirShornis muzeumi da skulpturis
baRi, smiTsonianis instituti, vaSingtoni, jozef hirShornis saCuqari, 1966

rodenis mier sajaro qandakebis maRali pedestalis nacvlad dabal safuZvelze dadgmam, XX saukuneSi, Tavad
pedestalis gauqmebis da qandakebis mayureblis `realur~ sivrceSi `Semotanis~ tendencias Cauyra safuZveli.

102 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
aRsavse scenasa da egzotikur garemocvas detalizebulad
gadmoscems; Zvirfasi TvlebiviT moelvare saRebavis monas-
mebiT igi mgrZnobelobiT-dekadansur atmosferos qmnis,
rac salomes _ fataluri qalis mxatvrul saxes reliefu-
rad warmoaCens; esaa qali, romelic Tavis mgrZnobelobiT
aRsavse momxibvlelobas msxveplis dasaRupad iyenebs.
simbolistebi, iseve rogorc xelovanTa sxva mcire jgu­
febi, calke, damoukidebel gamofenebs awyobdnen, magram,
impresionistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic qiraobdnen
dar­bazs, beWdavdnen programebs da gamofenaze Sesasvle-
lad mcireoden gadasaxdsac awesebdnen, simbolistebi ufro
mokrZalebul gamofenebs marTavdnen da arc sazogadoebisa-
gan elodnen gansakuTrebul interess.

munki simbolizmi safrangeTSi Caisaxa, magram man mniSv­ne­

lovani gavlena iqonia sxva qveynebis avangardze, romelsac,
xSirad, eqspresionistuli tendenciebi erTvoda. norveg-
ieli mxatvari edvard munki (Edvard Munch, 1863-1944) qmnis
namuSevarTa jgufs, romelSic igi gatanjuli cobierebis
SemaSinebel mdgomareobas gadmoscems. misi suraTi kivili
(sur. 2-42) Ramis koSmarebsa da saSiS filmebs hgavs; mkveTri
ferebi da moreviviT Caxveuli xazebi Cvens mzeras sura-
Tis mTel zedapirze atrialebs, dabolos, adamianis SeZrul
saxesTan da misi SemaZrwunebeli kivilis vizualur eqoe-
bTan abrunebs. munki aRwers, Tu riT daiwyo misi namuSevari:
`erT saRamos biliks mivuyvebodi. cal mxares qalaqi Canda
da mis qvemoT _ fiordi. viyavi daRlili da avadmyofi...
bunebis gamWol kivils vgrZnobdi... es suraTi davxate,
davxate Rrublebi, rogorc namdvili sisxli~.

ensori belgieli fermweri da graviuris ostati jeims ensori
(James Ensor, 1860-1949) oTxi weli briuselis akademiaSi swavlob-
da, magram mTeli darCenili cxovreba axlomdebare sakurorto
qalaq osTendSi gaatara; aq man sakmaod mZafri xasiaTis iseTi
namuSevrebi Seqmna, romlebSic erTmaneTs erwymoda simbolis-
turi da eqspresionistuli tendenciebi. misi suraTi intriga
(sur. 2-43) aJitirebul adamianTa mWidrod Sekrul jgufs war-
mogvidgens, romelic mayurebelTan Zalian axlos, wina planze
maqsimaluradaa wamoweuli. saxeze afarebuli niRbebi (papie-
maSes niRbebs ensoris ojaxi didi marxvis win, sakarnavalod
yidda) am adamianebs SemaSfoTebel, uazro da avismomaswavebel
xasiaTs aniWebs. ensoris Sxamiani ferebi da TiTqos suraTis
zedapirze xelis TiTebiT dadebuli energiuli farTo monas-
mebi mayurebelSi amaRelvebel ganwyobilebas iwvevs.
franguli skulptura
dawesebuli standartebis ugulvebelyofa da emociuri
gamomsaxveloba gviani XIX saukunis evropis yvelaze warmate-
buli da gavleniani moqandakis, ogiust rodenis (Auguste
Rodin 1840-1917) namuSevrebsac axasiaTebs. rodeni parizSi
daibada. natifi xelovnebis skolaSi moxvedris sami uSedego
mcdelobis Semdeg, rodeni iZulebuli iyo oci wlis ganma-
vlobaSi sxva moqandakeebTan asistentad emuSava. 1875 wels
italiaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, sadac rodeni donatelosa da
miqelanjelos xelovnebas gaecno, igi arastandartul, xSir-
ad, uxerxul pozebSi warmodgenil, energiulad modelire-
buli figurebis skulpturebs qmnis. misi qandakebebi, erTi
2-45 • kamil klodeli. valsi, 1892-1905;
brinjao, simaRle 25 sm. axali pinakoTeka. miunheni
frang kompozitors, klodelis axlo megobars, klod debiusis,
skulpturis nimuSi Tavis pianinoze edga. debiusi aRiarebda
xelovnebisa da literaturis gavlenas Tavis musikalur inovaciebze.
mxriv, akademisti kritikosebis mxridan dacinvis obieqti
xdeba da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis aRfrTovanebas iwvevs.
rodeni did moqandaked 1884 wels iqna aRiarebuli, rode-
sac misma qandakebam kales moqalaqeni (sur. 2-44), konkursSi
gaimarjva. es skulpturuli kompozicia aswliani omis mov-
lenebis aRsaniSnad, qalaq kalesTvis sagangebod Seiqmna. 1327
wels inglisis mefem, edvard III-m qalaq kales eqvs warCinebul
moqalaqes piroba wauyena: Tuki isini jvaloTi Semosilni,
yelze yulfiT da xelSi qalaqis gasaRebiT mefes eaxlebod-
nen, anu sasikvdilod Tavs gawiravdnen, maSin igi alyaSemor-
tymul qalaqs daindobda. sabolood, am adamianTa simamaciT
aRfrTovanebulma mefem isini Seiwyala da gaaTavisufla.
sakonkurso komisiis wevrebi arc Temis rodeniseuli
interpretaciiT moxiblulan da arc mxatvris im ganzrax-
viT aRfTovanebulan, rom figurebi dabal postamentze,
TiTqmis quCis pirze aRemarTaT. mxatvris es Canafiqri mayu­
rebelze iyo gaTvlili, raTa mas gasCenoda gancda, rom
Rirseuli saqcieli maTsaviT rigiTi adamianisTvisac ar
aris ucxo xili. mSvidi, idealizebuli gmirebis nacvlad,
rodeni morCilebisa da uimedobis gansxvavebuli gancdiT
Sepyrobil rigiT adamianebs warmogvidgens; igi amZafrebs

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 103

saxeTa gamometyvelebas, agrZelebs da adidebs kidurebs _
xelis mtevnebs, terfebs. mZime qsovilSi gaxveuli rodenis
kales moqalaqeebi warmodgenas gviqmnian ara mxolod imaze,
Tu rogor gamoiyurebodnen isini, aramed imazec, Tu ras
grZnobda TiToeuli maTgani yoveli nabijis ZaldatanebiT
gadadgmisas. rodenis mier adamianis sxeulis stilizacia,
rasac eqspresiis misaRwevad iyenebs avtori, samomavlod,
skulpturul abstraqcias gauxsnis gzas.
kamil klodeli (Camille Claudel, 1864-1943), romelic kales
moqalaqeebze muSaobisas rodenis asistenti iyo, qandakebis
xelovnebas mis saxelosnoSi misvlamdec eufleboda. Tavda-
104 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-46 • viqtor orta. kibe,
taselis saxli, briuseli,
1892-1893
pirvelad igi rodenis saxlSi diasaxlisis funqcias asruleb-
da, Semdgom ki mas moqandakesTan rTuli sasiyvarulo urTier-
Toba Camouyalibda, ramac 15 weli gastana. klodeli, romlis
dramatul cxovrebas xSirad axseneben xolme, profesiuli
warmatebiT sargeblobda, magram fsiqikuri problemebis gamo,
man cxovrebis bolo 30 weli fsiqiatriul klinikaSi gaatara.
klodelis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili namuSevaria valsi
(sur. 2-45), romlis ramdenime versia moqandakem 1892-1905
wlebSi Seqmna. qandakeba SiSvel mocekvave wyvils warmogvid-
gens, Tumca, qalis sxe­ ulis qveda nawili grZeli, friala
drapirebiTaa dafaruli. am daTmobaze klodeli mas Semdeg
wavida, rac xelovnebis saministros inspeqtorma
figuraTa aSkara sensualoba miuReblad CaTvala
da qandakebis marmarilos versiisTvis saxelm-
wifo dafinansebis SewyvetiT daemuqra avtors. es
namuSevari miuRebeli mxolod imitom gaxda, rom
valsis cekvisas, im drois moTxovnebis sawinaaR-
mdegod, figurebi zedmetad axlos iyvnen erT-
maneTTan. klodelma SiSveli sxeuli sakmarisad
dafara drapirebiT imisaTvis, rom dafinanseba
moepovebina, magram qandakebis dasruleba man ve-
Rar moaxerxa. Tumca, man skulpturis ramdenime
modificirebuli mcire zomis versia Seqmna brin-
jaoTi, romlebSic drapirebis spiraluri dineba
sivrceSi trialiT gatacebuli, Caxutebuli mo-
cekvaveebis moZraobis iluzias qmnis.

ar nuvo
drapirebis spiraliseburad daxveuli masa klo­
delis valss stilisturad ar nuvosTan akavSirebs
(Art Nouveau _ frangulad `axali xelovneba~), xe-
lovnebis im stilTan, romelic adreul 1890-ian
wlebSi Camoyalibda da mTeli aTwleulis ganmav-
lobaSi evropuli dizainis yvela sfero moicva.
ar nuvo Tamamad sargeblobda Tanamedrove in-
dustriuli teqnologiebiT, magram uaryofda na-
muSevrebSi funqcionalur esTetikas, magaliTad,
eifelis koSkisas, sadac nagebobis struqtura
warmodgenili iyo, rogorc arqiteqturuli di­
zaini. ar nuvos mxatvrebisa da arqiteqtorebis­
Tvis STagonebis gansakuTrebul wyaros buneba
warmoadgenda; yvelaze metad ki vazi, qvewarmav-
lebi, yvavilebi, frTosani mwerebi, yvelaferi is,
risi natifi da denadi formebi stilis daxvewil
da graciozul esTetikas esadageboda. mizani ki,
bunebis msgavsad, dizainis yoveli aspeqtis erT
mTlianobaSi harmoniuli integrireba iyo.

orta xelovani, romlis Semoqmedebamac yve­

la­
ze metad gansazRvra ar nuvos stilis ganviTa­
reba, belgieli viqtor orta (Victor Horta, 1861-
1947) gaxldaT. genTsa da briuselSi akademiuri
ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, orta eqvsi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi klasicisturi arqiteqturis saxelos-
noSi moRvaweobda, 1890 wlidan ki man damoukide-
belad daiwyo muSaoba. pirveli mniSvnelovani
SekveTa ortam 1892 wels miiRo; es iyo profesor 2-47 • antonio gaudi. kaza batlo, barselona, 43, pase de gracia, 1900-1907
taselis rezidencia briuselSi. Sedegi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki Senobis holi da kibe (sur. 2-46), gansacvifreblad iseve rogorc, talRiseburi dekoraciuli xazi, nawilobriv,
originaluri gamodga. liTonis nakeTobebi, kedlis dekori ingliseli reformatorebisgan, kerZod, uiliam morisisgan
da iatakis filebi, Tavisi wagrZelebuli, denadi, moxde- unda momdinareobdes.
nilad CaxlarTuli mrudebiT erTian harmoniul ansambls
qmnida. saidan iRebs saTaves ortas Semoqmedeba, jer kidev gaudi graciozuli xazobrioba, romelic taselis saxlis
sakamaToa, magram, rogorc Cans, masze gavlena unda moex- Sesasvlelis dizainis yovel detalSi vlindeba, mTeli ev-
dina 1880-iani wlebis inglisis xelovnebisa da xelosnobis ropis masStabiT modur tendenciad damkvidrda. espaneTSi
moZraobis stilizebul xazobriv formebs. xelovnebis sxva­ axal stils modernizmi (Modernismo) ewoda, misi yvelaze mniS-
dasxva dargebis erT mTlianobad gaerTianebisken swrafva, vnelovani warmomadgeneli ki katalonieli arqiteqtori an-

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 105
 2-48 • heqtor gimari.
saweri magida,
daax. 1899
(gadakeTebulia
1909 wlis Semdeg).
zeTis xilis xe ifnis
dafebiT, 73X121
sm. Tanamedrove
xelovnebis muzeumi,
niu iorki, madam
heqtor gimaris
saCuqari

tonio gaudi i korneti (Antonio Gaudí i Cornet, 1852-1926) iyo.

gaudis nagebobebisa da parkebis dizainSi integrirebuli
bunebrivi formebi, Tavisi dinamizmiTa da TavisuflebiT,
dRemde sworupovrad miiCneva. 1904 wels mdidarma mewarmem
xose batlom gaudis kerZo saxli daukveTa, romelsac
barselonas cnobili ojaxebis sxva mdidruli saxlebi unda
daeCrdila. gaudim daarwmuna damkveTi, rom Zveli Senobis
konstruqcia SeenarCunebinaT da cvlilebebi mxolod fasa-
dsa da interiers Sexeboda. gaudis fasadi (sur. 2-47) qviSaq-
vis talRovani formebiT, sxvadasxva feris minisa da Tixis
zedapirebiT, barselonasaTvis saxasiaTo goTikur, islamur
da barokul vizualur tradiciebs xatovnad aerTianebs da
sizmriseul fantazias waagavs. farToRiobebiani qveda sar-
Tulis gamo, saxls `mTqnarebis saxli~ Seerqva. xolo fasadis
marjvena mxares gamoyenebuli sayrdenebis gamo, romelTac
adamianis wvivis giganturi formebi aqvs, zogi mas `Zvlebis
saxlsac~ uwodebda. saxlis saxuravi Tavisi qercliseburi
zedapiriT mwoliare drakons waagavs. TiTqos mis zurgze
`amosuli~ ucnauri formis koSkura ki, kataloniis mfarve-
lis, wm. giorgis mier legendaruli mtris zurgSi gayril
maxvils mogvagonebs. akademiuri istoricizmisa da indus-
trializaciis epoqis urbanuli arqiteqturis sruliad
sapirispiro xedva, romelic gaudis am namuSevarSi gamov-
linda, aSkarad migviTiTebs gaudis siaxloveze espanur
tradiciebTan da warmoaCens qalaqis mkvidrTa yofis gala-
mazebisa da maTTvis xatovani garemos Seqmnis survils.

gimari ar nuvos yvelaze saxelganTqmuli frangi war-

momadgeneli, heqtor gimari (Hector Guimard, 1867-1942) moZ-
raobas 1895 wels, ortasTan Sexvedris Semdeg SeuerTda.
gimari yvelaze metad saukuneTa mijnaze Seqmnili parizis
metros CasasvlelebiTaa cnobili, magram Tavisi karieris
umetesi nawili man interierisa da avejis dizains miuZ-
2-49 • anri tuluz lotreki. Jein avrili,
1893; liTografia, 129X94 sm. san diegos xelovnebis muzeumi.
boldvin m. boldvinis fondis saCuqari (1987.32)

Rvna, romlis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs misive xeliT

106 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
Seqmnili saweri magida (sur. 2-48) warmoadgens. statikuri da
xisti geometriuli obieqtis nacvlad, gimarma asimetri-
uli, denadi, talRovani cocxali forma Seqmna, romelic
masTan mjdom adamians TiTqos gars `ekvris~.
tuluz-lotreki anri de tuluz lotreki (Henri de Tou-
louse-Lautrec, 1864-1901) samxreT safrangeTis aristokratiul
ojaxSi daibada. genetikuri daavadebis gamo misi fizikuri
ganviTareba bavSvobidanve arasrulfasovani iyo. 1882 wels
lotreki parizSi gadadis, sadac degas namuSevrebis gac-
nobis Semdeg, sruliad uaryofs akademisturi samxatvro
ganaTlebis Sedegad miRebul gamocdilebas. man aRmoaCina
parizis gasarTobi raioni monmartri, sadac mowinave xe-
lovanebi ikribebodnen da bohemur cxovrebas eweodnen.
1880-iani wlebis miwurulidan tuluz lotrekma mTeli
Tavisi Semoqmedeba monmartris Ramis cxovrebis _ kafee-
bis, Teatrebis, sacekvao darbazebis, bordelebis _ asaxvas
dauTmo da Tavadac am cxovrebis mudmivi monawile gaxda.
1891-1901 wlebSi lotrekma 30 liTografia Seqmna; es iyo
monmartris cnobili Ramis klubebis afiSebi, romlebzec am
klubebis yvelaze popularuli msaxiobebi iyvnen warmodge-
nilni. erT-erT maTganze saeWvo reputaciis mqone mocekvave
Jein avrili (sur. 2-49) avadsaxsenebeli kan-kanis cekvisas aris
gamosaxuli. lotrekma avrili sasuraTo sibrtyis marcxena
kideSi, siRmisken mkveTrad daviwroebul scenaze gamosaxa.
wina planze ki, mnaxvelTan Zalian axlos warmodgenilia kon-
trabasze damkvreli musikosis saxe da xelebi; instrumen-
tis calkeuli nawilebi da sanoto furclebi suraTis qveda
2-50. jozef faqsToni. brolis sasaxle,
londoni, 1850-1851; rkina, SuSa, xe (1851 wlis didi gamofenis grafikuli anabeWdi;
dabeWdili da gamoqveynebulia Zmeb diqinsonebis mier. londoni, 1854)
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
marjvena kuTxidan aCarCoebs kompozicias, romlis mkveTri
rakursi degas namuSevrebs mogvagonebs (ix. sur. 1-33). magram
lotrekis mier Jein avrilis saxeSi xazgasmuli seqsualoba
mxatvrul saxes vulgarulobas aniWebs, maSin, rodesac dega
garegnuli silamazis aqcentirebas cdilobs. lotreki kon-
turiT Semowers formas, sibrtyobriobas aniWebs sivrces
suraTSi, amartivebs modelirebas, raTa gamosaxuleba fe-
radi liTografiuli beWdvis iaffasian teqnikas ukeT mo-
ergos, magram mkveTri silueturobis aqcentireba da denadi
xazi, aSkarad ar nuvoze mianiSnebs.
modernizmis sawyisebi
XIX s-is miwurulis arqiteqturis istoria asaxavs im
dilemas, romlis winaSec industriuli qalaqebi aRmoCnda
_ es iyo arCevani natifi xelovnebis skolis akademiuri
stilis klasicistur tradiciebsa da industriuli epo-
qis axali masalebiTa da samSeneblo meTodebiT warmoqmnil
axal esTetikas Soris. marTalia, natifi xelovnebis skola
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mxatvrobis axali tendenciebis
fonze marginalizebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, magram
1880 wlis Semdeg amerikeli da evropeli arqiteqtorebisT-
vis is mainc ganaTlebis sabaziso dawesebulebas warmoad-
genda. da es xdeboda maSin, rodesac industrializaciam,
iseT qlaqebSi, rogoric Cikago iyo, maRali da didi nagebo-
bebis axleburad gaazrebis moTxovnileba Seqmna.
imavdroulad, pol sezani sicocxlis bolo wlebSi avan-
garduli mxatvrobis kurss cvlis, abrunebs ra xelovnebaSi
Tavi II. 107
garemomcveli samyaros daJinebul, intensiur Seswavlas. igi
guldasmiT ikvlevs mas, rogorc samedicino saseqcio magid-
aze gamotanil nimuSs da xelovanebs urCevs, mxatvruli az-
rovnebis axal gzebze ifiqron. 1906-Si, mxatvris gardacva-
lebis wels gamarTulma misma retrospeqtulma gamofenam
mxatvarTa Semdgom Taobas sezanis meTodi gaacno.
evropuli arqiteqtura: teqnologia da struqtura
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis tempi sagrZnoblad
matulobda. industrializaciam adamianebs meti, gacilebiT
meti warmoebis, moxmarebis, mogzaurobis saSualeba misca.
industrializacias Sedegad urbanizacia moyva, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, industrializaciis ufro maRali xarisxi
moiTxova. sazogadoebis gajansaRebisa da srulyofis sur-
vilma 20-ze meti saerTaSoriso gamofenis gamarTva ganapi-
roba, romlebzec industriuli da teqnologiuri inova-
ciebi iyo warmodgenili. erT-erTi pirveli gamofena 1851
wels londonSi gaimarTa. `yvela eris industriis didi
gamofena~ britaneTma sakuTari industriuli simZlavris
warmosaCenad, imperiuli uflebamosilebis dasturad
da evropis 1848 wlis revoluciebis Sedegad gatanjuli
xalxis dasaSoSmineblad moawyo. `didi gamofenis~ centri
`brolis sasaxle~ iyo, romelic Tanamedrove samSeneblo
teqnologiebsa da Tanamedrove esTetikas ganasaxierebda.
brolis sasaxle jozef faqsTonis (Joseph Paxton, 1803-1865)
mier Seqmnili brolis sasaxlis (sur. 2-50) revoluciuri
konstruqcia Tujis struqturul karkass warmoadgenda,
romelSic im drois warmoebisTvis SesaZlebeli maqsimal-
uri zomis (75-dan 125 sm-mde) minebi iyo Casmuli. minas xis

2-51 • anri labrusti. samkiTxvelo darbazi, parizis nacionaluri biblioTeka, 1862-1868

108 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
winaswar damzadebuli nerviurebi da sayrdenebi iWerda.
samiarusiani nageboba im droisaTvis yvelaze didi gadaxu-
ruli sivrce iyo; 565 metri sigrZis Senoba 73 000 kv.m-s
moicavda da TiTqmis milionamde kv.m-is sagamofeno sivrc-
es qmnida. centraluri kamarovani ganivi navi, romelic
rkinigzis sadgurebis Tujis konstruqciis axali dizai-
nis mixedviT iyo Seqmnili, 33 metris simaRlisa iyo, raTa
dedofal viqtorias (1837-1901) meuRlis, princ albertis
sayvareli Telas xeebis rigi daetia. gamofena 6 milionamde
adamianma daaTvaliera da mnaxvelTa umetesobam brolis
sasaxle teqnologiur saswaulad aRiara. miuxedavad amisa,
arqiteqtorebisa da kritikosebis umetesoba upiratesobas
isev klasicizmsa da romantizms aniWebda, radgan brolis sa-
saxle maTTvis ufro sainJinro nageboba iyo, vidre namdvili
arqiteqtura. rogorc Cans, maTi azriT, ganaxlebuli go-
Tikuri stili liTonisa da SuSis konstruqcebma gadawona.
nacionaluri biblioTeka anri labrusti (Henri
Labrouste, 1801-1875) Tavdapir­
velad natifi xelovnebis
skolaSi swavlobda, Semdeg ki Tavad aswavlida arqiteqtu-
ras. labrustis didi sur­vili iyo arqiteqturisadmi skolis
istorizebuli da­ mo­kidebuleba industriuli inJineriis
inovaciebTan gae­erTianebina. Tumca, skolaSi Tavisi idee-
bis damkvidreba mas didad ar ucdia, maTi ganxorcieleba
labrustma praqti­kaSi moaxerxa. parizis nacionaluri bib-
lioTekis samkiTxvelo darbazi (sur. 2-52) am tendenciaTa
gaerTianebis naTeli magaliTia. darbazis gadaxurvas gum-
baTebis mTeli wyeba qmnis. gumbaTebis zedapirebi TeTri,
naTeli keramikuli filebiTaa mopirkeTebuli, centrSi ki
miniT dafaruli mrgvali Riobebia datanebuli, saidanac
interierSi sinaTle Semodis. liTonis wvrili svetebi da
eleganturi TaRebi samkiTxvelo darbazis farTo, gaxsnil
sivrces qmnis. klasikur detalebSi gamJRavnebuli istori-
uli aluziebi, kombinirebuli uzarmazar gaxsnil sivrces-
Tan, romlis konstruireba industriuli masalis wyalobiT
gaxda SesaZlebeli, aSkarad modernulia.
2-52 • moris hanTi.
Rirsebis sasamarTlo,
kolumbiuri msoflio
eqspozicia, Cikago, 1893;
xedi aRmosavleTidan
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
Cikagos skola
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, iseve rogorc evropaSi,
mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli proeqtebi im droisTvis is-
toricizmis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda, magram
Tanamedrove qalaqma axali tipis industriuli, satrans-
porto, komerciuli, sasawyobe da sacxovrebeli nagebo-
bebis moTxovna gaaCina; saWiro gaxda urbanul raionebSi,
sadac miwis fasi uswrafesad matulobda, iseTi Senobebis
ageba, romlebic, sxva­dasxva tipis aqtivobebisas, rac Sei-
Zleba met adamians daitevda. Cikago amis naTeli magaliTi
iyo. Cikago, romelic qveynis agrarulad ganviTarebuli
midvesTidan amerikis aRmosavleT da dasavleT sanapiro
qalaqebSi marcvleulis, saqonlisa da sxva produqciis ga-
dasazisad mniSvnelovan satransporto habs warmoadgenda,
1890-iani wlebisTvis, mWidrod dasaxlebuli, mdidari qa-
laqi xdeba. savaWro centrebis, komerciuli da saofise
nagebobebis mSeneblobis dawyebasTan erTad, Tavdapirve-
lad, praqtikuli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, CikagoSive
Caisaxa urbanuli ganaSenianebisa da dizainis mimarT axali
midgoma, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom arqiteturuli for-
mis ganmsazRvreli misi funqcia unda yofiliyo.
msoflio kolumbiuri eqspozicia riCard moris han-
Ti (Richard Morris Hunt, 1827-1895) pirveli amerikeli iyo, romel-
mac arqiteqtura parizis natif xelovnebaTa skolaSi Seiswav-
la. istoricizmis gansakuTrebuli codniTa da gamocdilebiT,
igi arqiteqturaSi yvela misaReb stils iyenebda _ goTikurs,
renesansuls da frangul klasicizms. misma Semoqmedebam gac-
ilebiT aamaRla amerikuli arqiteqturis standartebi. samo-
qalaqo omis Semdeg hanTma qveynis dasavleTSi, fabrikantebisa
da finansistebis mzardi klasisTvis, romelic evropis aris-
tokratias ejibreboda, mravali feSenebeluri saxli aago.
karieris bolos hanTi CikagoSi, 1893 wlis kolumbiuri
msoflio eqspoziciis mSeneblobas zedamxedvelobda, rome­
lic qristefore kolumbis amerikaSi Casvlis 400 wlisTavs
mieZRvna. imis nacvlad, rom wina gamofenebis msgavsad, yu­
Tavi II. 109
arqiteqturis elementebi qalaqis parki |
parkebi, rogorc imperatorTa da warCinebul pirTa nadirobisTvis
daculi nakrZalebi, CineTSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi Cndeba. Sua saukunee-
bis evropaSi, vidre XVIII saukunemde, isini privilegirebuli fenis ker-
Zo rekreaciul teritoriebs warmoadgenda. farTo sazogadoebisTvis
gankuTvnili pirveli qalaqis parki germaniaSi, qalaq miunhenSi Seiqmna.
1789-1795 wlebSi fridrih ludvig fon sqeilma, inglisuri landSaf-
turi baRebis xatovani stilis mixedviT daagegmara miunhenis parki,
romelic iregularuli formis tbebs, msubuqad daqanebul borcvebs,
farTo mdeloebsa da xeivnebSi gamaval klaknil bilikebs moicavda.
industriuli revoluciis dros, qalaqis gadatvirTulma da dabi-
nZurebulma garemom didi sazogadoebrivi parkebis Seqmnis aucile-
bloba gamoiwvia, parkebisa, romlebic qalaqis macxovrebelTa yvela
klasisTvis xelmisawvdomi gamwvanebuli, Ria rekreaciuli sivrce
iqneboda. mravalricxovani parkebi Seiqmna britaneTSi 1830-1840-ian
wlebSi da parizSi 1850-1860-ian wlebSi, rodesac JorJ eJen osmanma
samefo sanadiro tyeebi, imperator napoleon III-is surviliT, ingli-
suri stilis bua de bulonisa da bua de vinsensis parkebad gadaakeTa.
1857 wlamde amerikis qalaqebSi Ria cis qveS TavSeyrisTvis
mxolod quCebis gadakveTaze mdebare patara moednebi, an bostonis
sazogadoebrivi baRis msgavsi, SedarebiT didi baRebi arsebobda,
magram qalaqis mzard, sxvadasxvagvar rekreaciul moTxovnilebas
verc erTi maTgani ver akmayofilebda. garkveuli drois ganmav-
lobaSi qalaqis mwvane gareubnebSi mdebare sasaflaoebis terito-
riebi iqca macxovrebelTa seirnobis, piknikebisa da xandaxan cxeniT
jiriTis gamarTvis popularul adgilad. cxadia, es sruliad
Seuferebeli adgili iyo amgvari aqtivobebisaTvis, rac kidev ufro
metad aaSkaravebda qalaqSi parkis arsebobis saWiroebas.
XIX saukuneSi manheTenis swrafma zrdam qalaqis xelmZRvaneloba
iZulebuli gaxada, sanam kunZulze jer kidev arsebobda Tavisufali
sivrce, parkis gasaSeneblad teritoria gamoeyo. amisTvis qalaqis
xelmZRvanelobam kunZulis centrSi 34 heqtarze meti farTobis miwis
nakveTi SeiZina da 1857 wels senTral parkis gasaSeneblad konkursi
gamoacxada. konkursis pirobebiT, gegmarebas unda gaeTvaliswinebina
2-53 • frederik lou olmsTedi da qalverT voqsi. senTral parkis ruka, niu iork siTi
1873 wlis rukis safuZvelze parkis ganaxlebuli gegmareba
uyureT senTral parkis arqiteqturul simulacias veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
rad­Reba sainJinro saocrebebze gaemaxvilebina, sabWom `ma­
ra­
diuli nagebobebis _ ocnebis qalaqis~ ageba gadawyvita
(Tumca, gamofenaze pirveli `eSmakis borbalic~ iyo warmod-
genili). Senobebis erTmaneTTan SesaTanxmeblad (romlebic
sinamdvileSi droebiTi masaliT, umetesad, TabaSiriTa da
boWkovani masalebiT iyo agebuli), yoveli calkeuli stili
erT klasikur stils _ antikuri saberZneTisa da respubli-
110 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
saaRlumo moedani, saTamaSo moednebi, sagamofeno sivrce da sakon-
certo darbazi, adgili Sadrevnebisa da saTvalTvalo koSkisTvis,
yvavilebis baRi, yinulis moedani da aRmosavleT-dasavleT mimar-
Tulebis oTxi urTierTgadamkveTi quCa, raTa parki qalaqis satrans-
porto moZraobisgan daculi yofiliyo. bolo piroba gadamwyveti
aRmoCnda arqiteqtor qalverT voqsisa (Calvert Vaux, 1824-1895) da
parkis mmarTvelis frederik lou olmsTedis (Frederick Law Olmsted,
1822-1903) proeqtis gamarjvebisaTvis, romlis mixedviT, es urTierT-
gadamkveTi quCebi parkSi etlebiT, cxenebiT Tu fexiT mosiarule
mgzavrebisaTvis Txrilebis saxiT iyo mowyobili (sur. 2-53).
Tvlidnen ra, rom `nebismieri didi qalaqis parki misi xmauri-
ani, mopirkeTbuli, marTkuTxa, kedelmozRuduli quCebis antiTeza
unda yofiliyo~, voqsma da olmsTedma inglisuri cxovelxatuli
parkis tradiciis mixedviT, nargavebis iregularulad ganlagebiT,
Tvalwarmtaci walkoti Seqmnes. ramdenime simetriuli elementis
garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, klasikuri formebis mqone beTesdas
terasa da Sadrevnisken mimavali xeivani, parki, araCveulebrivad Ta-
visufali da bunebrivi struqturiT gamoirCeva. parkis dablobebi
olmsTedma da voqsma kidev ufro daadables, aq sadrenaJo filebi
daamontaJes da tborebi da mdeloebi Seqmnes; Ria sivrceebis
sapirispirod, xeebi Sejgufebulad darges, STambeWdavi kldovani
peizaJis misaRebad fiqalis qanebi gaaSiSvles, gaiyvanes bilikebi da
gzebi. maTze seirnobisas mravalferovani xedebi enacvleboda erT-
maneTs. gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli xedi iSleboda parkis irgvliv
aSenebuli mdidruli sacxovrebeli saxlebidan. parks or nawilad
yofda wyalsatevi. sportuli nagebobebis da sxva sanaxaobebisaTvis
gankuTvnili Senobebis umetesoba voqsma da olmsTedma samxreT
nawilSi ganaTavses, CrdiloeTisas ki ufro bunebrivi nakrZalis
saxe misces. senTral parki, romlis gaSeneba samoqalaqo omis
bolosTvis TiTqmis dasrulda, sazogadoebis mier aRfrTovanebiT
iqna miRebuli, ramac biZgi misca amerikis sxva qalaqebSi msgavsi
parkebis Sesaqmnelad organizebul saxalxo moZraobas.
kuri romis arqiteqturul formebs emyareboda, rac, amas-
Tanave, amerikis demokratiuli instituciebis mniSvneloba-
sa da saxelmwifos siZliereze mianiSnebda. hanTis Rirsebis
sasamarTlos (sur. 2-52) foto klasicisturi stilis e.w.
`TeTr qalaqs~ warmogvidgens.
kolumbiuri msoflio eqspozicia amerikis xalxmravali,
umetesad, daugegmarebeli qalaqebis sapirispirod, idealuri

amerikuli qalaqis models qmnida. frederiq lou olmsTedi,
romelic niu iorkis senTral parkis dizaineri iyo (ix. qalaqis
parki, gv. 110), gamofenis lanfSaftis gegmarebis avtori gax-
ldaT. tbis irgvliv daWaobebuli miwa man lagunis, arxebis,
guburebisa da kunZulebis wyebad aqcia. mTeli teritoria
or nawilad iyofoda: oficialur nawils `TeTri qalaqi~ war-
moadgenda, araoficialurs ki e.w. `miduei~, sadac pavilion-
ebis mWidrod ganlagebuli konglomerati `nakleb civilize-
bul~ xalxebs warmoaCenda. maT Soris idga eSmakis borbali,
saidanac eqspoziciisa da qalaqis warmtaci xedi iSleboda.
riCardsoni meore amerikeli arqiteqtori, romelic pa­
rizis natifi xelovnebis skolaSi swavlobda, henri hobson
riCardsoni (Henry Hobson Richardson, 1838-1886) iyo. riCardsoni
luizianaSi daibada da harvardsa da TuleinSi swavlobda.
1865 wels parizidan dabrunebis Semdeg, igi niu iorkSi
dasaxlda. Tavis nagebobebSi igi sxvadasxva istoriul stils
iyenebda, magram saxeli Tavisi mZlavri, rustirebuli sti-
lis arqiteqturiT gaiTqva, romelic `riCardsonis romanu-
li stilis~ saxeliT gaxda cnobili. 1885 wels mis mier Ci-
kagoSi agebuli marSal fildis sabiTumo vaWrobis maRazia
(sur. 2-54), italiuri renesansuli palacoebis (rogoricaa, mag-
aliTad, palaco mediCi rikardi florenciaSi) dizainisa da
masStabis mixedviTaa agebuli. marTalia, blokiseburi, ux-
eSad damuSavebuli qvis fasadi, TaRovani fanjrebi, dekori-
XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
2-54 • hobson riCardsoni.
marSal fildis sabiTumo
vaWrobis maRazia,
Cikago, 1885-1887.
daingra daax. 1935
rebuli karnizi istoriuli sti-
lis prioritetulobas amJRavnebs,
magram riCardsonis ekleqtika,
mainc mis individualur, iolad
amosacnob stilad yalibdeba. ri-
Cardsonis sada da mtkice nage-
boba aRmoCenad iqca axalgazrda
arqiteqtorebisTvis, romlebic
Cikagos 1871 wlis xan­ Zris Semdeg,
qalaqis aRmSeneblobaSi iRebdnen
monawileobas. daaxloebiT imave
dros, foladis _ rkinis iafi da
mtkice Senadnobis _ Camosxmis ax-
alma teqnologiam arqiteqtorebs
axali konstruqciuli modelebis
Seqmnis SesaZlebloba misca. uil-
iam le baron jenim (William Le Baron
Jenney, 1932-1907) foladis karkasis
mqone pirveli Senoba aago Cikago-
Si. mas mimdevrebi maleve gamouCnda
axalgazrda arqiteqtorTa jgufis
saxiT, romelic `Cikagos skolis~
saxeliT xdeba cnobili. qalaqSi
miwebze fasis swrafma zrdam mra-
valsarTuliani Senobebis saWiroeba Seqmna, romelTa ageba
foladis konstruqciis masiurad gamoyenebam da 1880-ian
wlebSi liftis gamogonebam gaxada SesaZlebeli.
salivani axali samSeneblo masa­liTa da gaumjobesebuli
samgzavro liftiT aRWurvili, parizis natif xelovnebaTa
skolis istoricizmis riCardsoniseuli xedviTa da axali
ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT inspirirebuli Cikagos skolis
arqiteqtorebi, ara mxo­lod axal arqiteqturul stils, ar-
amed axali tipis Senobebs _ caTambjenebs qmnian. am stilis
adreul magaliTs luis salivanis mier misuris Statis qa-
laq senT luisSi agebuli ueinraiTis Senoba warmoadgens
(sur. 2-55). salivani (Louis Sullivan, 1856-1924) bostonSi daibada.
erTi weli jer masaCuseTsis teqnologiur institutSi
(MIT) swavlobda, sadac SeerTebuli Statebis arqiteqtu-
ris pirveli oficialuri programa Seiqmna; Semdeg ki sal-
ivani mokle drois ganmavlobaSi parizis natif xelovnebaTa
skolaSi swavlobda, sadac mas istoricizmisadmi negatiuri
damokidebuleba Camouyalibda. 1875 wels igi CikagoSi dam-
kvidrda, rac nawilobriv 1871 wlis xanZris Semdeg qalaqSi
dawyebulma samSeneblo bumma ganapiroba; 1883 wlidan ki
salivani daniuri warmoSobis inJi­nerTan dankmar adlerTan
(1844-1900) iwyebs TanamSromlobas.
salivanis pirvel mniSvnelovan caTambjens, ueinraiTis
Senobas, laTinuri U-s moyvanilobis gegma aqvs, rac Sida
Tavi II. 111

2-55 • luis salivani. ueinraiTis Senoba,
senT luisi, misuri, 1890-1891
ixileT axlo xediT, ueinraiTis Senoba veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
ofisebis kargad ganaTebas uzrunvelyofs. pirvel sar-
Tulze, romelic maRaziebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, farTo,
sqeli minebia Casmuli. pirveli sarTulis Tavze ganTavse-
buli antresolis kedlebSi aseve didi zomis fanjrebia
gaWrili, aq ganlagebuli maRaziis ofisebis interierebis
gasanaTeblad. antresols mosdevs ofisebisaTvis gankuT-
vnili Svidi sarTuli marTkuTxa formis fanjrebiT, Seno-
bis sxvenze meqanikuri da sayofacxovrebo danadgarebia
ganTavsebuli. nagebobas ritmulad Casmuli mrgvali Rio-
bebiTa da foTlovani ornamentiT uxvad Semkuli terako-
tas reliefuri frizi agvirgvinebs, romelic qvis sqeli
112 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
karniziT sruldeba. ueinraiTis Senobis fasadi mkafiod
asaxavs nagebobis sam gansxvavebul funqcias: qvemoT maRa-
ziebia, Senobis Sua nawili ofisebs uWiravs, zeda sarTuli
ki sayofacxovrebo meqanikur danadgarebs eTmoba. es Seno-
ba salivanis mier aRiarebul arqiteqturis filosofias
gamoxatavs, romlis mixedviTac `forma mudam funqcias mis-
devs~. es idea modernistma arqiteqtorebma TavianT kredod
aRiares da nagebobis sibrtyeebi yovelgvari dekoratiuli
elementebisgan gaaTavisufles. salivanma ueinraiTis Seno-
bis saxiT funqciuri dizainis nimuSi Seqmna, magram nage-
bobis arqiteqtura, amasTanave, sakmaod gamomsaxvelicaa.
magaliTad, kuTxis msxvil burjebs aranairi funqciuri
datvirTva ar aqvs, radgan Senobis konstruqciul safuZv-
els foladis karkasi warmoadgens, magram, samagierod, maTi
saSualebiT zeswrafvis STabeWdileba Zlierdeba. meore sar-
Tulidan sxvenamde fanjrebs Soris aRmarTuli SedarebiT
viwro sayrdenebi kidev metad usvams xazs Senobis vertika-
lizms. rogorc salivani aRniSnavda, maRali saofise nagebo-
ba `sazeimod zeaRmarTuli, qedmaRali da Tavisufali unda
iyos~. ueinraiTis SenobaSi es yovelive mcenareuli ornamen-
tiT datvirTuli friziT sruldeba, romelic gars uvlis
nagebobas. frizs, iseve rogorc fanjrebis gamyofi svetebis
korinTul kapitelebs, dekoratiuli funqcia aqvs. sakuTriv
Senobis samnawiliani struqtura, antikuri svetis agebule-
bas gulisxmobs _ bazisiT, svetis taniTa da kapiteliT,
rac klasikuri arqiteqturis principebis gviandel gavle-
nebs unda mieweros. modernizmis arqiteqtura tradiciebs
srulad mxolod XX saukuneSi uaryofs da yovelgvari
dekorisgan Tavisufal esTetikas Seqmnis.
sezani
arc erT mxatvars iseTi zegavlena ar mouxdenia modernis­
tebis Semdgom Taobaze, rogoric sezans (Cézanne, 1839-1906).
samxreT safrangeTis qalaq eqs an provansSi mcxovrebi mdi-
dari bankiris Svili, jer mSobliur eqsSi, Semdeg ki parizSi
swavlobda, sadac manes irgvliv Sekrebil realist mxatvarTa
wreSi iyo gaerTianebuli. umetesad dramatul romantikul
Temebze Seqmnil, muqi koloritis mqone, uxeSad Sesrule-
bul mis adreul namuSevrebs saloni mudmivad uaryofda.
1870-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, pisaros gavleniT, sezani
Tavis stils cvlis _ sufTa ferebis palitrasa da inten-
siur monasmebs iTvisebs da peizaJebis xatvas iwyebs. 1874-
1877 wlebSi igi impresionistebis mier mowyobil gamofenebSi
iRebda monawileobda; sezanma, maT msgavsad, Tavi bunebis,
rogorc Tavad ambobda, `SegrZnebaTa~ Seswavlas miuZRvna.
magram, impresionistebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi ar cdilobda
aRebeWda atomsferosa da sinaTlis cvalebad-gardamavali
efeqtebi. piriqiT, tiloze ferebis meToduri, Tanmimdev­ru­
li dadebiT, naxatis sasuraTo sibrtyeze datanisa da gamo­
saxulebis modelirebis erTian procesad SerwymiT man zedmi-
wevniT struqturirebuli ferwera Seqmna. misi gacxadebuli
mizani iyo `impresionizmisgan iseTive mkvidri da myari ram
Seeqmna, rogoric muzeumebSi daculi xelovneba iyo~.
sezanis Tavdadebuli swrafva dasaxuli amocanis gansax-
orcieleblad mon sen viqtuaris mravaljeradad Sesrule-
bul suraTebSi vlindeba. eqsSi, mis saxlTan axlomdebare
2-56 • pol sezani. mon sen viqtuari,
daax. 1885-1887; tilo, zeTi, 64,8X93,3 sm. kurtos galerea, londoni. © samuel kurtos trasti (P.134. SC.55)

uyureT videos sezanis sen viqtuaris Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

mTis xedi, sezanma 1880 wlidan moyolebuli sicocxlis
bolomde, 1906 wlamde, aseulobiT Canaxatsa da 30-ze met
tiloze aRbeWda. suraTi (sur. 2-56) arkis velis Tavze aRmar-
Tul, saxlebiTa da xeebiT mofenil mTas warmogvidgens,
romelic marjvniv, siRrmeSi rkinigzis viadukiT ikveTeba.
scenas marcxena mxridan maradmwvane xe aCarCoebs, romlis
totebis moyvaniloba mTis talRovan formebs exmianeba,
rac suraTis ori mTavari elementis vizualur erTianobas
qmnis. Tanabari ganaTeba, wynari atmosfero, adamianisa da
misi aqtivobisagan daclili garemo erTgvari udroobisa
da simSvidis ganwyobilebas qmnis.
sezanis damokidebuleba ferweris mimarT gaazrebuli
da sistemuria. misi funjis monasmebi, romlebic xan mokle
paraleluri Strixebia, xan _ msubuqi xazebi, xanac _ far-
Tod, brtylad dadebuli saRebavis sqeli fena, ferweris
yvela elements suraTis erTian, sibrtyesdamorCilebul vi-
zualur sivrceSi amTlianebs. suraTis zedapirze formaTa
agebuleba siRmeSi mimavali sivrcis saxviT efeqts upirisp-
irdeba, rac suraTis sazRvrebSi Seqmnili sami ganzomilebis
iluziasa da organzomilebiani zedapiris fizikurad arse-
bul realobas Soris daZabulobas aCens. wina planze gamo-
saxuli xe siRrmeSi svlisaken gvibiZgebs _ a repoussoir (fran-
gulad aRniSnavs imas, rac siRrmeSi, ukan gvibiZgebs). xe,
Cven Tvals, mis ukan gaSlili velisken mimarTavs da, amas-
Tanave, wina planze dadebuli mkveTri ferebis ukana pla-
nis ufro Ria tonalobebSi gadasvlasac ganapirobebs, rac
haerovani perspeqtivis efeqts qmnis. magram siRmisken svlas
wina da ukana planebze mocemuli sxva ferebis simkveTre da
cis fonze gaSlili xis totebi aferxebs, romlebic gada-
kveTebis gareSe imeorebs ra mTis konturebis moyvanilobas,
orive maTgans _ xesa da mTas _ erT sibrtyeze warmoaCens.
am xedis foto gviCvenebs, rom sezani ufro harmoniulobis
sakuTari SegrZnebis mixedviT agebda kompozicias, vidre Ta-
vad peizaJis zedmiwevniT mimsgavsebul suraTs qmnida. mx-
atvrobisadmi sezanis damokidebuleba, romelsac igi `sxva
realobas~, ara bunebis reprezentacias, aramed `bunebis
mixedviT konstruirebas~ uwodebda, gadamwyveti aRmoCnda
modernistuli xelovnebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 113
2-57 • pol sezani. naturmorti vaSlebiani kalaTiT,
1880-1894; tilo, zeTi, 62,5X79,5sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti. helen berC barTleTis memoriuli koleqcia (1926.252)
sezanis gviani periodis naturmortebze sagnebi xedvis
sxvadasxva wertilidanaa asaxuli, ris gamoc isini, erTi Se­
xedviT, arasworad agebuli gveCveneba, xolo sivrce ki arar-
ealuri da araerTmniSvnelovani Cans. naturmorti vaSlebiani
kalaTiT (sur. 2-57), magaliTad, magidis marjvena mxare marcxe­
naze ufro maRalia, Rvinis boTlsac ori gansxvavebuli si-
lueturi xazi Semowers, magidaze mis gverdiT gamosaxuli
pur-funTuSeuli mayurebliskenaa `amoyiravebuli~, maSin,
rodesac vaSlebs, faqtiurad, zemodan davyurebT. xedvis
wertilTa amgvari cvalebadoba, cxadia, sezanis araprofe-
sionalizms ar unda mivaweroT. perspeqtivis tradiciul we-
sebs mxatvari mizanmimarTulad uaryofs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom mecnieruli xazobrivi perspeqtiva scenis mimarT mx-
atvrisa da, Sesabamisad, mayureblis xedvis erT, ucvlel
wertils gulisxmobs, Tavis naturmortSi sezani sagnebs
sxva­
dasxva wertilidan warmoaCens, ise, TiTqos Cven maT
garSemo vuvlideT an sxvadasxva mxridan erTbaSad vumzer-
deT. kompozicia, rogorc mTlianoba, romelic xedvis sx-
vadasxva rakursis gaerTianebiT igeba, kompleqsuri da din-
amikuria. imis nacvlad, rom xedvis stabiluri wertilidan
statikuri sagnebi sworad asaxos, sezani drosa da sivrceSi
Cveni mxedve­lobiTi gamocdilebis rekonstruirebas axdens.
114 Tavi II. XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, rodesac sezanis namuSevrebi
Sinaganad ufro kompleqsuri xdeba da xilul realobasac
metad scildeba, mxatvari garkveul profesiul aRiareba-
sac aRwevs. didi mobanaveebi (sur. 2-58), romelic, man sicocx-
lis bolo wlebSi daiwyo da dausrulebeli darCa, sezanis
yvelaze didi zomis namuSevaria. suraTis araerTi niSani
Segvaxsenebs akademiuri istoriuli ferweris wesebs: tilos
didi zoma, mravalfiguriani kompozicia, peizaJSi Cawerili
SiSveli figurebi, garkveuli miniSnebebiT miTologiur
Temebze. suraTis orive mxares or piramidul jgufad Sek-
ruli figurebi xeebiT Seqmnili erTgvari baldaxinis qveSaa
moqceuli, romlis ukan xis varjebiT mosazRvruli samkuTxa
formis miRma wylis, cisa da peizaJis xedi moCans. gaSeSe-
buli, xSirad klasikur pozebSi mocemuli figurebi TiTqos
sacnauri droisa da sivrcis miRma arseboben. TeTr safuZ-
velze dadebuli vardisferi, lurji, oqra da mwvane fe-
rebis SezRuduli palitriT, sezani suraTs civi ganaTebiT
avsebs, romelic scenis realobisgan ganyenebulobas ufro
metad aZlierebs. klasikuri ferweris erT-erTi yvelaze
adreuli saxeobis _ arkadiuli peizaJis moxmobiT, sezanma
erTgvarad moicva XIX saukunis mxatvrobis sruli cikli da,
imavdroulad, xelovnebis zogi fundamenturi normisa da
daniSnulebis radikalur gadafasebas daudo saTave.
 2-58 • pol sezani. didi mobanaveebi,
1906; tilo, zeTi, 2,08X2,49 m. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi. v.p. uilsTaCis koleqcia

dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
2.1 ganixileT frangi akademisti mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebis urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
inte­resebi da amocanebi da axseni, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba maTi Tanamedroveobis asaxvisas
namuSevrebi safrangeTis Tanadrouli sxva _ realizmisa da imp-
ev­ropeli mxatvrebi xSirad
resionizmis xelovnebisgan.
eZi­ebdnen STagonebas Zveli
2.2 imsjeleT impresionistuli mxatvrobis inovaciuri Sinaarsis xelovnebis nimuSebSi. mane
Sesaxeb da teqstSi ganxiluli erTi romelime namuSevris maga-
amis naTel magaliTs iZleva,
liTze axseniT, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba igi tradiciuli evropu-
romlis olimpia ticianis
li mxatvrobisgan.
urbinos veneras kompoziciasa
2.3 namuSevrebis _ qvis mtexvelni da dakrZalva ornanSi _ mi­xedviT
da Tematikas exmianeba. magram
imsjeleT gustav kurbes realizmze XIX saukunis Sua periodis
orive es namuSevari sruliad
safrangeTis socialur da politikur viTarebasTan mimarTe-
biT. gansxvavebul informacias
gvawvdis. gaanalizeT am
2.4 axseniT, Tu ra roli eniWeba lui Jak mande dagersa da henri foqs
suraTebis Sinaarsi. gamoxataven
TalboTs fotografiis mediumis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi.
Tu ara isini mxatvris,
damkveTis, sazogadoebis, an
erTdroulad samive maTganis,
damokidebulebebs?
sur. 2-18

SeiswavleT da daaTvaliereT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

XIX saukunis Sua da gviani periodebis evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelovneba Tavi II. 115
3-1 • pablo pikaso. MA JOLIE (Cemi mSvenieri gogona),
1911-1912; tilo, zeTi, 100X64.4 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki.
muzeums gadaeca lili f. blisis anderZis Tanaxmad (17.6.1945)

TiTqmis mTeli XX saukunis manZilze pablo pikaso parizis
saxelovnebo cxovrebis centrSi iyo moqceuli. misi xelo-
vnebis formebi, Sinaarsi da konceftualuri CarCoebi mud-
mivad gardaiqmneboda, radgan misi namuSevrebis stilisa da
Tematikis ganviTareba im mravalricxovan faqtorebs ukav-
Sirdeboda, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda mxat-
vris garemomcvel samyaroSi. misi didi kubisturi namuSe-
vari MA JOLIE (Cemi mSvenieri gogona) (sur. 3-1), romelic sauku-
nis dasawyisSi, 1911-12 wlebSia Seqmnili, gamowvevad iqca
mayureblisTvis, mas pikasom ferweruli tilos meSveobiT
SesaZlebeli komunikaciis raobaze dafiqreba SesTavaza.
suraTze mkafiod gairCeva im obieqtis kvali, romelzec
mxatvari muSaobda, magram Tavad `obieqtis~ — es qalia si-
mebiani sakraviT — aRdgenis nebismieri mcdeloba mayureb-
lisTvis ar iqneba martivi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Ma
Jolie portretia, Tumca tradiciuli portretiao masze Zne-
lad Tu iTqmis. figuris dasanaxad, mis Sesacnobad pikaso
muSaobas gvaiZulebs. suraTze bevri ram SegviZlia aRmova-
CinoT mSvenieri gogonas Sesaxeb. vxedavT figuris Tavs, mis
mxrebs, sxeulis mrude formebs, xels an fexs. magram 1911
wels, parizSi Zalze popularuli iyo simRera saxelad Ma
Jolie, ase rom, suraTis ganxilvam warweris an musikaluri
nawarmoebis konteqstSi, SesaZloa mis gansxvavebul mniSv-
nelobazec dagvafiqros. Ma Jolie-is naxvisas, pirvel rigSi,
gviCndeba survili gaverkveT, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi ga-
mosaxuli am suraTze? am SekiTxvaze pikasos sarkastuli
pasuxi hqonda gamzadebuli: `es Cemi mSvenieri gogonaa~.
meore mxriv, SegviZlia isic vamtkicoT, rom ada-
mianis gamosaxuleba am suraTSi mxolod sawyisi masa-
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
3.1 SeafaseT kubizmis gavlena XX saukunis dasawyisis abstra-
qtul xelovnebaze da gaarkvieT rogor da ratom Secvala
abstraqtulma eqspresionizmma 1940 wlis Semdgomi xanis
ferwera.
3.2 ganixileT, Tu rogor pasuxobdnen axali xanis xelovanebi,
pirdapir Tu iribad, omis Zaladobas.
III
Tavi
axali xelovneba
evropasa da amerikaSi,
1900-1950 wlebi
laa formaluri, abstraqtuli wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.
msubuqi daZabuloba wesrigsa da uwesrigobas Soris aq
aSkarad SeigrZnoba. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT
zedapiris cvalebadi efeqti — nacrisfrisa da yavisf-
ris faqizi, naxWiseburi teqstura — romelic mokle,
horizontaluri monasmebiTaa miRweuli. aseTnairadve,
xazobrivi elementebi dominirebs mkacr horizonta-
lebsa da vertikalebSi, Tumca maTi regularuloba
kuTxovani da mrude formebiTaa darRveuli. horizon-
taluri monasmebisa da marTi kuTxeebis kombinacia
warmoqmnis myar bades, romelic efeqturad upiris-
pirdeba zedapiris moZrav xasiaTs. metic, diagonale-
bis ganmeoreba da zeda marcxena da marjvena kuTxeebSi
detalebis nakleboba piramidul formas warmoqmnis,
romelic kompoziciuri mdgradobis klasikur siste-
mas mogvagonebs. amgvarad, is rac erTi SexedviT, xa-
zebisa da Camqrali ferebis qaotur nazavad SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, Cvens Tvalwin guldasmiT organizebul
kompoziciad gardaisaxeba. bevrisTvis, aseTi namuSe-
varidan miRebuli esTetikuri siamovneba moCvenebiTi
qaosis wesrigad qcevis proceszea damokidebuli.
1923 wels pikaso ambobda: `kubizmi arafriT sxvaobs
ferweris sxva mimdinareobebisgan. yvelasTvis saerToa
erTi da igive principebi da elementebi. is, rom kubizmi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar iyo gagebuli....arafers niSna-
vs. me ver vkiTxulob inglisurad, [magram] es ar niSnavs
imas, rom inglisuri ena ar arsebobs. ratom unda dava-
danaSaulo vinme... sakuTari Tavis garda, Tu [misi] gageba
ar SemiZlia?~
3.3 gansazRvreT didi depresiis politikuri da ekonomikuri
gavlena omebsSorisi xanis evropul da amerikul xelovne-
baze.
3.4 gaarkvieT, Tu rogor Secvala dadam da siurealizmma xelov-
nebis forma, Sinaarsi da koncefcia.
mousmineT am Tavis audio masalas veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
117
evropa da amerika
XX saukunis dasawyisSi
civilizaciis Seuferxebeli ganviTarebis myife ideas XX
saukunis dasawyisSi gauCnda bzari, I msoflio omis Zalado-
bam ki is sabolood daamsxvria. 1914 wlis agvistoSi dawye-
bul omSi erTmaneTs mokavSireebi (didi britaneTi, safran-
geTi da ruseTi) da centraluri saxelmwifoebi (germania,
avstro-ungreTi da osmaleTis imperia) daupirispirdnen.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 1917 wels CaerTo omSi saf-
rangeTisa da didi britaneTis mokavSired, riTic mniSvne-
lovnad Seuwyo xeli aliansis Semdgomi wlebis gamarjvebebs.
I-ma msoflio omma dasavluri sazogadoebis TiTqmis yve-
la aspeqti Secvala, politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis
CaTvliT (ruka 3-1). oms XX saukunis teqnologiebis gamoyene-
biT awarmoebdnen, magram strategia kvlavindeburad XIX sau-
kunisa rCeboda. sasangre saomarma moqmedebebma da maqsimis
firmis iaraRma milionobiT jariskacis sikvdili da dasaxiC-
reba gamoiwvia. evropam axalgazrda mamakacebis mTeli Taoba
dakarga, daimsxvra calkeuli sazogadoebebi. evropelebma
eWvqveS daayenes XIX saukunis imperiuli socialur-politi-
kuri wesrigi, romelmac kacobrioba am sasaklaomde miiyvana
da saomari moqmedebebis xasiaTi Secvala. momavlis omebi,
XIX saukunis teritoriuli omebisgan gansxvavebiT, ideolo-
giaTa brZolad unda qceuliyo.
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, msoflio batonobis-
Tvis sami, sruliad gansxvavebuli politikuri ideologia
ibrZoda: komunizmi (sabWoTa kavSirsa da CineTSi), faSizmi
(germaniasa da italiaSi) da liberalur-demokratiuli ka-
pitalizmi (CrdiloeT amerikaSi, did britaneTsa da dasa-
vleT evropaSi). ruseTis 1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciam
qveyana samoqalaqo omamde da vladimir leninis (1870-1924)
bolSevikTa (umravlesoba) komunisturi partiis triumfamde
miiyvana. amas, 1922 wels sabWoTa socialisturi respubli-
kebis kavSiris (ssrk) dafuZneba mohyva. leninis gardacva-
lebis Semdeg, ZalauflebisTvis gamarTuli Sida brZolebis
Sedegad, ssrk-s axali lideri — ioseb stalini (1878-1953)
moevlina. stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT, sabWoTa kavSirma ram-
denime mezobeli saxelwifos aneqsia ganaxorciela, 1930-ian
wlebSi e.w. didi wmenda gadaitana, nacistur germaniasTan
oms ki aTeulobiT milioni adamianis sicocxle Seswira.
faSizmi pirvelad italiaSi damkvidrda, mas Semdeg, rac
1922 wlis oqtomberSi benito muslini (1883-1945) movida
xelisuflebaSi. imave dros, germaniaSi kraxi ganicada omis
Semdgomma vaimaris demokratiulma respublikam. am kraxis
mraval mizezTa Soris, gamZvinvarebuli hiperinflacia da
komunistebs, socialistebs, centristebs, faSistebsa da
qristian-demokratebs Soris arsebuli mtroba SeiZleba da-
saxeldes. germaniis politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis
cveTam 1932 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi nacisturi par-
tiis gamarjvebas da misi lideris, adolf hitleris mier
(1889-1945) kancleris Tanamdebobis dakavebas Seuwyo xeli.
faSizmis gavlenis areali germaniiTa da italiiT ar Semoi-
fargleboda. igi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli centralur da
aRmosavleT evropaSi da pirineis naxevarkunZulze, sadac
espaneTis samoqalaqo omSi generalma fransisko frankom
(1892-1975) moipova gaimarjva.
118 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
I-ma msoflio omma globaluri gavlena moaxdina ekono-
mikaze. Tumca, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi am krizisidan
msoflios wamyvan ekonomikur Zalad gamovida. 1920-iani wle-
bis hiperinflaciam germaniaSi, versalis xelSekrulebis Ta-
naxmad, misi valis anulirebam da amerikis safondo birJis
1929 wlis kraxma dasavluri samyaro did depresiaSi CaiTria
da kidev ufro gaamwvava politikuri dapirispireba evropis
wamyvan qveynebs Soris. aman evropaSi faSizmisa da komunizmis
gavrcelebas Seuwyo xeli, amasTan ki, britanul-amerikuli
socialur-politikuri qsovilis rRvevac gamoiwvia. amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma franklin d. ruzveltma
(1882-1945; saprezidento vadebi 1933-1945) 1933 wels, qveyanas
axali SeTanxmebis programebi (New Deal Programs) SesTavaza,
romelebic ekonomikuri procesebis stimulirebis mizniT,
maTSi saxelmwifos Tanamonawileobas iTvaliswinebda. imav­
droulad, safrangeTma da britaneTma pirveli nabijebi ga-
dadga sayovelTao keTildReobis mqone, Tanamedrove saxel-
mwifos Senebisken. Tumca didi depresia sabolood mxolod
II msoflio omis samzadisma da samxedro potencialis zrdam
daasrula. 1939-1945 wlebis omma adamianTa sasaklaod aqcia
dedamiwa, germaniaSi Seqmnilma sakoncentracio banakebma ki
kacobriobis bunebis arsis metad rTuli sakiTxebi wamoWra.
dramatuli aRmoCnda mecnierebis sferoSi momxdari
cvlilebebic. albert ainStainis 1905 wlis fardobiTo-
bis Teoriis gamoqveynebam niutonuri fizikis safuZvlebi
Searyia, Tumca saboloo kolafsi nils boris, verner hai-
senbergis da maqs plankis kvanturi Teoriis ganviTarebam
gamoiwvia. fizikaSi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT codnis gaR-
rmavebam atomuri energiis pandoras yuTi gaxsna. pirvelad
es 1919 wels moxda, rodesac britanelebma atomi gaxliCes,
Semzaravi ZaliT ki samyaros 1945 wels daatyda Tavs, ro-
desac amerikelebma atomuri iaraRiT dabombes iaponia.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi daibada araerTi teqnologiuri
da sawarmoo siaxlec: pirveli Zraviani safreni aparatebi
(1903); avtomobilebis masobrivi warmoeba (1909); pirveli sa-
jaro radiomauwyebloba (1920); dasavleTi evropis udidesi
nawilisa da CrdiloeTi amerikis eleqtroficireba (1920-
iani ww); televiziisa (1926) da reaqtiuli Zravis (1937) gan-
viTareba. es is mciredia, rac imdroindel inovaciaTa Soris
SeiZleba gavixsenoT. teqnologiebma adamianis sicocxlis
gamaxangrZlivebeli, axali samkurnalo saSualebebi moutana
kacobriobas, gamanadgurebeli omebi ki piriqiT, maT sicocx-
les spobda. radios, televiziisa da kinos epoqis dadgomam
sul ufro metad xelmisawvdomi gaxada informacia samyaros
Sesaxeb. Tuki XIX saukunis vizualuri kultura qaRaldze
nabeWds efuZneboda, XX saukunis dasawyisi fotografiasa da
kinoze iyo fokusurebuli.
kvanturma fizikam fundamenturad Secvala fizikuri sa-
myaros Cveneuli gageba, fsiqologiis ganviTarebam ki gone-
bis muSaobis procesis Cveneuli gaazreba, Sesabamisad ki, Cvens
mier sakuTari Tavis aRqmis procesis gardaqmna gamoiwvia. 1900
wels, avstrielma fsiqiatrma zigmund froidma gamoaqveyna
naSromi — sizmrebis axsna, romelSic aRniSnavda, rom Cveni qce-
va xSirad motivirebulia ara mxolod garkveuli mizezebiT,
aramed ufro mZlavri faqtorebiT, romlebic Cveni cnobiere-
bis miRma muSaobs. adamianis qvecnobieri, rogorc mas froi-
di aRwers, siyvarulisa da Zalauflebis survilis mZlavr
 vorpsvedi
berlini
amsterdami
utrexti desau
germania drezdeni
kiolni veimari
di
sudetelan
havri Stutgarti
puasi Cexoslovakia
parizi bohemia norvegia
versali md.
ciurixi miunxeni d u n a i SvedeTi sankt-peterburgi
avstria
kanada safrangeTi Sveicaria CrdiloeTis nideni
zRva dania vitebski moskovi
milani
inglisi nider. berlini poloneTi ruseTi
200 km
vankuveri
italia londoni belgia germania evropa
CrdiloeT 200 mili s arx
i parizi Cexoslovakia
inglisi
vena
viqtoria
britaneTis kolumbia a m e r i k a otava monreali safrangeTi ciurixi
ba rumineTi
mineapolisi toronto axali gernika
lk
koliuri an
aiova-siTi detroiti Sotlandia ix. CanarTi eT bulgareTi
Cikago niu iorki madridi barselona italia
somxeTi

i
san- didi filadelfia xorkomi
francisko kanioni Topeka pitsburgi portugalia
atlantik-siti espaneTi xme
sent luisi l
vaSingtoni, brazilia malaga Ta
SeerTebuli Statebi tunisi Su
kolumbiis olqi a z
nipomo Rva
axali meqsika san tripoli
maroko
atlantikis paulu alJiri
egvipte
meqsika meqsikis
okeane buenos
urugvai
yure havana airesi montevideo a f r i k a
kuba haiti argentina
mexiko
nigeria
1000 km Cadi
karibis zRva senegali sudani
1000 mili
wynari 1000 km

okeane 1000 mili

ruka 3-1 • evropa, amerika da CrdiloeTi afrika, 1900-1950 wlebi

impulsebs moicavs, romlebic mudmivad unda kontroldebo-
des, raTa sazogadoebam mSvidoba da erTianoba SeinarCunos.
froidis azriT, Cven yovelTvis vcdilobT davicvaT wonaswo-
roba Cvens racionalur da iracionalur mxareebs Soris, Tu-
mca xSirad vcodavT erTis an meores sasargeblod. imave 1900
wels, rusma mecnierma ivan pavlovma refleqsebis sakvlevi
eqsperimentebi wamoiwyo. is ZaRlebs sakvebs mxolod zaris da-
rekvis Semdeg awvdida. cdam aCvena, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi,
maT nerwyvi ara sakvebis danaxvaze, aramed zaris xmaze gamoeyo-
fodaT. imis aRmoCenam, rom e.w. `SeZenili refleqsebi~ ada-
miansac gaaCnia, daadastura, rom garegani mastimulireblebis
marTviT, adamianebis madis kontrolia SesaZlebeli. es codna
maleve gamoiyenes sxvadasxva juris politikurma liderebma.
amgvarad, XX saukunis I naxevari iyo epoqa axali, amaRel-
vebeli Teoriebisa da teqnologiebisa, romlebic Cveulebri-
vi adamianebisTvisac gaxda xelmisawvdomi. Tumca, imavdrou-
lad, is katastrofuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da poli-
tikuri cvlilebebis xanac iyo, xana, romelmac milionobiT
adamianis sikvdili moitana omebsa da sakoncentracio bana-
kebSi. swored am cvlilebebma — sasikeTomac da uaryofiTmac
— Camoayaliba XX saukunis dasawyisis xelovneba.
adreuli xanis axali
xelovneba evropaSi
axali epoqis xelovanebi sakuTari samyaros danaxvis miria-
dobiT axal gzebs eZiebdnen. maTgan cota Tu kiTxulobda
akademiur naSromebs fizikasa Tu fsiqologiaSi, magram isini
cxovrobdnen samyaroSi, romelic icvleboda mecnierebis am
dargebisa da bevri sxva teqnologiuri miRwevis gavleniT.
axali xelovneba xSirad damangreveli, inteleqtualurad
momTxovni, vizualurad, socialurad da politikurad sak-
maod radikaluri iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisis TiTqmis yve-
la mimdinareobam airCia an SeiZina ganmasxvavebeli iarli-
yi, dawera manifesti an gaakeTa ganzraxvaTa ganacxadi. amis
gamo, es epoqa `izmebis~ xanad iqna wodebuli.
axali xelovnebis mimdinareobaTa umetesoba, jer kidev
emyareboda im ideas, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Tundac
Zalze gamomwvevi Tvalisa da gonebisTvis, mainc Zvirfas
obieqts — upirveles yovlisa, ferwerul suraTs an qan-
dakebas warmoadgenda. Tumca ramdenime mxatvrulma mim-
dinareobam — gansakuTrebiT dadam, met-naklebad ki siu-
realizmma, I msoflio omis saSinelebaTa gavleniT, eWvqveS
daayena xelovnebis nawarmoebisadmi amgvari damokidebule-
ba. tradiciuli formebis uaryofiT aseTma gatacebam sa-
fuZveli Seuqmna xelovnebis mraval mimdinareobas, romle-
bic 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg gamoCnda asparezze.
fovistebi: feris veluri mxecebi
safrangeTSi jer kidev moqmedebda salonis sistema, ma-
gram gaCndnen xelovanebi, romlebic ukmayofiloni iyvnen
misi konservatulobiT. am jgufma, romelSic andre dereni
(André Derain, 1880-1954), anri matisi (Henri Matisse, 1869-1954),
JorJ ruo (Georges Rouailt, 1871-1958) da alber marke (Albert
Marquet, 1875-1947) Sediodnen, 1903 wels alternatiuli,

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 119

 3-2 • andre dereni.
mTebi koliurSi,
1905; zeTi, tilo, 81.5X100 sm.
xelovnebis erovnuli galerea,
vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi.
jon hei uiTnis koleqcia

Semodgomis salonis (Salon d’Automne) saxeliT cnobili ga-

mofena moawyo, romelic oficialuri salonisgan gansxva-
vebiT, gazafxulis nacvlad, Semodgomaze marTavda eqs-
pozicias. Semodgomis saloni, romelmac I msoflio omis
damTavrebamde iarseba, emijneboda oficialur salons da
avangarduli xelovnebisadmi Jiuris met gaxsnilobas hpir-
deboda sazogadoebas. XX saukunis pirveli mniSvnelovani
mimdinareobis debiutic swored am salonis mouwesrigebel
darbazebSi Sedga. derenis, matisis da moris de vlaminkis
(Maurice de Vlaminck, 1876-1958) 1905 wels mowyobili gamofe-
nebi iseTi TavSeukavebeli, feTqebadi ferebiTa da weris
uxeSi maneriT gamoirCeoda, rom kritikosma lui voqselma
maT fauves (velurebi) uwoda. am franguli saxeliT gaxdnen
isini maleve popularulebi. axalgazrda xelovanebma feris
franguli tradicia da weris mZlavri manera intensiurobi-
sa da eqspresiulobis axal simaRleze aiyvanes da sruliad
axleburad gaiazres sasuraTe sibrtye.
derenisa da matisis mier, 1905 wels, safrangeTis xmel-
TaSua zRvis saporto qalaq koliurSi Seqmnili suraTebi
pirveli umniSvnelovanesi fovisturi namuSevrebia. suraT-
Si mTebi koliurSi (sur. 3-2) derenma sufTa pigmentis mokle,
farTe monasmebi gamoiyena. mTebis grexilebze erTmaneTs
lurjisa da narinjisfris tonebi Seupirispira, xeebis ga-
mosaxulebebSi ki mwvane da wiTeli gaaerTiana, riTic kidev
ufro gaamZafra ferTa intensiuroba. man naxevradbunebrivi
ferebis mTeli speqtri SearCia — xeebi da balaxi mwvanea, xis
Reroebi — TiTqmis yavisferi. suraTi peizaJad Seicnoba,
Tumca imavdroulad, mxatvris erTgvar ferwerul savarji-
Sodac SeiZleba iyos miCneuli. kaSkaSa ferTa erTgvarovne-
3-3 • anri matisi. qali qudiT,
ba sivrciTi perspeqtivis nebismier SesaZlo efeqts amci- 1905; zeTi, tilo, 80.6X59.7sm. san franciskos axali xelovnebis
rebs. Sedegad, mnaxvelebi acnobiereben, rom isini ferweriT muzeumi. elis s. haasis memkvidreoba

120 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

3-4 • anri matisi. LE BONHEUR DE VIVRE (sicocxlis sitkboebani),
1905-1906; zeTi, tilo, 1.74X2.38 m. barnsis fondi, merioni, pensilvania (BF 719)
dafaruli tilos brtyel zedapirs uyureben da ara bunebis
iluzionistur gamosaxulebas. feris feTqebad bunebasTan
erTad, ferwerasa da gamosaxulebas Soris arsebuli aseTi
dapirispireba, vizualur energias gamoimuSavebs, romelic
pozitiurad ifrqveva suraTidan. dereni Tavis ferTa gamas
`dinamitis Cxirebs~ uwodebda, damatebiTi tonebis mkveTr
Sepirispirebas ki `gaazrebul disharmonias~.
`gaazrebuli disharmoniiT~ matisic iyo gatacebuli.
amas mowmobs Semodgomis salonSi, 1905 wels warmodgenili
namuSevari qali qudiT (sur. 3-3), romelic sakamaTo aRmoCnda
msuye laqebad, TiTqos SemTxveviTad dadebuli, arabunebri-
vi ferebisa da weris farTo, uxeSi maneris gamo. qalbatons,
romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi, portretis Cveulebrivi obieqti
iqneboda, sqeli mwvane zolebi dauyveba Sublsa da cxvirze.
atexili xmauris miuxedavad, es namuSevari avangarduli
xelovnebis udides mfarvelebad cnobilma, amerikelma da-
Zmam, hertruda da lio stainebma SeiZines 1905 wels.
imave wels, matisma daiwyo muSaoba tiloze LE BONHEUR
DE VIVRE (sicocxlis sitkboebani) (sur. 3-4). didi, pastoraluri
peizaJi oqros xanas asaxavs — wina planze wamowolili SiSve-
li figura fleitaze ukravs, suraTis marjvena, Sua nawilSi
Txebs mwyemsavs meore damkvreli, erTmaneTs exutebian wina
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
planze gamosaxuli sayvarlebi, sxvebi ki mxiarulad cekvaven
siSoreSi. imave wels Seqmnili, sezanis didi mobanaveebis ms-
gavsad, Le Bonheur De Vivre masStabiTa da TemiT akademiuri tipis
namuSevaria, Tumca avangardulia sxva mravali Tvalsazri-
siT — gansakuTrebiT, `dabrtyelebuli~ figurebiT, maT So-
ris arsebuli sivrciTi kavSiris damaxinjebiT. matisma xazi
gausva feris eqspresias, xalxuri xelivnebisTvis tradici-
ul, daumuSavebel formebsa da mkafio konturebs. SesaZloa,
warsulSi mxatvrebi Tavis grZnobebs figuraTa pozebisa
da saxis gamometyvelebis meSveobiT gamoxatavdnen, magram
axla... `mTeli Cemi suraTi eqspresiulia. adgili, romelsac
figurebi an sagnebi ikavebs, maT garSemo arsebuli carieli
sivrceebi, proporciebi, yvelaferi Tavis rols TamaSobs...
feris umTavresi mizani eqspresiis gadmocema unda iyos, im-
denad ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia~ — werda mxatvari.
pikaso, „primitivizmi“ da kubizmis dabadeba
axali xelovnebis yvela `izms~ Soris, romelic ki Seqmnila I
msoflio omamde, kubizmma savaraudod, mainc yvelaze didi
gavlena iqonia sxva mxatvrul mimdinareobebze. is pablo
pikasos (Pablo Picasso,1881-1973) da JorJ brakis (Georges Braque,
1882-1963) erToblivi qmnileba iyo. parizSi — 1950 wlamde
Tavi III. 121

is saxelovnebo samyaros udao dedaqalaqad iyo aRiarebu-
li — erTmaneTis gverdigverd moRvawe SemoqmedTaTvis, ku-
bizmi is aTvlis wertili aRmoCnda, romelmac maT Tanamed-
rove cxovrebaze sakuTari azris gamoTqmisa da im gzebis
Ziebis saSualeba misca, romliTac xelovanni aRiqvamdnen
da gadmoscemdnen maT garemomcvel samyaros.
pikasos adreuli Semoqmedeba espaneTSi, malagaSi
dabadebuli pikaso, gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildovebuli
bavSvi iyo. siymawvileSi, madridis erovnul akademiaSi Seqm-
nili unaklo, daxvewili namuSevrebi mas konservatul, aka-
demiur karieras uwinaswarmetyvelebda. magram mousvenarma
temperamentma mxatvars 1899 wels, barselonaSi Casvla da
iq avangardul wreebSi CarTva aiZula. 1900 wels pikasom
pirvelad imogzaura parizSi, 1904-Si ki iq sacxovreblad
gadavida da mTeli Tavisi sicocxle safrangeTSi gaatara.
adreul xanaSi pikaso daRlil pozebSi warmodgenil, qu-
Cis miusafarTa gamosaxulebebs xatavda da saamisod civ,
eqspresiul cisfer palitras iyenebda. amis gamo, xelovne-
bis istorikosebma misi Semoqmedebis am monakveTs cisferi
periodi uwodes. rogorc Cans, es mxatvroba motivirebu-
li iyo pikasos politikuri grZnobebiT im adamianebis mi-
marT, visac igi Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebis
msxverplad miiCnevda. aman mxatvars komunistur partiaSi
gawevrianeba gadaawyvetina.
122 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
3-5 • pablo pikaso.
moxetiale akrobatebis
ojaxi,
1905; zeTi, tilo. 2.1X2.3 m.
xelovnebis erovnuli muzeumi,
vaSingtoni, CesTer deilis
koleqcia (1963.10.190)
1904-1905 wlebSi pikaso parizSi dafuZnebul avangar-
distTa farTo jgufs SeuerTda. mas ajadovebda moxe-
tiale akrobatTa (frangulad saltimbanques) cxovreba, Tu-
mca iSviaTad gamosaxavda maT warmodgenebs da ZiriTadad,
sazogadoebisgan gariyulTa SeWirvebul yofaze amaxvileb-
da yuradRebas. suraTSi moxetiale akrobatebis ojaxi (sur.
3-5), romelic pikasos e.w. vardisfer periods ganekuTvneba
(am periods ase uwodeben mxatvris palitraSi vardisfris
siWarbis gamo), marcxena mxares, gaTangul mdumarebaSi md-
gomi xuTi akrobatia gamosaxuli, meeqvse — ucnaurad gan-
calkevebuli qali — suraTis marjvena kuTxeSi zis. yoveli
maTgani fsiqologiurad sakuTar TavSia Caketili, isevea
ganyenebuli, rogorc maTi garemomcveli, carieli peizaJi.
1905 wlidan pikasom am namuSevrebis gayidva daiwyo. maT im
xanis mniSvnelovani koleqcionerebi iZendnen.
1906 wlisTvis pikaso pirveli iyo parizel xelovanTa
Soris, vinc Tavis namuSevrebSi afrikuli xelovnebis nimu-
Sebs mimarTa. `primitiuli xelovneba~, xelovneba, romelic
dasavluri tradiciis miRma arsebobda misi STagonebis wy-
arod iqca. aman gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa pikasos Semoqme-
debis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. 1906 wels, luvrSi gamoifina
Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis qandakebebis axladSeZenili koleqcia
pirineis naxevarkunZulidan (Tanamedrove espaneTi da por-
tugalia), Tumca imave periodSi nanaxi afrikuli niRbebis
gamofena aRmoCnda is, ramac sinamdvileSi Secvala xelo-
vnebisadmi pikasos damokidebuleba. afrikuli xelovnebiT
pikasos dainteresebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. SesaZloa, es
moxda trokaderos eTnografiul muzeumSi (amJamad muzeumi
branlis sanapiroze), romelic sazogadoebisTvis 1882 wels
gaixsna an mudmiv koloniur muzeumSi (amJamad afrikisa da
okeaniis xelovnebis erovnuli muzeumi), anda mravalricxo-
van parizul maRaziebSi, sadac safrangeTis afrikuli ko-
loniebidan Camotanili `primitiuli~ nivTebiT vaWrobdnen.
pikaso aRfrTovanebuli iyo afrikuli niRbebis eqspresiu-
li simZlavriTa da formis ucnaurobiT da vinaidan, afri-
kuli xelovneba saimdrood ar Rirda Zviri, man ramdenime
nivTi Tavisi saxelosnosTvisac SeiZina.
termini primitivizmi farTod gavrcelebuli tenden-
ciis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove xelovanTa So-
ris da dasavluri tradiciis miRma arsebul, sxva kultu-
raTa xelovnebis mikvlevisa da masSi STagonebis wyaros
povnis maT daucxromel survils asaxavs. Tumca termini
zustad ver aRwers movlenis arss. realurad, is asaxavs
sxva, `arasrulfasovan~ kulturebze sakuTari kulturu-
li aRmatebulobis Tanamedrove evropul TviTgancdas, va-
rauds imisa, rom dasavluri kultura upiratesia, metad
civilizebuli, ufro ganviTarebuli da rTulia, vidre
sxva, naklebad civilizebuli, martivi kulturebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavleli xelovanebi iseve iye-
nebdnen `primitiuli~ erebis saxviT kulturas sakuTari
ideebis sailustraciod, rogorc kolonizatori erebi
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
eweodnen XIX saukuneSi, `primitiuli~ miwebis, maTi nedleu-
lisa da muSa xelis eqspluatacias, TavianTi keTildReo-
bisa da Zalauflebis gasaZliereblad. ucxo kulturebi
adreuli xanis araerTma xelovanma gamoiyena Tavis Semoqme-
debaSi da maTi xelovneba ise miisakuTra, rom arc ki uzru-
nia misi arsis Secnobaze. afrikuli xelovnebisadmi swored
amgvar damokidebulebas vawydebiT pikasosTanac.
afrikul xelovnebasTan urTierTobam uzarmazari ga-
vlena iqonia pikasos namuSevarze LES DEMOISELLES D’AVIGNON
(avinioneli qalwulebi) (sur. 3-6), romelic XX saukunis erT-erT
yvelaze rTul da Tamam ferwerul namuSevrad SeiZleba iyos
miCneuli. am suraTiT pikaso Segnebulad gvigzavnis Sereuli
Sinaarsis Setyobinebebs. pirvel rigSi, es saTaurs exeba —
XIV saukuneSi avinionSi romis papebis rezidencia iyo ganTa-
vsebuli, amdenad, SesaZlebelia miviCnioT, rom es axalgazr-
da qalebi papis kars warmoadgenen. meore mxriv, `demoiselle~
meZavTa evfemizmadac gamoiyeneboda, wiTeli fanrebis ubans
ki barselonaSi `Avignon~-s uwodebdnen. scenis swored amgva-
ri interpretaciaa dRes yvelze metad gavrcelebuli.
namuSevris siTamame ara marto mis TematikaSi, aramed
zomaSic iCens Tavs. SesaZloa, pikasom imitom Seqmna 1907
wels aseTi didi zomis namuSevari (daaxl. 2 kv.m.), rom or
mxatvars ejibreboda: matiss, romelmac 1906 wlis salonSi
sicocxlis sitkboebani gamofina da sezans, romelmac ima-
ve wels warmoadgina didi mobanaveebi. matisisa da sezanis
msgavsad, pikasomac gaacocxla da xelaxla gaiazra masSta-
buri, akademiuri, istoriuli suraTis
idea da axali datvirTva mouZebna tra-
diciul Temas — interierSi gamosaxuli
qalis SiSvel figuras. suraTSi, figu-
ris gadawyvetis dasavluri tradiciis
sxva gamoZaxilebsac vxvdebiT. kompozi-
ciis centrSi gamosaxuli ori figura
Tavs zRvis qafidan amomaval venerad
warmogvidgens, marcxena kuTxeSi mdgo-
mi qali, win fexgadgmuli gaxevebuli
poziT, berZnul kuross mogvagonebs,
marjvena mxares mjdomi qalis figura
ki aSkara asociacias iwvevs manes su-
raTTan sauzme balaxze. magram yvela
vizualuri asociacia rodia dasavlu-
ri tradiciis mimaniSnebeli. pirineu-
li sawyisebi SeiZleba davinaxoT sami
marcxena kidura figuris gabrtyele-
bul formebSi, maTi Tvalebis farTo,
nuSisebur WrilSi, ori marjvena figu-
3-6 • pablo pikaso. LES DEMOISELLES
D’AVIGNON (avinioneli qalwulebi),
1907; tilo, zeTi, 2.43X2.33 m. axali
xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki.
SeZenilia lili p. blisis anderZis
Tanaxmad (333. 1939)
ixileT axlo xediT avinioneli
qalwulebi veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com
Tavi III. 123

3-7 • JorJ braki. violino da palitra,
1909-1910; tilo, zeTi, 91.8 X 42.9 sm. solomon r. gugenhaimis muzeumi,
niu iorki (54.1214)
124 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
ris niRbisebur saxeebSi ki aSkarad SeigrZnoba afriku-
li xelovnebis mibaZva.
pikasom, zemoT naxsenebi wyaroebis gamoyenebiT,
metad mSfoTvare namuSevari Seqmna. qalebi niRbebs
arian amofarebulni, maTi sxeulebi ki dabrtyelebu-
lia da maxvil, kuTxovan formebadaa danawevrebuli.
sivrce, romelSiac isini binadroben, aseve danawevre-
buli da mborgavia. kompoziciis centrSi gamosaxul
wyvils xelebi mimReblobis Jestad aqvs aweuli, ma-
gram amis sapirispirod, maT mZime, daJinebul, gamWol
mzerasa da mWidrod mokumul tuCebSi igrZnoba is, ra-
sac erTi xelovnebis istorikosi `agresiis moqcevad
talRas~ uwodebs. wina planze, qalis seqsualurobis
simbolod gamosaxuli xilic ki myifed da saSiSad ga-
moiyureba. pikasos qalebi sulac ar arian pasiuri,
nazi qmnilebebi, rogoradac kacebs surT maTi xilva.
pikasoseuli xedva ewinaaRmdegeba renesansis xanidan
damkvidrebul, xangrZliv tradicias, romlis Tanax-
madac qalis siSiSvle seqsualuri xelmisawvdomobis
niSnad gamoisaxeboda. sivrcis pikasoseulma gadawy-
vetam Zlierad Searyia kidev erTi — mowesrigebuli
perspeqtivis tradicia, romelic aseve renesansis
droidan iyo damkvidrebuli.
pikasos megobrebis umravlesoba Sokirebuli iyo
misi axali namuSevrebiT. magaliTad, matisi mas axali
xelovnebis dacinvaSi adanaSaulebda da megobrobis
gawyvetiTac ki emuqreboda. magram erTma xelovanma,
JorJ brakma, enTuziazmiT miiRo pikasos radikalu-
ri ideebi _ man Les Demoiselles d’Avignon-Si axali saxviTi
eqsperimentebis potenciali dainaxa. pikasos da brakis
1907-1908 wlebSi dawyebulma mWidro TanamSromlobam
I msoflio omamde, 1914 wlamde gastana. maT erTob-
livad ganaviTares pikasos formaluri inovaciebi _
ufro gaabrtyeles saxviTi sivrce, erT namuSevarSi
gaaerTianes mravalricxovani xedvis wertilebi, aseve,
daanawevres forma. erTi sityviT, moicves yvelaferi
is, rasac sezanis gviani periodis SemoqmedebaSi eTayva-
nebodnen. brakis sityvebiT, isini `or mTasvlels hga-
vdnen, romlebic erTi TokiT arian gadabmulni~.
analitikuri kubizmi pikasoze erTi wliT umc­
rosi braki safrangeTSi, le havris maxloblad daibada
da dekoratoris ganaTlebasac iq daeufla. 1900 wels
igi parizSi gadavida da naTeli koloritis fovistu-
ri peizaJebis Seqmnas mihyo xeli. magram sezanis 1906
wlis retrospeqtuli gamofena, 1907-Si ki pikasos avi-
nioneli qalwulebi aRmoCnda is, ramac sabolood gan-
sazRvra brakis Semoqmedebis momavali mimarTuleba da
gaamZafra misi interesi Secvlili formisa da Sekum-
Suli sivrcisadmi. 1908 wlis Semdgom peizaJebSi man
bunebis mravalferovneba ZiriTad ferebsa da sawyis
geometriul formebamde daiyvana, magram Semodgomis
salonma uaryo es namuSevrebi. matisi brakis `patara
kubebs~ TiTqmis abuCad igdebda, kritikosi lui voq-
seli ki amtkicebda, rom brakma `yvelaferi kubebamde
daiyvana~. ase Seiqmna xelovnebis istoriaSi axali sa-
firmo niSani _ kubizmi.
 iyo pikasos xelovnebis pirveli damfasebeli da erT-erTi
pirveli maT Sorisac, vinc avinioneli qalwulebis mniSv-
neloba dainaxa. Zalze STambeWdavia masTan dakavSirebul
mxatvarTa CamonaTvali: pikaso, braki, andre dereni, fernan
leJe, xuan grisi.
vinaidan kenvileri germaneli iyo, I msoflio omis dros
is iZulebuli gaxda safrangeTi daetovebina da Sveicariis-
Tvis Seefarebina Tavi. safrangeTis xelisuflebam mas mTeli
qoneba CamoarTva, maT Soris, suraTebis koleqcia, romelic
omis Semdeg, auqcionze iqna gayiduli. ebrauli warmomavlo-
bis gamo, kenvilers II msoflio omis drosac mouwia malva.
brakma da pikasom 1909 da 1910 wlebis namuSevrebiT,
romlebSic analizis mizniT, nawilebad Slidnen obieqtebs,
dasabami daudes e.w. analitikur kubizms. 1911 da 1912 wlis
dasawyisis namuSevrebSi — aseTia pikasos Ma Jolie (ix. sur. 3-1) —
xelovanni gansxvavebulad miudgnen formis daSlis process.
axla isini obieqtebs mxolod vizualurad ki ar anawevrebd-
nen, aramed iRebdnen calkeulis komponentebs da axleburad
awyobdnen. amgvarad, analitikuri kubizmi aRqmis realur
process emsgavseboda, romlis ganmavlobaSic mayurebeli
sxvadasxva xedvis wertilidan akvirdeboda sagnebs, nanaxis
erTian obieqtad rekonstruirebas ki ukve gonebaSi axden-
da. magram pikaso da braki maTi datexili sagnebis xelaxla
awyobas aRqmis procesis Tanaxmad ki ar cdilobdnen, ara-

3-8 • pablo pikaso. daniel anri kenvileris portreti,

1910; tilo, zeTi, 100.6X72.8 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.
q-n gilberT u. Cepmenis saCuqari, Carlz b. gudspidis
xsovnis niSnad

brakis 1908-1909 wlebis namuSevarSi violino da palitra

(sur. 3-7) im
adreuli, SedarebiT mciremasStabiani naturmor-
tebis amocnoba SeiZleba, romlebsac ori Semoqmedi erTob-
livad qmnida eqperimentebis sawyis etapze. Cans isic, Tu
rogor TandaTanobiT midiodnen isini cnobadi sagnebisa da
sivrcis abstragirebamde. naturmortSi nivTebi wina plani-
dan siRrmisken ki ar viTardeba, aramed sasuraTe sibrtyis
zedapiriskenaa gamoweuli da mxolod am sivrciT Semoi-
fargleba. braki erTad kravs sxvadasxva elementebs _ vio-
linos, mxatvris palitras, sanoto gverdebs da formebisa
da ferebis cvalebad, moZrav zedapirs warmoqmnis. suraTis
zog nawilSi am formalur elementebs dakarguli aqvs ara
mxolod bunebrivi sivrciTi urTierTkavSiri, aramed for-
maTa mkafioebac. iq, sadac formebi SenarCunebulia (mag.,
violino), braki anawevrebs gamosaxulebas, raTa gaamarti-
vos misi CarTuloba erTian kompoziciur mTlianobaSi.
pikasos 1910 wlis kubisturi daniel anri kenvileris
portreti (sur. 3-8) warmogvidgens mxatvris pirvel da yvela-
3-9 • pablo pikaso. LA BOUTEILLE DE SUZE (siuzis boTli),
ze mniSvnelovan art-dilers parizSi. kenvileri (Daniel-Hen- 1912; kolaJi, guaSi, naxSiri, 65.4X50.2 sm. mildred lein kemperis
ry Kahnweiler, 1884-1979) mxatvrebis adreul namuSevrebs yi- xelovnebis muzeumi. sent luisis vaSingtonis universiteti.
dulobda da ase mravali maTgani ixsna siRatakisgan. is universitetis SenaZeni. kendi seilis fondi, 1946

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 125

med mxatvruli kompoziciis principebis mixedviT, rac saSu-
alebas iZleoda gadmocemuliyo gamosaxulebis arsi da ara
danaxuli realoba. magaliTad, pikasos suraTSi Ma Jolie, war-
modgenili sagnebis nawilebi cxadad amoicnoba, Tumca maTi
meSveobiT sakraviani qalis gamosaxulebis xelaxla awyobis
mcdeloba mcdari iqneboda, radgan sagani aq mxolod sawyisi
masalaa formalisturi kompoziciis Sesaqmnelad. Ma Jolie (Cemi
mSvenieri gogona) ar aris mxolod qalis gamosaxuleba, adgi-
li an movlena, is ubralod ferweruli namuSevaria.
sinTezuri kubizmi iseTma namuSevrebma, rogoricaa
Ma Jolie, pikaso da braki sruli abstraqciis zRvramde miiyvana,
magram 1912 wlis gazafxulze, maT Sewyvites aRniSnuli mi-
marTulebiT muSaoba da Seqmnes namuSevrebi, romlebSic sag-
nebis amocnoba ufro martivad iyo SesaZlebeli. arc erTs
surda realobasTan kavSiris gawyveta. pikasom Tqva kidec,
rom ar arsebobs iseTi movlena, rogoric sruli abstraq-
ciaa, radgan mxatvarma `saidanRac mainc xom unda daiwos~.
kubizmis es meore, umTavresi faza, sinTezuri kubizmis sa-
xeliTaa cnobili. ase ewoda mas im meTodis gamo, romliTac
mxatvrebi qmnidnen rTul kompoziciebs, romlebSic, qimiu-
3-10 • pablo pikaso. mandolina da klarneti,
1913; fanqriT moxatuli, SeRebili xis konstruqcia, 58X36X23 sm.
pikasos muzeumi, parizi
126 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
ri sinTezis procesis msgavsad, aerTianebdnen da saxes uc-
vlidnen calkeul elementebs. pikasos LA BOUTEILLE DE SUZE
(siuzis boTli) (sur. 3-9), iseve rogorc misi da brakis 1912 da
1914 wlebis bevri sxva namuSevari, kolaJia (coller frangulad
dawebebas niSnavs). is erT sibrtyeze dawebebuli calkeuli
elementebisgan aris Sedgenili.
kompoziciis centrSi Tavmoyrilia gazeTis gverdebi da
feradi furclebi, romlebic gamoxatavs langars an mrgval
magidas, masze dadgmuli WiqiTa da liqioris boTliT, romel-
sac namdvili etiketi aqvs mikruli. am konstruqciis garSemo,
pikasos Spalerisa da gazeTis didi naWrebi aqvs mikruli.
iseve rogorc adreul kubizmSi, pikasos am namuSevarSic
Semoaqvs mravalricxovani xedvis wertilebi. Cven erTdrou-
lad vxedavT lurji magidis zedxeds da Wiqis gverds. magida-
ze dadgmuli boTli etiketiT mayurebliskenaa mobrunebuli,
Tumca SegviZlia davinaxoT rogorc misi mrgvali gverdi, ise
zedxedSi mocemuli sacobi. amgvarad Sekrebili elementebi
ara mxolod adgilis _ baris, aramed qmedebis asociaciasac
qmnis _ ganmartovebuli mayurebeli mSvidad tkbeba gazeTis
kiTxviTa da sasmeliT. Tumca suraTze miwebebuli sagazeTo
amonaridebi arRvevs am simSvides. maTSi vkiTxulobT cnobebs
1912-13 wlebis pirvel balkanur omze, romelmac biZgi
misca I msoflio omis dawyebas. surda ki pikasos Ta-
vis namuSevarSi arsebuli uwesrigobiT xazi gaesva im
areulobisTvis, romelic mis garemomcvel samyaroSi
sufevda? an iqneb is afrTxilebda mayurebels ekmara
netarebiT siuzis wrupva, maSin rodesac politikuri
movlenebi ngreviT emuqreboda im mSvid samyaros, ro-
melTan asociaciasac es namuSevari iwvevda. anda, iqneb
es mxolod suraTia da sxva araferi.
pikasom gamoiyena samganzomilebiani kolaJis teqnika,
raTa Seeqmna iseTi sinTezuri kubisturi qandakeba, ro-
goricaa mandolina da klarneti (sur. 3-10). xis naWrebisgan
Sedgenili tipuri kubisturi qandakeba erTmaneTis mi-
marT marTi kuTxiT ganTavsebul, or musikalur instru-
ments warmogvidgens. tradiciulad, qandakeba iZerwebo-
da, modelirdeboda an Camoisxmeboda. pikasos skulp-
turuli kolaJi axal, asambliaJis ideas gvTavazobda,
romelic moqandakeebs namuSevrebis ara marto Zerwvis
an modelirebis, aramed mopovebuli nivTebisa Tu arat-
radiciuli masalebis SekavSirebiT, maTi konstruirebis
SesaZleblobasac aZlevda. pikasos kidev erTi inovacia
iyo sivrcis Semotana qandakebis SigniT, rasac is nap-
ralebisa da xvrelebis meSveobiT aRwevda. qandakeba mo-
culobas ara mxolod masis, aramed formisa da sivrcis
gamoyenebiTac qmnida. amdenad, pikasom eWvqveS daayena
qandakebis tradiciuli koncefcia, romelic sivrciT
garSemortymul mkvriv, dakumSul formas gulisxmobda.
xidi da primitivizmi
im dros, rodesac pikaso da braki parizSi ferweris sa-
xecvliT iyvnen dakavebulni, drezdenSi, radikalurad
ganwyobili germaneli xelovanebi Die Brüke (xidi) saxe-
liT cnobil jgufSi gaerTiandnen. saxelwodeba maT
fridrix nicSes ase ityoda zaratustras (1883) pasa-
Jidan aiRes, romelic aRwerda Tanamedrove kacobrio-
 magram mZlavri eqspresiulobiT gamorCeuli namuSevaria.
misi TeTrad datovebuli sxeuli gamoyofilia peizaJuri
fonidan, romelic sufTa Savi, mwvane da wiTli feris far-
To monakveTebisganaa Sedgenili. mis pirdapir mayureblis-
ken mimarTul mzeraSi jer mxolod Canasaxovani, Tumca ukve
Tavdajerebuli seqsualuroba ikiTxeba, rac gansakuTrebiT
SemaSfoTebeli xdeba, rodesac vigebT, rom gogona 12 wlis
frenci fermania, xidelebis rCeuli modeli, romelic Tavis
da-ZmebTan erTad, naturad muSaobda, raTa finansurad dax-
mareboda Tavis daqvrivebul dedas.
emil nolde (Emil Nolde, 1867-1956), romelic xids mogvia-
nebiT, 1906 wels SeuerTda, swrafad gadaiqca mis erTgul,
ideur wevrad. Tavdapirveli ganaTleba man samrewvelo
dizainis ganxriT miiRo, akademiur mxatvrobas 1900 wels,
ramdenime Tvis maZilze eufleboda parizSi, Tumca arasdros
dauxatavs ise, rogorc aswavlidnen. is xSirad stumrobda
parizis eTnografiul muzeums, raTa Seeswavla afrikisa da
okeaniis xelovneba, romelmac udidesi STabeWdileba moax-
dina noldeze adamianis sxeulis Tamami, mZlavri vizualu-
ri gamoxatulebiT, gansakuTrebiT niRbebSi. misi 1911 wlis
suraTi niRbebi (sur. 3-13) cxadyofs, rom man bevri ram SeiT-
visa rogorc parizuli gamocdilebidan, ise niRbebidan,
romlebic misTvis evropuli karnavalebidanac iyo cnobili.
am tradiciebis gaerTianebiT, nolde Tavisi STagonebis af-
rikul da okeaniis wyaroebs evropul koSmarad gardaqmnis,
romelic savsea saSinelebiTa da faruli ZaladobiT. SemaSi-
nebeli feris, uxeSad daxatuli TvalebCacvenili da pirda-
Rebuli niRbebi dascinis mayurebels da sasuraTe sibrtyi-
dan maT sivrceSi cdilobs SemoWras. suraTis feradovnebasa
3-11 • erix hekeli. fexze mdgomi bavSvi,
1910; feradi qsilografia, 37.5X27.5 sm. los anjelesis olqis
da emociurobas nolde ferebis SepirispirebiT aZlierebs.
xelovnebis muzeumi 1907 wels, man datova gaerTianeba, magram xidis wevrebTan
megobruli urTierTobebi mainc SeinarCuna. I msoflio omis
bis potencials, yofiliyo „xidi“ massa da momavlis ufro
srul­ yofil kacobriobas Soris. 1905 wels dafuZnebul
xidSi Sediodnen arqiteqturis fakultetis studentebi:
fric bleili (Fritz Bleyl, 1880-1966), erix hekeli (Erich Hec-
kel, 1883-1970), ernsT ludvig kirxneri (Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,
1880-1938) da karl Smidt-roTlufi (Karl Schmidt-Rottluff,
1884-1976). mogvianebiT jgufs _ man 1913 wlamde iarse-
ba _ sxva germaneli da CrdiloeT evropeli xelovanebic
SeuerTdnen. isini imedovnebdnen, rom Die Brüke `yvela im
revolucionerisa da mRelvare elementis“ Sekrebis ad-
gilad iqceoda, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda germaniis fermkr-
Tal, dekadentur sazogadoebas.
eyrdnobodnen ra iseT Crdilour saxviT nimuSebs,
rogo­ ric van gogi an munkia, tradiciuli Crdilouri
qsilo­ gra­
fiis xerxebis gamoyenebiT, xelovanni qmnidnen
gaucxoebisa da gangaSis gamomxatvel, brutalur, eqpre-
sionistul gamosaxulebebs, romlebic germaniis swraf da
intensiur urbanizacias exmianeboda. arc aris gasakviri,
rom maT sayvarel motivebs buneba da qalis SiSveli sxeuli
warmoadgenda. im wlebis germaniaSi nudizmi mzardi kultu-
ruli mimdinareoba iyo, radgan qalaqis binadarni qalaqebs
bunebasTan xelaxali Serwymis surviliT tovebdnen. erix
3-12 • emil nolde. niRbebi,
hekelis 1910 wlis samferiani qsilografia _ fexze mdgomi 1911; tilo, zeTi, 73.03X77.47 sm. nelson atkinsis muzeumi,
bavSvi (sur. 3-11), SiSveli gogonas gasaocrad stilizebuli, kanzas siTi, misuri. xelovnebis megobarTa saCuqari (54-90)

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 127

 toebiT amoicnoba. meZavebi gamomwvevad dadian mdidrulad
Cacmuli burJuas Tvalwin, radgan maTSi potenciur klien-
tebs xedaven. isini damcinavad uRimian da, rogorc Cans,
ganzrax acbuneben marjvniv mdgom mamakacs, romelic qalebs
naCqarevad acilebs Tvals da maRaziis vitrinebs misCerebia.
adamianurobas moklebul, xelovnur figurebs niRbisebri
saxeebi da uxeSi Jestebi gamoarCevs. maTi sxeulebi erTma-
neTsaa Serwymuli, Tumca fsiqologiurad gaucxoebulni Ca-
nan. mkveTri, myvirala ferebi, amoyiravebuli perspeqtiva,
funjis Zlieri monasmebi aris is, rac urbanuli gadagva-
rebisa da gaucxovebis am SemaSfoTebel, eqspresionistul
gamosaxulebas qmnis.

damoukidebeli eqspresionistebi
I msoflio omamde, xidelebis garda, germaniasa da avstria-
Si bevri sxva xelovanic muSaobda eqspresionistul maneraSi.
aseTi iyo kete kolvici (Käthe Kollwitz, 1867-1945), romelic Ta-
vis xelovnebas muSaTa klasisis saqmisa da socialuri cvli-
lebebis mxardasaWerad iyenebda. is estampebs aniWebda upi-
ratesobas, vinaidan maTi siiafe da xelmisawvdomoba mayure-
belTa farTo auditoriis mocvis saSualebas iZleoda. 1902
_ 1908 wlebSi mxatvari qmnis Svidi graviurisgan Sedgenil
serias, romelSic XVI saukunis germaneli glexebis omia asa-
xuli. namuSevari ajanyebam ifeTqa (sur. 3-14), gunduri qmede-
bis Zalis sailustracio magaliTia. is glexTa mrisxanebis
simaxinjes asaxavs da gviCvenebs sakuTari Sromis iaraRebiT
aRWurvil xalxs, romelTa SurisZieba mCagvrelebiskenaa mi-
marTuli. wina planze gamosaxuli ori adamianis saxe gansa-
3-13 • ernst ludvig kirxneri. quCa, berlini,
kuTrebiT groteskulad gamoiyureba. ajanyebulTa winamZRo-
1913; tilo, zeTi, 120.6X91 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), li ana bleqi _ mas Tavad kete kolvici ganasaxierebs _ cis
niu iorki. SeZenili (274.39) fonze gamokveTili xelebis mrisxane moZraobiT, Setevisken
mouwodebs brbos. mis ukan fermeruli iaraRebiT aRWurvil
ixileT axlo xediT quCa, berlini
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com mSromelTa xalxmravali, qaoturi masaa gamosaxuli. es yo-
velive politikuri amboxis dauokebel suraTs warmoqmnis.
win nolde, germanul samecniero eqspediciasTan
erTad, axal gvineas ewvia. misive ganmartebiT, wy-
nari okeanis kulturebis `adgilobriv xelovneba-
Si~ mas izidavda `primitivizmi~, maTi `absoluturi
originaluroba,~ umartives formebSi Zalisa da
sicocxlis intensiuri da xSirad, groteskuli ga-
moxatuleba.
zafxulobiT xidelebi bunebas ubrundebodnen
da CrdiloeTi garmaniis moSorebul mxareebs stu-
mrobdnen, magram 1911 wels isini berlinSi gada-
vidnen _ SesaZloa, imitom, rom realur, bunebriv
cxovrebas warmosaxva amjobines. maT mier gamosa-
xuli qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT ki berlini, Zalze
kritikulia qalaquri yofis mimarT.
ernst ludvig kirxneris suraTi _ quCa, berlini
(sur. 3-13), or meZavs warmogvidgens. maTi profesia
didi, bumbulebiani qudebiTa da bewvmodebuli pal-

3-14 • kete kolvici. ajanyebam ifeTqa,

seriidan glexTa omi, 1903; oforti, 50.7X59.2sm.
graviurebis kabineti. berlinis saxelmwifo muzeumi

128 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

3-15 • paula modernson-bekeri. avtoportreti qarvis mZiviT,
1906; tilo, zeTi, 61X50sm. bazelis xelovnebis muzeumi
kolvicis msgavsad, paula moderson-bekeric (Paula Moder-
sohn-Becker, 1876-1907) berlinis qalTa xelovnebis skolaSi
swavlobda. 1898 wels is CrdiloeT germaniaSi, vorfsvedeSi
gadavida sacxovreblad, raTa soflis garemoSi ganmartove-
buliyo. moderson-bekeri ukmayofilo darCa sofluri cxo-
vrebisadmi vorfsvedeli mxatvrebis naturalisturi midgo-
miT da post-impresionistuli ferweris ganviTarebis ukanas-
kneli Sedegebis sanaxavad, 1900 wlis Semdeg, oTxjer estumra
parizs. naTelia, rom is kargad icnobda qalis gamosaxule-
bis `primitivizaciis~ tendenciebs, romlebic sxva mxatvre-
bis, maT Soris, gogenis SemoqmedebaSi (ix. axlo xediT, gv. 100)
iyo gamoxatuli. magram misi avtoportreti qarvis mZiviT (sur.
3-15). srulad uaryofs am tendenciebs. mxatvris monumentu-
ri gamosaxuleba Zalze bunebrivad gamoiyureba mcenareTa
garemocvaSi. mas xelT yvavilebi upyria da Tmac yvavilebiT
aqvs Semkuli. qali suraTis miRma, pirdapir Cvensken iyureba,
mSvidad gvibrunebs mzeras da Zalze komfortul, adamianur
kavSirs amyarebs mayurebelTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom es nazi
avtoportreti sxva Tanamedrove mxatvarTa stilSia Sesru-
lebuli, is damoukidebeli ideebis mqone, Zlier Semoqmedsa
da gamWriaxi inteleqtis qals warmoaCens.
modernson-bekeris suraTisgan gansxvavebiT, avstrieli
mxatvris egon Siles (Egon Schiele, 1890-1918) 1911 wliT daTa-
riRebuli SiSveli avtoportreti (sur. 3-16) fizikuri da fsi-
qologiuri tanjviT iqcevs mayureblis yuradRebas. Siles
mama sifilisiT gardaicvala. aman didi gavlena iqonia, ma-
Sin 14 wlis mxatvarze, romelisTvisac seqsualuroba samu-
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
3-16 • egon Sile. SiSveli avtoportreti,
1911; guaSi, fanqari, qaRaldi, 51.4X35 sm. metropoliten muzeumi,
niu iorki, muzeums gadaeca 1982 wels, skofild teieris anderZis
Tanaxmad (1984.433.298)
damod tanjvasTan iqna gaigivebuli. Siles mraval naxatsa,
Tu akvarelSi qalebi damamcirebel, Ria seqsualur pozebSi
arian warmodgenilni, rac xazs usvams maT cxovelur bu-
nebas. mraval avtoportretSi mxatvari sakuTar Tavsac
apyrobs aseTsave daundobel mzeras, romelSic seqsualu-
robisa da sxeulisadmi misi Rrmad gaorebuli damokide-
bulebaa gamovlenili. avtoportretSi mxatvris tkiviliT
savse, veluri mzera mayurebliskenaa mipyrobili. mkveTri
naTebiT garemoculi, gatanjuli, TiTqos gawelili sxeuli
xelebisa da genitaliebis gareSea gamosaxuli. dasaxiCrebu-
li sxeulis aseTi sagangebo demonstrireba zogierTebma,
froidis moduri Teoriis mixedviT, simbolur TviTgvemad
miiCnies, romelsac mxatvari masturbaciisTvis Sendobis
misaRebad mimarTavda da romelsac, damkvidrebuli azriT,
SeSlilobamde mihyavda adamiani.
lurji mxedris spiritualizmi
rusma mxatvarma vasili kandinskim (Vassily Kandinsky, 1866-1944)
da germanelma franc markma (Franz Marc, 1880-1916) miunxen-
Si artistuli gaerTianeba Der Blauer Reiter (lurji mxedari)
Camoyalibes. gaerTianebas saxeli moskovis gerbze gamosa-
Tavi III. 129
 3-17 • franc marki.
didi, lurji
cxenebi,
1911; tilo, zeTi,
1.05X1.81 m.
uokeris xelovnebis
centri, mineapolisi.
saCuqari T.b. uokeris
koleqciidan,
gilberT m.
uolteris fondi,
1942

3-18 • vasili kandinski. improvizacia 28 (meore versia),

1912; tilo, zeTi, 111.4X162.2 sm. solomon r. gugenhaimis muzeumi, niu iorki. solomon r. gugenhaimis fondis koleqcia (37.239)

waikiTxeT vasili kandinskize informacia veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

130 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

xuli, cnobili lurji raindis _ wminda giorgis sapativce- abstraqtul xelobnebas. am namuSevrebSi mxtunavi, mocekva-
mulod ewoda. wminda giorgi sulierad miuZRvoda sazo- ve ferebi emociaTa simravles gamoxatavda. kandinskisTvis
gadoebas, lurji mxedari ki mis msgavsad, saxelovnebo si- ferwera utopiur sulier Zalas warmoadgenda. xelovnebaSi
vrcis sulieri winamZRoli unda gamxdariyo. gaerTianebis materialuri samyaros zedmiwevniTi sizustiT gadmocemis
pirveli gamofena 1911 wlis dekemberSi gaimarTa da masSi tradiciul midgomas, is araswor, materialistur Ziebebad
ToTxmetma mxatvarma miiRo monawileoba. maTi namuSevrebis miiCnevda da imedovnebda, rom misi mxatvroba kacobriobas
stiluri diapazoni Zalze farTo iyo _ realizmidan-radi- sulierebisa da Sinagani samyaros siRrmiseuli gaazrebisken
kalur abstraqcionizmamde. waiyvanda. ferwerasa da samyaros Soris arsebuli kavSiris
1911 wlisTvis marki adamianebze xSirad cxovelebs xata- arafrismomcemi Ziebis nacvlad, mxatvari gvTxovs ferwerul
vda. maTi didi, mZlavi formebi ZiriTad ferebSi iyo gamosa- tilos vuyuroT ise, TiTqos simfonias vusmendeT, ama Tu im
xuli. is Tvlida, rom cxovelebi adamianebze ufro `primi- pasaJs instinqturad da spontanurad gamovexmauroT, Semdeg
tiulebi~, Sesabamisad ki ufro sufTani iyvnen da bunebasTan ki erTiani gamocdileba gaviziaroT. musikaluri analogie-
ufro metad hqondaT SenarCunebuli sulieri kavSiri. su- bi kandinskim mogvianebiT ganmarta Tavis wignSi sulierebis
raTSi didi lurji cxenebi (sur. 3-17) erTgvarovan mTlianobad Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi. `feri uSualod moqmedebs sulze. feri
warmodgenili lurji cxovelebi wm. giorgize migvaniSneben klaviSebia, Tvalebi CaquCebi, suli ki mravalsimiani for-
da bunebrivi sulierebis simbolod gvevlinebian. figurebis tepiano. mxatvari musikosis xelia, romelic erT an meore
farTo konturebi ukana planze gamosaxuli mTebis rkali- klaviSs exeba, raTa sulSi TrTolva gamoiwvios.~
sebr naxats exmianeba da cxovelebis erTmaneTTan da gare-
momcvel bunebasTan Tanaarsebobis harmoniulobas asaxavs. kubizmis gavrceleba
SeZlebul moskovur ojaxSi dabadebuli kandinski, Ta- mas Semdeg, rac kubisturi namuSevrebi gascda brakisa da
vdapirvelad advokatobisTvis emzadeboda, magram ger- pikasos saxelosnoebis sazRvrebs, saxelovnebo samyaros-
maniaSi axali xelovnebis nimuSTa gamofenebis naxvisa da Tvis naTeli gaxda, rom maT Seuqcevadad Secvales mxatvru-
ferweraSi miRebuli kerZo gakveTilebis Semdeg, iuris- li diskursi. samyaros xedvis kubisturma gzam mTel evro-
tis kariera daTmo da miunxenSi gadavida sacxovreblad, paSi, ruseTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic ki hpova
sadac Camoyalibda kidec rogorc Semoqmedi. gamoZaxili. iqaurma mxatvrebma sakuTari interpretaciiT
SesaZloa, kandinski sinesTeti iyo — is visac `esmis~ warmoaCines kubizmi, riTic mniSvnelovnad gaafarToves da
feri da `xedavs~ bgeras. misi Semoqmedeba cxadyofs, rom gaaxangrZlives misi vizualuri gzavnilebi da is pikasosa da
is Seqmna adamianma, visTvisac feri da bgera ganuyofladaa brakis ideebisa da obieqtebis miRma gaitanes.
dakavSirebuli. maT erTianobaSi kandinski uisleris namu-
Sevris adreulma eskizma daarwmuna _ fermweri iseve awes-
rigebs fersa da formas, rogorc kompozitori bgerebs.
musikalurma interesebma kandinski avstriel kompozi-
tors, arnold SÁonbergs daakavSira, romelmac 1910 wlis-
Tvis umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi Seitana musikis isto-
riaSi. antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli, dasavleTevropuli
musika kiloebsa Tu modusebSi moqceuli notebis wesrigs
efuZneboda (rogorcaa dRevandeli maJori da minori), ro-
melsac kompozitorebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi SesaZleblobe-
bis gamo irCevdnen. TiTo­eul nots mocemul gamaSi Tavisi
rolis Sesruleba ekisreboda. es roli mkafio ierarqiaSi
muSaobda da emsaxureboda `tonaluri centris~ (musikalu-
ri kompoziciis erTgvari baza, sayrdeni adgili) gaZlie-
rebas. SÁonbergma tonaluri centri mospo. is Tanabrad
amuSavebda yvela tons, riTic msmenels aclida sayrdens
da usasrulod axangrZlivebda Tavisi musikis eqspresiul
daZabulobas. kandinski dainteresda, SeZlebda Tu ara
mxatvroba Sinaarsis gareSe arsebobas ise, rogorc musika
arsebobda tonaluri centris gareSe.
kandinski erT-erTi pirveli iyo maT Soris, vinc wminda
abstraqtuli ferweris SesaZleblobebis Teoriuli kvleva
daiwyo. uisleris msgavsad, is musikalur saTaurebs aniWeb-
da Tavis namuSevrebs (mag., kompozicia, improvizacia) da ise-
Ti mxatvrobis Seqmna surda, romelic mxolod mis Sinagan
mdgomareobas Seexmianeboda, sruliad damoukidebeli iqne-
boda da arafriT daukavSirdeboda xilul samyaros. 1912 3-19 • rober delone. HOMAGE TÔ BLÉRIOT (blerios sapativcemulod),
wels man Seqmna namuSevrebis seria, maT Soris, improvizacia 1914; qaRaldi, akvareli, 78X67sm. parizis axali xelovnebis muzeumi.
28 (sur. 3-18), romelic pirvelad warmogvidgenda WeSmaritad henri Tomasis Semowiruloba, 1976

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 131


3-20 • sonia delone. samosi da masze morgebuli sitroen B-12,
eqspo 1925, modelebi da avtomobili. wyaro _ Maison de la Mode, 1925
3-21 • fernan leJe. sami qali, 1921; tilo, zeTi, 1.84X2.52 m.
axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki. saimon gugenhaimis fondi
132 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
safrangeTi rober delone (Robert Delaunay, 1885-1941) da
misi meuRle, ukrainaSi dabadebuli sonia delone (Sonia
Delaunay, 1885-1979) (dabadebiT sonia Sterni; 1890 wlidan,
rogorc biZis Svilobili, sonia terki, zog SemTxvevaSi ix-
senieba rogorc sonia delone-terki), axali mimarTulebiT
aviTareben kubizmis SedarebiT monoqromul da statikur
formebs. delones adreul namuSevrebze didi gavlena iqo-
nia fovisturma feradovnebam. feris meSveobiT sulieri
urTierTobebis gadmocemisadmi misma siRrmiseulma in-
teresma, is lurji mxedris gamofenebis monawile gaxada.
ferisadmi sakuTari interesisa da kubizmis principebis
SeTanadebiT, 1910 wels man daiwyo iseTi suraTebis Seqm-
na, romlebic Tanamedrove qalaqsa da axal teqnologiebs
ganadidebda. namuSevarSi blerios sapativcemulod (sur. 3-19),
delone pativs miagebs lui blerios _ frang mfrinavs, ro-
melmac 1909 wels, pirvelma gadaufrina la-manSs. mxatvar-
ma gamosaxa blerios aeroplani, romelic eifelis koSkis
— Tanamedroveobis am parizuli simbolos — Tavze mifri­
navs. tilos darCenil nawils naTel ferebSi Sesrulebuli
wriuli formebi avsebs, romlebic aeroplanis propeleris
moZraobas, caSi mokaSkaSe mzes da notr damis sakaTedro
taZris sarkmlis varduls gamosaxavs da warmogvidgens
delones `progresuli~ mecnierebisa da sulierebis ideas.
am suraTis danawevrebuli feradovneba Tanamedrove, swra-
fad moZravi teqnikis Cvenebis mcdelobacaa.
kritikosma giiom apolinerma (Guillaume Apollinaire) ro­ber
da sonia delonebis xelovnebas `orfizmi~ Searqva. sa-
xelwodeba legendaruli berZeni poetis orfeosis saxeli-
dan momdinareobda da niSnavda imas, rom delonebis xelo-
vnebas iseTive Zala hqonda, rogoric orfeoss, romelic
barbiTze dakvriT nusxavda velur cxovelebs. mxatvrebi
upiratesobas aniWebdnen termins — `simultanuri~. kon-
cefcia efuZneboda miSel eJen Sevrelis kanons ferebis
simultanuri kontrastis Sesaxeb, romelic gvTavazobda
sivrculi manZilebi da droiTi mimdevroba simultanur
`aq~ da `axla~-d gardagveqmna, raTa disharmoniuli samy-
arosgan harmoniuli erToba Seqmniliyo. simultanuroba
maT aeroplanebis, telefonebisa da avtomobilebis axali
samyarosa da sulierebis erTobad warmoedginaT.
sonia delone, roberTan erTad muSaobda orfistul
mxatvrobaze, magram damoukidebladac qmnida qsovilebisa
da samosis dizains. man Seqmna kubisturi mxatvrobis ms-
gavsi modelebi, romlebsac simultanuri samosi uwoda.
mkafiod geometriuli struqturis mqone, mza tansacmlis
sakuTari iafi xazi soniam 1925 wels, Zalze mniSvnelovan,
axali dekoratiuli da industriuli xelovnebis saerTa-
Soriso gamofenaze waradgina (sur. 3-20). man aseve gaaforma
sitroenis sportuli manqana, romlis dizaini Tavis erT-
erT sagamofeno kostiums miusadaga.
soniasTvis sportuli avtomobili axali, saavtomobilo 3-22 • jino severini. dajavSnuli matarebeli moqmedebaSi,
epoqis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda, radgan misi samosis ms- 1915; tilo, zeTi, 115.8 X 88.5 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA),
gavsad, es manqanac ar Rirda Zviri da masobrivi moxmarebis niu iorki. riCard s. zaisteris saCuqari (287.86)
bazrisTvis iyo warmoebuli. ase iyo imitomac, rom es pata-
ra samadgiliani manqana sagangebod, im drois damoukidebeli bili. maTi garemomcveli mWaxe ferebi da dekoratiuli na-
qalebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, maTTvis, vinc delones tansa- xWebi mowesrigebul, industriul sazogadoebas warmogvid-
cmlis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli iyo. samwuxaroa, rom aRniSnul- gens, romelSiac yvelafers Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili.
ma modelebma mxolod Sav-TeTr fotoebad moaRwia Cvenamde.
teqnologiebiT fernan leJec (Fernand Léger, 1881-1955) iyo italia italiaSi kubizmi futurizSi gadaizarda. gan-
moxibluli. man SemogvTavaza kubizmis ufro statikuri, ma- sakuTrebuli aqcenti aq teqnologiebis gamosaxvasa da
gram brwyinvale feradovnebis mqone versia, romelic meqa- siCqaris grZnobis gadmocemaze keTdeboda. 1908 wels
nikur, samanqano formebs iyo dafuZnebuli. sami qali (sur. italia krizisSi imyofeboda. uzarmazarma qonebrivma Se-
3-21) naxevradmiwolili SiSveli naturis franguli akade- usabamobam erTmaneTisgan gamijna qveynis samxreTi da Cr-
miuri Temis puristuli, manqnebis epoqis versiaa. purizmi diloeTi nawilebi, mosaxleobis 4/5 wera-kiTxvis ucodi-
safrangeTSi Caisaxa. misi ZiriTadi idea damfuZneblebma _ nari iyo, mZvinvarebda sayovelTao siRaribe da SimSili,
le korbuziem (Le Corbusier, Sarl-eduar Janere, 1887-1965) da im droisTvis Tavsdamtydar saSinel miwisZvrebs 50 000
amede ozenfanma (Amèdée Ozenfant) aRweres, TavianT 1925 wels adamianis sicocxle Seewira. 1909 wlis 20 Tebervals mi-
gamosul wignSi _ axali xelovnebis dafuZneba. avtorebi lanelma poetma da redaqtorma filipo tomazo marinetim
amtkicebdnen, rom xelovneba unda dabruneboda gasageb, (Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, 1876-1944) parizuli gazeTis, Le Fi-
wesrigze dafuZnebul formebsa da ideebs, raTa manqanuri garo-s pirvel gverdze gamoaqveyna futurizmis dafuZne-
epoqis racionaluri, martivad gasagebi xasiaTi gamoexata. ba da manifesti. avtori utevda yvelafer moZvelebuls,
leJes suraTSi didi, meqanikuri formebiT konstruirebuli mosawyens da `qalurs~ da mkiTxvels italiis misive warsu-
qalTa sxeulebi asimetriul, geometriul badeSia moqceu- lisgan gaTavisuflebas sTavazobda, rac SesaZlebeli iyo
li. es civi klasicizmis asociaciasac iwvevs da wyalgay- aRmafrTovanebeli, `maskulinuri~, `futuristuli~ da
vanilobis sistemis nawilebisac. adamianurobas moklebuli zog SemTxvevaSi, saSiSi samyaros miRebiT, romelic axali,
qalebi, msgavsi, arafriT gamorCeuli, mrgvali saxeebiT, urbanuri cxovrebis mRelvarebas, siswrafes, energiasa da
TiTqos standartuli, saTadarigo nawilebisgan arian awyo- simZlavres efuZneboda.

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 133

 3-23 • umberto boConi, sivrceSi gangrZobadobis unikaluri formebi,
1913; brinjao, 111X89X40 sm.

waikiTxeT futurizmze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

bis boboqari scena, romelic xedvis Tavbrudamxvevi,

orientirdakarguli wertilidan ixilveba.
1912 wels, umberto boConi (Umberto Boccioni, 1882-
1916) Tavisi futuristuli `garemos qandakebiT~,
gvimtkicebda, rom formam unda gaarRvios Caketi-
li, mkvrivi masa da boboqar moZraobaSi gadmoifr-
qves garemomcvel sivrceSi. namuSevarSi sivrceSi
gangr­Zobadobis unikaluri formebi (sur. 3-23) boConi
gamosaxavs figuras, romelic mZlavrad miabijebs si-
vrceSi. uZvelesi nike samoTrakielis msgavsad, mas
zurgs ukan frTebiviT ufrialebs kunTovani forme-
bi. boConis mraval qandakebaSi aratradiciuli masa-
laa gamoyenebuli. zemoT aRwerili qandakeba TabaSi-
risgan iyo Seqmnili da mxolod moqandakis gardacva-
lebis Semdeg Camoisxa brinjaoSi. boConim SeinarCuna
futuristuli idealebisadmi erTguleba da sixaru-
liT Seegeba I msoflio omSi italiis CarTvas. is mo-
xalised wavida frontze da brZolaSi daiRupa.

ruseTi 1900 wlisTvis, kosmopolituri qalaqe-

bis _ sanqt-peterburgisa da mogvianebiT, moskovis
mkvid­rma rusma xelovanebma da koleqcionerebma sul
ufro metad daiwyes avangardul xelovnebis gaTavi-

1911 wlis aprilSi, milaneli mxatvrebis jgufi mari­

net­is manifests futuristuli ferweris teqnikuri mani-
festiT gamoexmaura. isini iTxovdnen: `aRigavos yvelaferi
rac aqamde arsebula, raTa gamoixatos Cveni daudegari,
foladis cxovrebis siamaye, cieb-cxeleba da siswrafe.~ am
mxatvarTagan zogierTi 1912 wels, parizs gaemgzavra fu-
turistebis gamofenaze. amis Semdeg, maT daiwyes kubizmis
saxviTi formebis gamoyeneba, raTa am xerxiT gamoexataT man-
qanebis, siCqarisa da omisadmi siyvaruli.
teqnikuri manifestis xelmomweri, jino severini (Gino
Severini, 1883-1966), parizSi cxovrebisas, Suamavlis rols as-
rulebda italiel futuristebsa da frangul avangards So-
ris. severini SesaZloa, sxva futuristebze metad iziareb-
da omis, rogorc socialuri ganmwmendis koncefcias. 1915
wlis namuSevarSi dajavSnuli matarebeli moqmedebaSi (sur.
3-22) (savaraudod, is efuZneboda fotos, romelzec aRbeW-
dili iyo xidze mimavali matarebeli, romelzec belgiuri
javSanmanqana iyo moTavsebuli), severini iyenebs kubizmis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebel uswormasworo, dakbilul formebsa da
dabzarul zedapirebs, raTa aRweros gaqanebuli matarebli-
dan gamosuli kvamlis, Zaladobis da zarbaznebis afeTqe-

3-24 • natalia gonCarova. eleqtroganaTeba,

1913; tilo, zeTi, 105.5.X81.3.sm. axali xelovnebis erovnuli muzeumi,
JorJ pompidus xelovnebisa da kulturis erovnuli centri

134 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

seba da mis ukeT gasacnobad parizs gaemgzavrnen. maTTvis
mimzidveli iyo futuristuli tendenciebi, romlebic te-
qnologiur miRwevebsa da siswrafis esTetikas ganadidebda.
rusi futuristebi acxadebdnen, rom maTi mimdinareoba (is
kubo-futuriszmis saxeliTacaa cnobili) italiuri futu-
rizmisgan damoukideblad warmoiSva. 1912 wlidan maTi Semo-
qmedeba sul ufro metad da metad miiwevda abstraqciisken.
natalia gonCarovas (Natalia Goncharova, 1881-1962) 1913 wlis
namuSevarSi eleqtroganaTeba (sur. 3-24), naCvenebia axali ele-
qtronuli naTuris kaSkaSa, xelovnuri sinaTle, romelic
iseve anawevrebs da alRobs mis garSemo arsebul formebs,
rogorc analitikuri kubizmis simZlavre. gonCarovam gaa-
forma sergei diagilevis rusuli sabaleto dadgmebi, maT
Soris: Le Coq d’or (oqros mamlayinwa, 1914); Une nuit sur le mont Chau-
ve (Rame melot mTaze, 1923) da stravinskis kvlav aRdgenili
L’oiseau de feu (faskunji, 1923). maTTvis Seqmnil kostiumebsa da
dekoraciebSi, mxatvari rusuli folklorisa da Tanamedro-
ve abstraqciis nazavs mimarTavda.
1915 wlidan moskovuri avangardis winamZRolad kazimir
maleviCi (Kazimir Malevich, 1878-1935) mogvevlina. misi gviani
mogonebebis Tanaxmad, `1913 wels, Cems sasowarkveTil mcde­
lobaSi gameTavisuflebina xelovneba obieqtis simZimisgan,
Tavi Sevafare kvadratul formas da gamovfine namuSevari,
romelic mxolod TeTr fonze gamosaxuli Savi kvadratis-
gan Sedgeboda.~ Savi kvadrati erT-erT fonur dekoraciad
iqna gamoiyenebuli mixail matiuSinis rusul futuris- 3-25 • kazimir maleviCi. suprematistuli ferwera (rva wiTeli
sworkuTxedi),
tul saopero dadgmaSi mzis damarcxeba. kazimir maleviCma
1915; tilo, zeTi. amsterdamis municipaluri muzeumi
39 namuSevari gamofina sanqt-peterburgSi, 1915-16 wlebis
zamTarSi mowyobil gamofenaze `mxatvrobis bolo futu- waikiTxeT kazimir maleviCze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
ristuli gamofena: 0.10~. namuSevrebi upiratesad, brtyeli,
geometriuli formebis kolaJs warmoadgenda. am axal stils
am namuSevrebs kuTxis kontr-reliefebi uwoda (sur. 3-26).
k. maleviCma suprematizmi uwoda, rac misi ganmartebiT, `Se-
tatlini maT iseTi iafi, arasaxelovnebo masalebisgan qm-
moqmedebaSi sufTa grZnobebis aRmatebuleba~-s niSnavda.
nida rogoricaa: liToni, SuSa, xe, TabaSiri da mavTuli.
am namuSevarTagan erT-erTia suprematistuli ferwera (rva
marTalia, tradiciuli masalis, Tavisuflad mdgomi qanda-
wiTeli sworkuTxedi) (sur. 3-25), romelSic TeTr fonze, dia-
kebis koncefciisgan tatlinis daSoreba SesaZloa, pikasos
gonalurad moTavsebuli rva wiTeli sworkuTxedia gamosa-
studiaSi stumrobiTac yofiliyo STagonebuli, magram man
xuli. es namuSevari sufTa abstraqciaa.
Seqmna qandakebis axali formaluri da konceftualuri ena,
imave xanebSi, vladimir tatlinma (Vladimir Tatlin, 1885-1953)
romelSic aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda Ria da daxuruli sivr-
sufTa abstraqtuli qandakebebis konstruireba daiwyo. man
ceebi da uaryofili iyo qandakebis damokidebuleba masasa
da monumenturobaze. misi myife, fizikurad aramdgradi
obieqtebi oTaxebis kuTxeebSi dasakideblad iyo gankuT-
vnili. anu formalurad, tatlinis namuSevrebi religiu-
ri xatebis adgils ikavebda. arsobrivad, kontr-reliefi
tatlinma rusuli marTlmadidebluri xatis Tanamedrove,
abstraqtul alternativad Seqmna kidec.

tradiciuli qandakebidan abstraqciisken

3-26 • vladimir tatlini. kuTxis kontr-reliefi,
1915; Sereuli media. dRevandeli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia
I msoflio omis wina xanaSi, qandakebamac cvlilebebis ise-
Tive Rrma da revoluciuri gza gaiara, rogorc ferweram.
epoqis yvelaze radikalur inovaciad pikasos ara pedes-
talze dayenebuli, aramed sxvadasxva masalebisgan awyobi-
li da kedelze dakidebuli samganzomilebiani namuSevrebi
SeiZleba miviCnioT (es idea ruseTSi tatlinma ganaviTara).
magram yvela cvlileba axal masalebsa da gamosaxulebis
konteqsts rodi ukavSirdeboda. parizSi gamofenilma e.w.

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 135

3-27 • konstantin brankuzi. axalSobili,
1915; marmarilo, 14.6X21X14.8sm. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi.
luis da uolter arenbergebis koleqcia (195.134.10)

`primitiulma~ xelovnebam naxvisTanave daatyveva rumineli

xelovani konstantin brankuzi (Constantin Brâncuşi, 1876-1957),
romelic 1904 wlidan parizSi cxovrobda da 1907 wlamde
rodenis saxelosnoSi muSaobda. mas aRafrTovanebda dasav-
luri tradiciis miRma arsebuli xelovnebis naxevradabst-
raqtuli formebi da swamda, rom amgvari xelovnebis Semoq-
medma artistebma warmatebiT SeZles gamosasaxi obieqtebis
`arsis~ moxelTeba. qandakebis arsis ZiebaSi brankuzi, pi-
kasos msgavsad, zedapiruli realizmis uaryofis gziT wa-
vida. is werda: `realuria sagnebis ara garegnuli forma,
aramed maTi arsi. Tuki xelovani am WeSmaritebiT miudgeba
samuSaos, misTvis SeuZlebeli gaxdeba risame arsobrivad
realuris gamosaxva mxolod garegnuli mibaZviT~.
brankuzisTvis kvercxi simbolurad ganasaxierebda
ada­
mianis dabadebas, zrdas da ganviTarebas, sicocxlis
`arss~, romelic idealur, organul, abstraqtul ovalSia
moqceuli. 1915 wlis namuSevarSi axalSobili (sur. 3-27) is
aerTianebs kvercxisebur formasa da axalSobilis usxeulo
Tavs da amgvarad warmogvidgens kacobriobis arss dabade-
bis momentSi. 1924 wlis qandakebaSi axalgazrda mamakacis
torsi (sur. 3-28) brankuzim figuris torsi da barZayebi kar-
gad gaprialebul liTonis cilindrebamde daiyvana. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom namuSevris meqanikurma simwyobrem Sesa-
Zloa, leJes an futuristTa namuSevrebi mogvagonos, am
Tamam abstraqcias klasikuri xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli simyare da simSvide moaqvs mayureblamde. am SegrZne-
bas gansakuTrebiT amZafrebs STambeWdavi sadgami, romelic
xisa da qvis masalebisganaa Seqmnili.

3-28 • konstantin brankuzi. axalgazrda mamakacis torsi,

1924; brinjao qvisa da xis sadgamze. figurisa da sadgamis
kombinacia, 102.4X50.5X46.1sm. hirShornis muzeumi da qandakebaTa
baRi, smiTsonis instituti, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

136 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

dada xelovnebis raobaze svams SekiTxvebs
1914 wlis agvistoSi didi omi daiwyo. evropeli liderebis
umravlesoba mis dasrulebas saSobaod eloda. orive mxare
Tavis moqalaqeebs arwmunebda, rom maTi armiebis efeqturi
moqmedebebi da jariskacebis simamace situaciis swraf mo-
gvarebasa da politikuri status quo-s aRdgenas uzrunvelyo-
fda, Tumca imedebi iluzoruli aRmoCnda. I msoflio omi
yvelaze umowyalo da ZviradRirebuli omi iyo kaciobriobis
istoriaSi. dasavleTis frontze, mxolod 1916 wlis ganma-
vlobaSi germaniam _ 850 000, safrangeTma _ 700 000, didma
britaneTma ki _ 400 000 meomari dakarga. konfliqti CixSi
Sevida yvela frontze, vinaidan mxareebi sul ufro metad
srulyofdnen masobrivi ganadgurebis teqnologiebs: ty-
viamfrqvevebs, cecxlsatyorcnebs, sabrZolo aviacias da
momwamlav gazs. mTavrobebma zurgSi kontroli daaweses
mrewvelobasa da mSromelebze, raTa efeqturad emarTaT
saomari resursebi. Sesabamisad, rigiTi moqalaqeebi iZule-
bulni gaxdnen aetanaT normirebuli kveba, propagandis Se-
motevebi da urcxvi spekulaciebi omis Temaze.
saSinelma sisxlianma sasaklaom mraval frontze war-
moSva SiSi da Zrwola. erT-erTi pirveli mxatvruli mim-
dinareoba, romelic adamianebis xocvasa da amiT gamowveul
moralur sakiTxebs Seexo iyo dada _ transnacionaluri
moZraoba mkafio adgilobrivi gamoxatulebiT, romelic
TiTqmis erTdroulad gaCnda ciurixSi, niu iorkSi, parizsa
da berlinSi. Tu axali xelovneba aqamde xelovnebis tradi-
ciebze svamda SekiTxvebs, dada ufro Sors wavida da xelo-
vnebis, rogorc aseTis, raobis sakiTxi daayena. iyo ra mowme
imisa, Tu rogor iolad, gauazreblad nadgurdeboda san-
grebSi adamianebis sicocxle, dada dascinoda racionaluri
azris absurdulobas da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis safuZ- 3-29 • hugo bali sazeimod kiTxulobs poemas qaravani,
vlebs. is Tavis TavSi moicavda `damcinav xatmberZoleobas~ foto gadaRebulia kabare volterSi. ciurixi, 1916 weli
saxelwodebaSic ki, romelsac ar hqonda realuri an mudmi-
_ fexebi da sxeuli lurji muyaos milebiT hqonda SefuTu-
vi mniSvneloba. dada germanulad bavSvis laparaks niSnavs,
li, Tavze ki lurj-TeTri, rogorc Tavad uwodebda, `jado-
frangulad _ saTamaSo cxens, rusulad da rumnilad _ diax,
diaxs, afrikul kru-s dialeqtze ki wminda Zroxis kuds. da- qari eqimis qudi~ exura. mxrebze uzarmazari, oqrosfrad Se-
daistebi anadgurebdnen xelovnebis, rogorc raRac Rire- Rebili muyaos labada hqonda mosxmuli, romelic tyapunis
bulis tradiciul gagebas da mas ucnauri da iracionaluri xmas gamoscemda, rodesac bali Tavis muyaos xelebs da ki-
xelovnebiT anacvlebdnen, romelic ideebisa da qmedebebis borCxalisebur muyaos mtevnebsa Tu marwuxebs amoZravebda.
xelovneba ufro iyo, vidre obieqtebisa. balis poemis teqsti, romelic CarTulia saRamos amsaxvel
dokumentur fotoSi, uazro bgerebis rigisgan Sedgeba, is
hugo bali da kabare volteri dada, rogorc mimdina- uaryofs `enas, romelic ganadgurda da Jurnalistikam ga-
reoba SesaZloa, kabare volterSi daibada, poet hugo balis mousadegari gaxada~ da dascinis tradiciul poezias. bal-
poemis qaravani pirveli warmodgenisas. bali (Hugo Ball, 1886- ma Segnebulad Tqva uari zrdasruli adamianis cxovrebis
1927) da misi kompanioni, Ramis klubis momRerali emi henin- racionalurobaze da Seqmna axali da sruliad gaugebari,
gsi (gardaicvala 1949 wels) I msoflio omis dawyebisTanave sakuTari, SemTxveviTi bgerebisgan Sedgenili ena, romelic
gadasaxldnen germaniidan neitralur SveicariaSi da 1916 bavSvis luRluRs ufro mogagonebdaT.
wlis 5 Tebervals, ciurixSi kabare volteri gaxsnes. kaba-
re volteri, Tavisi laRi, Tavawyvetili xasiaTiT, Zalian marsel diuSani (Marcel Duchamp, 1887-1968) formalurad
hgavda omamdli berlinisa da miunxenis bohemur artistul arasdros yofila mimdinareobis wevri, magram swored man
kafeebs. misi SeSlili, iracionaluri samyaro sxvadasxva Seqmna dadas yvelaze rTuli da gamomwvevi namuSevrebi da
erovnebis im uamravi devnili, avangarduli mwerlisa da xe- swored man Caitana dada niu iorkSi, rodesac 1915 wels
lovanis TavSeyris adgilad gadaiqca, vinc omisadmi balisa gadacura atlantikis okeane, raTa evropaSi mZvinvare oms
da heningis zizRs iziarebda. gaqceoda. 1912 wels, parizSi diuSani kubistur eqsperimen-
swored aq waikiTxa balma sazeimod Tavisi xmovani poema tebs atarebda. am dros Seiqmna SiSveli figura, romelic
qaravani (sur. 3-29). deklamirebisas, is ucnaurad iyo Cacmuli kibeze Camodis #2 _ erT-erTi yvelaze sadao namuSevari,

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 137

 anonimurad warmoadgina santeqnikosisgan nayidi faifuris
sazogadoebrivi pisuari, romelic gverdulad iyo dayenebu-
li da amgvarad, funqcia hqonda dakarguli. obieqtze gake-
Tebul warweraSi _ `R. Mutt~ _ diuSanma pisuaris mwarmoeblis
saxeli _ `j. l. moTis rkinis sawarmo~ _ gaaTamaSa. es namuSe-
vari marTlac daiwunes.
Sadrevani (sur. 3-30) XX saukunis erT-erT yvelaze sadao
namuSevrad rCeba. is transgresiuli (moraluri da soci-
aluri sazRvrebis damrRvevi) namuSevaria, romelic iwve-
vs sicils, gabrazebas, Secbunebas, zizRs, radgan Zalze
Riad warmoaCens Tavis kavSirs privatul saqmianobasTan,
adamianur mgrZnobelobasTan da mis mowyvladobasTan.
masSi diuSani svams SekiTxvas xelovnebis nawarmoebis ar-
sobrivi raobis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia Tu ara nawarmoebis
gaSiSvleba misi arsis srul gaqrobamde? uisTleris cnobi-
li sasamarTlo precedentis Semdeg (ix. xelovneba da misi
konteqsti, gv. 85), avangardist xelovanTa umravlesoba
Tanxmdeboda, rom xelovnebis nimuSi arc aRweriTi unda
yofiliyo da arc kargad damuSavebuli, Tumca 1917 wlam-
de, diuSanis garda, veravin SeZlo daverwmunebineT, rom

3-30 • marsel diuSani. Sadrevani,

1917; faifuris pisuari da minanqris saRebavi. alfred Stiglicis
foto. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi, pensilvania. luis da
uolter arensbergebis koleqcia (1998-74-1)

Stiglicis foto diuSanis Sadrevnis originalis erTaderTi cno­

bili gamosaxulebaa. namuSevari mistikurad gaqra mas Semdeg, rac
damoukidebel xelovanTa sazogadoebis gamofenis Jiurim is daiwu-
na. 1950 wels diuSanma dakarguli originalis ramdenime replika
Seqmna _ ubralod SeiZina pisuarebi da waawera: `R. Mutt/1917~/. am
replikebidan erT-erTi, 1999 wels, duSanis namuSevrebisTvis re-
kordul fasad _ 1.76 milion dolarad gaiyida auqcionze.

uyureT videos marsel diuSanze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

romelic mogvianebiT, arsenalis gamofenaze (ix. gv. 141) iqna

warmodgenili. am droisTvis diuSani ukve amerikis SeerTe-
bul StatebSi imyofeboda. man uaryo mxatvroba, romelic
misi mtkicebiT, misTvis mxolod azrsmoklebul saqmiano-
bad iqca da SeimuSava, mis mier redimeidad (readymade) wo-
debuli, dadas Janri, romelic Cveulebriv sawarmoo obie-
qtebs xelovnebis nimuSebad gardaqmnida.
amerikulma saxelovnebo samyarom diuSani Zalze Tbilad
miiRo. damoukidebel xelovanTa amerikulma sazogadoebam
is damfuZnebel wevrad miiwvia. 1917 wels diuSani am sazoga-
doebis pirveli yovelwliuri gamofenis forumi saeqspozi-
cio komitetis Tavmjdomared airCies. gamofena cnobili
gaxda imiT, rom mas ar hyavda namuSevrebis SemrCevi Jiuri.
nawarmoebis gamosafenad mxolod 6 dolaris gadaxda iyo
saWiro. dadaizmis moduri dinebiT gatacebis daaxloebiT
ori wlis manZilze, diuSani muSaobda namuSevrebze, romle-
bic imdenad Sokismomgvreli da Seuracxmyofeli unda yo-
3-31 • marsel diuSani. L.H.O.O.Q,
filiyo, rom sazogadoebas uari eTqva maTze. aseTnairad,
1919; fanqari leonardo da vinCis mona lizas reprduqciaze,
diuSani gamoxatavda sakuTar pozicias xelovnebis Seqmnisa 19.7 X 12.1 sm. filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumi, pensilvania.
da misi eqsponirebis Tanamedrove procesze. gamofenaze man luis da uolter arensbergebis koleqcia

138 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

`xelovneba~, upirveles yovlisa, konceftualuria Tavisi
arsiT. saukuneebis, SesaZloa, aTaswleulebis manZilzec ki,
xelovanebi TavianTi nawarmoebebis Seqmnisas, TanaSemweebs
qiraobdnen samuSaos xelosnuri nawilis, anda mTeli namu-
Sevris Sesasruleblad. diuSanma Tanamedove formiT ganaa-
xla es praqtika da daamtkica, rom xelovnebis nimuSi ara
mxolod sxvaTa mier SeiZleba iyos Sesrulebuli (nawilob-
riv mainc), aramed realurad, masobrivadac iyos warmoe-
buli. logikis gonivruli SetrialebiT, diuSanma Seqmna
komentari erTdroulad, moxmarebazec da Tanamedrove
epoqis iracionalurobazec. is amtkicebda, rom xelovnebis
mza (readymade) nimuSi, rogorc warmoebis obieqti, martivad
auvlis gverds xelosnur tradicias da xelovnebis nimuSis
mniSvnelobas SeiZens ara adamianis xelqmniT, aramed adamia-
nis mier misi konceftualizaciis gziT.
Sadrevnis dawunebis Semdeg, diuSanma, romelic amgvar
gadawyvetilebas eloda kidec, moCvenebiTi SeZrwunebiT da-
tova damoukidebel xelovanTa sazogadoeba da dadas Jur-
nalSi anonimurad gamoaqveyna mowinave statia, romelSic
detalurad aRwerda r. maTis skandalur saqmes. igi werda:
`xelovnebis mxolod ori nimuSi misca amerikam msoflios, es
aris misi santeqnika da xidebi~, Semdeg ki daumata: `Tavisi
xeliT daamzada mister maTma Sadrevani Tu ara, amas arc
aqvs mniSvneloba. m a n i s S e a r C i a ! aiRo Cveulebrivi sayo-
facxovrebo nivTi da imgvarad moaTavsa, rom misi yofiTi
daniSnuleba axali saTaurisa da axali rakursis miRma gaqra.
man am obieqtze axali safiqrali gagviCina.~
parizSi dabrunebis Semdeg, diuSanma Tavisi namuSevriT
L.H.O.O.Q. (sur. 3-31), romelsac `modificirebuli redimeidi~
uwoda, axali gamowvevis winaSe daayena franguli saxelo-
vnebo sivrce. 1911 wels, luvris TanamSromelma leonar- 3-32 • kurT SviTersi. MERZBILD 5b (suraTi-wiTeli-guli-eklesia),
dos saxelganTqmuli mona liza moipara, radgan swamda, 1919 welis 26 aprili; kolaJi, tempera da pasteli muyaoze,
83.4X60.3sm. solomon gugenhaimis muzeumi, niu iorki (52.1325)
rom is misi samSoblos, italiis kuTvnileba iyo. muzeum-
Si namuSevris dabrunebas ori weli dasWirda. vidre mona
liza dakargulad iTvleboda, misi popularoba kidev ufro dasmul SekiTxvas pasuxobda, rom iyo `gadamdgari xelova-
gaizarda. suraTs ganuwyvetilv beWdavdnen Ria baraTebze ni~, Tumca misi XX saukunis dasawyisis radikaluri ideebi
da plakatebze, iyenebdnen reklamaSi. diuSanma gadawyvita dResac gavlenas axdens xelovnebaze. es gavlena gansakuT-
mona lizas gamosaxulebis didebisa da damcrobis raobaze rebiT gaZlierda 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg.
Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoexata da saamisod mona lizas
gamosaxulebiani iaffasiani Ria baraTi SeiZina da mis saxe- dada berlinSi 1917 wlis dasawyisSi hugo balma da
lovan, idumal saxes wveri da ulvaSebi miuxata. am qmede- ruminuli warmoSobis poetma tristan tcaram (Tristan Tzara,
biT diuSanma kulturis sakraluri artefaqti uxeSi dacin- 1896-1963) ciurixSi gaxsnes dadas galerea. tcara aseve
vis obieqtad gaqdaaqcia. baraTis qveS daudevrad miwerili redaqtorobda Jurnals Dada, romelmac swrafad miipyro
asoebi _ L.H.O.O.Q. xmamaRla wakiTxvisas, fonetikurad iseve Tanamoazre xelovanebisa da mwerlebis yuradReba evropis
JRers, rogorc franguli slenguri fraza elle a chaud au cul, ramdenime dedaqalaqsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
rac zrdil TargmanSi qalis seqsualur aRgznebas gamo- moZraoba kidev ufro farTod gavrcelda omis Semdeg,
xatavs. amgvarad, diuSanma, isedac iaffasian gamosaxule- rodesac hugo balis Sveicariuli jgufis devnili wevrebi
bas, uxeSi seqsualuri insinuacia daumata. Sadrevnis msga- TavianT samSoblos daubrundnen. magaliTad, riCard
vsad, es namuSevaric kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs xelovnebis hiulsenbeqma (Richard Huelsenbeck, 1892-1974) dada germaniaSi
raobaze damkvidrebul mikerZoebul warmodgenas da sxeu- Caitana, sadac 1918 wlis aprilSi dadas berlinis klubis
lis sasacilo da uxeS detalebs efeqtur mxatvrul Sinaar- daarsebaSi miiRo monawileoba.
sad warmoadgens. rogorc dadas erT-erTma damfuZnebelma dadas yvela ZiriTad centrs erTmaneTisgan odnav gan-
Tqva: `dada siZulvilma da zizRma Soba~. sxvavebuli dRis wesrigi hqonda da Sesabamisad, TiTeul
diuSans sul ramdenime redimeidi aqvs Seqmnili. 1922 maTganSi man ramdenadme gansxvavebuli forma SeiZina. berli-
wlis Semdeg, is saerTodac cotas muSaobda, radgan TiTqmis nis dadas erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli Tavisebureba misi
mTlianad Wadraks uZRvna Tavi. Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb agitaciur-propagandistuli xasiaTi iyo. dadas sxva, ufro

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 139


literaturul formebTan SedarebiT, is saxviTi xelovnebis
uCveulod mravalricxovan nimuSebs qmnida, gansakuTrebiT
kolaJsa da fotomontaJs (fotografiuli kolaJi).
magaliTad, kurT SviTersi (Kurt Schwitters, 1887-1948), ro-
melic 1919 wels Sexvda hiulsenbeqs da sxva dadaistebs,
vizualuri poeziis Sesaqmnelad, matareblis gadagdebul
bileTebs, safosto markebs, sasursaTo talonebs, lu-
dis etiketebs da quCaSi napovn sxva narCenebs iyenebda.
is industriuli samyaros usargeblo, erTjeradi nabeWdi
produqcisgan Seqmnil, Tavis or da samganzomilebian na-
muSevrebs Merzbilder-s uwodebda, rac germanulad `narCen
suraTs~ niSnavs. am namuSevrebSi SviTersi gazeTis fra-
gmentebs da sxva nabeWd produqcias naxat an ferwerul
gamosaxulebebTan aerTianebda. igi werda, rom nagavs ise-
Tive uflebebi hqonda, rogoric ferweras. Tavis kolaJSi
MERZBILD 5b (sur. 3-32) SviTersi Tavis damokidebulebas ga-
moxatavs damarcxebuli germaniis omis Semdgomi areulo-
bisadmi da saamisod, quCaSi napovn im gazeTis naglejebsa
da beWdur fragmentebs iyenebs, romlebic Sinaarsobri-
vad, am movlenebs exmianeba. erT-erTi fragmenti aRwers
sastik CamoSlas bremenis socialisturi respublikisa,
romelmac sul cotaxans iarseba.
140 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
3-33 • hanna hoxi. gamoWrilia dadaisturi
samzareulos daniT, asaxavs vaimaris ludiT
gaberili stomaqebis bolo kulturul epoqas
germaniaSi,
1919; kolaJi, 114X90 sm. erovnuli galerea,
berlinis saxelmwifo muzeumi, berlini
waikiTxeT hanna hoxze informacia
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
hanna hoxi (Hannah Höch, 1889-1978) kidev
ufro mwvave politikur fotomontaJebs qm-
nida. 1916-1926 wlebSi, is berlinis umsxvi-
lesi sagamomcemlo saxlisTvis, ferlagis-
Tvis (Verlag) muSaobda, dekoratiul moti-
vebs qmnida da qalTa JurnalisTvis xelsaq-
meze werda statiebs. hoxi 1920-iani wlebis
qalTa moZraobis nawilad miiCnevda Tavs
da gmobda mas-mediiT gavrcelebul, ste-
reotipul warmodgenebs qalebze. rogorc
erTaderT qals, mas berlinel dadaistebs
Soris adgilis damkvidrebisTvisac uwevda
brZola. erT-erTma maTganma Zalze damam-
cireblad aRwera dadaistTa cxovrebaSi ha-
nas monawileoba da is mxolod sendviCebisa
da ludis jadosnur mompoveblad warmoa-
Cina. namuSevarSi: gamoWrilia dadaisturi
samzareulos daniT, asaxavs vaimaris ludiT
gaberili stomaqebis bolo kulturul epoqas
germaniaSi (sur. 3-33), hoxi aerTianebs popu-
laruli gazeTebidan da politikuri plaka-
tebidan amoWril gamosaxulebebs, fotoebsa
da sityvebs, raTa Seqmnas 1919 wlis vaimaris
respublikis rac SeiZleba sruli, mZafri,
braziT savse kritika.
am fotomontaJSi hoxi gviCvenebs qals, romelic nawi-
lebad Wris germanuli gavleniani wreebis ludiT gaberil
warmomadgenlebs; gviCvenebs marqss, lenins da aseve, saku-
Tari Tavisa da ramdenime sxva berlineli dadaistis da-
daisturi xasiaTis, hermafroditul portretebs. namuSeva-
ri survils aCens gaverkveT, Tu romel mxares dganan, hoxis
azriT, misi dadaisti amxanagebi.
modernistuli tendenciebi
amerikaSi
axali avangarduli xelovnebis pirveli didi gamofena ame-
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi civad iqna miRebuli. zogierTi
amerikeli xelovani abstraqcionizmisa da modernistuli
xelovnebis principebze dayrdnobiT qmnida namuSevrebs,
Tumca umravlesoba ufro naturalistur maneraSi muSaobas
amjobinebda. ase gagrZelda daaxloebiT 1915 wlamde.
Stiglici da galerea „291“
fotografi alfred Stiglici (Alfred Stieglitz, 1864-1946) evro-
puli modernizmis mTavari mxardamWeri iyo amerikis SeerTe-
bul StatebSi. I msoflio omis wina wlebSi, mexuTe avenius
291-Si mdebare, ubralod 291-ad cnobil, patara galereaSi,
man msxvili modernistebis ramdenime patara gamofena moawyo.
parizSi moRvawe kenvileris msgavsad, Stiglici niu
iorkSi mfarvelobda amerikel modernistebs. is, rogorc
fotografi, gamofenebis meSveobiT, cdilobda fotogra-
fiisTvis kanonieri adgilis daemkvidrebas saxviTi xelovne-
bis dargebs Soris. niu jersiSi, mdidari germaneli emigran-
tebis ojaxSi dabadebulma Stiglicma fotografia 1880-ian
wlebSi, berlinis teqnologiur institutSi Seiswavla da
maleve Seicno misi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali. 1890 wels,
3-34 • alfred Stiglici. fleTaironis Senoba, niu iorki,
1903; fotograviura, montaJi, 17X8.4 sm. metropoliten muzeumi,
niu iorki. J.b. noimanis saCuqari, 1958 (58.577.37)
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
man niu iorkis quCis scenebis gadaReba daiwyo. sakuTar xe-
dvebs Stiglici 1902 wels dafuZnebuli, foto-secesionis
saxeliT cnobili organizaciis meSveobiT avrcelebda, ori
wlis Semdeg ki galerea 291 gaxsna. 1910 wlisTvis galerea im
fotografTa da fermwerTa gamaerTianebel centrad iqca,
visac Stiglici gamofenebs uwyobda (zogi maTganis namuSe-
vrebi pirvelad swored man gamofina). maT Soris iyvnen: ar-
tur davi, jon marini, jorjia o’kifi. amas garda, Stiglicma
evropeli xelovanebis _ vasili kandinskis, JorJ brakis, pol
sezanis, ogiust rodenis _ Semoqmedebac gaacno amerikelebs.
sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi Stiglici romantizebuli qalaqu-
ri scenebis poetur xatebaTa Seqmnas cdilobda. namuSevarSi
fleTaironis Senoba (sur. 3-34), fotos marjvena mxares gamosa-
xuli xis Rero, ukana planze warmodgenili koromis xeTa to-
tebsa da fleTairon bildingis solisebur formaSi hpovebs
gamoZaxils. mTeli scena ganmsWvalulia burusiani zamTris
atmosferoTi, romelic Semoqmedma sakuTari TvalTaxedvis,
kadris, eqspoziciis, negatiuri da pozitiuri gamosaxulebe-
bis saSualebiT Seqmna. bedis ironiiT, Stiglici romantikul
saburvelSi xvevs niu iorkis swored im adreul caTambjens,
romelic axali, Tanamedrove qalaqis simbolos warmoadgenda.
Jurnali Camera Work, SesaniSnavi xarisxis foto-gamocema, ro-
melsac Stiglici redaqtorobda, Tanamedrove amerikeli da
evropeli xelovanebis uamrav fotograviuras beWdavda da ame-
rikuli modernizmis kritikasac aqveynebda. 1903 wels swored
am Jurnalma dabeWda Stiglicis zemoT ganxiluli, cnobili
namuSevris fleTairon bildingis fotograviura.
arsenalis gamofena ( THE ARMORY SHOW)
da adgilobrivi modernizmi
axali xelovneba niu iorks 1913 wels ewvia da mayurebels
warmoudgenlad didi masStabis gamofeniT warudga. The Armory
Show-s (arsenalis gamofena) saxeliT cnobili gamofena, ero-
vnuli gvardiis 69-e polkis arsenalis maneJSi, leqsington
aveniuze, 25-e da 26-e quCebis kuTxeSi gaimarTa. misi or-
ganizatorebi uolt kani (Walt Kuhn, 1877-1949) da artur b.
devisi (Arthur B. Davies, 1862-1928) iyvnen. eqspoziciaSi warmod-
genili 1600 namuSevridan 1/4 evropel xelovanebs ekuTvno-
daT. warmodgenili namuSevrebi, maT Soris axali xelovneba,
kargad iqna miRebuli da kargadac gaiyida, Tumca zogierTi
evropeli modernistis, gansakuTrebiT ki anri matisisa da
marsel diuSanis namuSevrebi sazogadoebis xmauriani pro-
testis mizezad iqca, Tavad Semoqmedni ki `anarqistebis
biZaSvilebad~ moinaTlnen. CikagoSi, sadac gamofenis rCeuli
namuSevrebi warmoadgines, xelovnebis institutis ramdenime
pedagogma da studentma matisis suraTebis gamosaxulebebi
dawves, sazogadoebis liderebi ki gamofenis gamoZiebisken
mouwodebdnen moralis komisias. momxdaris miuxedavad, ga-
mofenam axali amerikuli xelovnebis konsolidacia moaxdina
da modernist xelovanTa STagonebis wyarodac ki iqca. mo-
gvianebiT, TavianTi namuSevrebisTvis maT enTuziasti kole-
qcionerebic ipoves da sagamofeno darbazebic.
artur davi (Arthur Dove, 1880-1946) adreuli amerikuli
modernizmis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadge-
nelia. is evropaSi, 1907-1909 wlebSi ecnoboda fovistebis
Tavi III. 141
 |
axlo xediT germaneli oficris portreti
marsden harTli. 1914; tilo, zeTi 1.78X1.05 sm. metropoliten muzeumi,

niu iorki. alfred Stiglicis koleqcia. 1949 (49.70.42)

freiburgTan sim- Wadrakis dafis

bolur kavSirs Sav-TeTri ujrebi
gamoxatavs epoletebi, germaneli oficris,
kavaleristis isris freiburgis Wadrak-
wveri da rkinis jvari, isadmi siyvaruls
romliTac is Tavisi asaxavs.
mkvlelobis wina dRes
dajildovda.

freiburgis polkis lurji da TeTri feris

nomeri (4) abstraqtu- rombisebri naxati
li mkerdis centrSi, bavariis droSidan
wiTeli, xelrTviT daw- momdinareobs; wiTeli,
erili laTinuri E-s TeTri da Savi zolebi
gverdiTaa moqceuli. migviTiTebs germa-
E `edmunds~ (harTlis niis imperiis droSaze,
dabadebisas miRebul romelic oficialurad
saxels) unda aRniS- 1871 wels iqna miRebu-
navdes. ase harTli li, Sav-TeTri zolebi
freiburgis gulTan ki prusiis istoriuli
ikavebs adgils. droSis gamoZaxilia.

samgloviaro Savi
foni met intensi-
urobas matebs wina
planis ferebs.

harTli freiburgis axalgazrda

Temas mis inicialebTan kacis asaki (24)
(Kv.F.) aigivebs. asoebi lurj fonze
wiTel fonze oqros- oqrosfrdaa
fradaa datanili. aRniSnuli.

1914 wels, berlinSi cxovrebisas harTlis axalgazrda prusieli

leitenanti karl fon freiburgi Seuyvarda. harTli mas ase
aRwerda: `yvelmxriv Semkuli da idealuri arseba — sulierad,
xorcielad, mentalurad~. I msoflio omSi freiburgis daRupvam
sruliad gamofita harTli. man simboluri portretiT ukvdavyo
Tavisi dacemuli siyvaruli.

ixileT axlo xediT germaneli oficris portreti veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

142 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

3-35 • artur davi. simbolizebuli buneba #2,
1911; qaRaldi, pasteli, 45.8X55 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.
alfred Stiglicis koleqcia (1949.533)

Semqmedebas da Semodgomis salonSic ki iyo gamofenili.

samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, kandinskis Tanadroulad,
Tumca misgan sruliad damoukideblad, davma abstraqtu-
li mcenareuli etiudebis Seqmna daiwyo. misi namuSevari
simbolizebuli buneba #2 (sur. 3-35) erT-erTia mcire forma-
tis namuSevarTa SesaniSnavi seriebidan, romlebSic bunebis
sulieri Zalisadmi mxatvris rwmenaa gamoxatuli. Tuki vasi-
li kandinskis xelovneba ufro bunebis Sinagan xedvaze iyo
fokusirebuli, davis abstraqtuli ferwera Tavad peizaJis-
gan miRebul, mis Rrmad gancdil gamocdilebas asaxavda. ro-
gorc mxatvari ambobda _ `aranairi [mxatvruli] foni, garda
tyeebisa, moCuxCuxe nakadulebisa, nadirobisa, Tevzaobisa,
kempingisa da TxilamurebiT srialisa~. davi amerikis so-
flur nawilSi, koneqtikutSi cxovrobda da fermerobiT
irCenda Tavs, Tumca Tavis namuSevrebs niu iorkSi fenda. is
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli niu iorkis artistul sazoga-
doebasTan, romelic mas SesaniSnavad iRebda.
axali amerikuli xelovnebis kidev erTi pioneri, romelmac
arsenalis gamofenaSi miiRo monawileoba da 291-Sic mudmivad
ifineboda, marsden harTli (Marsden Hartly, 1877-1943) gaxldaT.
1912-1915 wlebSi harTli umetesad sazRvargareT cxovrobda,
Tavdapirvelad parizSi, sadac kubizmi aRmoaCina, Semdeg ber-
linSi, sadac feradovani, eqspresionistuli namuSevrebis Se-
qmnas mihyo xeli. daaxloebiT 1914 wlisTvis harTlim sakuTa-
ri, Zalze originaluri da intensiuri stili SeimuSava, rome-
lic srulad gamovlinda mis namuSevarSi germaneli oficris
portreti (ix. gv. 142). Tamamad daferili formebisa da naxWebis
mWidrod Sekruli kompozicia, romelic gamravalferovnebu-
lia ricxvebiT, asoebiT da germanuli samxedro atributikis
fragmentebiT, simbolurad ukvdavyofs harTlis dacemul
sayvarels, omis tragikul msxverpls.
jorjia o’kifi (Georgia O’Keeffe, 1887-1986) Stiglicma `aRmo­
aCina~. soflur viskonsinSi dabadebuli mxatvari, 1905_1915
wlebSi profesias ukve dauflebuli iyo da axla, Tavad aswa-
3-36 • jorjia o’kifi. Ramis qalaqi,
1926; tilo, zeTi, 123X76.9 sm. mineapolisis xelovnebis instituti.
regis korporaciis, mister da misis jon drisqolebis, beimisa da
larsenis fondebis (80.28) saCuqari
vlida xelovnebas. misi naxSiriT Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi
Stiglics niu iorkelma megobarma aCvena. Stiglicis pasuxi
aseTi iyo: `rogorc iqna, qalis naxati vnaxe~. o’kifis namu-
Sevrebi man 1916 wels warudgina mayureblebs galereaSi 291
mowyobil jgufur gamofenaze, Semdeg wels ki misi pirveli
personaluri gamofena gamarTa. o’kifi niu iorkSi 1918 wels
gadavida sacxovreblad, 1924-Si ki Stiglics gahyva colad.
1925 wels man niu iorkis caTambjenebis xatvas mihyo xeli,
romlebic im droisTvis, amerikuli gamomgoneblobisa da
energiis gansxeulebas warmoadgenda. magram iseTi namuSev-
rebi, rogoricaa Ramis qalaqi (sur. 3-36), sulac ar gamoxatavs
maRali Senobebis erTmniSvnelovan didebas. mxatvari caTam-
bjenebs dabali, momgebiani wertilidan gviCvenebs, ise, rom
Senobebis Crdili avismomaswaveblad ecema mnaxvels. maTi
muqi tonaloba, mZlavri formebi da gazviadebuli perspe-
qtiva badebs saSiSroebis gancdas, romelic sxva amerikeli
modernistebis SemoqmedebaSic TvalsaCinoa.

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 143


3-37 • jorjia o’kifi. wiTeli SroSani,
1924; meisonitze damagrebuli tilo,zeTi, 91.44X75.88 sm. arizonis xelovnebis
muzeumis koleqcia, Taqsoni. oliver jeimsis saCuqari (1950.1.4)
3-38 • eduard uesToni. saqulenTi, 1930; dabeWdilia
Jelatin-vercxlis qaRaldze, 19.1.X24 sm. SemoqmedebiTi
fotografiis centri © 1981 arizonis regentTa sabWo
144 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
1925 wels o’kifma gamofina Zalze msxvili pla-
niT gamosaxuli yvavilebis axali seria, romelic
mis yvelaze cnobad namuSevrad iqca. suraTSi wiTe-
li SroSani (sur. 3-37) o’kifi sasuraTe sibrtyis wina
planze, centrSi wamowevs Zalze mgrZnobiare yva-
vilis guls da warmoaCens mis naz Sida formebsa
da rbil, natif zedapirs. yvavilis ara realuri
saxis, aramed misi dafaruli, organuli energiis
gamosaxviT mxatvarma Seqmna axali, abstraqtuli
mSveniereba, sufTa saxiT warmoadgina mcenaris
sa­sicocxlo Zalis energia. kritikosebma o’kifis
yvavilebs qaluri da vaginuri Searqves. Stiglics
bevri araferi gaukeTebia imisTvis, rom mayure-
bels sxvagvarad daenaxa misi xelovneba. damcina-
vi kritikisa da `qali mxatvris~ iarliyis mimarT
o’kifis protestis miuxedavad, is mainc aqtiurad
cdilobda misi Semoqmedebis popularizacias.
1929 wlidan moyolebuli o’kifi zafxuls niu me-
qsikoSi atarebda, 1940-ian wlebSi ki sabolood
gadavida iq sacxovreblad da Tavisi Semoqmedeba
adgilobrivi peizaJebisa da kulturis dasamaxso-
vrebeli suraTebis Seqmnas miuZRvna.
kalifornieli artisti eduard uestoni (Ed-
ward Weston, 1886-1958), Tavis 1920-ian wlebSi Seqm-
nili, eqsperimentuli fotoebis seriaSi, o’kifis
mier gakvalul gzas daadga. mcenareuli motive-
bis bunebrivi konteqstidan amoRebiTa da kadris
maqsimaluri moaxloebiT, man gansakuTrebulad
warmoaCina mcenareTa abstraqtuli naxWebi. 1922
wels, niu iorkSi mogzaurobisas, uestoni jorjia
o’kifs Sexvda. amasTan, is Tavisi monaTesave sule-
bis, fotografebis _ alfred Stiglicisa da pol
sTrendis (Paul Strand, 1890-1976) mimdevari gaxda da
amtkicebda, rom fotografia maRali xelovnebis
kanonieri mediumia, romelsac SeuZlia Tanabari
ZaliT gamoavlinos rogorc dokumentaciis, ise
abstraqtuli xelovnebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebi. namuSevar-
Si saqulenTi (sur. 3-38) uestonma martiv xerxs mimarTa _ bnel
oTaxSi dayenebuli kamera man pirdapir obieqtze mimarTa da
farTo formatis SuSis negativze gasaocari mkafioebiT aR-
beWda misi detalebi. uesTonis mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa,
rom obieqtivi adamianis Tvalze ganuzomlad mets xedavs,
foto-gamosaxulebis xarisxi mxolod fotografis mxatv-
rul arCevanzea damokidebuli.
adreuli xanis modernistuli
arqiteqtura
axalma industriulma masalebma da sainJinro inovaciebma XX
saukunis arqiteqtorebs umagaliTod maRali Senobebis Seqm-
nis SesaZlebloba misca. aman mniSvnelovnad gazarda qalaqis
ZviradRirebul, deficitur miwis nakveTebze agebuli Seno-
bebis sasargeblo farTis raodenoba. evropaSi da amerikaSi
erTdroulad iTqva uari dekoratiul motivebze. evropelma
modernistebma ferweridan da qandakebidan gandevnes deko-
 ratiuloba, amerikuli caTambjenebis arqiteqtu-
raSi ki martivma, geometriulma formebma da sada,
mourTavma zedapirebma daimkvidra adgili.

evropuli modernizmi
evropaSi axali arqiteqturis gamartivebuli da
mkacrad geometrizebuli stili, nawilobriv mainc,
art nuvos bunebriv, organul mcenareul dekorze
reaqciad ganviTarda. venaSi, adolf loosi (Adolf
Loos, 1870-1933), evropuli arqiteqturuli moder-
nizmis erT-erTi pioneri, Tavis 1913 wlis eseSi
ornamenti da danaSauli werda, rom `kulturis
evolucia utilitaruli obieqtebidan ornamentis
gandevnis sinonimia~. loosisTvis ornamenti kul-
turis degeneraciis niSani iyo. amitomac, mis mier
daproeqtebuli Staineris saxli (sur. 3-29) mourTavi,
sadad Selesili rkinabetonis konstruqciaa. swor-
kuTxa fanjrebis ganlageba iq mTlianad Senobis
Sida sivrceebis funqciuri moTxovnebis Sesabami­
sadaa dagegmili. loosi amtkicebda, rom nagebobis
interiers erTaderTi daniSnuleba aqvs — man ada­
miani atmosferuli movlenebisgan unda daicvas.
3-39 • adolf loosi. Staineris saxli, 1910; vena le korbuzie umniSvnelovanesi Tanamedrove
fra­n­gi arqiteqtoria. mis mier SemuSevebuli ram-
denime metad sayuradRebo samSeneblo principebi
momdevno naxevari saukunis manZilze axdenda ga-

3-40 • le korbuzie. vila savoie, 1929-30; qalaqi puasi senaze. safrangeTi

moiZieT vila savoies arqiteqturuli panoramebi veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 145

vlenas arqiteqtorTa Semoqmedebaze. korbuzies vila savoie
(sur. 3-40),
kerZo saxli parizis Soriaxlos, internacionalu-
ri stilis xatad iqna aRiarebuli (ix. internacionaluri
stili, gv. 157). geometriuli dizainiTa da sisadaviT vila
savoie arqiteqtoris puristul idealebs asaxavs, imavdrou-
lad ki, saukeTesod gamoxatavs le korbuzies mier, pirve-
lad 1914 wels SemuSavebul dominos konstruqciul siste-
mas. am sistemaSi rkinabetonis filebi (foladis armaturiT
gamagrebuli betoni) dasvenebulia erTmaneTisgan gancalke-
vebiT mdgom, foladis eqvs boZze, romlebic dominos sa-
TamaSo qvaze datanili eqvi wertilis msgavsadaa ganlage-
buli. Semdegi aTwleulis manZilze, le korbuzie dominos
sistemis SesaZleblobebs ikvlevda da 1926 wels gamoaqveyna
Tanamedrove arqiteqturis xuTi sayrdeni wertili, romel-
Sic gvTavazobda: miwis zedapiridan aweul da e.w. pilotebze
(Tavisuflad mdgom boZebze) dayenebul saxlebs; maTi br-
tyeli saxuravebis terasebad gamoyenebas; interierSi, mzid
kedlebs Soris moZravi tixrebis CarTvas; konstruqciis
meti moqnilobisTvis, fasadebze aramzidi kedlebisa da ase-
ve, lentiseburi fanjrebis (kedlis mTel siganeze, mijriT
gayolebuli fanjrebi) gamoyenebas. es SemoTavazebebi axali
arqiteqturis saerTo, cnobad niSnebad iqca. le korbuziem
vila savoies `sacxovrebeli manqana~ uwoda, rac gulisxmob-
da imas, rom avtomobilis an sxva manqana-danadgaris msga-
vsad, es saxlic racionalurad da funqciurad iyo dagegmi-
li. I msoflio omis Semdeg, korbuziemac, sxva Tanamedrove
arqiteqtorebis msgavsad, masobrivi warmoebis, standartu-
li saxlebis daproeqtebaze daiwyo muSaoba, raTa evropas
ganadgurebuli infrastruqturis aRdgenaSi daxmareboda.
amerikuli modernizmi
miwasTan kavSiri udidesi Tanamedrove amerikeli arqi­
teqtori frenk loid raiTi (Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867-1959),
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian arqiteq­
3-41 • frenk loid raiTi. frederik s. robis saxli, 1906-1909; Cikago. Cikagos istoriuli muzeumi (HB-19312A2)
146 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
torad iTvleboda msoflioSi. viskonsinis universitetSi
mokle sainJinro kursis gavlis Semdeg, raiTma CikagoSi,
arqiteqtoris Segirdad daiwyo muSaoba, momdevno xuTi
weli dankmar adlerisa da lui salivanis (sur. 2-55) firma-
Si gaatara, sadac mTavari konstruqtoris Tanamdebobaze
dawinaurda, 1893 wels ki sakuTari, sacxovrebel arqiteq-
turaze specializebuli firma daafuZna. daaxloebiT 1900
wlisTvis raiTma, ramdenime arqiteqtorTan erTad, oq par-
kad wodebul, Cikagos gareubanSi dabali, brtyeli, ZlierS-
verili saxuravis mqone, horizontaluri saxlebis daproe-
qteba daiwyo. saxlebi Sua dasavleTis preriebis dablobebs
exmianeboda, amitomac arqiteqtorTa es jgufi preriebis
skolis (Prairie School) saxeliT gaxda cnobili.
frederik s. robis saxli (sur. 3-41) raiTis adreuli preriebis
stilis erT-erTi Sedevria. buxris Tavze moTavsebuli cent-
raluri sakvamuri, romelic Cikagos susxiani zamTrisas
mTel saxls siTboTi moicavs, horizontalurad gaSlili
konstruqciis centrs warmoqmnis.
sakvamuris orive mxares, mZlavr konsolebs dayrdnobi-
li, dabali, brtyeli, ZlierSverili saxuravebi zafxulis
mzisgan damcav Crdils warmoqmnis, gaxsnili terasebi ki za-
fxulis gril RameebSi haerze dasaZineblad SeiZleba iyos
gamoyenebuli. dabali fanjrebis sartylebi _ bevri maTgani
vitraJiania _ gars evleba saxls da ferad Tejirs warmo-
qmnis interiersa da gare samyaros Soris, amasTan ki SigniT
myofebs fanjrebidan baRSi gasaxedad epatiJeba.
saxlSi ver naxavT gamyof kedlebs. ZiriTadi sarTuli
erTi grZeli sivrcea, romelic Tavisuflad mdgomi buxriT,
sacxovrebel da sasadilo areebadaa gayofili.
raiTze didi gavlena moaxdina iaponuri arqiteqturis
esTetikam, romelsac is CikagoSi, 1893 wels gamarTul mso-
flio gamofenaze gaecno, iaponuri eqspoziciis daTvalie-
rebisas. gansakuTrebiT is sivrcis SegrZnebis Taviseburebi-
Ta da Tejirismagvari fanjrebiT moixibla. raiTis saxlebSi
 3-42 • frenk loid raiTi.
federik s. robis saxlis
sasadilo oTaxis feradi
rekonstruqcia

3-43 • frenk loid raiTi. saxli CanCqerze (edgar kaufmanis saxli), 1937; mil rani, pensilvania

moiZieT kaufmanis saxlis arqiteqturuli panoramebi veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 147

3-44 • meri qolTeri. damTvalierebelTaTvis gankuTvnili studia,
grand kanionis erovnuli parki, A1914; arizona. grand kanionis istoriis muzeumis koleqcia
xSirad SexvdebiT kedlebSi CaSenebul tansacmlisa da wig-
nebis karadebs. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, is gaTbobisa da
ganaTebis saSualebebis damalvasac cdilobs. sakuTari sa-
xlebis interierebisTvis raiTi Tavad qmnida avejis dizains
(sur. 3-42). frederik s. robis saxlSi, gamoCarxuli nawilebis-
gan Seqmnili, Tanamedrove, geometriuli dizainis skamebi
magidis garSemo isea moTavsebuli, rom maTi maRali sazur-
geebi oTaxSi oTaxis arsebobis intimur efeqts warmoqmnis.
erT nivTad gaerTianebul sanaTebsa da yvavilebis qoTnebs
raiTi magidis kuTxeebSi damagrebul sayrdenebze anTavsebs.
amgvarad, damatebiTi Suqisa da magidis yvavilebiT gafor-
mebis aucilebloba aRar arsebobs.
axali evropuli arqiteqturisadmi raiTis damokidebu-
leba ar iyo martivi. mas ar ainteresebda le korbuzies
manqanuri esTetika. axali samSeneblo masalebis _ rkinabe-
tonis, Txeli ekranuli minisa da foladis xSiri gamoyene-
bis miuxedavad, igi mainc bunebrivi mgrZnobelobis SenarCu-
nebisken iswrafvoda da aguris, adgilobrivi xisa Tu qvis
saSualebiT, Senobebisa da garemos dakavSirebas cdilobda.
pensilvaniis soflur nawilSi aSenebuli saxli CanCqerze
148 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
amgvari praqtikis saukeTeso magaliTia. is Sesa-
(sur. 3-43)
niSnavad gamoxatavs raiTis myar rwmenas imisa, rom Senoba
ubralod ki ar unda arsebobdes landSaftSi, aramed srul
harmoniaSi iyos masTan.
saxli CanCqerze raiTs piTsburgelma univermaRis mflo-
belma, egdar kaufmanma SeukveTa. mas surda ojaxis kuTvnili
sazafxulo koteji Tavisi Svilebis saTamaSo adgilis siax-
loves, CanCqerTan da auzTan gadaetana. kaufmanis gasakvi-
rad, raiTma axali saxlis aSeneba zed kldeze, auzis Tavze
gadawyvita, raTa CanCqers saxlis garSemo da mis qveS edina.
uzarmazari lodi, romelzec zafxulobiT mTeli ojaxi iru-
jeboda, arqiteqtorma buxris safuZvlad gamoiyena. kldis
sibrtyidan betonis ganieri terasebis wyebis win gasawevad
da maT gasafarToveblad, raiTma kronSteinebi gamoiyena da
aseTnairad, terasebi maT qvemoT mdebare bunebrivi kldis
uzarmazari filis paralelurad ganaTavsa (arqiteqtoris es
STambeWdavi gadawyveta kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes inJin-
rebma da rogorc Semdgomma istoriam dagvanaxa, samarTlia-
nad). terasebi betonisganaa Camosxmuli, magram raiTma isini
miwis rbili tonebiT dafera. fanjrebis grZeli sartylebi
arqiteqturis elementebi caTambjenebi |
caTambjenebis dizainis ganviTareba da maTi esTetika ramdenime komponentze iyo
damokidebuli, esenia: mzidi konstruqciis ConCxisTvis liTonis koWebisa da
Zelebis gamoyeneba; Senobis mzidi konstruqciis gamoyofa kedlis safari fenisgan
(mopirkeTeba), cecxlgamZle masalebis gamoyeneba; liftebis, wyalgayvanilobis,
kanalizaciis, gaTbobisa da saventilacio sistemebisa da xelovnuri ganaTebis sruli
integrireba SenobaSi. 1880-1900 wlebSi aSenebuli amerikuli caTambjenebis pirveli
Taoba Sua dasavleTSi, umTavresad, Cikagosa da sent luisSi iyo Tavmoyrili (sur. 2-55).
meore Taobis, ZiriTadad ocsarTuliani da ufro maRali caTambjenebis mSenebloba
1895 wlis Semdgom daiwyo da maT yvelaze xSirad niu iorkSi SexvdebiT. pirveli maRali
Senobebi, e.w. Tauerebi, Tavisuflad mdgomi, zog SemTxvevaSi, sabaziso nawilis mqone
koSkebia. aseTia magaliTad, vuluorsis Senoba, romelic 1911-1913 wlebSia aSenebuli
(sur. 3-45). niu iorkis samSeneblo zonis 1916 wlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, SenobaTa
simaRlis matebasTan erTad, savaldebulo gaxda maTi daviwroveba, raTa mimdebare
quCebi sinaTliTa da ventilaciiT yofiliyo uzrunvelyofili.
1931 wels aSenebuli, 381 metris simaRlis, safexurovani (e.w. set-back) formis liftis
elevator
Saxti
shafts
caTambjeni _ empaier sTeiT bildingi (misi diagrama aqvea mocemuli), Zalze moxdenili, (II done)
(layer two)
gamartivebuli dizainis mqone Senobaa. misi eqsterieris gasaformeblad art
dekos stilis mopirkeTebaa (ix. CanarTi qvemoT) gamoyenebuli. is faravs nagebobis
struqturul elementebs da sxvadasxva meqanizmebs, maT Soris, lifts, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis aseTi simaRlis Senobis arsebobas. empaier sTeiT bildingi,
mSeneblobis momentisTvis, yvelaze maRali Senoba iyo msoflioSi. Tavisi gamorCeuli
ieris wyalobiT, is dResac yvelaze cnobadi nagebobaa.
kibis
stairwells
ujredi
(layer
(I done)one)

kedlis qvis
masonry
wyoba
wall

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concrete qveda
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li iataki nawili

caTambjeni

uyureT videos caTambjenis mSeneblobaze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

da minis karebi STambeWdav xedebs gvTavazobs, romlebSic
tye, wyali da Tavad saxlia gaerTianebuli. aseTi saxlebi
bunebasTan harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis idealis ubralo da-
dastureba rodia, isini oms ucxadeben Tanamedrove qalaqs.
rodesac raiTs hkiTxes, Tu rogor unda gaumjobesebuliyo
qalaqis arqiteqtura, man ase upasuxa: `daangrieT is~.
bunebasTan kidev ufro mWidro kavSirs gamoxatavs meri
qolTeris (Mary Colter, 1869-1958) arqiteqtura. igi piTsburgSi
daibada, ganaTleba kaliforniaSi, san franciskos dizainis
skolaSi miiRo, karieris udidesi nawili ki arqiteqtorisa
da dekoratoris poziciaze gaatara fred harvis kompaniaSi,
romelic ZiriTadad, turistul bizness emsaxureboda. qol-
Terma siRrmiseulad Seiswavla mkvidri amerikelebis xelov-
neba da Tavis nagebobebSi pueblos tomis samSeneblo tradi-
ciebs daesesxa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia konstruqciul
sayrdenebad Zelebis Riad gamoyenebis magaliTebi. grand
kanionis erovnul parkSi meri qolTerma damTvalierebel-
TaTvis gankuTvnili, ramdenime obieqti Seqmna. maTgan yvela-

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 149

 ze STambeWdavia damTvalierebelTaTvis gankuTvnili studia
(sur. 3-44). kanionis samxreTi kldis kideze ganTavsebuli na-
gebobis saZirkveli bunebriv kldes erwymis, misi keldebi ki
adgilobrivi qviT aris nagebi. sagangebod uswormasworod
datovebuli saxuravis xazi kanionis kldeebs exmianeba. Tana-
medroveobisadmi erTaderT daTmobad aq minis fanjrebi da
cementis gluvi iataki SeiZleba miviCniod. qolTeris sastu-
mroebisa da rkinigzis sadgurebis di­zainma (aseTebs mravlad
SexvdebiT mTel regionSi) gansakuTrebuli samxreT-dasav-
luri arqiteqturuli stilis formirebas Seuwyo xeli.

amerikuli caTambjenebi 1900 wlis Semdeg, caTambjene-

bis ganviTarebaSi niu iorkma ukan Camoitova Cikago. mzidad
foladis konstruqciebis gamoyenebam, SenobaTa Tvaluw-
vdeneli simaRlis miRweva gaxada SesaZlebeli (ix. caTamb-
jenebi, gv. 149). niu iorkelebma uaryves lui salivanisa da
sxvaTa mier SemuSavebuli Cikagos utilitaruli stili da
upiratesoba istorizebul midgomas mianiWes, romelic je-
rac popularulia aRmosavleT sanapiroze. 1911-1913 wlebSi
agebuli vuluorsis Senoba (sur. 3-45) minesotaSi dafuZnebuli,
qes gilberTis (Cass Gilbert, 1859-1913) firmaSi iqna daproeq-
tebuli da Tavisi drois msoflios umaRles, 241 metris, 55
sarTulian nagebobas warmoadgenda. misi eqsterieris goTi-
kuri detalebi, romlebic Sua saukuneebis eklesiebis caSi
molivlive koSkebiT unda iyos STagonebuli, ganumeorebel
individualurobas sZens nagebobas. goTikuri stilis gamo,
gilberTi mas `komerciis sakaTedro taZars~ uwodebda.

evropuli xelovneba
or msoflio oms Soris
I-ma msoflio omma damangreveli gavlena iqonia evropel ar-
qiteqtorebsa da xelovanebze. bevrma maTganma destruqciasa
da axalgazrda mamakacTa mTeli Taobis ganadgurebas evro-
puli tradiciebis kritikiT upasuxa, sxvebma ki aRmSeneblo-
bas mihyves xeli. asea Tu ise, 1919-1939 wlebSi Seqmnili xe-

3-46 • aleqsandr rodCenko. muSaTa klubi,

gamoifina parizSi, 1925 wels, Tanamedrove dekoratiuli da
samrewvelo xelovnebis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze © aleqsandr
3-45 • qess gilberTi. vuluorsis Senoba, rodCenkos sakuTreba/RAO moskovi/xelovanTa uflebebis damcveli
1911-1913; niu iorki organizacia VAGA, niu iorki

150 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

3-47 • el lisicki. proun sivrce,
Seiqmna 1923 wels, berlinis xelovnebis didi gamofenisTvis. 1971 wlis rekonstruqcia.
van abes muzeumis koleqcia. eindhoveni, niderlandebi
lovnebis mimdinareobaTa umravlesoba, swored mSfoTvare
Tu gardamaval mdgomareobaSi myofi sazogadoebis moTxov-
nebsa da problemebze iyo orientirebuli.
utilitaruli xelovnebis formebi ruseTSi
1917 wels, ruseTSi radikalma socialistebma _ bolSevi-
kebma revolucia moaxdines. maT mefe Camoagdes, ruseTi
msoflio omidan gamoiwvies da qveyanaSi samoqalaqo omi
gaaCaRes, romelmac 1920 wlamde gastana. amas maleve ssrk-s
(sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri) Seqmna mo-
hyva. rus avangarist SemoqmedTa didi nawili enTuziazmiT
Seegeba bolSevikebs, radgan Tavdapirvelad, maT swored
bolSevikebi uWerdnen mxars.
konstruqtivizmi aleqsandr rodCenkos (Aleksandr
dchenko, 1891-1956) SemTxveva amis sakmaod TvalsaCino maga-
liTia. maleviCis adrindeli amxanagi (ix. sur. 3-25), rodCenko,
abstraqtuli naxatebis Sesaqmnelad, saxazav xelsawyoebs
iyenebda. 1921 wels man, rogorc suprematistma mxatvarma,
gamofina sami didi, sibrtyobrivi, monoqromuli, wiTeli,
yviTeli da lurji paneli da maT ukanaskneli naxati uwo-
da (amJamad dakargulia). am gamofenis Semdeg, rodCenkom
uari Tqva xatvaze, rogorc arsebiTad egoistur qmedeba-
ze da gakicxa TviTgamoxatva, rogorc susti, araproduq-
tiuli, socialurad upasuxismgeblo saqmianoba. imave 1921
wels, rodCenko konstruqtivistebs daexmara dafuZneba-
Si. es iyo post-revoluciuri Taobis SemoqmedTa jgufi,
romelmac Tavisi moRvaweoba ara individualur TviTgamo-
xatvas, aramed saxelmwifos sakeTildReod mimarTul, er-
Tobliv Sromas miuZRvna. isini sakuTar Tavs mSromelebs
Ro- uwodebdnen, romlebic, sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT,
`akonstruirebdnen~ xelovnebas xalxisTvis. 1921 wlis Sem-
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 151

3-48 • vera muxina. muSa da kolmeurne qali,
1937; uJangavi foladi, simaRle — 23.8 m. qandakeba Seqmnilia
parizis universaluri gamofenis sabWoTa pavilionisTvis
deg, rodCenko fotografad muSaobda da qmnida plakatebs,
wignebs da eskizebs qsovilebisa da Teatraluri dadgmebis-
Tvis, romlebic komunizmis popularizaciasa da mxardaWe-
ras emsaxureboda.
1925 wels aleqsandr rodCenko parizis Tanamedrove deko-
ratiuli da samrewvelo xelovnebis saerTaSoriso gamofenis
sabWoTa pavilionisTvis muSaTa klubi-s models qmnis (sur. 3-46).
am namuSevarSi rodCenko xazs usvams rogorc moxmarebis, ise
Tavad konstruqciis simartives. is gaazrebulad qmnis xis
avejs, vinaidan sabWoTa mrewveloba swored xis produqciis
masobrivi warmoebisTvis iyo yvelaze kargad aRWurvili. ska-
mebis maRal, gamarTul sazurgeebs muSaTa fizikuri da mo-
raluri simtkicisa da samarTlianobisTvis unda Seewyo xeli.
el lisicki (El Lissitzky, 1890-1941) adreuli xanis sabWoTa
ruseTSi moRvawe kidev erTi xelovania. revoluciis Semdeg,
igi, iseve rogorc kazimir maleviCi, vitebskis saxviTi xelo-
vnebis skolaSi muSaobda arqiteqturisa da grafikuli xelo-
vnebis pedagogad. 1919 wlisTvis lisicki aswavlida da Tava-
dac aqtiurad iyenebda konstruqtivistul sametyvelo enas
propagandistuli plakatebisa da xelovnebis nimuSebisTvis,
romelTac igi proun-ebs uwodebda. esaa akronimi rusuli
saxelwodebisa _ проект утверждения нового (axlis damkvidrebis
proeqti). miuxedavad imisa, rom prounebis umravlesoba na-
xatia an nabeWdi, zogierTi maTgani instalaciis xelovnebis
152 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
adreul magaliTadac SeiZleba iyos miCneuli (sur. 3-47). es
namuSevrebi specifikuri adgilebisTvisaa gankuTvnili da
mowyobilia erTiani garemos Sesaqmnelad. lisickim uaryo,
misi azriT, zedmetad piraduli da arazusti ferwera da
mas, rogorc meqanikuri naxatis naklebpiraduli instru-
menti, koleqtiuri moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili prounebis
`konstruireba~ arCia. 1920-iani wlebis dasasrulis bevri sa-
bWoTa xelovanis msgavsad, lisicki iseT, socialurad dat-
virTul proeqtebs miubrunda, rogoricaa: arqiteqturuli
dizaini, wignebis gaformeba, fotografia da fotomontaJi.
socialisturi realizmi 1920-iani wlebis Sua xaneb-
Si sabWoTa Semoqmedni sul ufro metad uaryofdnen abst-
raqtul xelovnebas da ufro universalur, ufro misaReb
da Sesabamisad, politikurad ufro gamosadeg, ukve ofi-
cialur sabWoTa xelovnebad Camoyalibebul socialistur
realizms irCevdnen. modernizmisa da konstruqtivizmis
pionerebad aRiarebulma ara erTma rusma xelovanma, maT
Soris rodCenkom, nebayoflobiT Seicvala stili, radgan
manamdec erTgulebda erovnul saqmes. magram danarCenebma,
vinc uari Tqva cvlilebebis miRebaze, dakarges rogorc
saxelmwifo samsaxurebi, ise sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera.
socialistur realizmze gadasvlis process revolu­
uri ruseTis xelovanTa asociacia (АХРР — Ассоциация ху­
ci­­
дож­­ников революционной России) edga saTaveSi. asociacia
1922 wels dafuZnda da rusi mSromelebis, glexebis, re-
volucioneri aqtivistebisa da wiTeli armiis amsaxveli
nawarmoebebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad. asociacia sabWoTa
kavSiris istoriis dokumentirebas cdilobda, raTa xeli
Seewyo misi liderebisa da maTi miznebis popularizaciis-
Tvis. xelovanebs sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi gansaTavsebel
ferwerul tiloebsa da qandakebebs da aseve, masobrivi ga-
vrcelebisTvis gankuTvnil plakatebs ukveTavdnen. Sinaar-
sobrivad namuSevrebi asaxavda heroikul adamianebsa da
movlenebs, romlebic sxvaTaTvis unda qceuliyvnen STago-
nebis wyarod. stilurad es iolad aRsaqmeli realizmi iyo.
vera muxina (Vera Mukhina, 1889-1953) revoluciuri ruseTis
xelovanTa asociaciis wevri iyo. is farTodaa cnobili Ta-
visi TiTqmis 24 metriani, uJangavi foladis qandakebiT muSa
da kolmeurne qali (sur. 3-48), romelic 1937 wels, parizis mso-
flio gamofenis sabWoTa pavilionisTvis Seiqmna. skulptu-
ra warmogvidgens muSa mamakacis mZlavr figurasa da aseT-
save kolmeurne qals. maT zecisken aweul xelebSi sabWoTa
kavSiris droSaze gamosaxuli, sabWoTa mSromelTa simbo-
lod qceuli namgali da uro upyriaT. figurebi mxardamxar
dganan, rogorc Tanaswori partniorebi saerTo saqmeSi da
gabeduli saxeebiT, mizandasaxulad momavlisken miabijeben.
maT Zlier svlas zurgs ukan afrialebuli samosi exmianeba.
DE STIJL-i niderlandebSi
I msoflio omis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirisgan sruliad gan-
sxvavebulad ganviTarda abstraqtuli xelovnebis bedi ni-
derlandebSi. holandieli xelovani pit mondriani (Piet Mon-
drian, 1872-1944) SemTxveviT, 1912 wels parizSi mogzaurobi-
sas, gaecno kubizms. swored parizSi daiwyo man cxovelebis,
xeebis da peizaJebis abstragirebaze muSaoba, eZiebda ra maT
`arsobriv~ formas. niderlandebSi dabrunebis Semdeg, igi,
1917 wels daarsebuli Jurnalis De Stijl (stili) damfuZne­
bels, Teo van duzburgs (Theo van Doesburg, 1883-1931) Sexvda.
omis Semdeg, swored De Stijl iqca holandieli mxatvrebis,
arqiteqtorebisa da dizainerebis damakavSirebel cent-
rad. JurnalSi gamoqveynebul nawerebSi van duzburgi amt-
kicebda, rom mSvenierebam ori, erTmaneTisgan gans­xvavebuli
forma SeiZina _ erTia grZnobiTi an subieqturi mSveniereba,
meore ki _ racionalur-uni­versaluri. De Stijl-is xelovanebs
duz­burgma mTavar amocanad swored universaluri mSvenie-
rebisken swrafva dausaxa. amis miRwevas mon­ driani Tavisi
Semoqmedebidan yovelive grZnobi­ Tisa da subieqturis aR-
mofxvriT ecada, Tumca is m.h.j. Sonmaekeris Teosofiuri
ideebis mimdeva­ric gaxldaT. Tavis 1915 wliT daTariRebul
wignSi samyaros axali saxe, Sonmaekeri amtkicebda, rom bu-
nebis Sinagani vizualuri konstruqcia iseT dapirispirebul
ZalTa wonasworobisgan Sedgeba, rogoricaa: sicxe da sicive,
qaluri da mamakacuri, wesrigi da uwesrigoba. am Sinagani
konstruqciis gadmocema xelovanebs abstraqtul mxatvro-
baSi Se­uZ­liaT, mxolod da mxolod vertikaluri da hori­
zon­taluri xazebisa da ZiriTadi ferebis gamoyenebiT.
mondrianis gviani suraTebi rogorc Sonmaekeris Teo-
riis, ise De Stijl-is mxatvruli ideebis saerTo gamoxatule-
baa. magaliTad, namuSevarSi kompozicia yviTliT, wiTliT da
lurjiT (sur. 3-49), mondriani umaRlesi mSvenierebis arsisa 3-49 • pit mondriani.
da dapirispirebul ZalTa balansis ZiebaSi, mxolod sam kompozicia yviTliT, wiTliT da lurjiT,
1927; tilo, zeTi, 37.8X34.9 sm. menilis koleqcia,
ZiriTad fers (wiTeli, yviTeli, lurji), sam neitralurs
hiustoni © 2012 mondrian-holcmanis trasti c/o HCR International USA
(TeTri, nacrisferi da Savi) da vertikaluri da horizon-

3-50 • geriT riTfeldi. Srioderis saxli, 1925; utrexti, niderlandebi

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 153


3-51 • geriT riTfeldi. Srioder-Srioderis saxlis interieri
lurj-wiTeli savarZliT, 1925
3-52 • valter gropiusi. bauhauzis Senoba,
1925-1926; desau, anhalTi, germania. xedi Crdilo-dasavleTidan
154 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
taluri xazebisgan Sedgenil bades iyenebs. misi
dapirispirebuli xazebi da ferebi sapirispiro-
Ta dabalansebul harmonias qmnis, romelsac mon-
driani `dinamikur ekvilibriums~ uwodebda. es
harmonia miRweulia guldasmiT gamoxazuli for-
mebisa da ferebis wesrigiT da maTi asimetriuli,
Tumca vizualurad gawonasworebuli dajgufe-
biT tilos kideebSi, centris garSemo, romelic
suraTis Sav-TeTr sayrden wertilad gvevlineba.
mondriani imedovnebda, rom De Stijl realur samy-
aroSic hpovebda gamoyenebas da Seqmnida sruliad
axal, vizualur sacxovrebel garemos, romelic
universaluri mSvenierebis kanonebis mixedviT
iqneboda dagegmili da rogorc idealurad da-
balansebuli ram, wonasworobasa da sisufTaves
moutanda samyaros. pit mondriani imedovnebda,
rom is samyaros ukanaskneli xelovani gaxdebo-
da, radgan im dros, rodesac xelovneba adamianTa
yoveldRiurobad iqceoda, universaluri mSvenie-
reba ki cxovrebis yvela aspeqts moicavda, xelo-
vnebis saWiroebac aRar iarsebebda.
arqiteqtorma da dizainerma geriT riTfeld-
ma (Gerrit Rietveld, 1888-1964) pit mondrianis dinami-
kuri ekvilibriumis principebsa da De Stijl-is es-
Tetikis Teorias praqtikuli gamoyeneba mouZeb-
na arqiteqturaSi da internacionauri stilis
(ix. interna­cionaluri stili, gv. 157) erT-erTi
umniSvne­lo­vanesi magaliTi Seqmna. utrextSi mde-
bare Srioderis saxlis (sur. 3-50) mkveTrad asi-
metriul eqsteriers sxvadasxva zomis TeTri da
nacrisferi urTierTdakavSirebuli sibrtyeebisa
da Savi da ZiriTadi ferebis horizontaluri da

3-53 • marian brandti. yavisa da Cais servizi,
1924; vercxli, Savi xe, saSaqre da langari dafarulia organuli
miniT, 33X51.5 sm. bauhauzis arqivi. berlini
vertikaluri aqcentebis kombinacia warmoqmnis. igive wes-
rigs exmianeba interieris lurj-wiTeli savarZeli (sur. 3-51).
moZravi tixrebis gamoyeneba saZinebeli, samuSao da gasar-
Tobi Sida sivrceebis mravalgvari modificirebis saSuale-
bas iZleva. saxlis mepatrones Truus Srioder-Srioders
surda hqonoda saxli, romelSic eleganturi simkacre
da pirveladi daniSnulebis elementebi rbilad iqneboda
integ­rirebuli dabalansebul, zomier mTlianobaSi.
gamovlenili rkinabetoni, foladi da minis masala, magram
masSi aseve SexvdebiT sami didi kuburi monakveTis dabalan-
sebul asimetrias, romelsac Tanamedrove cxovrebis dina-
mikuroba unda aesaxa (sur. 3-52). minis paneli ori mxridan
uvlis nagebobis saxelosnoebisaTvis gankuTvnil frTas,
raTa bunebrivi SuqiT moamaragos isini. qveda parapeti ki
gviCvenebs Tu rogor SeuZlia Tanamedrove sainJinro meTo-
debs naTeli, haeriT savse sivrceebis Seqmna. gropiusmac da
moholi-nagimac 1928 wels datoves bauhauzi. 1932-Si skola
berlinSi gadavida, Tumca iq mxolod erT weliwads iarse-
ba. is germaniis axalma kanclerma, adolf hitlerma daxura
iZulebiT (ix. avangardis CaxSoba nacistur germaniaSi, gv.
156). hitleri axal xelovnebas ori mizeziT daupirispir-
da: pirveli _ mas swamda, rom modernizmi, Tavisi bunebiT
ufro kosmopolituri iyo vidre erovnuli da meore _ igi
mcdarad miiCnevda, rom modernistul xelovnebaze did ga-
vlenas axdendnen ebraelebi.
marian brandtis (Marianne Brandt, 1893-1983) xeliT damzade­
buli eleganturi yavisa da Cais vercxlis servizi (sur. 3-52),
SemdegSi ufro iaffasiani liTonisgan dasamzadebeli,

bauhauzi germaniaSi
germaniaSi, bauhauzis (Bauhaus — mSeneblobisa da dizainis
umaRlesi skola) Semqmnelebi _ is valter gropiusma (Walter Gro-
pius, 1883-1969) daarsa 1919 wels, vaimarSi _ purizmisa (sur. 3-40)
da De Stijl-is geometriul formebsa da soluetebs metisme­tad
mkacrad miiCnevdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom WeSmaritad ger-
manuli arqiteqtura da dizaini sakuTari gziT unda ganvi­
Tarebuliyo. bauhauzSi gropiusma Tavi mouyara germanel ar­
qiteqtorebs, dizainerebs da xelosnebs. aq maTi erToblivi
SemoqmedebiTi energia germanul tradiciebsa da stilze da­
fuZ­ nebuli dizainisa da warmoebis integrirebuli sistemis
Seq­mnas unda moxmareboda. gropiuss swamda, rom SeZlebda Sua
saukuneebis im samSeneblo gildiebis (Bauhütten) TanamSromlobis
sulis gacocxlebas, romlebmac germanuli kaTedralebi aages.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gropiusis 1919 wlis bauhauzis
manifesti acxadebda, rom `yvela SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
saboloo mizani Senebaa~, 1927 wlamde bauhauzSi arqiteqtu-
ra oficialurad ar iswavleboda. arqiteqturis Seswavlis
uflebas gropiusi mxolod im studentebs aZlevda, visac
dasrulebuli hqonda sabaziso savaldebulo kursi da bau-
hauzis saxelosnoebSi dizainsa da xelobaSi safuZvliani
wvrTna hqonda gavlili. es kursi moicavda keramikas, li-
Tonis damuSavebas, teqstils, vitraJs, avejs, xeze kveTas da
kedlis mxatvrobas. 1922 wels, gropiusma gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba samrewvelo dizains miapyro da momdevno wels,
warmoSobiT ungreli, laslo moholi-nagi (Lászlò Moholy-Nagy,
1895-1946) daiqirava, raTa mas masobriv warmoebaze morge-
bul, funqciur dizainze gadaewyo saxelosnoebi. 3-54 • ani albersi. dekoratiuli qsovili,
1925 wels, gropiusma, desauSi gadasuli bauhauzisTvis 1926; abreSumi, samfeniani qsova, 1.83X1.22 m. harvardis xelovnebis
axali Senobis proeqti Seqmna. Senobis struqturaSi Riadaa muzeumi/buS-reizingeris muzeumi. asociaciis fondi

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 155

 |
xelovneba da misi konteqsti avangardis CaxSoba nacistur germaniaSi
1930-ian wlebSi, hitleri da aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi nacisturi par-
tia sul ufro metad da metad aviwrovebda avangardul xelovnebas. am
procesma kargad organizebuli, SeTanxmeuli xasiaTi miiRo. maT erT-
erT umTavres samiznes bauhauzi warmoadgenda. 1920-iani wlebSi bau-
hauzSi aswavlidnen iseTi mniSvnelovani xelovanebi, rogorebic iyv-
nen: paul klee, vasili kandinski, iozef albersi da ludvig mis van der
roe. am xnis manZilze maT mtruli, reaqciuli politikuri klimatis
winaaRmdeg uwevdaT brZola. ukve 1924 wels konservatorebma bauhauzi
ara marto warumatebeli saganmanaTleblo sistemis SeqmnaSi, aramed
politikur diversiaSic daadanaSaules. skolis daxurvis SiSiT,
gropiusma, isargebla ra desaus liberali meris miwveviT, 1925 wels
bauhauzi desauSi gadaitana. Tumca mers maleve mouwia Tanamdebobis
datoveba da xelovanebi sul ufro mzardi politikuri zewolis pi-
rispir aRmoCndnen. opozicia bauhauzis, rogorc modernistuli pra-
qtikis umTavresi centris daxurvas moiTxovda. 1932 wels bauhauzma
kvlav Seicvala adgili, amjerad is berlinSi gadavida.
1933 wels, adolf hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg,
nacisturma partiam kidev ufro agresiuli kampania wamoiwyo axali
xelovnebis winaaRmdeg. axalgazrdobaSi hitleri saSualo Sesa-
Zleblobebis, uRimRamo peizaJistad iTvleboda. niSandoblivia,
rom avangardis mimarT yvelaze didi siZulvili swored man gamoam-
JRavna. bauhauzi misi reJimis pirvelsave wels daxures da amjerad,
samudamod. skolis pedagogi mxatvrebis, dizainerebisa da arqite-
qtorebis nawilma, maT Soris gropiusma, albersma da mis van der
roem, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Seafares Tavi.
nacistebma germanel eqspresionistebsac Seuties. isini Tavis
namuSevrebSi xSirad akritikebdnen omis Semdgomi krizisis xanis
germaniis politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas; karikaturulad
3-55 • dadas kedeli, degeneratiuli xelovnebis gamofenis mesame oTaxi (ENTARTETE KUNST),
1937; miunxeni © georg groscis sakuTreba/licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki
156 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
gamosaxavdnen aseve germanelebis saxe-tipebs, riTic Zirs uTxridnen
nacistebis mcdelobas germanelebi idealur arielebad warmoeCinaT.
eqspresionistuli da avangarduli xelovneba CamorTmeuli da gan-
devnili iqna muzeumebidan, mxatvrebi ki, romlebsac saRebavebisa da
tiloebis SeZena aekrZalaT, sajaro daSinebis obieqtebad gadaiqcnen.
1937 wels, nacisturi partiis xelmZRvanelebma moawyves gamofe-
na saxelwodebiT degeneratiuli xelovneba, romelic akrZaluli
axali xelovnebis dacinvasa da mis SemqmnelTa ganadgurebas isaxavda
miznad. nacistebma avangarduli modernizmi avadmyofur da degene-
ratiul xelovnebad warmoaCines. CamorTmeuli qandakebebi da ferwe-
ruli tiloebi gamofines rogorc paTologiuri nimuSebi da saga-
mofeno darbazis kedlebze maT sloganebi da damcinavi komentarebi
miuweres (sur. 3-55). bedis ironiaa, rom miunxenSi oTxi Tvis manZilze
mimdinare gamofena, romelzec germaniis muzeumebidan da xelovan-
Ta piradi koleqciebidan amoRebuli qandakebis, ferweris, nabeWdi
produqciisa da wignebis 650 nimuSi iyo warmodgenili, or milionze
metma adamianma daaTvaliera, kidev erTma milionma ki is germaniis
qalaqebSi mowyobili, samwliani turis dros ixila.
ganadgurebisaTvis gankuTvnili namuSevrebis udidesi nawili na-
cisturi partiis xelmZRvanelebma moipares da SveicariaSi, ucxour
valutaze gayides, gadarCenili nimuSebis mflobelobis sakiTxi ki
jerac daudgenelia. araerTma xelovanma mezobel qveynebSi an amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs, magram zogierTma, msgavsad
ernsT ludvig kirxnerisa, romlis suraTi quCa, berlini (sur. 3-13)
degeneratiuli xelovnebis gamofenaze aRmoCnda, namuSevrebis dakar-
gvis gamo, TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. arc im xelovanTa
namuSevrebi iyo daculi, vinc simpatiiT iyo ganwyobili nacistebis mi-
marT. 1932 wels nacistur partiaSi gawevrianebul emil noldes, iseve
CamoarTves namuSevrebi (sur. 3-12), rogorc yvela sxvas.
 |
arqiteqturis elementebi internacionaluri stili
msoflio omis Semdeg, Tanamedrove arqiteqtorebs Soris gaaqtiu-
rebuli urTierTobebis Sedegad, Camyalibda saerTo formaluri
ena, romelic gascda erovnul CarCoebs da internacionaluri
stilis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. am moZraobis pirveli miznobrivi
wardgena 1927 wels, StutgartSi, Deutscher Werkbund’s Weissenhofsiedlung
(germanuli verkbundis vaisenhofis dasaxleba) gamofenaze Sedga.
gamofenas xelmZRvanelobda ludvig mis van der roe (Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe, 1886-1969), arqiteqtori, romelic gropiusis msgavsad,
bauhauzTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es naxevradmudmivi gamofena miznad
isaxavda im saxlebis farTo diapazonis Cvenebas, romlebSic Tana-
medrove teqnologiebi iyo gamoyenebuli da ar Seicavda istoriu-
li stilis niSnebs. Senobebs gamoarCevda: brtyeli saxuravebi, sada
kedlebi, centrs acdenili Riobebi da swor xazebs dafuZnebuli
dizaini. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo mis van der roes, gropiusis,
le korbuziesa da sxvaTa proeqtebi.
termini internacionaluri stili 1932 wels damkvidrda, mas
Semdeg rac niu iorkis metropoliten muzeumSi moewyo gamofena _
The International Style: Architecture Since 1922 (internacionaluri stili:
arqiteqtura 1922 wlis Semdeg). gamofenis organizatorebi iyvnen:
arqiteqturis istorikosi henri rasel hiCkoki da arqiteqtori da
kuratori filip jonsoni. hiCkokma da jonsonma stilis sami funda-
menturi principi gamohyves:
pirveli: `arqiteqturis gaazreba moculobad, da ara masad~.
foladisa da betonis konstruqciis gamoyenebam, SesaZlebeli ga-
xada rogorc interieris, ise eqsterieris gaTavisufleba mzidi
masobrivi warmoebisTvis gankuTvnili servizebis proto-
tipad Seiqmna da bauhauzSi damkvidrebuli, dizainisa da
warmoebis TanamSromlobis magaliTia. bauhauzis desauSi
gadasvlis Semdeg, bdrandtma aseve Seqmna masobrivi war-
moebisTvis gankuTvnili sanaTebi da magidis eleqtronuli
lampebi, riTic metad saWiro Semosavali moutana skolas.
moholi-nagisa da gropiusis wasvlis Semdeg, liTonis sa-
xelosnos, erTi wlis manZilze, brandti xelmZRvanelobda,
1929 wels ki manac datova bauhauzi. mamakacebis saxelosno-
Si, maT Tanasworad momuSave marian brandtma gansakuTre-
buli wvlili Seitana bauhauzis ganviTarebaSi.
mouxedavad imisa, rom bauhauzSi qalebs mamakacebis Ta-
nabar sayrden Zalad aRiarebdnen, gropiusi mainc ewinaaR-
mdegeboda maT arqiteqturul ganaTlebas da im saxelos-
noebSi anawilebda, romlebsac qalebisTvis ufro Sedaferi-
sad miiCnevda. aseTi iyo keramikisa da qsovilis saxelos-
noebi. berlinSi dabadebuli ani albersi (Anni Albers, anelis
fleiSmani, 1899-1994) 1922 wels Cavida bauhauzSi, 1925-Si
ki colad gahyva skolis kursdamTavrebulsa da axla ukve
profesors, iozef alberss (Josef Albers, 1888-1976). sasurve-
li samxatvro studiis nacvlad, qsovilebis savaldebulo
kursze Sesulma ani albersma Seqmna `ferweruli~, kedelze
dasakidebeli qsovilebi (sur. 3-54), romlebic imdenad inova-
ciuri aRmoCnda, rom bevri Tanamedrove Senobis interier-
Si ferweruli suraTebis adgili daikava. qsovilis swori
xazebisgan Sedgenili, xaliCiseburi dizaini De Stijl-is esTe-
tikas mogvagonebs, Tumca misgan qsovis procesis mkafiod
gamoxatuli bunebrivobiT gamoirCeva. albersis mizani iyo
`ZafebisTvis TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba mieca ... raTa maT
Tavad epovaT da SeeqmnaT sakuTari forma~.
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
kedlebisgan. Sedegad, Senobebi miniT, liToniT an qvis wyobiT daifa-
ra, ramac mkvrivi masalis (masis) nacvlad, SemosazRvruli sivrcis
(moculobis) efeqti Seqmna. interierebis Ria, Tavisufali gegmareba
sivrcis organizebis maqsimalur moqnilobas uzrunvelyofda.
meore: `regularuloba dizainis mowesrigebis ufro kargi saSu-
alebaa, vidre simetria.~ konstruqciuli sayrdenebis Tanabari ga-
nawileba da Senobis standartuli nawilebis gamoyeneba, ufro metad
uwyobs xels sworkuTxa regularulobis Seqmnas, vidre, klasikuri
arqiteqturis dabalansebuli, RerZuli simetria. klasikuri balan-
sisgan Tavis dasaRwevad, gamarTlebulia Senobis komponentebis, maT
Soris kar-fanjrebis, asimetriuli ganlageba.
mesame: `SerCeviTi dekoris~ uaryofa. harmoniuli, esTetikuri
efeqtis Sesaqmnelad, axali arqiteqtura masalebis Sinagan elegan-
turobasa da elementebis formalur organizebas emyareba. inter-
nacionaluri stilis ukiduresobaTa gamomxatvel Senobebad minis
mourTavi kolofebi iqca.
hiCkokisa da jonsonis mixedviT, internacionaluri stili war-
moiSva niderlandebSi (De Stijl), safrangeTsa (purizmi) da germaniaSi
(bauhauzi), 1932 wlis Semdeg ki is amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic ga-
vrcelda. mkafio koncefciis wyalobiT, internacionalurma stilma
1970-ian wlebamde iarseba, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
Si, sadac stilis Semqmneli is evropeli arqiteqtorebi muSaobdnen
(mag., mis van de roe, gropiusi), romlebic 1930-ian wlebSi germaniaSi
aRzevebul nacizmsa da hitlers gamoeqcnen da aSS-s Seafares Tavi.
siurealizmi da goneba
safrangeTSi 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, xelovanebisa da
mwerlebis jgufma, modernizmisgan sruliad gansxvavebu-
li, logikisa da realizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli midgo-
ma SesTavazes samyaros. iracionaluri, uwesrigo, normidan
gadaxrili da zogjer Zaladobrivi socialuri qmedebebis
momcveli siurealizmi, poet andre bretonis (André Breton,
1896-1966) gonebaSi daibada da dadas erT-erT ganStoebas
warmoadgenda. andre bretoni medicinasa da fsiqiatrias
swavlobda da I msoflio omis dros nevrologiur hospi-
talSi msaxurobda, sadac kontuziamiRebul jariskacebTan
froidis analizis meTods iyenebda. 1924 wlisTvis breton-
ma, romelic kvlavindeburad adamianis gonebis axirebebiT
iyo dainteresebuli, gamoaqveyna siurealizmis manifesti,
romelSic asaxa froidis koncefcia, romelic adamianis go-
nebas ganixilavda brZolis velad, sadac qvecnobieris ira-
cionaluri Zalebi, mudmivad ebrZvian cnobieris raciona-
lur, mowesrigebul da damTrgunvel Zalebs. gonisagan cno-
bierebis ganTavisuflebiT, bretoni miiswrafvoda gamoekv-
lia adamianis yvelaze Zireuli, iracionaluri, akrZaluli
sequaluri survilebi, saidumlo fantaziebi da Zaladob-
rivi instinqtebi. rogorc 1934 wels werda bretoni _ `Cven
jerac logikis kanonebiT vcxovrobT~. am SezRudvebisgan
Tavis dasaRwevad, bretonma da sxva siurealistebma sizmris
analizis, Tavisufali asociaciebis, avtomaturi weris,
verbaluri TamaSebisa da hipnozuri transebis meSveobiT,
qvecnobieris gaTavisuflebis strategia SeimuSaves. siu-
realistebma Seiswavles `danaSaulebrivi SeSlilobisa~ da
`qaluri gonebis~ SemTxvevebi, radgan sjerodaT, rom es
ukanaskneli, mamakacis gonebaze ufro sustic iyo da metad
Tavi III. 157
 monstrebi CvenTvis uxilav Zalas uweven winaaRmdegobas.
cxadia, aseTi SemaSinebeli gamosaxulebebis pirvelwyaro
I msoflio omis is saSinelebebi iyo, romelic ernstma, ger-
maniis armiaSi msaxurebisas gamoscada sakuTar Tavze.

moulodneli Sepirispireba salvador dalis (Salva-

dor Dali, 1904-1989) ferweruli tiloebi bevrad ufro iolad
amosacnob figurebsa da formebs Seicavs, magram maTSic
SexvdebiT gaSlegebuli qvecnobieris vizualur saocre-
bebs. dali madridSi, san fernandos samxatvro akademiaSi
swavlobda da iq tradiciuli iluzionisturi mxatvrobis
meTodebSi ostatdeboda. siurealistebs is 1928 wels, pa-
rizSi Casvlisas Sexvda. siurealistur TeoriaSi Tavisi
wvlili dalim paranoidalur-kritikuli TeoriiT Sei-
tana. dali aviTarebda paranoiiT SepyrobilTa arasworad
wakiTxvis, damaxinjebis, Cveulebrivis mcdarad gagebis Se-
saZleblobebs, romelTa meSveobiTac, sakuTar Tavs aTavi-
3-56 • maqs ernsTi. urdo,
1927; tilo, zeTi, 114X146.1 sm. stedelekis muzeumi, amsterdami suflebda tradiciuli, racionaluri azrovnebis borkile-
bisgan, Semdeg ki Tavis warmosaxvas xatavda.
iracionaluric. bretoni fiqrobda, rom 1920-iani wlebis, dalis ferwera ramdenime, sakvanZo Temaze iyo fokusi-
omiT daavadebuli sazogadoebis gaumjobesebis erTaderT rebuli: seqsualuroba, Zaladoba, moraluri xrwna. namuSe-
gzas, racionalur SezRudvebs gamcdari, ufro Zlieri siu- varSi Txevadi survilebis dabadeba (sur. 3-57), Cven vxedavT
realobis aRmoCena warmoadgenda. farTo, yviTel, biomorful formas (organuli forma, rome-
lic cocxal organizms mogvagonebs) _ is Tanabrad waagavs
avtomatizmi racionaluri Carevisgan Tavisufali namu- monstris saxes, mxatvris palitrasa da qalis sxeuls _ rome-
Sevrebis Sesaqmnelad, siurealisti xelovanebi gansxvavebul lic fonad emsaxureba oTx figuras. TeTrebSi Semosili qali
teqnikebs iyenebdnen, maT Soris avtomatizms. isini aTavi- ixutebs hermafroditis sxeuls, romelsac cali fexi jamSi
suflebdnen qvecnobiers da xatebaTa da formaTa axal, Caudgams, mesame, sanaxevrod dafaruli figura am jams siTxiT
moulodnel Sepirispirebebs gvTavazobdnen. TviTnaswavlma avsebs, meoTxe ki qvabulismagvar xvrelSi Sedis. sqeli, Savi
germanelma mxatvarma maqs ernsTma (Max Ernst, 1891-1976) _ is Rrubeli scenis Tavze aseT idumal kiTxvas svams: `miTiTeba:
aqtiurad TanamSromlobda dadaistebTan kiolnSi, mogviane- gadaiyaros yvela fiqali?~ (Consigne: gâcher l’ardoise totale?). dali
biT ki parizSi bretonis wres SeuerTda
_ 1925 wels frotaJis avtomaturi te-
qnika SeimuSava. Tavdapirvelad ernsti
fanqars an pastels teqsturian zeda-
pirze moTavsebul qaRaldze axaxuneb-
da. miRebuli gamosaxuleba mis warmosa-
xvas aRvivebda da mxatvari qaRaldze
SemTxveviT aRbeWdil formebSi fantas-
tikur arsebebs, mcenareebs da peizaJebs
xedavda, romlebsac ufro mkafiod da-
matebiT naxatebSi gamosaxavda. ferwe-
raSi am teqnikas ernsti grataJs uwo-
debda. igi teqsturiani zedapiris mqone
tiloze datanili saRebavis fenas fxek-
da, Semdeg ki danaxul gamosaxulebebs,
damatebiT suraTSi `amJRavnebda~. 1927
wels Seqmnili namuSevari urdo (sur. 3-56),
koSmarul scenas gviCvenebs, romelSic

3-57 • salvador dali.

Txevadi survilebis dabadeba,
1931-1932; zeTi da kolaJi tiloze,
96.1.X112.3 sm. solomon r. gugenhaimis
fondi. pegi gugenhaimis koleqcia. venecia,
1976 (76.2553 PG 100)

158 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi


amtkicebda, rom man zustad is daxata, rac misma paranoida-
lur-kritikulma gonebam dabada mis koSmarul warmosaxva-
Si. dalis gamosaxulebebi erTgavarad, bretonis damcvelad
gvevlineba, romelic ambobda: `azrovnebis WeSmariti procesi
Tavisufalia gonebis fizikuri varjiSisa da nebismieri mo-
raluri da esTetikuri ganzraxvebisgan~. is ar eqvemdebare-
ba racionalur interpretacias, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens
mgrZnobiare gonebaSi SiSs, SfoTvas da regressac ki iwvevs.
dalis ucnaurad STambeWdavi xelovneba SeuTanadebel
realobaTa moulodneli SeTanadebebisadmi siurelistur in-
teressac emyareba. siurealistebi amtkicebdnen, rom axal,
uCveulo konteqstSi warmodgenili, ramdenime erTmaneTTan
Seujerebeli obieqtis urTierTdapirispirebiT, xelovans
3-59 • xuan miro. kompozicia,
1933; tilo, zeTi, 130.2X161.3 sm.
deniel uodsuorTis aTeneumi,
hardfordi, koneqtikuti
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
3-58 • mereT ofenhaimi.
obieqti (sauzme bewvSi),
1936; bewviT dafaruli finjani,
diametri 10.9 sm; bewviT dafaruli lambaqi,
diametri 23.7 sm; bewviT dafaruli kovzi,
sigrZe 20.2 sm, jamuri simaRle 7.3. sm.
axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA). niu iorki
ixileT axlo xediT obieqti (sauzme
bewvSi) veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
SeuZlia zebunebrivi siurealobebis Seqmna. amis erT-erTi,
amaRelveblad daxvewili da amasTan, damcinavad iumoris-
tuli magaliTia Sveicarieli xelovanis, mereT ofenhaimis
(Meret Oppenheim, 1913-1985) namuSevari obieqti (sauzme bewvSi)
(sur. 3-58). ofenhaimi qalTa im mcirericxovan wres ekuTvno-
da, vinc siurealistebma TavianTi mimdinareobis wevrad
miiwvies. siurealistebi qalebs Tanasworebad ar miiCnevd-
nen da maT sakuTar muzebad an Seswavlis obieqtebad gani-
xilavdnen. pikaso imasac ki amtkicebda, rom am qandakebis
idea swored man miawoda ofenhaims. obieqti Sedgeba Cinuri
qurcikis bewviT dafaruli namdvili finjnis, lambaqisa da
kovzisgan (es bewvi boqvenis TmasTan msgavsebis gamo SeirCa).
namuSevarSi Cveuli realobidan ori obieqtia amoglejili
Tavi III. 159
(Cais dasalevi nakrebi da qurcikis bewvi). maTi rekonteqs-
tualizacia iracionalur, axal siurealobaSi xdeba, rac
maT gardasaxavs zebunebriv obieqtad, romelic sasurvelic
aris da imavdroulad, Rrmad SemaSfoTebelic.
biomorfuli abstraqcia katalonieli mxatvari xuan
miro (Joan Mirò, 1893-1983) mudmivad fenda namuSevrebs siurea-
listebTan erTad, magram formalurad, arasdros mierTebia
maT mimdinareobas. miros biomofruli abstraqciac raciona-
lurisgan gonebis gaTavisuflebas emsaxureba, Tumca ufro
msubuqi formiT. 1933 wlis namuSevari kompozicia (sur. 3-59)
dasaxlebulia TiTqos SemTxveviT ganlagebuli, gamrudebu-
li biomorfuli, pirveladi Tu miTlogiuri formebiT. isini
ukontrolod Cndeba mxatvris gonebidan, rogorc meqaniku-
ri arsebebi, romlebic mxiaruli cekviT gars uvlian tilos.
siurealistebi xSirad iyenebdnen meqanikuri xatvis Ta-
visufal asociaciebs, raTa goneba modunebuliyo da xa-
tebebs qvecnobieridan amotivtiveba SeZleboda. rogorc
cnobilia, miro iyo pirveli vinc meqanikurad jRabnida ti-
loze, Semdeg ki ferwerulad amuSavebda aseTnairad gamo-
vlenil formebs. misi xatebani TiTqos Cvens Tvalwin iZens
3-60 • barbara hefuorsi. formaTa rigi,
1938; xe, 108X60X71 sm. teiti, londoni, 1964. moqandakis saCuqari
© bounesi, barbara hefuorsis sakuTreba
waikiTxeT barbara hefsuorTze informacia
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
160 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
formebs, Tumca maTi arsi mudmivad cvalebadia. mxatvars
yovelTvis ajadovebda bavSvebis mier Seqmnili xelovneba,
romelsac is spontanurad da Zalze eqspresiulad miiCnev-
da. Tavad kargad daxelovnebuli, miro mainc bavSvuri Ta-
visuflebiT xatvis unars natrobda.
„gaerTianeba erTi“, inglisi
1933 wels, ingliselma xelovanebma: barbara hefuorsma (Bar-
bara Hepworth, 1903-1975), henri murma (Henry Moore, 1898-1986)
da pol neSma (Paul Nash, 1889-1946), poetTan da kritikosTan
herbert ridTan (Herbert Read, 1893-1968) erTad, Unit One (ga-
erTianeba erTi) Camoayalibes. jgufs didxans ar uarsebia,
Tumca am xelovanebma mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli qanda-
kebaSi siurealizmis gavleniT Seqmnili, xelnakeTi biomor-
fuli formebis damkvidrebas. maT axali energia STaberes
1930-iani wlebis britanul xelovnebas da didi gavlena
moaxdines iqaur qandakebaze.
hefuorsi lidsis xelovnebis skolaSi swavlobda. Ta-
vis faqizad damuSavebul qandakebebs is gamWoli xvrele-
biT aformebda, romlebSic Tavisuflad moZraobda haeri
da sinaTle. namuSevari formaTa rigi (sur. 3-60) or biomor-
ful formas Seicavs, romlebic zedmiwevniT gaprialebul
xeSia amoWrili. hefuorsi imedovnebda, rom mayurebelTa
mzera Tavisuflad isrialebda organuli formebis garSe-
mo, romlebsac maT warmosaxvaSi cvalebadi asociaciebi da
mniSvnelobebi unda gamoewvia.
henri muric qmnida sxvadasxva moyvanilobis xvrelebiT
danawevrebul, abstraqtul qandakebebs, Tumca mis namu-
SevrebSi adamianis formebi ufro mkafiod amoicnoboda.
muric jer lidsis xelovnebis skolaSi swavlobda, Semdeg
londonis xelovnebis samefo kolejSi. Tumca misi esTeti-
kis Camoyalibebaze akademiur wvrTnaze metad, britanul
muzeumSi nanaxma, afrikis, okeaniisa da kolumbamdeli ame-
rikis qandakebebma moaxdina gavlena. muri grZnobda, rom
dasavluri mxatvruli tradiciis miRma momuSave xelova-
nebi, maT dasavlel kolegebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro
met pativiscemas avlendnen iseTi masalebis Tandayolili
Tvisebebis mimarT, rogorcaa qva an xe.
wamowolili SiSveli qalis figura muris Semoqmedebis
mTavari Temaa. namuSevari wamowolili qali (sur. 3-61), sxeu-
lis masiuri, gamartivebuli formebiT, Cakmulebs _ tolte-
kebisa da maias xelovnebaSi gavrcelebul wamowolil figu-
rebs mogvagonebs. muris qandakebebSi aseve vlindeba misi
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba qvis Tandayolili Tvise-
bebisadmi. Tavisi namuSevrebisTvis is Soreul karierebSi
eZebda masalebs da maTi gamofenisas, yovelTvis moiTxovda
miTiTebuli yofiliyo qvis saxeoba, romlisganac qandakeba
iyo damzadebuli. zemonaxseneb qandakebaSi, adamianis sxeu-
lis zogierTi nawili naTlad da mkafiodaa gadmocemuli
_ Tavi, mkerdi, aweuli muxli, idayvi, romelsac figuraa
dayrdnobili _ sxva nawilebi ki TiTqos talRovan masaSia
Serwymuli da mTagorian adgils mogvagonebs. qandakebis
centrSi amokveTili Rru Tavdayira ayenebs Cvens warmod-
genas simyaresa da sicarieleze. 1937 wels muri werda:
`qandakebaSi xvrelma formis iseTive mniSvneloba SeiZleba
SeiZinos, rogoric myar masas aqvs~.
 3-61 • henri muri. wamowolili figura,
1938; hornTonis mwvane qva,
88.9X132.7X73.7 sm. teiti. londoni

henri murma es qandakeba rusuli warmoSobis

britaneli arqiteqtoris, serJ Cermaevis Sek­
veTiT Seqmna. mflobelma is daunsze mdebare
saku­Tari, Tanamedrove saxlis terasaze
ganaTavsa.

axali xelovneba amerikaSi jazis musikosi diuk elingtoni, novelisti jin Tumeri da
poeti lengsTon hiuzi. moZraobis inteleqtualuri lide-
or msoflio oms Soris ri kritikosi da filosofiis profesori alan loqi (Alain
Locke, 1886-1954) amtkicebda, rom Savkanianma xelovanebma Ta-
amerikul xelovnebaSi erovnuli vizualuri identobis au-
vianTi SemoqmedebiTi fesvebi tradiciul afrikul xelov-
cilebloba or msoflio oms Soris gaCnda. magram vinaidan
nebaSi unda eZion da ar gaiTqvifon amerikuli an evropuli
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uzarmazari qveyana iyo, iq
mkvidri, mravali `identobis~ mqone, sxvadasxva erebis mc- SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebis meinstrimSi.
delobam gaerTianebuliyvnen erTi, gamogonili, arsobri- fotografi jeims van der zi (James Van Der Zee, 1886-1983)
vad mamakacuri, anglo-saqsuri erovnuli maxa­ si­
aTeblebis rudunebiT qmnida harlemis saSualo klasis zeda fenis war-
garSemo, kidev ufro Zli­erad warmoaCina afro-amerikele- momadgenelTa portretebs. Tavisi studia man 1916 wels ga-
bis, emigrantebis, qalebisa Tu sxvaTa SemoqmedebiTi da eqs- xsna, Tumca foto-reportioradac ganagrZobda muSaobas.
perimentuli xelovneba. foto enotis qurqebiani wyvili kadilakTan (sur. 3-62) aRbeW-
davs SeZlebul qalsa da mamakacs, romlebic 1932 wels, didi
harlemis renesansi depresiis pikze, Tavis axal manqanasTan pozireben. foto-
1930-ian wlebSi, asiaTasobiT afro-amerikeli qveynis saso- grafi harlemis momxibvlelobas ufro asaxavs, vidre afro-­
flo, ZiriTadad agra­ ruli samxreTidan, urbanul, indus­ amerikelebis kulturuli cxovrebis centrs.
triul CrdiloeTSi gadavida sacxovreb-
lad, raTa rasobriv Cagvras gaqceoda
da did socialur da ekonomikur Sesa-
Zleblobebs ziareboda. am didma migra-
ciam saerTo erovnuli New Negro (axal Sav-
kanianTa) moZraobis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo
xeli, niu iorkSi ki harlemis renesansi
dabada. maTSi afro-amerikelTa meti so-
cialuri da politikuri aqtivobisken mo-
wodeba ismoda.
1920-1930-ian wlebSi, harlemis saSu-
alo klasis SeZlebulma afro-amerikulma
Temma iseTi figurebi dabada, rogoricaa

3-62 • jeims van der zi.

enotis qurqebiani wyvili kadilakTan,
1932; gadaRebulia harlemis 127-e quCis
dasavleTiT, niu iorki.
dabeWdilia Jelatin-vercxlis qaRaldze

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 161

farTo rakursiT gernika |
1937 wlis ianvarSi, rodesac espaneTSi res- gernika rTuli ferweruli nawarmoebia
publikelebsa da nacionalistebs Soris da mniSvnelobaTa mraval Sres Seicavs. pika-
mimdinare samoqalaqo omi gansakuTrebiT so iSviaTad iyenebda Tavis xelovnebaSi spe-
gamwvavda, parizSi mcxovreb espanel xe- cifikur an TvalsaCino simboloebs. mas er-
lovans, pablo pikasos, parizis 1938 wlis Civna detalebis interpretacia Tavad mayu-
gamofenis espanuri pavilionisTvis, didi reblisTvis miendo. erTia udavo _ gernika
ferweruli tilo SeukveTes. gamofena XIX sisastikis, qaosis, terorisa da tanjvis
saukuneSi gamarTuli im msoflio bazro- amsaxveli scenaa. Tavisi Savi, TeTri da muqi
bebis pirdapiri STamomavli iyo, romleTa lurji koloritiT, is tanjvasa da tkivils
meSveobiTac msofliom eifelis koSki da exmianeba. moZraobaSi gaSeSebuli, sruliad
brolis sasaxle SeiZina. 1938 wels, espaneTi Sav-TeTri figurebi, TiTqos reportioris
pirvelad warsdga msoflio gamofenaze sa- fotokameris blics aqvs daWerili.
kuTari pavilioniT. tiloze Tavmoyrili bevri sagani cxadad
vidre pikaso fiqrobda, Tu ra namuSe- 3-63 • gernikas nangrevebi, amoicnoba: eqspresionistulad gadmoce-
vari Seeqmna erovnuli pavilionisTvis, espaneTi, 1937 wlis aprili
1937 wlis 26 aprils, nacionalistebis
mxardamWerma germanulma bombdamSenebma
espaneTis baskur regionSi mdebare, qalaq
gernikas Seuties. dabombvis Sedegad daiWra
da daiRupa 1600 samoqalaqo piri. gernikaze
civsisxlianma, kargad gaTvlilma, araada-
mianurma Tavdasxmam SokSi Caagdo evropa.
sam saaTze metxans 25 germanuli bombdam-
Seni daaxloebiT 45 000 kilogramian yumba-
rebs uSenda qalaqs, 20-ze meti sabrZolo
TviTmfrinavi ki cxrilavda yvelas vinc
ki afeTqebuli da cecxlmodebuli Senobe-
bidan gaqcevas cdilobda. gernika sami dRe
iwvoda. sabolood, qalaqis mosaxleobis 1/3
daiRupa an daiWra, Senobebis 70 procenti ki
miwasTan iqna gasworebuli (sur. 3-63). iqmne-
boda STabeWdileba, rom Tavdasxma samxedro
miznebs ki ar emsaxureboda, aramed saSu-
alebas aZlevda frankos nacionalistur
Zalebs daeterorebinaT samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoeba. Tumca namdvil saSinelebad iqca
imis aRmoCena, rom germanel meTaurebs es
masobrivi Jleta, mxolod TavianTi sahaero
Zalebis `sawvrTnel misiad~ daugegmavT.
SeZrwunebul pikasos axla ukve hqonda Tema
suraTisTvis.
pirvel maiss, erTi milioni adamiani
gamovida parizis quCebSi saprotesto marS-
Si monawileobis misaRebad da swored mom-
devno dRes Seqmna pikasom Tavisi suraTis
pirveli Canaxatebi. es iyo misi vizualuri
pasuxi adamianebis mxecobaze. pikaso akade-
miuri ferweris tradiciebze iyo aRzrdili
da Tavisi gernika (sur. 3-64) istoriuli Jan-
ris monumentur ferwerul tilod dagegma.
masSi detalurad iyo asaxuli Tavdasxmis
istoriuli samarcxvino movlenebi. mxatva-
ri aTi dRis manZilze intensiurad gegmavda
samuSaos da namuSevris tiloze gadatanam-
de, kompoziciisa da ferebis SesamuSaveb-
lad, ramdenime winaswaruli eskizi Seqmna.
Semdegi erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi is Tavad,
3-64 • pablo pikaso. gernika,
damxmareTa gareSe, muSaobda suraTze — cv- 1937; tilo, zeTi, 3.5X7.8 m. dedofal sofias xelovnebis erovnuli centris muzeumi,
lida figurebs, ferebs, amuSavebda Temebs. madridi. mudmivad gamoTxovilia prados muzeumidan, madridi

162 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

muli xaris Tavi zeda marcxena kuTxeSi,
tkivilisgan aWixvinebuli, daWrili cxeni _
centrSi, mTel sasuraTe areze mimofantuli
adamianebis daleweli figurebi, yovlis­
mxilvel Tvals mimsgavsebuli, uSvelebeli
naTura kompoziciis Tavze, lampa mis qvemoT
da cecxli da kvamli, romelic im dangreu-
li oTaxis ukan mosCans, romelSiac mTeli
es gamanadgurebeli qmedeba viTardeba. am
gamosaxulebebma sxvadasxvagvari inter-
pretaciebi gamoiwvia. zogierTebi xarsa da
cxenSi nacionalisturi da respublikuri
Zalebis simboloebs xedavdnen da maT xan
erT, xan ki meore cxovelTan aigivebdnen.
naTuras, xelSubs, xanjals, lampasa da Cits
aseve specifikuri mniSvnelobebi mianiWes.
pikasom uari ganacxada romelime simbolos
konkretuli mniSvnelobis aRiarebaze. ger-
nika, ambobda pikaso, saSineli sisastikiT
daxocil msxverplTa Sesaxebaa _ amis miRma,
yvela misi mniSvneloba cvalebadia.
gernika espaneTis pavilionSi im avtorTa
namuSevrebis gverdiT gamoifina, vinc mxars
uWeda respublikelTa saqmes. maT Soris iyv-
nen: xuan miro, moqandake aleqsander kalderi,
reJisori luis bunueli da sxvebi. pikasom
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
uari ganacxada gernika espaneTSi gamofeni-
liyo, sadac nacionaliti lideris, general
frankos reJimi batonobda. amitomac, wlebis
manZilze namuSevari niu iorkSi, axali xelo-
vnebis muzeumSi iyo eqsponirebuli. gernika
samSobloSi mxolod 1981 wels, frankos gar-
dacvalebidan 6 wlis Semdeg dabrunda da bina
madridSi, dedofal sofias muzeumSi daido.
1985 wlidan misi gobelenSi Sesrulebuli
asli niu iorkSi, gaerTianebuli erebis or-
ganizaciis Stab-binaSia gamofenili, rogorc
mZlavri Sexseneba imisa, Tu ra sastiki sazRau-
ri gaiRo adamianma aRviraxsnili omis gamo.
Tavi III. 163
3-65 • aaron duglasi. SavkanianTa cxovrebis aspeqtebi:
monobidan rekonstruqciamde, 1934; tilo, zeTi, 1.5X3.5 m.
SavkanianTa kulturis kvlevis Somburgis centri, niu iorki,
sajaro bibilioTeka. xelovneba © aaron duglasis STamomavlebi/
licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki

topekeli (kanzasi) fermweri aaron duglasi (Aaron Doug-

las, 1898-1979) 1925 wels gadmovida niu iorkSi sacxovreb-
lad. mis mier SemuSavebul kolaJis siluetur stils bev-
ri aqvs nasesxebi afrikuli xelovnebidan. es stili wlebis
manZilze did gavlenas axdenda afro-amerikelTa xelova-
nebze (sur. 4-73). SavkanianTa cxovrebis aspeqtebi: monobidan
rekonstruqciamde (sur. 3-65) duglasma niu iorkis sajaro bi-
bilioTekis harlemis filialisTvis Seqmna, `depresiis xanis
sajaro xelovnebis namuSevarTa proeqti~-s sponsorobiT.
suraTis marjvena kuTxeSi, saidanac sinaTle koncentrul
wreebad asxivebs, monebi 1863 wlis gaTavisuflebis prokla-
macias zeimoben. centrSi mdgomi oratori, dramatuli
JestiT, ukana planze gamosaxul SeerTebuli Statebis ka-
pitoliumze miuTiTebs, romelic TiTqos mouwodebs yvela
afro-amerikels, romelTagan zogi axlac bambis mosavals
iRebs suraTis wina planze, xmis micemis ufleba gamoiyenos.
marcxniv aSS-s armia rekonstruqciis Semdeg tovebs samx-
reTs, cxenebze amxedrebuli, TeTrkapiuSonebiani ku-klu-
qs-klanis wevrebi ki gvaxseneben, rom samoqalaqo uflebe-
bisTvis brZola es-esaa daiwyo.
moqandake augusTa sevejis (Augusta Savage, 1892-1962) Semo-
qmedeba im miriadobiT sirTules asaxavs, romelTa winaSec
aRmoCndnen afro-amerikelebi xelovnebis samyaroSi. seve-
ji niu iorkSi, kufer iunionSi swavlobda, magram misi 1923
wlis gancxadeba, romeliTac is evropaSi swavlis gagrZele-
bis nebarTvas iTxovda, rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo, ukanve
daubrunda. saprotesto werilSi seveji werda: `demokratia
ucnauri ram aris. Cemi Zma sakmarisad kargi aRmoCnda saimi-

3-66 • augusTa seveji. citadeli: Tavisufleba,

1930; brinjao, 35.6X17.8X15.2 sm. hovardis universitetis
xelovnebis galerea, vaSingtoni

164 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

3-67 • jeiqob lourensi. seria migraciis Sesaxeb. paneli #1: I msoflio omis dros samxreTeli afro-amerikelebis
didi migracia CrdiloeTisken,
1940-1941; tempera meisonitze, 30.5X45.7sm. filifsis koleqcia, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi
sod, rom mieRoT polkSi, romelic safrangeTSi msaxurobda
omis dros. misi da ki, rogorc Cans, ar aRmoCnda im qveynis
stumrobis Rirsi, romlisTvisac Zma ibrZoda~. sabolood,
parizSi swavlis ufleba sevejma 1930 wels moipova. amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man ramdenime af-
ro-amerikeli politikuri lideris, maT Soris markus gar-
visa da u.e.b. duboisis portretebi Seqmna.
1791 wlis haitis revolucis istoriiTa da monebis aja-
nyebiT (sur. 1-39) STagonebulma augustam, Seqmna qandakeba
citadeli: Tavisufleba (sur. 3-66). es aris Tavisuflebis sim-
bolod gamosaxuli qalis figura, romelsac xeli cisken
aqvs aRmarTuli da zecaSi afrenamde, cali fexis TiTis
wverze balansirebs. citadeli, cixe-simagre da haitis
pirveli, afrikuli warmomavlobis lideris rezidencia
iyo. sevejisTvis is Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis Sesa-
Zleblobasa da imeds ganasaxierebda.
sevejma harlemSi xelovnebis patara kerZo skola daar-
sa da Sromis ganviTarebis administraciisgan (Works Progress
Administration) federaluri dafinanseba miiRo, raTa is har-
lemis Temis xelovnebis centrad gardaeqmna (ix. depresiis
xanis amerikuli xelovnebis federaluri patronaJi, gv.
166). aseTi tipis centrebi saimdrood, asobiT ixsneboda
mTeli qveynis masStabiT, magram swored sevejis centri
iqca harlemis xelovanebis, poetebis, kompozitorebis,
mocekvaveebisa da istorikosebisTvis araoficialur sa-
lonad.
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
jeiqob lourensi (Jacob Lawrence, 1917-2000) harlemis Temis
xelovnebis centridan gamosuli, yvelaze cnobili xelo-
vania. misi adreuli xanis mcire zomis, TxrobiTi xasiaTis
suraTebis ramdenime seriaSi afro-amerikelebis istoriaa
asaxuli. TiToeul serias teqsti aqvs darTuli. lourensis
Temebi harlemis istoriasa da haiteli revolucionerebis
lideris, Tusan l’uvertiurisa da amerikeli abolicionis-
tis, jon braunis cxovrebas moicavs. yvelaze didi seria
lourensma 1940-1941 wlebSi Seqmna. seria migraciis Sesaxeb
60 panelisgan Sedgeba da im didi migraciis qronikas war-
moadgens, romelmac lourensis mSoblebi samxreTi karo-
linidan niu jersis atlantamde miiyvana. pirvel panelSi
(sur. 3-67) afro-amerikeli migrantebi samxreTis rkinigzis
sadguris karebis gavliT, Tav-TavianTi mimarTulebebiT _
CikagoSi, niu iorkSi an sent luisSi miedinebian. duglasis
namuSevrebis msgavsad, lourensis Tamamad abstragirebuli,
silueturi stili sibrtyobrivi moyvanilobebiT da ferTa
naTeli gamiT, sruliad cnobierad, pirdapir afrikuli xe-
lovnebidan momdinareobs. mogvianebiT lourensma harlemis
renesansis avtorTa wignebic daasuraTa.
soflis amerika
1930-ian wlebSi, xelovanebi, romlebic ufro cnobilni
arian regionalistebis saerTo saxeliT, wina planze weven
Sua dasavleTis Tematikas. 1931 wels, didi depresiis zeo-
bisas, granT vudi (Grant Wood, 1891-1942) _ mogvianebiT, is
Tavi III. 165
 |
xelovneba da misi konteqsti amerikuli xelovnebis federaluri patronaJi
didi depresiis dros

1930-iani wlebis damdegs, didi depresiis xanaSi, umuSevarTa daxmare-
bisa da qveynis ekonomikis waxalisebis mizniT, prezident franklin
d. ruzveltis axali SeTanxmebis (New Deal) farglebSi, ramdenime
programa, maT Soris amerikeli xelovanebis dasaqmebis programa
ganaxorciela. 1933 wels dafuZnebulma, saxelovnebo proeqtebis
sajaro samsaxurma (Public Works of Art Project — PWAP) mxolod xuT
Tves iarseba, Tumca am mokle xanSic ki 4 000 xelovani daasaqma,
romlebmac 15 000-ze meti namuSevari Seqmnes. 1934 wlis oqtomberSi
amerikis xazinam ferwerisa da qandakebis seqcia daafuZna, romelmac
1943 wlamde iarseba. is sazogadoebrivi SenobebisTvis gankuTvnili
monumenturi mxatvrobisa da qandakebis nimuSTa SekveTebiT iyo
dakavebuli. Sromis ganviTarebis administraciis (Works Progress
Administration -WPA) mier ganxorcielebuli xelovnebis federaluri
proeqti (Federal Art Project — FAP) 1935-1043 wlebSi mimdinareobda. is
saxelovnebo proeqtebis sajaro samsaxuris memkvidre gaxda da dep-
resiis xanaSi dasaqmebis xelSewyobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saagen-
tos warmoadgenda. 1943 wlisTvis misi daxmarebiT 6 milion adamianze
meti dasaqmda, rogorc xelovnebis federalur proeqtSi (FAP), ise
Teatrisa da mweralTa federalur proeqtebSi. xelovnebis federa-
lur proeqtSi monawile daaxloebiT 10 000 Semoqmedma gamaognebeli
raodenobis namuSevrebi Seqmna _ 108 000 ferweruli tilo, 18 000
qandakeba, kedlis mxatvrobis 2 500 nimuSi da aTasobiT beWduri pro-
duqti, foto da plakati. yvela maTgani sazogadoebriv kuTvnilebad
gadaiqca. sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebisTvis (rkinigzis
sadgurebi, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi, safosto ganyofilebebi) Sek-
veTili qandakebebisa da kedlis mxatvrobis mravali nimuSi dRemdea
SemorCenili, ai dazguri ferweris nimuSTa umravlesoba mogviane-
biT, `abazanebis mosarTav suraTebad~ gaiyida da ganadgurda.
amerikis sofluri regionebis federaluri xelSewyobisaTvis
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, gansaxlebis saagentom
da fermaTa usafrTxoebis sammarTvelom daiqiraves fotografebi,
romlebsac dokumenturad unda aRebeWdaT depresiis Sedegebi mTel
qveyanaSi. es fotoebi dResac yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia, maTze ar
vrceldeba saavtoro uflebebi da nebismier gazeTs, Jurnals Tu
gamomcemels SeuZlia maTi gamoqveyneba. san franciskos mkvidri
doroTia lengi (Dorothea Lange, 1895-1965) 1935-1939 wlebSi muSaobda
zemoCamoTvli organizaciebis dakveTiT da fotoebze aRbeWdavda
fermebSi momuSave im mravalricxovan migrantTa mdgomareobas,
romlebic didi dablobebis mtvris qarbuqebs gamoeqcnen da sa-
muSaos ZiebaSi kalifornias miawydnen.
migranti deda, nipomo, kalifornia (sur. 3-68), warmogvidgens
florens ouen Tomfsons, 32 wlis, Svidi Svilis dedas, erT-erTs im
aTasobiT datanjul migrantTa Soris, romlebic siRaribeSi arse-
bobdnen kaliforniaSi. lengi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT qmnis
Tavis fotos, raTa mnaxvelTa siRrmiseuli grZnobebi gamoaRviZos.
kadris maqsimaluri moaxlovebiT is dedis daRlil gamometyvelebasa
da mtkice xasiaTze amaxvilebs yuradrebas. kompoziciam SesaZloa mna-
xvels rafaelis kauperis mcire madona _ qalwuli mariami yrma iesoTi
kalTaSi _ gaaxsenos an miqelanjelos sevdiT da mwuxarebiT savse
pieta, romelSic mariami Svilis dakargvas Seicnobs. lengma am fotoSi
ugulebelhyo droebiTi karavi, romelsac ojaxi Tavs afarebda, gac-
veTil skivrze dayrili WuWyiani TefSebi, karvis garSemo mimoyrili
nagavi da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, doroTias mozardi qaliSvili _
anu yvela is detali, romelic amave scenis sxva fotoebzea aRbeWdili.
fotografma gadawyvita mxolod adamianTa umankoebasa da moralur
faseulobaze gaemaxvilebina mTeli yuradReba, maTze visTvisac fe-
deraluri daxmarebis mopovebas cdilobda da ver mianiSnebda, rom
Tomfsoni arasrulwlovan asakSi gaxda deda, anda imas, rom igi in-
dielTa tomis, Cerokis warmomadgeneli iyo. migranti deda (romlis
saxelic im dros jer ar iyo cnobili) didi depresiis saxed iqca. misi
sevdiT aRsavse, Sors mimarTuli mzera dResac exmianeba mnaxvels da
naTlad gviCvenebs vizualuri xatis propagandistul Zalas.
didi depresiis dros, federaluri saxelovnebo proeqti
guluxvad gascemda Sromis anazRaurebas _ kviraSi saSualod
20 dolars _ raTa mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs mTeli Tavisi dro xe-
lovnebisTvis daeTmoT (vuluorsis maRaziebSi gamyidvlis Semosava-
li kviraSi mxolod 11 dolars Seadgenda). federaluri saxelovnebo
proeqtis aseTma finansurma mxardaWeram mxatvrebSi erTobis ganc-
da Camoayaliba. magaliTad, SemoqmedebiT jgufSi gaerTianebuli niu
iorkeli fermwerebi xelovnebaze sadiskusiod grinviC vilijis ba-
rebsa da yavis saxlebSi ikribebodnen. am gaerTianebam abstraqtuli
eqspresionistebi dabada da saSualeba misca niu iorks parizisTvis
axali xelovnebis msoflio centris statusi CamoerTmia.

3-68 • doroTia lengi. migranti deda. nipomo, kalifornia,

1936 wlis Tebervali; dabeWdilia Jelatin-vercxlis qaRaldze,
kongresis biblioTeka, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

1960 wels lengma am fotos gadaRebiT miRebuli gamocdileba ase

aRwera: `me davinaxe da mivuaxlovdi mSier da sasowarkveTil dedas,
romelmac magnitiviT mimizida. ar maxsovs rogor avuxseni Cemi da
Cemi kameris iq yofnis mizezi, maxsovs mxolod, rom mas SekiTxvebi
ar dausvams. xuTi kadri gadaviRe, erTi da imave mimarTulebidan sul
ufro metad vuaxlovdebodi. ar gamomikiTxavs, arc misi vinaoba da
arc misi ambavi. TviTon miTxra, rom 32 wlisa iyo, rom mxolod gar-
Semo mindvrebidan mogrovebuli gayinuli bostneuliTa da bavSvebis
mier mokluli CitebiT arsebobda. mas axali gayiduli hqonda Tavisi
manqanis saburavebi, raTa sakvebi SeeZina. Tavisi SvilebiT garSemorty-
muli, is karvis win, tentis qveS ijda da TiTqos icoda, rom Cemi fo-
toebi mis daxmarebas SeZlebda da amdenad, Tavadac mexmareboda. iyo
amaSi erTgvar Tanasworoba (Popular Photography, Tebervali, 1960 weli).

166 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

 kanada
XIX saukuneSi kanadelma xelovanebma, Tavisi amerikeli (aSS)
kolegebis msgavsad, TandaTanobiT evropuli xelovnebisgan
sakuTari damoukideblobis warmoCena daiwyes da saamisod,
kanadis didebuli, mouTvinierebeli, veluri bunebis xatvas
mihyves xeli. zogi maTgani figuratiuli gamosaxulebebis
Sesaqmenlad parizSi Seswavlil akademiur realizms mimar-
Tavda, sxvebi ki impresionizmis prizmaSi xedavdnen da gad-
moscemdnen kanadur peizaJebs.

peizaJi da identoba 1910-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, to-

rontos axalgazrda SemoqmedTa jgufi _ mis wevrTa umra-
vlesoba erTi da igive komerciuli saxelovnebo firmis-
Tvis muSaobda _ erTad iwyebs xatvas da Tavis namuSevrebSi,
erovnuli identobis niSanad, kanadis CrdiloeTis mkacr
peizaJebs warmogvidgens. am moZraobis sakvanZo figura Tom
Tomsoni (Tom Thomson, 1877-1917) iyo. 1912 wlidan, yoveli
wlis Tbil Tveebs is torontodan CrdiloeTiT, 180 milis
siSoreze mdebare algonquinis provinciul parkSi, tyis
uzarmazar nakrZalSi atarebda. mxatvari mcire zomis, mu-
yaoze zeTiT swrafad daweril uamrav Canaxats asrulebda,
zamTrobiT ki maT safuZvelze, saxelosnoSi srulformati-
an suraTebs qmnida. 1916 wlis gazafxulze Seqmnili Canaxati
safuZvlad daedo namuSevars JACK PINE (kanaduri fiWvi) (sur.
3-70). es mWidrod komponirebuli kompozicia warmogvidgens
stilizebul fiWvs, romelic wina planze gamosaxuli kldo-
3-69 • granT vudi. amerikuli goTika, vani napiridanaa amoizrdili. xe mkafio siluetad ikiTxeba
1930; zeTi biverbordze, 74.3.X62.4 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis tbisa da cis naTel fonze, romelic horizontalze, civi
instituti. amerikis xelovnebis koleqciis megobrebi. lurjiT daferili gorakebiTaa gayofili. dasamaxsovrebe-
1930.934. Art © Figge Art Museum, nan vud-grehemis STamomavlebi/ li mSvenierebis mqone tiloSi dasadgurebulma mowiwebis
licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki
gansakuTrebulma ganwyobam, romelic ganmartovebul Crdi-
lour peizaJSi RvTaebrivis yofnas gvagrZnobinebs, kanadis
aiovas universitetSi aswavlida _ xatavs cnobil tilos, erovnuli xelovnebis xatad aqcia es suraTi.
saxelwodebiT amerikuli goTika (sur. 3-69). es namuSevari Ci-
kagos xelovnebis institutma SeiZina da amiT, vuds saqvey- adgilobrivi amerikuli gavlenebi emili qari (Emily
no aRiareba moutana. am suraTma moicva yovelive is kargi Carr, 1871-1945), mxatvari dasavleTi sanapirodan, britanu­li
da cudi, rac qveynis Suaguls axasiaTebda 1930-ian wlebSi.
vudi gamosaxavs asakovan mamasa da mis gauTxovar qaliS-
vils, romlebic TavianTi neogoTikuri saxlis win dganan.
maTi samosi im droisTvisac ki Zvelmodurad gamoiyure-
ba. suraTisTvis pozireben vudis stomatologi da misi da
nani, romelsac vudis dedis kameo amSvenebs da arSiamovle-
buli winsafri mosavs. Senoba maT ukan, aiovas partara qa-
laq eldonis realuri mokrZalebuli saxlis mixedviTaa Se-
qmnili. qaliSvilis grZeli, sevdiani saxe mamisas exmianeba.
is gauTxovaria da savaraudod, aseTad darCeba. 1931 wlis-
Tvis, Sua dasavleTSi qmris moZebna ar iyo martivi, radgan
axalgazrda mamakacebis umravlesobam fermebi miatova da
samuSaosTvis Cikagos miaSura. Tavisi mkvrivad dawerili,
aRweriTi xasiaTis detalebiT, es tilo im flamandiuri re-
nesansis mxatvarebisadmi gamoxatavs pativiscemas, romle-
bic ase aRafrTovanebdnen vuds.

3-70 • Tom Tomsoni. JACK PINE (kanaduri fiWvi), 1916-1917;

tilo, zeTi, 127.9X139.8 sm. kanadis erovnuli galerea,
otava, ontario. SeZenilia 1918 wels

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 167


kolumbiis qalaq viqtoriaSi daibada. xelovnebas is san
franciskoSi, inglissa da parizSi daeufla. 1907 wels
alaskaze mogzaurobisas, mxatvari Crdilo-dasavleTi sa-
napiros adgilobriv indielTa mier Seqmnil, xeze kveTil
monumentur boZebs waawyda da am `warmaval xalxTa xelov-
nebis namdvili saganZuris~ aRbeWdva gadawyvita. Semdegi 23
wlis ganmavlobaSi qarma britanuli kolumbiis ocdaaTze
meti mxare moinaxula da momavali ferweruli namuSevre-
bisTvis fanqriTa da akvareliT Sesrulebuli Canaxatebi
Seqmna. komerciulad warumatebeli gamofenis Semdeg, ro-
melzec adgilobriv indielTa xelovnebis miseuli suraTe-
bi iyo warmodgenili, 1913 wels qari viqtoriaSi dabrunda,
gaxsna pansioni da Semdgomi 15 wlis manZilze umniSvnelo
dros Tu uTmobda xatvas. Tumca 1927 wels, is kanadis ero-
vnul galereaSi miiwvies, dasavleTi sanapiros xelovnebis
gamofenaSi monawileobis misaRebad. gamofenis gaxsnaze
aRmosavleTiT mogzaurobisas, qari Tom Tomsonis yofili
kolegebis mier, 1920 wels daarsebuli Group of Seven-is (Svi-
dTa jgufi) wevrebs Sexvda. swored maT gaaRvives xelaxla
ferwerisadmi misi interesi.
SvidTa jgufTan erTad, qarma dramatuli, mZlavri,
skulpturuli stili SemoimuSava, romelic bneli, mZime
energiiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. suraTi didi yorani (sur. 3-71),
romelic mxatvarma 1931 wels, 1912 wlis akvarelis safuZ-
velze Seqmna, dedofal Sarlotas kunZulze mdebare, mito-
vebul sofels asaxavs, sadac qarma boZze damagrebul, xis-
gan gamoWril yornis figuras miakvlia. wyviladi gamosaxu-
lebidan, romelic Tavdapirvelad saflavze iyo aRmarTu-
li, mxolod es erTiRa iyo SemorCenili. avtobiografiaSi
`Zvelad da lpobadad~ aRwerili yorani, qarma suraTze
168 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
3-71 • emili qari.
didi yorani,
1931; tilo, zeTi,
87X114 sm. vankuveris
xelovnebis galereis
koleqcia. emili qaris
trasti
mZlavr, didebul arsebad warmoadgina, romelic dinami-
kurad aRimarTeba wriulad Caxveul mcenareebze, rogorc
mtkice sulieri Zalisa da erovnuli siamayis simbolo.
meqsika
1910 wlis revoluciam meqsikaSi general porfirio dia-
sis 35 wliani diqtatura daasrula da aTwlian politikur
areulobas daudo saTave. 1920 wels, reformatorma prezi-
dentma, alvaro obregonma qveyanaSi politikuri wesrigi
aRadgina. sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad, axali xelisuflebis
liderebma xelovanebi xalxisa da saxelmwifos samsaxurSi
Caabes. ramdenime meqsikelma mxatvarma sazogadoebrivi Sen-
obebis moxatvaze miiRo saxelmwifo SekveTa. monumentur
mxatvrobas sazeimod unda aesaxa meqsikeli xalxis istoria,
cxovreba da Sroma. mxatvrebi naturalistur gamosaxule-
bebs qmnidnen, radgan xelisufleba Tvlida, rom abstraq-
tuli xelovneba miuwvdomeli da gaugebari iqneboda far-
To masebisTvis.
diego rivera (Diego Rivera, 1886-1957) meqsikuri monumen-
turi mxatvrobis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo. mxat-
vrobis es mimarTuleba meq­ sikaSi swored saxelmwifo dak-
veTebis daxmare­ biT ganviTarda. rivera mexikos san karlo-
sis aka­demiaSi 11 wlis asakSi Cairicxa. 1911-1919 wleb­Si igi
parizSi cxovrobda, sadac pikasosa da kidev erT meqsikel
monumentalists, david sikeiross (David Siqueiros, 1896-1974)
Sexvda. orive, riveraca da sikeirosic revoluciuri xelo-
vnebis Seqmnisa da misi xalxis samsaxurSi Cayenebisken isw-
rafvodnen. 1920-1921 wlebSi, riveram renesansis epoqis mo-
xatulobaTa Sesaswavlad, italiaSi imogzaura, adgilobrivi
kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSTa gasacnobad ki meqsikis uZveles
 3-72 • diego rivera.
diadi qalaqi tenoCtitlani
(detali),
mexikos erovnuli sasaxlis
patios derefnis moxatuloba,
1945; freska, 4.92X9.71 m.

uyureT videos
diego riveras freskul
teqnikaze veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com

adgilebs ewvia. 1945 wels Seqmnili, diadi qalaqi

tenoCtitlani (sur. 3-72) mexikos erovnuli sasaxlis
Semamkobel moxatulobaTa ciklis nawilia. sti-
lizebuli formebiTa da kaSkaSa lokaluri fe-
rebiT aq meqsikis istoriaa asaxuli. monumenturi
mxatvrobis nimuSebi riveram ara mxolod meqsika-
Si, aramed amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic Seqmna.
frida kalos (Frida Kahlo, 1907-1954) xelovneba
ufro piraduli xasiaTisaa. andre bretoni kalos
bunebriv siurealistad miiCnevda, Tavad mxatva-
ri ki ambobda: `me arasdros damixatavs sizmrebi.
me yovelTvis Cems sakuTar realobas vqmnidi~.
germaneli mamisa da meqsikeli dedis Svilis, ka-
los realoba mis Sereul memkvidreobas asaxav-
da. ormag avtoportretSi ori frida (sur. 3-73)
kalo Tavis or eTnikur `me~-d gayofil idento-
bas warmogvidgens. evropuli `me~, viqtorianuli
epoqis kabiTaa mosili, meqsikuri ki tradiciuli
meqsikuri samosiT. namuSevari diego riverasTan
mis boboqar urTierTobasac asaxavs. frida 1929
wels gahyva riveras colad, 1939-Si ki, swored
maSin, rodesac am suraTs qmnida, daSorda.
frida kalo xelovnebis erT istorikoss
uyveboda, rom suraTze meqsikuri samosiT is
frida iyo gamosaxuli, romelic diego riveras
uyvarda, evropulad Cacmuli ki is frida iyo,
romelsac is ar cnobda. or firdas xelebi aqvT
Cakidebuli, maT Soris gamavali arteria diego 3-73 • frida kalo. ori frida,
riveras miniaturuli portretiT iwyeba, ro- 1939; tilo,zeTi, 1.74X1.74m. axali xelovnebis muzeumi,
melSic biWad gamosaxuli diego meqsikel fri- saxviTi xelovnebis erovnuli instituti, mexiko

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 169

 xelovnebis kvireulma, romelmac san-pauluSi Tavi mouy-
ara avangardist poetebs, mocekvaveebs, musikosebs da aseve
saxviTi xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs, Riad gamomwvevi da
konfrontaciuli xasiaTi miiRo. poetebi umowyalod dasci-
nodnen ufrosi Taobis poetebs, mocekvaveebma tradiciuli
cekvebis Tanamedrove versiebi dadges, xolo kompozitori
heqtor vila-lobosi (1887-1959), afro-braziliur ritmebze
dafuZnebuli, axali musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesasruleb-
lad, scenaze flostebiTa da abazanis xalaTiT gamovida.
1928 wels, poetma da mweralma san pauludan, osvald di
andradem, romelic axali xelovnebis kvireulis erTi-er-
Ti organizatoric iyo, anTropofaguli manifesti dawera,
romelSic sazogadoebas evropul kulturaze braziliis
moCvenebiTi damokidebulebis sakiTxis radikaluri gadawy-
vetis saxumaro gza SesTavaza. is urCevda Tanamemamuleebs
im Zveli brazilielebisTvis miebaZaT, romlebmac maT sa-
napiroebs momdgar portugaliel maZieblebs sakadrisi pa-
suxi gasces _ maT isini ubralod SeWames. am urTierTobas
is xumrobiT, anTropofaguls an kanibalisturs uwodebda
da brazilielebs evropuli kulturis gadasansvlas, gada-
muSavebas (amiT maTi brazilieloba unda gaZlierebuliyo),
Semdeg ki mis Tavidan mocilebas sTavazobda.
fermweri, romelic yvelaze metad gamoxatavs am upati-
vcemulo damokidebulebas tarsila do amaralia (Tarsila do
Amaral, 1887-1974), yavis plantator aristokratTa qaliSvi-

3-74 • tarsila do amarali. ABAPORU (is, vinc Wams),

1928; tilo, zeTi, 86.4X73.7 sm. laTinoamerikuli xelovnebis
muzeumi, buenos-airesi. gadacemulia gilerme augusTo do
amarali/malbas mier-konstantinis koleqcia, buenos-airesi

das uWiravs xelSi. is orive fridas daucvel gulSi mo-

gzaurobs, gzas ki evropeli fridas kalTaSi asrulebs, ro-
melic warumateblad cdilobs sisxlis nakadis SeCerebas.
kalos Cvidmeti wlis asakSi momxdari ubeduri SemTxvevisas
gatexili menji tanjavda da amis gamo, mTeli cxovreba qi-
rurgiuli operaciebis gadatana uxdeboda. es namuSevari
mis mudmiv tkivilsac migvaniSnebs da actekur tradicia-
sac, romlis mixedviTac adamians gulis amoglejviT wira-
vdnen msxverplad.

brazilia
zogan laTinur amerikaSi, xelovnebaSi wamyvani adgili isev
XIX saukunis akademiur tradicias ekava. ramdenime qveyanaSi
jer kidev yvaoda akademiebi da farTo saxelovnebo Temebi,
Zalze STambeWdavi iyo saswavleblad parizs gamgzavrebul
xelovanTa ricxvic. 1914 wlisTvis laTinuri amerikis mra-
val qveynaSi mxatvrebma, erovnuli Tematikis Sesaqmnelad,
impresionizmis sakuTari versiebi moirges. omis Semdeg,
ucxoeTSi ganswavlulma xelovanebma TavianT qveynebSi axa-
li xelovnebisa da evropuli avangardis ideebi Caitanes da
isini sagangebo, laTinoamerikuli xedvis mixedviT garda-
qmnes. magaliTad, 1922 wels, rodesac brazilia portuga-
liisgan Tavis aswlovan damoukideblobas aRniSnavda, san
pauluSi avangardi axali xelovnebis kvireuls zeimobda. es
3-75 • amelia pelaezi. MARPACIFICO (hibiskusi),
movlena brazilielma xelovanebma evropisgan Semoqmedebi- 1943; tilo, zeTi, 115.6X88.9 sm. amerikis xelovnebis muzeumi,
Ti damoukudeblobis gamocxadebis TariRad aqcies. axali vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi. IBM-is saCuqari

170 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

li, romelic, fernan leJesTan erTad swavlobda evropa-
Si (ix. amave Tavis sur. 3-21). suraTi ABAPORU (is, vinc Wams)
(sur. 3-74) naTlad gviCvenebs tarsilas gansakuTrebul da-
mokidebulebas leJesa da brankuzisadmi (ix. sur. 3-21, 3-28),
romelTa namuSevrebs is agrovebda kidec. marTalia, su-
raTSi ramdenime `tropikuli~ kliSea CarTuli — abstra-
qtuli formis kaqtusi, limonis naWris formis mze, ma-
gram namuSevris mTavari Tema braziliis karikaturulad
gadmocemul peizaJSi mjdomi andrades kanibalia. mxatvari
TiTqos gveubneba: Tuki brazielielebs ucxoeTSi karika-
turulad, kanibalebad aRgviqvamen, modiT kanibalebiviT
moviqceT kidec. andrade Tavis erT-erT manifestSi werda:
`rios karnavali Cveni rasis religiuri grZnobebis mgzne-
bare gamovlinebaa. rihard vagneri afasebda sambas. barba-
rosulia, magram Cvenia. Cven orgvari memkvidreoba gvqvs:
junglebi da skola~.

kuba
1920-iani wlebis kuburi avangardi, erT-erTi yvelaze in-
terdisciplinaruli iyo, radgan aerTianebda anTropolo-
gebs, poetebs, kompozitorebs da ramdenime mecniersac ki.
maT havanaSi moiyares Tavi da sakuTar jgufs umciresoba
uwodes. 1927 wels umciresobam gamosca manifesti, romel-
Sic uaryofda da aprotestebda saxelisuflebo koruf-
cias, `iankebis imperializms~ da diqtaturas nebismier kon-
tinentze. jgufis xelovanebi amtkicebdnen, rom kuba unda
gahyoloda axali xelovnebis gzas, romelsac myarad hqon-
da gadgmuli fesvebi maT miwaSi.
amelia pelaezma (Amelia Peláez, 1896-1968) manifestis ga-
mosvlidan maleve datova kuba da parizs gaemgzavra. sam-
SobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, is, anTropolog lidia kabre-
rasTan erTad, kuburi popularuli da xalxuri xelovnebis
Seswavlas Seudga. misi namuSevrebi qalur garemoze (saxlis
interieri), imavdroulad ki, erovnul identobazea foku-
sirebuli. aseTia suraTi MARPACIFICO (hibiskusi) (sur. 32-75).
palaezis gamomsaxvelobiTi ena kubisturia. es kargad Cans
sibrtyobriv, erTmaneTis gadamfarav formebsa da dakumSul
ferwerul sivrceSi. miuxedavad amisa, suraTze gamosaxuli
sagnebis amocnoba ioladaa SesaZlebeli: sarke, magidis ze-
dapiri, adgilobrivi hibiskusis yvavilebi, romlTa garSe-
momweri sqeli, Savi konturi da sufTa ferebi sarkmelTa
brtyel, maraosebr vitraJebs mogvagonebs, romlebic ase
mravlad gvxvdeba kubur saxlebSi.
3-76 • frensis bekoni. figura xorciT,
1954; tilo, zeTi, 129X122 sm. Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.
herioT a. foqsis fondi (1956.1201)
rebelma Sedegebma kacobriobis safuZvlebi Searyia. uins-
ton CerCilma ase aRwera es katastrofa: `ra aris evropa
dRes? qvebis grova, sikvdilisa da ngrevis, Savi Wiris, epi-
demiebisa da siZulvilis adgili~.
figuratiuli pasuxi da
araformaluri xelovneba evropaSi
uSualod omis Semdgom periodSi, evropel xelovanTa didi
nawili cdilobda sakuTari xelovneba miRebuli gamocdi-
lebis gasaazreblad gamoeyenebina, bevrs kamaTobdnen ima-
zec Tu ra formiT sjobda am gamocdilebis Cveneba. zogi
figuratiul namuSevrebs qmnida, zogi ki abstraqciebs.
inglisSi, frensis bekoni (Francis Bacon, 1909-1992) Tavis
tiloebSi im saSinelebebs gadmoscemda, romlebic mas Tan
sdevda da mosvenebas ar aZlevda. is TviTnaswavli mxatvari
iyo da 1940-ian wlebamde cota ram hqonda Seqmnili. II mso-

omis Semdgomi xelovneba
evropasa da amerikaSi
II msoflio omis saSinelebebma I msoflio omis koSmaric ki
daCrdila. adamianuri danakargi imdenad didi da absurdu-
li iyo, rom aRqmis SesaZleblobebsac ki aRemateboda. ada-
mianebi kvdebodnen ara mxolod brZolisas, aramed SromiT
da sikvdilis banakebSi (sakoncentracio banakebi), ixoce-
bodnen SimSiliT, samoqalaqo obieqtebis dabombvisas da
a.S. 30 milion adamianze meti daiRupa, 40 milionze metma
ki sacxovrebeli adgili icvala. sakoncentracio banakebis
aRuwerelma saSinelebam da atomuri dabombvis gamouswo-
flio omis dros bekoni sahaero Tavdasxmebis dros, quCeb-
Si morigeobda da sakuTari TvaliT hqonda nanaxi londo-
nis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dabombvis sisxliani Sedegebi.
namuSevarSi figura xorciT (sur. 3-76) bekoni warmogvidgens
Zlevamosil pap inokenti X. papis figura dayvanilia da-
tanjuli, TiTqos ararealuri kacis gamosaxulebamde, ro-
melic CaSavebul sicarieles Sehymuis. is saqonlis xorcis
sisxliani naWrebiT Seqmnil, SemaZrwunebeli kiviliT savse,
klaustrofobiul kolofSia gamoketili, romelic sul
ufro metad aZlierebs mis SiSs. suraTi STagonebuli iyo
diego velaskesis 1650 wels Sesrulebuli romis papis ino-
kenti X portretiTa da rembrandtis ferweruli tiloTi,

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 171

 rebul ujredebs, an muq, dabinZurebul, baqteriul warmo-
naqmnebs mogvagonebs. frangi filofosi da novelisti Jan
pol sartri mxars uWerda volss, magram maleve, 1951 wels
mxatvari sakvebiT moiwamla da gardaicvala.

eqsperimentebi laTinur amerikaSi

kubaze, vifredo lamis (Wifredo Lam, 1902-1980) abstraqtu-
li da siurealisturi ferwera xorcs asxamda misi qveynis
tkivilebs, dards, tanjvasa da sisastikes, romelic kolo-
nizaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iyo gaCenili. lamis Sereul-
ma — Cinurma, espanurma da afrikulma memkvidreobam mis xe-
lovnebaSi iseTi Temebi Semoitana, rogoricaa identoba da
TviTgamorkveva. igi havanis erovnul akademiaSi swavlobda,
Semdeg parizSi gadavida, sadac pikasos da siurealistebs
gaecno, magram nacistebis mier safrangeTis okupaciis Sem-
deg, iZulebuli gaxda kubaze dabrunebuliyo. aRmoCnda, rom
siurealistebis lideri andre bretoni da lami erTi gemiT
mgzavrobdnen. lami havanisken miemgzavreboda, andre bre-
tonma ki niu iorks miaSura. ukve saxlSi, lamma anTropolog
lidia kabrerasa da novelist alexo karpentieris daxmare-
biT, sakuTari, afro-kuburi memkvidreobis kvleva daiwyo.
misi 1940-ian wlebis dasasrulis namuSevrebi afro-kubur
3-77 • volsi (volfgang Sulce). ferwera,
xelovnebas da santerias xatebaTa poliTeistur suliere-
1944-1945; tilo, zeTi, 81X81.1 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA),
niu iorki. d. de minilisa da j. de minilis fondis saCuqari (29.1956) bas asaxavs. zambezia, zambezia-s (sur. 3-78) dakbilul, naxevra-
dabstraqtul formebSi evropuli modernizmis gamoZaxils
vamCnevT, magram misi mTavari wyaro mainc santerias reli-
romelzec aseve axladdakluli saqonlis xorcia warmodge-
giuri ritualia. suraTis centraluri figura santerias
nili. bekoni Tavis Semoqmedebaze werda: `vimedovneb, rom
RvTaebis kompozituri saxea. zambezia afrikis samxreT-aR-
mxatvrobaSi adamianis yvirilis saukeTeso gamosaxulebas
mosavleTiT mdebare qveynis, zimbabves adrindeli, koloniu-
Sevqmni.... da Sevcvli Tavad realobis Zaladobriv bunebas~.
omis Semdgomi evropis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli
mxatvruli mimdinareoba Art Informel-i (uformo xelovneba)
iyo, romelsac aseve Tachizsme-sac uwodebdnen (taSizmi _
tache frangulad laqa-s niSnavs). Art Informel-s populariza-
cias frangi kritikosi miSel tapie (Michel Tapié, 1909-1987)
uwevda, romelic Tvlida, rom omis Semdgomi kacobriobis
WeSmariti arsi xelovnebam martivi, gulwrfeli niSnebis
meSveobiT unda gamoxatos.
Art Informel-is araformalurma liderma, volsad wo-
debulma, volfgang Sulcem (Wols, Wolfgang Schulze, 1913-1951)
iseve gaiara ngrevis, areulobisa da iZulebiTi migraciis
saSinelebebi, rogorc sxva, milionobiT adamianma 1930-
iani da 1940-iani wlebis evropaSi. germaniaSi dabadebulma
volsma, hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, protes-
tis niSnad, samSoblo datova da parizSi damkvidrda, sadac
fotografad muSaobda JurnalebSi Vogue da Harper’s Bazaar.
germanelebis mier okupirebuli safrangeTidan volsi es-
paneTSi gaiqca, magram iq daapatimres, pasporti CamoarT-
ves da iZulebiT daabrunes samxreT safrangeTSi, sadac,
rogorc moqalaqeobis armqone pirma, ltolvilTa banakSi
gaatara omis darCenili wlebi. omis damTavrebis Semdeg,
is parizs daubrunda da kvlav xatvas Seudga. Tavis vne-
bian suraTebs is imiT qmnida, rac xelT moxvdeboda, tilos
zedapirze msuyed dadebul ferebs daniT seravda, Tavad
saRebavebs ki CamoRvenTvis saSualebas aZlevda. suraTi
3-78 • vifredo lami. zambezia, zambezia,
ferwera (sur. 3-77) daavadebul, sastik, Zaladobriv samyaros 1950; tilo, zeTi, 125X110 sm. solomon r. gugenhaimis muzeumi,
asaxavs, romelSic naxevradabstraqtuli formebi infici- niu iorki. batoni jozef qanToris saCuqari, 1974 (74.2095)

172 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi


ri saxelia, maSin es britanuli kolonia rodeziis saxeli-
Tac iyo cnobili. Zvelad zambezia kubisTvis monebis mTavar
wyaros warmoadgenda. lami Tavis xelovnebaze ambobda: `mTe-
li guliT msurda, ferweraSi aRmewera Cemi qveynis drama...
amisTvis, troas cxeniviT unda memoqmeda da amomefrqvia
fantastikuri figurebi, romlebic Tavisi ZaliT gaaocebd-
nen da ocnebebs daumsxvrevdnen eqspluatatorebs.~
miuxedavad imisa, rom xuan peronisTvis (Juan Peròn, 1895-
1974), argentinis faSisti liderisTvis, axali xelovneba
sruliad miuRebeli iyo, omis dasrulebidan maleve, buenos
airesSi avangardist xelovanTa ori jgufi Camoyalibda —
Arte Concreto-Invencion da Madi.
im drois yvelaze cnobili laTinoamerikeli mxatvari
urugvaieli xoakin tores-garsia (Joaquin Torres-Garcia, 1874-
1949) iyo, romelmac urugvais dedaqalaq montevideoSi samx-
reTis skola daafuZna. miuxedavad imisa, rom tores-garsiam
43 weli evropaSi gaatara da samSobloSi mxolod omis Sem-
deg dabrunda, misi xelovneba siRrmiseulad swored ad-
gilobrivi inkebis xelovnebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (sur.
3-79.1). mas sjeroda, rom urugvais uZvelesi kultura is
noyieri niadagi unda yofiliyo, romelzec axali erovnu-
li da kulturuli vizualuri identoba aRmocendeboda.
namuSevari abstraqtuli xelovneba xuT ZiriTad da damatebiT
tonebSi (sur. 3-79.2) Sesrulebulia stilSi, romelSic abstra-
qciis evropuli gageba, modernizmi, inkebis gamosaxulebe-
bi da qvis wyobis naxWebi erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli. am stils
mxatvari konstruqciul universalizms uwodebda.
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi niu iorkSi
II msoflio omis Semdeg, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ufro
swrafad gaimarTa welSi, vidre evropa. misi teritoria da-
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
3-79.2 • xoakin tores-garsia.
abstraqtuli xelovneba xuT
ZiriTad da damatebiT tonebSi,
1943; zeTi, panelze damagrebuli
dafa, 52.1X67 sm.
olbraiT noqsis xelovnebis
galerea, baffalo, niu iorki.
namuSevari galereas saCuqrad
gadaeca batoni da qalbatoni
armand j. kastelanebisgan, 1979
culi aRmoCnda omis ubedurebebisgan. Sesabamisad, travmebi
sagrZnobi iyo mxolod im amerikelebisTvis, vinc TviTon mo-
nawileobda saomar moqmedebebSi evropasa da wynar okeaneze,
amerikas Sefarebuli evropeli ltolvilebisTvis da dapa-
timrebuli iaponeli da amerikeli moqalaqeebisTvis. vidre
evropul saxelovnebo samyaros aTwleulebi dasWirda Zale-
bis aRsadgenad, parizma ki Tavisi artistuli dinamikuroba da
mimzidveloba dakarga, niu iorkma, rogorc xelovnebis isto-
rikosi serJ gibo werda: `axali xelovnebis idea miisakuTra~.
axali centri niu iorki xdeba bevri wamyvani ev­ro­
peli xelovani da mwerali amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
gamoeqca II msoflio oms. 1941 wlisTvis andre bretoni,
salvador dali, fernan leJe, pit mondriani da maqs ernsTi
ukve niu iorkSi cxovrebdnen. maT mniSvnelovnad Secvales
saxelovnebo scenis xasiaTi, misi mxatvruli amocanebi da
midgomebi. niu iorkSi, amerikel xelovanebze yvelaze Rrma
gavlena evropeli siurealistebis namuSevrebma moaxdina,
magram amerikelma abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis warmomad-
genlebma sabolood mainc SeimuSaves sakuTari, unikalu-
ri amerikuli mxatvruli identobebi, romlebSic, gavlenis
miuxedavad, sruliad axleburad iyo gaazrebuli evropuli
da amerikuli modernizmi.
termini abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi 1940_iani da 1950_
iani wlebis dasawyisis niu iorkeli artistebis sakmaod
farTe wris xelovnebas moicavs. es ar iyo formalurad or-
ganizebuli moZraoba, aramed qalaqSi momuSave SemoqmedTa
Tavisufali jgufi, romelsac saerTo miznebi aerTianebda.
maT surdaT gamoexataT II msoflio omis Semdeg warmoqmnili
sakuTari socialuri gaucxoveba da SeeqmnaT axali xelovne-
ba, romelic moraluric iqneboda da universaluric.
Tavi III. 173

gavleniani formalisti (Sinaarsze metad, formaze
orientirebuli) kritikosi klemenT grinbergi abstraqtul
eqspresionistebs mouwodebda TavianTi namuSevrebi `avto-
nomiur~ da sruliad TviT-citirebad obieqtebad ganexi-
laT. saukeTeso ferwera, amtkicebda grinbergi, arasdros
citirebs gare samyaros, mas aqvs sakuTari, Sinagani narati-
vi da wesrigi. abstraqtul eqspresionizmze didi gavlena
moaxdina Sveicarieli fsiqoanalitikosis karl iungis (Carl
Jung, 1875-1961) Teoriebma, romelmac kacobriobis mier ga-
ziarebuli, universaluri arqetipebis koleqtiuri aracno-
bieri aRwera. abstraqtuli eqspresionistebi heroikuli
da amaRlebuli, universaluri simboluri formebiT dasa-
xlebuli ferweruli samyaroebis Seqmnisken iswrafvodnen.
1940-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, maTi namuSevrebis simbolu-
ri Sinaarsi sul ufro metad piraduli da abstraqtuli
xdeboda. zogi maTgani adamianTa Soris arsebul kavSirebs
koleqtiuri aracnobieris meSveobiT, `primitiul~, miTiur
xatebebSi, arqaul da arqetipul pirvelad simbolizmSi
eZiebda, zogierTma Tavis mxatvrobaSi biomorfuli for-
mebis gamoyeneba daiwyo an sakuTari, individualuri simbo-
luri ena ganaviTara. Tumca yvela maTgani Tavis vnebebsa da
eqspresias did, farTe tiloebze gamoxatavda. abstraqtuli
eqspresionistebi acnobierebdnen, Tu rao­den mniSvnelovan
kvals datovebdnen xelovnebis istoriaSi. maT swamdaT, rom
sakuTari xelovnebiT msoflios gardaqmnis Zala SeswevdaT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspresionistebis mxatvroba maT
pirad xedvebs asaxavda, isini srulad iziarebdnen programis
oTx ZiriTad debulebas. es iyo: (1) ferweruli tradicii-
sadmi interesi, Tumca, imavdroulad, mis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tuli amboxisa da evropuli modernizmis ideebis gadaxedvis
survili; (2) survili, ferweruli tilos Seqmnis aqti ganxi-
luliyo TviTkmar, gamomsaxvelobiT amocanad; (3) mxatvro-
baSi universaluri ideebis gadmosacemad, gadamuSavebuliyo
174 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
32-80 • arSil gorki. baRi soWSi,
1943; tilo, zeTi, 78.7X99.1 sm.
axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki.
muzeums gadaeca lili p. blisis
anderZis Tanaxmad
iungis vizualuri arqetipebi da (4) heroikuli masStabis,
amaRlebuli xelovnebis Seqmnis ambicia. kritikosma, herold
rozenbergma abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi or, mTavar kate-
goriad gayo: moqmedebis xelovneba (Action Painting)@ da `e.w. fe-
radovani velis ferwera (Color Field Painting), magram abstraq-
tuli eqspresionizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofdnen am ter-
minebs da sakmaod argumentirebuladac amtkicebdnen, rom
isini Zalze amartivebdnen mxatvruli movlenis arss.
Camoyalibebis etapebi arSil gorki (Arshile Gorky, 1904-
1948) yvelaze ufrosi iyo abstraqtul eqspresionistTa So-
ris, Tumca misi ideebi da xatebani siRrmiseulad exmianeboda
maT Semoqmedebas. gorki istoriul somxeTSi daibada, Tumca
1920 wels, TurqTa mier somxebis genocids gamoeqca da oja-
xis gadarCenil wevrebTan erTad amerikas Seafara Tavi. gaqce-
vis Semdeg, deda maleve gardaecvala da gorki TiTqmis sul
marto darCa. gorkis suraTebi savsea am danakargiT gamow-
veuli tkiviliT. siurealisturi da iungiseuli koleqtiuri
aracnobieris ideebis meSveobiT, is Tavis suraTebSi bavSvobis
saxlisa da baRis idiliur xatebebs aqsovs, raTa im xalxsa da
adgilebze Seqmnas vizualuri mogonebebi, romlebic dakarga.
1940_iani wlebis dasawyisis suraTebis seriaSi, saxelwo-
debiT baRi soWSi (sur. 3-80) gorkis mamis, xorkomSi mdebare
baRis mogonebebi miTiur, sizmriseul peizaJad aris gar-
daqmnili. mxatvari ambobda, rom es adgili adgilobrivebSi
ocnebebis asrulebis baRad yofila cnobili, radgan aq iyo
kldec, romlis Tavzec soflis qalebi, maT Soris dedami-
si, survilis Cafiqrebisas moSiSvlebul mkerds isresdnen
da natvris xec, romelsac isini survilebis ferad Tasmebs
abamdnen xolme. am suraTze miTiuri baRi mkvriv, TeTr sa-
fuZvelze livlivebs. formebi, moyvanilobebi, ferebi aq
erTmaneTs erwymis mkerdmoSiSvlebuli qalis gamosaxule-
bad marcxniv, natvris xed centrSi, samosis zolebad da `mS-
3-81 • jeqson poloki. Semodgomis ritmi (nomeri 30),
1950; tilo, zeTi, 2.66X5.25 m. metropoliten muzeumi, niu iorki, jorj a. hernis fondi, 1957 (57.92)
waikiTxeT jeqson polokze informacia veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
venier somxur flostebad~, romlebic gorkis da mamamiss
xorkomSi ecvaT xolme. namuSevari gviCvenebs cxovrebis sa-
cicocxlo Zalebs, uZveles kavSirs miwasTan da im dakargu-
li samyaros gorkiseul xedvas, romelic mxolod mxatvris
mogonebebSi arsebobda.
jeqson poloki da moqmedebis xelovneba jeqson
poloki (Jackson Pollock, 1912-1956) yvelaze cnobilia abstraq-
tul eqspresionist mxatvarTa Soris. is vaiomingSi daibada,
1930 wels ki niu iokrSi gadavida sacxovreblad. yvela Se-
fasebiT, TviTganadgurebisken swrafva mas adreul asakSive
aRmoaCnda da ukve 16 wlisas alkoholTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi ganuviTarda. 22 wlisa, is iungs ecnoboda, 26
wlis asakSi ki fsiqiatriuli gadaxra da alkoholdamokide-
buleba daudginda. megobrebi or poloks aRwerdnen _ erTs
moridebuls da fxizels, meores ki usiamovnosa da mTvrals.
1939 wels, iungis fiqoTerapiis kursis gavlisas, igi ukve
icnobda mis Teorias vizualuri xatebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
mnaxvelis pirvelyofil cobierebaSi SeRwevis unari Seswevda.
li krasneris moraluri mxardaWeriT, polokma TiTqmis
mTeli 1940-iani wlebi gaZlo ualkoholod. swored am pe-
riodSi qmnis is Tavis yvelaze cnobil tiloebs.
polokis pirveli personaluri gamofena 1943 wels, pegi
gugenhaimis galereaSi Sedga. varskvlavuri didebisken mis
winsvlas kritikos klemenT grinbergis Sefasebebmac Seuwyo
xeli. 1947 wlisTvis is poloks `CrdiloeTi amerikis yvelaze
mZlavr fermwerad~ ixseniebda. poloki gascda avtomaturi
ferweris siurealistur strategias. man qveCarCoze gadauWi-
mavi, daumuSavebeli tilo iatakze daafina da masze saRebavis
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
mosxmiT, dawveTebiTa da CamoRvenTviT gadamkveTi xazebis
abstraqtuli bade Seqmna. 1950 wels Jurnali Time poloks
`mwveTav jekad~ ixseniebda. ori wlis Semdeg, rozenbergma
eseSi moqmedebis amerikeli fermwerebi, polokis ferweru-
li procesis aRsaniSnad, Seqmna termini moqmedebis ferwera.
rozenbergma aRwera moqmedebis ferweris ganviTareba da miz-
nebi: `garkveul momentSi amerikelma fermwerebma erTi meo-
res miyolebiT aRmoaCines, rom tilo samoqmedo arenaa da ara
sivrce, romelSic realuri an gamogonili obieqtis analizi,
asaxva an axleburad warmodgena iqneboda SesaZlebeli.~
polokis namuSevris Semodgomis ritmi (nomeri 30) (sur. 3-81)
Seqmnis procesi, hans neimasma 1950 wels filmad gadaiRo (sur.
3-82). poloki muSaobda ganaxlebul beRelSi, romlis sivrcec
mas saSualebas aZlevda iatakze gaSlil tilos oTxive mxri-
dan iolad misdgomoda. emigranti germaneli mxatvari hans
hofmani (Hans Hofmann, 1880-1966) polokamdec asxamda da awve-
Tebda saRebavebs, magram polokis mouTvinierebeli Jestebi,
moZraoba tilos garSemo da mis SigniT, minanqrisa da lakis
Semcveli (da ara mxatvrobisTvis gankuTvnili specialuri)
saRebavebis dawveTeba, saxatavad joxebisa da patara, brtyeli
niCbebis gamoyeneba, sruliad gardaqmnida ferweris, rogorc
aseTis ideas. zogi polokis rkalebsa da xveulebs qaoturs
uwodebda, magram Tavad mxatvari maTSi labirinTs xedavda,
romelsac mayurebeli rTuli gziT, bunebrivi da biomorfu-
li formebis organul, kaligrafiul qselSi unda Seeyvana.
polokis kompoziciebi moklebulia ierarqiul wesrigs, Sei-
cavs mravalricxovan xedvis wertilebs da uaryofs sivrciT
perspeqtivas. da mainc, maSinac ki rodesac saRebavi srulad
faravs tilos, is arasdros scdeba mis sazRvrebs. yovelTvis
Tavi III. 175
 arsebobs suraTis Tavi da bolo. polokis TviTkmari ferwe-
ra, rogorc daWimuli zambara, savsea mousvenari, mZlavri
energiiT, romelic mzad aris afeTqdes nebismier momentSi.
Semodgomis ritmi epikuri masStabis (2.66 X 5.25 m) namu-
Sevaria. is mTlianad STanTqavs mayureblis xedvis ares. li
krasneris informaciiT, poloki jazis didi Tayvanismcemeli
iyo da saaTobiT usmenda Carli parkerisa da dizi giles-
pis bibopis feTqebad improvizaciebs. polokis interesebi
adgilobriv amerikul xelovnebasac swvdeboda, romelic
misTvis mis dasavlur fesvebTan asocirdeboda da romlis
dabeWdvac ase uyvardaT 1930-iani wlebis popularuli da
saxelovnebo Jurnalebis garekanebze. gansakuTrebul in-
teress poloki navajos qviSis mxatvarTa mimarT iCenda,
romlebsac TavianTi namuSevrebi niu iorkSi, bunebis isto-
riis muzeumSi hqondaT gamofenili. ra Tqma unda, polo-
ki agrZelebda ferweraSi iungis koleqtiuri aracnobieris
Teoriis gamoyenebasac. magram poloki ufro meti iyo, vidre
yvela misi gavlena erTad aRebuli. misi namuSevrebi gran-
diozul, Tanamedrove, pirvelsawyiseul doneze metyvelebs.
erT radiointerviuSi poloki ambobda, rom is `TviTmfrina-
vebis, atomuri bombebisa da radios epoqisTvis~ qmnida.

moqmedebis ferweris sxva warmomadgenlebi

3-82 • hans neimasi. jeqson poloki,
1950. SemoqmedebiTi fotografiis centri. arizonas universiteti
© 1991, hans namiusis sakuTreba
uyureT videos jeqson polokis ferweraze
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
li krasneri (Lee Krasner, 1908-1984) hans hofmanTan erTad swa-
vlobda niu iorkSi da srulad datvirTuli sasuraTe sibr-
tyis mqone, abstraqtul kompoziciebs polokamde ramdenime
wliT adre qmnida. 1942 wels, is polokTan gadavida sacxov-
reblad da masze zrunvis gamo, praqtiqulad Sewyvita xatva.
1945 wels wyvili long ailendze gadavida. maT binaSi, stu-
mrebisTvis gankuTvnil saZinebelSi lim patara saxelosno
moiwyo, romelSic mcire zomis Jestikulaciur suraTebs
qmnida. 1956 wels, polokis avtokatastrofaSi daRupvis Sem-
deg, lim mis studiaSi ganagrZo muSaoba. aq Seqmna man didi,

3-83 • li krasneri. sezonebi,

1958; tilo, zeTi, 2.36X5.18 m. uiTnis amerikuli xelovnebis muzeumi, niu iorki. SeZenilia frensis da sidni liuisebis mier (gacvliT),
qalbatoni fersi iurisis gamomsyidveli fondis da ferwerisa da qandakebis komitetis dafinasebiT (87.7)

176 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi


3-84 • uilem de kuningi. qali I,
1950-1952; tilo, zeTi, 192.7X147.3 sm.
axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki
3-85 • joan miCeli. Wiamaia,
1957; tilo, zeTi, 1.98X2.74 m.
axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA),
niu iorki © namuSevarze ufleba
ekuTvnis joan miCels. Sesyidulia
(385.1961)
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
kaSkaSa, Jestikulaciuri suraTebis seria, romliTac aRiniS-
na kidec misi dabruneba meinstrimul saxelovnebo samyaroSi.
iseTi namuSevrebi, rogoricaa sezonebi (sur. 3-83), Tavisi Ta-
mami, farTe mrudebiT mxolod gaTavisuflebis axal gancdas
ki ar gamoxatavs, aramed mxatvris mZlavr igiveobas bunebis
ZalebTan, romlebic TiTqos daxeTqili, mrgvali formebiTa
da sagazafxulo ferebiTaa gadmocemuli. krasneri ambob-
da: `ferwera, roca ki is namdvilad `xdeba~, CemTvis iseTive
saswaulia, rogorc nebismieri bunebrivi movlena~.
krasneris sapirispirod, uilem de kuningi (Willem de Koo-
ning, 1904-1997) werda: `xelovneba arasdros mamSvidebs an
ganmwmends... me eWvebis gareSe vmuSaob~. niu iorkSi dasa-
xlebuli, niderlandeli emigranti de kuningi, 1926 wels
ramdenime Tanamedrove xelovans daukavSirda, maT Soris
iyo ilein meri fraidic, romelzec de kuningma Semd-
gomSi iqorwina. misi namuSevrebi maRali struqturulo-
biT gamoirCeoda da faqizad xazgasmuli regularuloba
axasiaTebda. mis Jestikulaciur monasmebSi spontanuroba
igrZnoba, romelic sinamdvileSi, eqsperimentebSi gatare-
buli saaTebisa da warumateblobis Sedegadaa miRweuli. de
kuningi debda monasmebs, Semdeg ki maT fxekda da am prcess
usasrulod imeorebda, vidre ar aRwevda sasurvel Sedegs.
1953 wels, saxelovnebo samyaro SeZrwunda misi gadawyveti-
lebiT mietovebina sufTa abstraqcia, raTa qalTa gamosa-
xulebebis figuratiuli seriebi Seeqmna. qali I-is (sur. 3-84)
dasasruleblad mxatvars 2 weli dasWirda da rogorc de
kuningis meuRlem, ileinma daiTvala, man namuSevari oras-
jer mainc gadafxika da Semdeg xelaxla daxata.
qali erTdroulad groteskulic aris da mtacebelsac
waagavs. mtruli, seqsisturi, mZlavri seqsualurobis ga-
momxatveli gamosaxuleba savsea nagulisxmevi ZaladobiTa
da Zlieri vnebiT. de kuningi am seriis suraTebs nayofi-
erebis im diadi qalRmerTebis gamosaxulebebad aRwers,
Tavi III. 177
32-86 • Jan pol riopeli. mWvreteli raindi,
1953; tilo, zeTi, 96.6X194.8 sm. kanadis erovnuli galerea, otava, ontario

3-87 • helen frenkenTeleri. mTebi da zRva,

1952; zeTi da naxSiri tiloze, 2.2X2.95 m. helen frenkenTeleris fondi, ink., droebiTi sargeblobisTvis
gadaeca xelovnebis erovnul galereas, vaSingtoni

178 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi

romlTa msgavsic mxatvars preistoriul qandakebebSi una-
xavs, anda im stereotipebis kompozitad ganixilavs, romle-
bic mediidan da kinofilmebidanaa aRebuli.
1950-ian wlebSi, abstraqtul eqspresionistTa meore
Taoba niu iorkis mezoblad, grinviC vilijSi ikribeboda.
es mtkiced Sekruli Temi ideebis gasaziareblad, sadisku-
sio jgufebs qmnida da sakuTari namuSevrebis gamosafenad,
galereebTan TanamSromlobda. jgufis yvelaze SesamCnevi
figura joan miCeli (Joan Mitchell, 1925-1992) iyo. is niu iorkSi
sacxovreblad mas Semdeg gadavida, rac Tavdapirvelad, smi-
Tis kolejSi, xolo Semdeg Tavisi mSobliuri Cikagos xelo-
vnebis institutSi miiRo ganaTleba. niu iorkSi gatarebuli
aTwleulis manZilze, is qmnida energiul, magram amasTanave
lirikul abstraqtul kompoziciebs, romlebsac aSkarad
emCneoda arSil gorkisa da de kuningis gavlena. 1959 wels,
miCeli samudamod gadavida parizSi sacxovreblad da ukve
iq ganagrZo Tavisi mxatvrobis abstraqtuli stilis ganvi-
Tareba. mis Semoqmedebas aRar Sexebia axali mimdinareoba —
pop arti, romelmac 1960-ian wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala
niu iorkis saxelovnebo asparezi. miCelis Semoqmedeba abst-
3-88 • mark rotko. lavanda da TuTa, 1959; zeTi fiberbordze
damagrebul qaRaldze, 95.9X62.8 sm. hiShornis muzeumi da
qandakebaTa baRi, smiTsonis instituti, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis
olqi. jozef h. hiShornis saCuqari, 1966
axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
raqtuli eqspresionizmis miseul adaptacias warmoadgenda,
gadmogvcemda ra mxatvris mogonebebidan gamoxmobil, bune-
bisa da urbanul peizaJebs da maTgan miRebul STabeWdile-
bebs. namuSevarSi Wiamaia (sur. 3-85), funjis Jestikulaciuri
monasmebiT, man Seqmna energiuli, Tumc kontrolirebadi
ritmebi, Tavisi palitrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli lirikuli
sirTule ki neitralur fons daupirispira da Seqmna moCve-
nebiTi gancda TiTqosda figurisa da fonis, tradiciuli
ferwerisTvis damaxasiaTebel urTierTobas iziarebda. man
Tqva: `Tavisufleba Cems namuSevrebSi kontrolirebadia. me
ar vxuWav Tvalebs da ar vrCebi ukeTesis imedad~.
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi swrafad gavrcelda kana-
daSi. Tavis mSobliur monrealSi, franko-kanadeli fermwe-
ri Jan pol riopeli (Jean-Paul Riopelle, 1923-2002) Les Automatistes
jgufis mxatvrebTan muSaobda, romlebic abstraqtuli namu-
Sevrebis Sesaqmnelad, avtomatizmis siurealistur teqnikas
iyenebdnen. 1947 wels riopeli parizSi gadavida da 1950-ia-
nebis dasawyisSi, iseT namuSevrebSi rogoricaa mWvreteli
raindi (sur. 3-86), weris Tavisebur xerxs mimarTa _ is zed ti-
loze asxamda saRebavebs, Semdeg maT mastixiniT anawilebda
zedapirze da amgvarad, iRebda feris kaSkaSa monakveTebs,
romlebsac xazebis ablabudisebri qseliT seravda.
helen frenkenTeleri (Helen Frankenthaler, d. 1928) jeqson
polokis studias 1951 wels ewvia. mas Semdeg, man moqmedebis
ferweris ufro lirikuli versiebis Seqmnas mihyo xeli da
mniSvnelovni gavlena iqonia Semdgomi Taobis xelovanebze.
polokis msagvsad, helenic iatakze muSaobda, magram saRe-
bavs daugruntav tiloze asxamda, amitomac is zedapirze
ki ar Cerdeboda, aramed qsovilSi iwovebida. frenkenTele-
ri xatvis procesis aRwerisas aRniSnavda, rom yvelaferi
iwyeboda esTetikuri sakiTxiT an gamosaxulebiT, rac Sem-
deg, yvelaze mniSvnelovan, ferweraSi TviTgamoxatvis aqtSi
gadaizrdeboda xolme. `xandaxan suraTs viwyeb SegrZnebiT
_ ra moxdeba, sami tipis lurji rom gamoviyeno...? Zalian
xSirad, namuSevris Seqmnis Sua gzamde misuls, sawyisi ga-
mocdileba Semicvlia an damimatebia da damimatebia tilos-
Tvis... rodesac vaxseneb Jests, Cem Jests, vgulisxmob imas,
rac Cems niSans warmoadgens. vfiqrob, jerac aris raRac,
risi damuSavebac mWirdeba mxatvrobaSi. CemTvis namdvili
brZolaa erTdroulad uarvyo kidec da SevinarCuno is, rac
Jestikulaciuria da piraduli.~ namuSevarSi mTebi da zRva
(sur. 3-87) frenkenTelerma tiloze ramdenime ganzavebuli
feri daRvara da moniSnuli formebi naxSiriT Semoxaza. mi-
Rebulma Sedegma, helens nova skoTias sanapiro gaaxsena, sa-
dac igi sakmaod xSirad dadioda Canaxatebis gasakeTeblad.
feradovani velis ferwera (Color Field Painting) niu ior-
kis skolis mxatvrebi mravalferovani emociuri mdgoma-
reobis gamosaxatavad abstraqtuli xelovnebisTvis dama-
xasiaTebel, sxvadasxva saSualebebs mimarTavdnen. magram
yvela maTgani rodi aRmoCnda iseTi Jiniani an improviza-
tori, rogorebic moqmedebis ferweris mimdevrebi iyvnen.
feradovani velis mxatvrebi sxva mimarTulebiT wavidnen
_ isini qmnidnen feris farTo, sibrtyobriv areebs, raTa
mayurebelSi Zlieri transcendenturi, mWvretelobiTi
gan­wyobebi gaeRviZebinaT.
Tavi III. 179
 mark rotkos (Mark Rothko, 1903-1970) TiTqmis ar gauvlia
saxelovnebo wvrTna, Tumca 1940 wlisTvis mas ukve Seqmni-
li hqonda suraTebi, romlebSic mkafiod ikveTeba evropeli
surealistebisa da iungis arqetipuli xatebebis siRrmiseu-
li gavlena. 1940-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, rotkom vertika-
lur formatSi moqceul did, sworkuTxa formis tiloebze
daiwyo moSaoba, romlebzec ferebi erTmaneTSi iyo CaRvenTi-
li. rotkos iseTi namuSevrebi, rogoricaa: lavanda da TuTa
(sur. 3-88) an mewamuli, Savi, mwvane narinjisferze, ar war-
moadgens tiloze gamosaxuli sibrtyobrivi, geometriuli
formebis martiv wesrigs, ver vxedavT aq verc ganwyobiT
arqetipul peizaJebs. rotkos, mis mier Seqmnili formebi
ZiriTad `ideebad~ miaCnda, romlebic Suamavali, cnobadi
sagnebis gareSe hpovebs gamoxatulebas sworkuTxa for-
mebSi. isini suraTis feradovani velis wina planze arian
moTavsebuli (aqedan modis saxelwodeba feradovani velis
ferwera). mxatvars erCivna Tavisi namuSevrebi erTad, se-
riad an rigad, iribi ganaTebiT gamoefina, raTa ufro gaem­
Zafrebina transcendenturi meditaciis ganwyoba.
barneT niumenic (Barnet Newman,1905-1970) Tanamedrove
kacobriobis egzistenciur mdgomareobas uzarmazar ti-
loebSi gamoxatavda. zogi maTgani romelime erT, kaSkaSa
ferSi iyo Sesrulebuli da nawevrdeboda sxva feris wvri-
li, dakbiluli xazebiT, romlebsac Tavad mxatvari `Sesak-
rav elvebs~ uwodebda. niumenis gancxadebiT, misi xelov-
neba exeboda `sakuTar arss, saSinelsa da ucvlels~. VIR
HEROICUS SUBLIMIS (laTinurad _ adamiani, heroikuli da
amaRlebuli) (sur. 3-89) gviCvenebs, Tu rogor uwyobs xels
niumenis sruli koncentracia mxolod erT ferze, sura-
Tis mniSvnelobis warmoCenas. wiTeli feris ganieri veli ar
gadmoscems raime formas, is warmoaCens amaRlebuli siwiT-
lis absolutur mdgomareobas vrcel, epikur tiloze, ro-
melic mxolod sxva feris saSiSi elvebiTaa danawevrebuli.
isini gvemuqrebian, rogorc adamianis tragikuli mankiere-
3-89 • barneT niumeni. VIR HEROICUS SUBLIMIS,
1950-1951; tilo, zeTi, 242X541.7 sm. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki. batoni da qalbatoni ben helerebis saCuqari
180 Tavi III. axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi
bani, raTa wonasworoba dagvakargvinon. niumeni werda: `Ta-
namedrove mxatvars sakuTari gancdebi an piradi saidum-
loeba imdenad ar aRelvebs, ramdenadac samyaros saidum-
loebebSi SeRwevis survili. swored amitom cdilobs misi
warmosaxva Cawvdes metafizikur saidumloebebs, swored
amdenad ukavSirdeba misi xelovneba amaRlebuls~.
niu iorkis skolis qandakeba moqandakeebi Seecadnen
win aRdgomodnen myisier Jestikulaciur process, romelic
iseTma xelovanebma ganaviTares, rogoric jeqson poloki
iyo. Tumca zogierTma maTganma SeZlo abstraqtulisa da
eqspresionistulis sam ganzomilebaSi gaerTianeba. devid
smiTma (David Smith, 1906-1965) SeduRebisa da SeWedvis teqni-
ka indianaSi, saavtomobilo qarxanaSi muSaobisas Seiswavla.
is fermwerobas apirebda, magram pikasos liTonis SeduRe-
buli qandakebebis reproduqciebis naxvis Semedeg, moqan-
dakeoba gadawyvita. smiTi imTaviTve ganerida tradiciuli
qandakebis Zvirfas masalebs da namuSevrebs standartu-
li, samrewvelo masalebiT qmnida. II msoflio omis Semdeg,
smiTma horizontaluri formatis, gaxsnili formis qanda-
kebebis SeduReba daiwyo, romlebic sivrceSi moTavsebul
naxatebs hgavda. misi vertikaluri, CUBI -s seriis qandakebe-
bis (sur. 3-90) formebi standartizebuli, winaswar daWrili
uJangavi foladis furclebis zomebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
fotoebze smiTis namuSevrebs samrewvelo sicive dahkra-
vs, magram gareT, realur garemoSi maTi Tvalierebisas
(rogorc es smiTs hqonda kidec Cafiqrebuli), davinaxavT
rogor amCnevia maT Zliergaprialebul zedapirebs moqan-
dakis iaraRebisa da Jestebis kvali, rogor sxvadasxvagva-
rad ireklaven an gardatexen isini mzis sxivebs dRis mo-
nakveTis, amindis an xedvis wertilis mixedviT. es TiTqmis
anTropomorfuli, giganturi, totemuri figurebis msgavsi
qandakebebi saocrad organulia axlo manZilidan aRqmisas.
3-90 • devid smiTi. Cubi, seria Cubi, 1965; aRmarTulia bolTon lendingSi, niu iorki.
CUBI XVIII (marcxniv), 1964; uJangavi foladi, 2.94 m. saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumi, bostoni.
CUBI XVII (centrSi), 1963; uJangavi foladi, 2.79 m. dalasis saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumi, dalasi.
CUBI XIX (marjvniv), 1964; uJangavi foladi, 2.88 m. teiti, londoni. Art © Estate of David Smith/ licenzirebuli VAGA-s mier. niu iorki

dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
3.1 ganixileT abstraqtul eqspresionizmTan dakavSirebul urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
mxatvarTa miznebi da interesebi. daaxasiaTeT siurealiste- xelovnebis istoriis manZilze,
bisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis sxva avangarduli saxelovne- xelovanebma omis SemaZrwunebeli
bo moZraobebis gavlena modernistuli xelovnebis am axali sisas­tikisa da politikuri
mimarTulebis formirebaze. Seviwrovebis metyveli da
3.2 aRwereT orive msoflio omis zegavlena evropul da Crdi- amaRelvebeli gamosaxulebebi
loeT amerikul saxviT xelovnebaze. daeyrdeniT or namuSe- Seqmnes. ganixileT is politikuri
vars, rogorc Tqveni diskusiis mTavar obieqts, erTs — evro- garemoebebi, romlebmac am ori,
puls da meores — amerikuls.
qvemoTmoyvanili namuSevris Seqmna
3.3 SeajameT didi depresiis movlenebi da ganixileT maTi zega- ganapiroba, SeafaseT ramdenad
vlenis xarisxi amerikul xelovnebaze. sur. 1-44
exmianeba isini am ori Semoqmedis
3.4 ganmarteT, rogor Secvales dadaizmma da siurealizma xe- stilsa da maT dros. vin iyo am
lovnebis forma, Sinaarsi da idea. winamdebare TavSi ganxi- ori namuSevris mayurebeli?
luli xelovnebis nimuSebidan, romel ors airCevdiT am ori
mimdinareobis warmosadgenad? ratom?
sur. 3-64

SeiswavleT da mimoixileT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

axali xelovneba evropasa da amerikaSi, 1900-1950 wlebi Tavi III. 181

33-1 • jasper jonsi. samizne TabaSiris formebiT,
1955; enkaustika da kolaJi tiloze obieqtebTan erTad, 129.5X111.8 sm. batoni da qalbatoni leo kastelebis
koleqciidan. Art © Jasper Jones/ licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
1950-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, niu iorkel xelovanTa axalma
Taobam eWvqveS daayena wina Taobis abstraqtul eqspre-
sionistTa mxatvruli miRwevebi. isini miiCnevdnen, rom
xelovneba mtkiced unda iyos dakavSirebuli realur
cxovrebasTan. or xelovans, jasper jonssa da robert
rauSenbergs mraval kiTxvas uCenda niu iorkis skolis
miznebi, gansakuTrebiT im saxiT, rogorc es qlemenT
grinbergis formalizmis versiaSi iyo gansazRvruli _
mag., is, rom xelovneba unda iyos avtonomiuri da gaaCn-
des Sinagani Tanmimdevruloba (unda iyos Rrmad Sinaar-
sobrivi, magram abstraqtuli, mis mTavar Temas ferweris
Seqmnis aqti unda warmoadgendes da is mTel kompozi-
cias unda moicavdes); rom is unda eridos popularuli
kulturis samarcxvino laqas da sagalereo sivrcis gan-
calkevebul, `TeTr kubSi~ ifinebodes; da rom xelova-
nebi fxizlad TviTkritikulni unda iyvnen. namuSevarSi
samizne TabaSiris formebiT (sur. 4-1), jonss formalizmi
mxolod misi SesaZleblobebis zRvramde ki ar mihyavs,
aramed faqtobrivad, dascinis kidec mas.
namuSevari arc ferwerulia da arc skulpturuli, igi
orive mediumis niSnebs Seicavs da maT zRvarzea Seqmnili.
namuSevris zeda nawilis gaswvriv, CaRrmavebul fosoeb-
Si Casmuli, TabaSirisgan Camosxmuli sxeulis calkeuli
nawilebi abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis araierarqiuli
maneris parodiaa, centrSi gamosaxuli samizne ki Tavad
ierarqias ganasaxierebs. samiznis mTeli kompozicia er-
Tianad sibrtyobrivia, magram mas imavdroulad, yovelT-
vis aqvs mkafiod moniSnuli centri. amasTan, arc samizne
da arc TabaSiris formebi ar Seesabameba abstraqciis ma-
xasiaTeblebs. sinamdvileSi, orive maTgani popularuli
SeiswavleT Semdegi:
4.1 gaiazreT obieqtis `dematerializacia~ 1950-iani wlebis Sem-
deg da SeafaseT misi dabruneba 1980-ianebSi.
4.2 gansazRvreT gzebi, romlebsac artistebma 1950-ianebSi mi-
marTes, raTa popularuli kultura `maRali xelovnebis~
samyaroSi CaerToT.
4.2 ganixileT 1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, artistebis Car-
IV
Tavi
kulturisa da jonsis garSemo arsebuli samyaros nawi-
lia. samiznem wamoswia gamosaxulebis arsis metad mtki-
vneuli sakiTxi: es samiznis gamosaxulebaa Tu Tavad sa-
mizne? namuSevris mniSvneloba metismetad aramdgradia
_ igi Seicavs sxeulis amocnobad nawilebs da amocnobad
obieqts (samizne), magram maTi erT sivrceSi Tavmoyris
mizani mainc bundovania. abstraqtul eqspresionistTa
namuSevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, jonsis xelovneba emociu-
rad civia da gonismieri. misi Taobis bevri sxva Semoqme-
dis msgavsad, jonss Semoaqvs mza, amocnobadi, realuri
samyarodan aRebuli xatebebi da obieqtebi da maTi kon-
teqstis strategiuli SecvliT svams SekiTxvebs xelov-
nebaSi formis, garegnuli maxasiaTeblebis, Sinaarsisa da
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, 1950-iani wlebis Semdgo-
mi xanis xelovnebaTa msgavsad, jonsis Semoqmedebac imde-
nad inteleqtualuria, ramdenadac saxviTi.
jonsi da rauSenbergi gardamtexi cvlilebebis mom-
tani figurebi iyvnen ara mxolod niu iorkis, aramed
mis miRma arsebuli saxelovnebo samyarosTvisac. maT
mniSvnelovnad gaafarToves abstraqtuli eqspresio-
nizmis inteleqtualuri safuZvlebi, daamSvides abst-
raqcionistTa vnebebi, daacxres maTi emocia da Seqmnes
xelovneba, romelic dakavSirebuli da STagonebuli iyo
omis Semdgomi amerikis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebuli
vizualuri kulturiT. jonsma da rauSenbergma biZgi
misces xelovnebaSi popularuli kulturis CarTvisadmi
Semdgomi Taobis interess, xelovnebis konceftualuri
safuZvlebis Ziebebs, xelovnebaSi aratradiciuli masa-
lebis gamoyenebas da xelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiTi Sesa-
Zleblobebis Seswavlas.
Tulobis xarisxi socialur, politikur, kulturul an/da
religiur sakiTxebSi.
4.4 gamoikvlieT Tanamedrove saxelovnebo samyaros mzardi
globalizacia da is gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac Seiqmna
axali SesaZleblobebi, strategiebi da Temebi dRevandeli
xelovanebisTvis.
mousmineT am Tavis audio masalas veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
183
samyaro
1950-iani wlebis Semdeg
II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, samyaros ori yvelaze
Zlevamosili saxelmwifo moevlina _ amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri. sabWoTa okupaciam, sabWoTa
xelisuflebis mier centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis
zogierTi saxelmwifos komunisturi mTavrobis dafinanse-
bam da 1949 wels, CineTis saxalxo republikis Camoyali-
bebam, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aiZula Seekavebina sa-
bWoTa Zalisa da komunizmis eqspansia amerikuli gavlenebis
sferoebSi, kerZod, dasavleT evropaSi, iaponiasa da laTi-
nur amerikaSi. aRniSnulma qmedebebma daaCqara e.w. civi omi
da evropis sazRvrebTan `rkinis fardis~ (rogorc mas uins-
Ton CerCili uwodebda) CamoSveba (ruka 4-1). amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebi finansurad da politikurad xels uwyobda
misi interesebisadmi keTilganwyobil saxelmwifoebs, Tu-
mca mogvianebiT, samxedro Zalas mimarTa. am SemTxvevaTa-
gan yvelaze cnobili koreaa (1950-53), Semdeg ki vietnami
(1954-1975). 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis evropam Tavisi
imperiuli samflobeloebis mniSvnelovani nawili dakarga
da es umTavresad, gaWianurebuli partizanuli omebis Se-
degad moxda (ase mouvida mag., safrangeTs vietnamsa da al-
JirSi). didma britaneTma indoeTs 1946 wels mianiWa damo-
ukidebloba, 1971 wlisTvis ki sabolood gamovida `suecis
aRmosavleTi nawilidan~.
civi omis dros, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da ss-
rk-m birTvuli iaraRis didi arsenali daagroves. saboloo
jamSi, maT garduvali urTierTganadgurebis sawinaaRmdego
strategia SeimuSaves. is birTvuli omis Sekavebas gulisx-
mobda, romelic ganadgurebiT emuqreboda mSvidobian mosa-
xleobas orive mxres.
civi omi faqtobrivad, 1989 wlis oqtomberSi, berli-
nis kedlis dacemiT dasrulda. 1992 wels sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg ki amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mTels mso-
flioSi erTadeT, upirobo, supersaxelmwifod gadaiqca.
amerikuli ZaliT mxardaWerili, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia 1945 wels daarsda. is koleqtiuri usafr-
Txoebis uzrunvelyofasa da axali, omisSemdgomi msoflio
wesrigis anglo-amerikuli modelis dakanonebas isaxavda
miznad. sabolood, is suverenitetis amRiarebeli forumi
aRmoCnda aziisa da afrikis im mravali saxelmwifosTvis,
romlebmac omis Semdeg moipoves damoukidebloba. saxel-
mwifoTaSoris konfliqtebSi Carevis mandatis miuxedavad,
gaero-s mcdelobebi SeenarCunebina globaluri mSvidoba,
araadekvaturi aRmoCnda im eTnikuri da religiuri kon-
fliqtebis winaSe, romlebmac iseT regionebSi ifeTqa, ro-
goricaa indoeTis subkontinenti, centraluri da aRmosa-
vleTi afrika, balkaneTi da Sua aRmosavleTi. teroriste-
bis Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrsa da pentagonze
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers kidev ufro gaamwvava manamde arse-
buli rasistuli, eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebi da
samoqalaqo da saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi. pirvel rigSi es
iyo amerikis mier warmoebuli, bolodroindeli sakamaTo
omebi avRaneTsa da eraySi.
184 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
xelovnebis samyaro 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg
1950-iani wlebidan xelovanebi fundamenturi sakiTxebis
winaSe dadgnen: ra aris xelovneba? unda iyos Tu ara xelo-
vnebis nimuSi obieqti? SeiZleba Tu ara xelovneba vuwodoT
ideas rogorc aseTs? aris Tu ara is obieqtisa da ideis
kombinacia? am periodis artistebma axleburad gaiazres
xelovneba, axali dRis wesrigi daadgines da radikalurad
axali formebis, Sinaarisa da ideebis xorcSesxmas Seudgnen.
isini xelovnebas im sul ufro rTuli da sakamaTo soci-
aluri da politikuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad iyenebdnen,
romlebzec ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovnad swori an mcdari
pasuxi. maT wamoswies sqesis, rasis, eTnikurobis, seqsualu-
ri orientacis, religiis, klasis, sikvdilis, kolonializ-
mis, terorizmis, sustebis mimarT Zaladobisa da Zalaufle-
bis mimarT winaaRmdegobis sakiTxebi. maTi xelovneba sulac
ar cdilobs moraluri magaliTebis CvenebiT Cvens darige-
bas (neoklasicizmisgan gansxvavebiT); is ufro gviwvevs, gvi-
biZgebs kiTxvebi davsvaT sakuTar moralze, qcevaze, TviT-
kmayofilebaze. umeteswilad, am xelovnebis araTu gageba,
yurebac ki rTulia. is xSirad gvitevs da gvadanaSaulebs.
is iSviaTadaa mSvenieri. magram dRevandel xelovnebas sarke
uWiravs, romelSic Tanamedrove cxovreba irekleba, war-
moaCens iseT rasmes, rasac sxva konteqstSi verc ki vamCnev-
diT an arc ki gvesmoda. is gvaiZulebs sakuTar Tavs davupi-
rispirdeT sarkeSi. axlandeli xelovneba Tavidan SeiZleba
arc ki mogvewonos, magram rogorc ki mets viswavliT mis
Sesaxeb, aRmovaCenT, rom mas, iseve rogorc yvela didebul
xelovnebas, aqvs imis Zala, rom Rrma gavlena moaxdinos
Cvenze da CagvrTos gamowvevebiT savse dialogSi.
gafarTovebuli
saxelovnebo samyaro
xelovanTa Taoba, romelmac 1950-ian wlebSi daiwyo muSaoba,
sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad mimarTavda realur samyaros,
amCnevda mis daqsaqsulobas, cvalebadobas da mis daudevar
damokidebulebas popularuli kulturisadmi. asambliaJma
da kolaJma daSala fizikuri forma da misi mniSvneloba,
moSala zRvari ferwerasa da qandakebas, maRal da mdare
xelovnebas Soris. pop artistebma gamoikvlies reklamis
Zala da Seiswavles axleburad danaxuli yofiTi samyaro.
fotografebma dagvanaxes Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros
is mxareebi, romlebsac manamde ver vamCnevdiT an gverCivna,
rom ar dagvenaxa.
asambliaJi
erTi axali saxelovnebo mimarTuleba, romelic XX sauku-
nis meore naxevarSi ganviTarda iyo asambliaJi _ gansxvave-
buli, SeuTavsebeli elementebis kombinirebiT, nawarmoebis
awyobis xelovneba. 1950 wlisTvis, luiz nevelsoni (Louise
Nevelson, 1899-1988) ukve qmnida analitikuri kubizmiT STa-
gonebul, asambliaJis sxvadasxva versiebs. manheTenis dau-
nTaunSi xetialisas, igi agrovebda gadayril SesafuT ko-
lofebs, romlebSic frTxilad anTavsebda skamis fexebs,
cocxis saxelurs, mcire zomis karadis karebs, Carxis mb-
runav lilvebs da xis nakeTobaTa sxva narCenebs. calkeuli
 alaska
norvegia
SvedeTi
ruseTi
Sotlandia Crd.
kanada
zRva dania
inglisi poloneTi
nid.berlini
ger.
CrdiloeT londoni
kaseli evropa
niufaudlendi diuseldorfi
parizi ungreTi
amerika monreali vail am raini bazeli budapeSti
mineapolisi safrangeTi rumineTi
toronto axali Sotlandia italia
boisi Cikago bulgareTi
didi niu iorki somxeTi
CestnaT hili espaneTi
solT leiqi filadelfia portugalia avRaneTi
san francisko amarilo vaSingtoni, xm e erayi
SeerTebuli Statebi kolumbiis olqi l T aS
los anjelesi oklahoma eiSvili ua zRva israeli irani
finiqsi alJiri
egvipte palestina
meqsika meqsikis
maiami atlantikis
yure havana
okeane a f r i k a
havai kuba
mexiko mali
karibis zRva senegali
nigeria eTiopia
somali
siera
wynari leone
kolumbia
okeane
peru brazilia

bolivia

2000 km

2000 mili
samxreT
afrika
urugvai

ruka 4-1 • msoflio 1950 wlis Semdeg

saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba Tanamedrove xelovnebis
samyaroSi amerikaSi, evropaSi da afrikaSi

elementebis raobis dasamalad, is asamblaJebs mqr-

qali Savi feriT Rebavda, rac xels uwyobda rogorc
maT formalur gaerTianebas, ise saidumlo atmos-
feros Seqmnas. studiis kedelTan am yuTebis dala-
gebisas, nevelsoni mixvda, rom erTad isini bevrad
ufro mZlavr STabeWdilebas axdenda, vidre cal
calke da kedlis iseTi monumenturi asambliaJebis
Seqmnas Seudga, rogoricaa 1958 wliT daTariRebu-
li zeciuri taZari (sur. 4-2). axal sqemaSi nevelsons
yvelaze metad is moswonda, rom mas iseve SeeZlo
Cveulebrivi sivrcis sruli gardaqmna, rogorc mis
mier gamoyenebul, yofiT elementebs xelovnebis
nimuSebad qceva. poeturi ganzomilebis Sesamateb-
lad, pirveli Cvenebisas, nevelsonma zeciuri taZari
rbili lurji SuqiT gaanaTa, rasac mTvaris naTebis
asociacia unda Seeqmna.
nevelsonis msgavsad, vizualuri artistebi: jasper
jonsi (Jasper Johns, d. 1930), robert rauSenbergi (Robert
Rauschenberg, 1925-2008) da kompozitori jon qeiji (John
Cage, 1912-1992) maT garSemo arsebul samyaros ki ar
warmogvidgendnen, aramed cnobierad SemohyavdaT is

4-2 • luiz nevelsoni. zeciuri taZari,

1958; Savad SeRebili xis konstruqciis asamblaJi,
3.44X3.05X0.46 m. axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 185

4-3 • robert rauSenbergi. kanioni,
1959; zeTi, fanqari, qaRaldi, liToni, fotografia, qsovili, xe tiloze, Rilebi, sarke, arwivis fituli,
bawriT Sekruli baliSi, saRebavis tubi, 2.08X1.78X0.61 m. sonabendis koleqcia. ART © robert rauSenbergis
qoneba/ licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki (RR-00016)

186 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

Tavis xelovnebasa da musikaSi da amgvarad, gansakuTrebuli
tipis asamblaJebs qmnidnen. qeiji, romelic garkveul xans Cr-
diloeT karolinaSi, neSvilis maxloblad mdebare, bleq maun-
Tinis kolejSi (Black Mountain College) swavlobda, ikvlevda iseTi
musikis Seqmnis ideas, romelSic misi garemomcveli samyaros
sxvadasxva xmebi iqneboda CarTuli.
1952 wels qeijma `dawera~ musikaluri kompozicia 4’33’
(4 wuTi 33 wami). premieraze, romelic niu iorkSi, vudsTok-
Si Sedga, scenaze gamosuli pianisti 4 wuTisa da 33 wamis
ganmavlobaSi Cumad ijda roialTan, Semdeg instrumentis
Tavi daxura, riTic mianiSna, rom warmodgena dasrulebuli
iyo. sinamdvileSi namuSevris JReradobas is xmauri Sead-
genda, rac darbazSi 4 wuTisa da 33 wamis manZilze idga:
xveleba, SraSuni, CurCuli. Sesabamisad, warmodgenis yovel
axal jerze kompozicia icvleboda, yovel axal scenasa Tu
auditoriaSi is axal xmebs da mniSvnelobebs ikrebda da am-
gvarad, sul sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciebisTvis iyo ga-
xsnili. jonsic da rauSenbergic napovn, SeuTavsebel obie-
qtebsa da gamosaxulebebs rTavdnen TavianT asambliaJebSi,
raTa SeeqmnaT xelovnebis iseTi saxviTi nimuSi, romelsac
erTdroulad, Ria dasasrulic eqneboda da mravalgvari
mniSvnelobac.
rauSenbergi teqsasSi aRizarda, niu iorkSi ki 1947 wels
imisTvis gadavida, rom exata. bleq maunTin kolejSi is qei-
jTan da de kuningTan erTad swavlobda (sur. 3-84) da `cxo-
vrebisa da xelovnebis zRvarze muSaobis~ SesaZleblobebs
ikvlevda. 1951 wels, rauSenbergma kaSkaSa SuqiT ganaTebu-
li, sufTa, TeTri suraTebis seria gamofina. mis arss ti-
loze dacemuli mayureblis Crdili warmoadgenda. es namu-
Sevari, qeijis mier momdevno wels Seqmnili, 4’33~-is zusti
vizualuri paraleli iyo. 1955-1960 wlebSi rauSenbergma
Seqmna namuSevrebis seria, romelsac combines uwoda. es iyo
ferwerisa da qandakebis kombinaciebi, romelTa Sesaqmen-
lad aratradiciuli saxelovnebo masalebi gamoiyenebo-
da. namuSevarSi kanioni (sur. 4-3) CarTulia Zveli ojaxuri
fotoebi, sazogadoebrvi gamosaxulebebi (Tavisuflebis
qandakeba), politikuri plakatis fragmentebi (centrSi),
nayidi an nagvidan amoRebuli sxvadasxvagvari nivTebi (fo-
ladis gabrtyelebuli doli, zeda marjvena kuTxeSi), sam-
ganzomilebiani formebi, mag., yuTze Camomjdari arwivis
fituli (megobris saCuqari) an xis naWerze bawriT Camo-
kidebuli WuWyiani baliSi. am areulobas, romelic kidev
ufro gamZafrebulia saRebavis TiTqosda daudevari mo-
nasmebiT, nanaxis mniSvnelobaze unda daefiqrebina mayu-
rebeli. es namuSevari sxvadasxvagvar wakiTxvaze iyo gaTv-
lili, amitom rauSenbergma iseTi masala Sekriba, romlis
interpretirebas TiToeuli mnaxveli Taviseburad SeZleb-
da. mxatvari xalisiT iRebda Tanamedrove qalaqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel qaossa da araprognozirebadobas da maT
metaforul gamoxatulebas xelovnebaSi eZiebda. `warmate-
bulad mxolod maSin vTvli Tavs~ ambobda igi, `rodesac
vqmni raRac iseTs, rac Zalian hgavs im wesrigis naklebo-
bas, rogorsac me ganvicdi~.
1961 wels, axali xelovnebis muzeumma moawyo gamofena
saxelwodebiT _ The Art of Assemblage (asamblaJis xelovneba).
robert rauSenbergi, or umniSvnelovanes amerikel xelo-
vanTagan erT-erTi iyo, vinc masSi monawileobis misaRebad
miiwvies. meore, misi axlo megobari da dro da dro say-
vareli, samxreTeli jasper jonsi iyo. 1950-iani wlebis
manZilze, marsel diuSanis (sur. 3-30) magaliTiT STagonebu-
li jasper jonsi, Tanamedrove xelovnebis problemebTan
uSualod dakavSirebul, gonismier, damabnevel namuSevrebs
qmnida. samizne TabaSiris formebiT (sur. 4-1) _ romelic arc
mxatvrobaa da arc qandakeba, aramed orive erTad _ Seexe-
ba fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, romelic SesaZloa, Tavad
mxatvris SfoTvebisa da SiSebidan momdinareobdes. orga-
nul mTlianobas moklebuli, adamianis sxeulis TabaSiris
nawilebi samiznis Tavze, iseTive uSinaarso da carielia,
rogorc Tavad samizne. moZravi sarqvelebis saSualebiT,
mayurebels SeuZlia daxuros yvela an ramdenime is kolo-
fismagvari CaRrmaveba, romlebSic adamianis sxeulis Taba-
Siris nawilebia moTavsebuli da amgvarad, daasrulos de-
personalizaciis procesi da srulad an gamorCeviT waSa-
los aq adamianis myofobis kvali. fragmentuli an nawilob-
riv dafaruli sxeulis nawilebisa da mkafiod gamoxatuli
samiznis Sepirispireba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
jonsis, rogorc gei xelovanis poziciis konteqstSi, rome-
lic civi omis droindeli amerikis SemzRudav da xSirad,
paranoidalur atmosferoSi iyo gamoxatuli. mtkiced mdu-
mare, magram Tamamad gamoxatuli mxatvris piradi identoba
suraTSi mouxelTebeli da nawilobriv SeniRbuli rCeba, is
usafrTxodaa daSorebuli centrs, samiznes.
1950-iani wlebis bolosa da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si, ramdenime Teatraluri RonisZiebis farglebSi jonsis,
qeijisa da rauSenbergis TanamSromlobam droiT sivrceSi
ganavrco asambliaJis idea. qeiji musikas werda, jonsi da
rauSenbergi ki dekoraciebs qmnidnen da xandaxan monawi-
leobdnen kidec dadgmebSi. isini muSaobdnen mers qaning-
hemis cekvis kompaniaSi, romelic iseT, yoveldRiur qme-
debebze dafuZnebuli cekvebis dadgmaze specializdeboda,
rogoricaa mag., avtobusis molodini an gazeTis kiTxva.
warmodgenamde monawileeebi erTmaneTs ar atyobinebdnen
Tu ris gakeTebas apirebdnen scenaze. spontanurobis wy-
alobiT, es warmodgenebi legendad iqca.
hefeningisa da performansis xelovneba
1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi zogierTi artisti amtkiceb-
da, rom mxatvruli procesi iseTive mniSvnelovani iyo,
rogorc dasrulebuli namuSevari. maT tradiciuli saxe-
lovnebo masalebis Canacvleba sakuTari sxeulis qmede-
bebiT, moZraobebiTa da JestebiT daiwyes. es movlenebi,
alan qefrous mier, hefening-ad iqna wodebuli, Tumca per-
formansis xelovneba ufro gavrcelebuli terminia. Tavis
arsebobas is poloks unda umadlodes (sur. 3-82), romelmac
mxatvrobis Seqmnis fizikuri aqti xelovnebis nimuSad aq-
cia. mniSvnelovania qeijis, jonsisa da rauSenbergis wvli-
lic, romlebic spontanur da winaswar daugegmav qmedebebs
eyrdnobodnen, raTa yoveli warmodgenisTvis dekoraciebis
axali variantebi SeeqmnaT. performansis xelovnebam sa-
bolood gaanadgura barieri, romlic tradiciulad arse-
bobda mayurebelsa da xelovnebis nawarmoebs Soris, radgan
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 187
 4-4 • Sozo Simamoto.
nasroli ferebi,
1956; hefeningi,
guTai-s meore
gamofena, tokio

is gacocxlda da aqtiurad SemoiWra mayureblis sivrceSi,

rogorc fizikurad, ise inteleqtualurad. performansi
xSirad radikaluri da agresiulia. is mxolod konkretul
momentSi arsebobs da miuxedavad imisa, rom xandaxan fo-
toebsa da filmebSi rCeba, mainc efemerulia.

jgufi guTai zogierTi adreuli, omis Semdgomi xanis

performansi iaponiaSi Sedga. 1954 wels, ramdenime iaponelma
xelovanma guTai jgufi (The Gutai Group, gansxeuleba) Camoay-
aliba, raTa `diadi energiiT sufTa da SemoqmedebiTi qmede-
bebis SesaZleblobisTvis mieRwiaT~. guTais performanseb-
Si SemoqmedebiTi aqti Tavad iyo xelovnebis nimuSi. guTai
xSirad awyobda instalaciebs (xelovnebis nimuSis moTavse-
ba specifikur adgilas, romlisTvis is iyo Seqmnili) Ria
cis qveS, Teatralur warmodgenebs da dramatuli xasiaTis
performansebs. 1956 wels, guTais meore gamofenaze, Sozo
Simamotom (Shozo Shimamoto, d. 1928) warmoadgina performansi
nasroli ferebi (sur. 4-4), romlis drosac, saRebavian boTlebs
pirdapir iatakze dafenil tiloze amsxvrevda. man polo-
kis Jestikulaciuri ferweruli teqnika miiyvana werti-
lamde, sadac xelovnebis nimuSi ferweris performansSiRa
arsebobda da ara Seqmnil obieqtSi. sinamdvileSi, guTaiis
artistebi, yoveli performansis bolos mudmivad anadgu-
rebdnen maT mierve Seqmnil fizikur produqts.

qefrou alan qefrou (Allan Kaprow, 1927-2000), jon qei-

jis kidev erTi studenti, 1958 wels garemos xelovnebis
(environments), xolo 1959-Si hefeningebis Seqmnas iwyebs. na-
muSevari ezo (sur. 4-5) manhetenze, marTa jeqsonis galereis 4-5 • alan qefrou, ezo,
ukan, kedlebiT mozRudul baRSi daidga. qefroum sivrce 1961; saburavebis xedi, marTa jeqsonis galereis ezo,
naxmari saburavebiT, toliTa da kasrebiT Seavso, Semdeg niu iorki, 1961

188 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg


4-6 • iv klaini. naxtomi sicarieleSi,
1960; iv klainis performansi, jenTil-bernardis quCaze,
fonTini-oqs-rozisi, 1960 wlis oqtomberi. fotografi hari
Sanqi. dabeWdilia Jelatin-vercxlis qaRaldze, 25.9X20 sm.
mnaxvelebs maT Soris gavla sTxova, raTa Tavad SeegrZ-
noT xelovnebis galereis sivrceSi rekonteqstualizebuli
(axali mniSvnelobebis Seqmnis mizniT, erTi konteqstidan
amoRebuli da sxva konteqstSi gadanacvlebuli) rezinisa
da tolis suni da fizikuri sxeuli. mogvianebiT qefroum
aRwera, Tu rogor eziareboda galereis auditoria (gaci-
lebiT ufro oficialurad Cacmuli, vidre dRes iqneboda),
gansakuTrebiT ki kabebiTa da maRalqusliani fexsacmele-
biT mosili qalebi, urbanuli garemos aspeqtebs maTTvis
uCveulo da moulodneli gzebiT _ maT saburavebze dacema
an yiramala gadasvla uwevdaT.
k l a i n i evropaSi, performansis xelovneba iseTi mimdi­
nareobis aqtivobebis nawilad gvxvdeba, rogoric axali
realizmia. termini SemuSavda xelovnebis kritikosis, pier
resTanis mier, romelic amtkicebda, rom ferweris epoqa
daasrula niu iorkis skolam da mimdinareobam Art Informel
(informaluri xelovneba), rom amieridan, xelovneba Tavis
formebs realuri cxovrebidan aiRebs. igi werda: `realobis
vnebiani Tavgadasavali gancalkevebiT aRiqmeba... axali rea-
listebi ferweris samyaros ganixilaven did, fundamentur
namuSevrad, saidanac isini fragmentebs miiTviseben~.
frangma artistma iv klainma (Yves Klein, 1928-1962) Tavisi
lurji periodis anTropometria pirvelad 1960-ian wlebSi
dadga. mis mier lurjad SeRebili sami modeli qali, SiS-
veli sxeulebiT qaRaldis did zewrebze lurj anabeWdebs
tovebdnen. procesi musikis TanxlebiT mimdinareobda _ es
iyo ocnawiliani saorkestro nawarmoebi, romelic mxolod
erTi notiT sruldeboda. performansi aSkarad satiru-
li komentari iyo polokis moqmedebis ferweraze, romlis
pretenciozul xasiaTze klaini werda: `me ar momwons ar-
tistebi, romlebic sakuTar ferweraSi iclebian. isini ise
4-7 • qeroli Snimani.
sxeulis dResaswauli,
1964; dabeWdilia
Jelatin-vercxlis qaRaldze.
gadaRebulia toni
rei-jonsis mier, 1964
wlis noemberSi, jadsonis
memoriul eklesiaSi
gamarTuli qeroli Snimanis
peroformansis, an
hefeningis dros
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 189
 4-8 • robert frenki.
troleibusi, axali orleani,
1955; dabeWdilia Jelatin-
vercxlis qaRaldze,(23X33 sm).
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti
© robert frenki,
seriidan amerikelebi,
feis/maqgilis galerea,
niu iorki, fotografiis
galereis fondi (1961.943)

gadmoafurTxeben xolme yovel Campal sirTules, TiTqos
Tavs iTavisufleben~. mgrZnobiare da gasarTobi Cvenebebis
nacvlad, man SemogvTavaza iseTi namuSevari, romlis Seqmna
xelis Sexebasac ki ar saWiroebda.
klainma, Tavisi 1960 wlis namuSevriT naxtomi sicarie-
leSi (sur. 4-6) gaiTqva saxeli. damuSavebuli foto gviCvenebs
artists, romelic gaSlili xelebiT kedlidan pirdapir
quCaSi xteba, mis qvemoT ki mxolod trotuaria. pirvelad
es foto klainma imisTvis gamoaqveyna, rom daedasturebi-
na mTvareze damoukideblad mogzaurobis unaris saxuma-
ro pretenzia. kidev erTxel foto daibeWda pamfletSi,
romelSic is gmobda NASA-s gancxadebas mTvareze adamianis
gadasmis Sesaxeb da mas ampartavnulsa da sulelurs uwo-
debda. klaini amtkicebda, rom misi namuSevrebi mxolod
anabeWdebad xdeboda xiluli, am fotos SemTxvevaSi, namu-
Sevrad trotuarze misi anabeWdi iqca.
da kinetikuri jgufis Teatris mier de la Libre Expression-is fes-
tivalze gaTamaSda, meored ki niu iorkSi, sadac is foto
da kinofirze aRbeWdes. rva mamakaci da qali jer erTmaneTs
aSiSvlebdnen, Semdeg cekvavdnen, TavdaviwyebiT goravdnen
iatakze da Tavs umi TevziT, umi sosisiT, naxevrad gaputu-
li umi da sisxliani qaTmiT, sveli saRebavebiT da qaRalde-
bis nafleTebiT iqcevdnen. Snimans surda auditoriasac da
Semsruleblebsac SeesunTqaT, daegemovnebinaT da SeegrZ-
noT sxeuli da misi fluidebi. kritikosebma namuSevari gan-
sxvavebulad _ erotikul ritualad an xorcisa da sisxlis
visceralur (Sinagan, intuiciur) dResaswaulad aRweres. es
namuSevari ewinaaRmdegeboda molodins imisa, rom xelov-
nebis nimuSi mxolod samxatvro galereis civ da uemocio
sivrceSi, mis wesrigs damorCilebuli mayureblis mier unda
yofiliyo Sefasebuli. auditorias unda eborga, radgan Sems-
ruleblebma Sors moisroles yovelgvari wesi da SezRudva.

Snimani adreul etapze, performansis mimde-

var artistTa Soris, mravlad iyvnen qalebi.
xelovnebaSi saukuneebis manZilze swored qa-
lis sxeuli warmoadgenda mamakacTa sagangebo
yuradRebis obieqts. performansis xelovneba
saSualebas aZlevda qalebs ekontrolebinaT
mayureblis mier maTi sxeulis aRqmis proce-
si, warsulisken miepyroT mzera da gamoewviaT
kidec TavianTi auditoria. qeroli Snimanis
(Carolee Schneemann, d. 1939) sxeulis dResaswauli
(sur. 4-7) adreuli performansis umniSvnelova-
nesi nimuSia. es radikalurad feministuri per-
formansi pirvelad parizSi, Jan Jak lebelisa

4-9 • daian arbusi Tavisi 1962 wlis namuSevriT —

bavSvi saTamaSo xelyumbariT niu iorkis
centralur parkSi,
1970; dabeWdilia Jelatin-vercxlis qaRaldze

190 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

fotografia
1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi fotografia mniSvnelovani
instrumenti iyo performansis dokumentirebisTvis, Tum-
ca is Tavadac mniSvelovan mediums warmoadgenda. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom 1955 wels, niu iorkis axali xelovnebis
muzeumSi mowyobili fotogamofena _ Family of Man (mamakacis
ojaxi, kuratori eduard sTaiCeni), samyaros simSvidesa da
harmoniaSi asaxavda, iseTi ilustrirebuli Jurnalebi ki
rogoric Life-ia, Tanamedrove cxovrebis komfortul, sa-
gareubno, naTel, Sinaurul saxes gvixatavda, arsebobdnen
iseTi fotografebic, romlebic amerikuli sazogadoebis
gansxvavebul xedvas gvTavazobdnen.
frenki Sveicarieli fotografi robert frenki (Robert
Frank, d. 1924) amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1940-ian wlebSi
gadavida sacxovreblad. Tavis Tamam, socialur portreteb-
Si igi cdilobda moexelTebina is disharmonia, romelic jon-
sisa da rauSenbergis xelovnebaSi iyo naCvenebi. siaxleebis
wnexiTa da modis industriaSi miRebuli banaluri davalebe-
biT imedgacruebulma fotografma uari Tqva StatgareSe sa-
muSaoze Life-sa da Vogue-Si da 1948 wels, perusa da boliviaSi
gaemgzavra. oTxi wlis Semdeg, man Seqmna fotoseria, romel-
Sic uelseli maRaroelebis cxovreba iyo aRbeWdili. ameri-
kis garSemo samogzaurod da `socialuri peizaJebis~ gada-
saRebad, frenkma 1955 wels, gugenhaimis stipendia miiRo. im
wels fotografma 28,000-ze meti foto gadaiRo, romelTa-
gan mxolod 83 SearCia wignSi dasabeWdad. fotoebi imdenad
uxeSi, mkacri da mZafri socialuri kritikis Semcveli iyo,
rom frenkma SeerTebul StatebSi Tavidan gamomcemeli verc
ki ipova. wigni safrangeTSi daibeWda saTauriT _ Les Americains
(1958). amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi amerikelebi sabolood
mxolod momdevno wels gamoica. wigns darTuli hqonda jeq
qerouaqis winasityvaoba, axali, biTebis Taobis mwerlisa,
romelic mudmivad akritikebda meinstrimul amerikul Ri-
rebulebebs. namuSevarSi troleibusi, axali orleani (sur. 4-8),
mkacri Sesaxedaobis, eleganturad Cacmuli TeTrkaniani
mgzavri transportis wina rigSi ikavebs adgils, SedarebiT
Tavisuflad pozireben afro-amerikelebi, romlebsac 1950-
iani wlebis amerikuli kanonebis Tanaxmad, ukana adgilebi
aqvT dakavebuli. suraTis kompozicia, romelSic figurebi
fanjrebis sworkuTxa, simetriuli CarCoebiT arian erT-
maneTisgan gamijnulni, vizualurad xazs usvams rasobriv
segregacias da urbanul gaucxoebas, zeda rigis daxurul
sarkmlebSi areklili mqrqali suraTebi ki TiTqmis damou-
kidebel fotoebad SeiZleba iyos miCneuli.
arbusi modis fotografis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
daian arbusi (Diane Arbus, 1923-1971), frenkze metad uaryof-
da eleganturi art fotografiis diqtats (1950-ian wleb-
Si daianis da misi meuRlis, alen arbusis fotoebi xSirad
ibeWdeboda Jurnalis Seventeen garekanze). daians ar surda,
rom mayurebels misi amaRelvebeli namuSevrebidan yurad-
Reba formalur moxdenilobaze gadaetana. Tavis Semoqme-
debaSi arbusi gascda misaRebi Temebis sazRvrebs _ iRebda
nudistebs, fizikuri naklis mqone adamianebs an maT vinc
sazogadoebis miRma iyo darCenili. mis fotoebze adamia-
nebi aSkarad grZnoben kameris arsebobas (amis gamoxatvis
uflebas maT Cveulebriv, Tavad fotografi aZlevda). am
TmaaburZgnuli, saSiSi bavSvis msgavsad (sur. 4-9),
isini uSualod upirispirdebian mayurebels da
TiTqos cdian usafrTxo maZils Cvensa da maT So-
ris. daiani ambobda: `mwams, rom marTla arsebobs
iseTi ram, rasac veravin dainaxavs, vidre me amas
fotoze ar aRvbeWdav~.
pop arti
1950-ian wlebis bolos, zogierTma artistma XX
saukunis Sua xanebSi, vizualur kulturaSi momx-
dar afeTqebaze gaamaxvila yuradReba. am afeT-
qebas kidev ufro aRvivebda masmediis mzardi
CarTuloba da omis Semdgomi Taobis gazrdili
Semosavlebi. pop arti britaneTSi gaCnda, magram
misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi procesi amerikis See-
rTebul StatebSi, 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
warimarTa, xanaSi, rodesac individualuri da
masobrivi identoba metwilad ganisazRvrebo-
da imiT, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda adamiani, ra
emosa, ras gamoxatavda an ras moixmarda. saxle-
4-10 • riCard hamiltoni. ra aris is, rac dRevandel
saxlebs ase gansxvavebuls, ase mimzidvels xdis?
1956; kolaJi, 26X24.7 sm. Tiubingenis kunsThale,
zundelis koleqcia
uyureT riCard hamiltonis namuSevarze
cifrul Canawers veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 191
bi, avtomobilebi, saxlebsa Tu Tavad adamianze sagangebod uorholi 1960 wlisTvis, adreuli xanis britaneli pop
warmoCenili nivTebi _ yvelaferi asaxavda cxovrebas ise, ar­tis­tebis msgavsad, zogierTi amerikeli Semoqmedic iwyebs
rogorc es televiziiT, filmebSi da beWdur reklamebSi Tavis xelovnebaSi popularuli maskulturidan aRebuli
iyo naCvenebi. pop artistebi akritikebdnen popularuli gamosaxulebebis CarTvas. britaneli kolegebisgan gan-
kulturis mier mogonili, idealuri saxlisa da idealuri sxvavebiT, maT gamoimuSaves pop artis slicker (priala Jur-
adamianis zedapirulobas. nalis) stili, romelic gulisxmobda reklamis masobrivi
warmoebis teqnikis gamoyenebas, imisTvis, rom namuSevrebs
hamiltoni 1950-ian wlebSi, vidre britaneTis mTavro-
banaluri reklamis elferi hqonodaT da ar datyobodaT
ba miiCnevda, rom qveynis omis Semdgomi ganaxleba mdgrad
xelovanis xelweris kvali. amiT pop artistebma cnobie-
moxmarebaze iyo damokidebuli, londonSi damoukidebel
rad uaryves abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi, romelSic gan-
jgufad Camoyalibda mxatvrebis, arqiteqtorebis, foto-
sakuTrebulad iyo xazgasmuli individualuri saxelovne-
grafebisa da mwerlebis interdisciplinaruli gaerTiane-
bo praqtika. amerikuli pop arti Tan akritikebda 1960-iani
ba, romlis mizani iyo msjeloba xelovnebis adgilze sa-
wlebis popularul kulturas, Tan ki mis imitacias qmni-
momxmareblo sazogadoebaSi. saamisod, isini periodulad
da. namuSevrebSi xSirad rTavdnen axladganTavisuflebuli
awyobodnen gamofenebs Tanamedrove xelovnebis insti-
qalebis gamosaxulebebs, romlebsac saojaxo yofisadmi wi-
tutSi. jgufis erT-erTi wevri, riCard hamiltoni (Richard
naaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba hqondaT. rauSenbergisa da
Hamilton, 1922-2011) amtkicebda, rom Tanamedrove masobri-
jonsis seriozulobasTan SedarebiT, pop artis emociuri
vi vizualuri kultura swrafad anacvlebda tradiciul
toni ufro ironiuli, cinikuri da maneruli iyo. amerikis
xelovnebas farTo sazogadoebaSi; rom mSvenierebis stan-
SeerTebul StatebSi pop artis ayvavebis xanaSi dominantur
darts gansazRvravda kino, televizia da reklama, romle-
figurad iqca endi uorholi (Andy Warhol, 1928-1987), didi xe-
bic ar ganekuTvneboda maRali xelovnebis kategorias. po-
lovani da xelovnebis raobasa da mis warmoebasTan dakav-
litikosebisa da samxedro gmirebis nacvlad, sazogadoebis
Sirebuli diuSanis gamomwvevi ideebis mxiaruli memkvidre.
kerpebis adgili saerTaSoriso kinos varskvlavebma daika-
uorholma 1960 wlidan vidre mis sikvdilamde (1987)
ves; adamianis socialuri statusi ki sul ufro xSirad,
uzar­mazari samuSao Seasrula. is qmnida nabeWd produqcias,
misi qonebrivi mdgomareobiT izomeboda. am metismetad
ferwerul namuSevrebs, qandakebas, filmebs, gamoscemda Jur-
momxmarebluri samyaros disharmoniulobis vizualuri
nals Interview (interviu) da xelmZRvanelobda radikalur da
gamoxatulebis Sesaqmenlad, hamiltoni qmnida kolaJebs,
metad gavlenian rok-jgufs The Velvet Underground. komerciul
romlebic reklamebidan amokrebili gamosaxulebebis-
artistad ganswavluli uorholi, kargad icnobda sareklamo
gan iyo Sedgenili. 1956 wlis namuSevarSi ra aris is, rac
dRevandel saxlebs ase gansxvavebuls, ase mimzidvels xdis?
kulturas. 1962 wlisTvis man sakuTar xelovnebaSi ameriku-
(sur. 4-10) hamiltoni marketingul strategias misive imita-
ciiT akritikebs. saTauri sareklamo sloganis parodiaa,
Tavad kolaJi ki gviCvenebs saSinao garemoSi moqceul or
figuras, romlebic adam da evad arian saxeldebulni.
bibliuri winaprebis msgavsad, es figurebic TiTqmis
SiSvlebi arian, magram `cduneba~, romelsac isini miecnen,
ukve samomxmareblo kulturaSia saZiebeli. adami kultu-
ristia, eva ki tipuri lamazmani. dakarguli samoTxis baRis
xelaxla Seqmnis mcdelobaSi, pirvelma wyvilma saukeTeso
nivTebiT gaavso saxli. aqvT _ televizori, magnitofoni,
mtversasruti, Tanamedrove aveji. `maRali xelovnebis~ ni-
muSTa nacvlad, kedelze sasiyvarulo romanis sareklamo
plakatia gakruli. is jon rasqinis, im kritikosis portre-
tis gverdiTaa moTavsebuli, romelic mxatvar uislers xe-
lovnebis ganadgurebaSi sdebda brals (ix. xelovneba da misi
konteqsti: xelovneba 1877 wlis sasamarTloze, gv. 85). adams
uzarmazari, sawuwni kanfeti, e.w. tootsie pop uWiravs xelSi.
ingliselma kritikosma, lourens aloueim, am namuSevris
aRwerisas, es kanfeti `pop art~-ad moixsenia da aseTnai-
rad, mTel moZraobas mianiWa saxeli. iseve rogorc asam-
blaJi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, hamiltonis kolaJic
komentaria 1950-iani wlebis vizualur gadatvirTulobaze
da kulturis uunarobaze erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos tri- 4-11 • endi uorholi. brilos sapnis yuTi,
vialuri da mniSvnelovani gamosaxulebebi, reklamirebuli 1964; trafaretuli beWdva SeRebil xeze, 43.2X43.2X35.6 sm.
da realuri samyaro. 1968 wels, hamiltonma The Beatles-is endi uorholis muzeumis koleqcia, pitsburgi
albomisTvis _ White Album (TeTri albomi) Seqmna garekani,
uyureT trafaretul beWdvaze
romelzec saerTod araferia gamosaxuli. videoCanawers veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

192 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

4-12 • endi uorholi.
merilinis diptiqono,
1962; zeTi, akrili,
trafaretuli beWdva
minanqarze, tiloze,
ori paneli, TiToeuli
2.05X1.44 sm. teiti,
londoni
li masmediis sareklamo gamosaxulebebis gamoyeneba daiwyo.
obieqtad man iseTi popularuli samomxmareblo nivTebi
aiRo, rogoricaa qemfbelis wvnianis konservi da koka-kolas
boTli. maT gamosaxulebebs uorholi iaffasiani samrewvelo
trafaretuli beWdvis meTodiTac qmnida (CarCoze damagre-
buli abreSumis wvrili bade sabeWd trafaretadaa gamoyene-
buli) da qandakebasa da ferweraSic asaxavda.
1964 wels, pirveli skulpturuli proeqtis gansaxorcie-
leblad, uorholma durglebi daiqirava. maT iseTive zomisa
da formis firficris yuTebi unda gaekeTebinaT, rogoric is
muyaos yuTebi iyo, romlebSic supermarketebSi dasarigebel
brilos sapnebs awyobdnen. trafaretuli beWdviT yuTebze
daitanes is logo da teqsti, romelic namdvil yuTebze
iyo dabeWdili. amgvarad, uorholma Seqmna is, rac arsob-
rivad, komerciuli SefuTvis sruliad gamousadegar asls
warmoadgenda (sur. 4-11). uorholma yalbi yuTebi niu iorkis
Stable Gallery-is darbazSi erTad daawyo da sagalereo sivrce
gardaqmna imad, rac Zalian hgavda sursaTis sawyobs. aseT-
nairad, artistma xelovnebis galereis sistemis komerciul
safuZvelze migvaniSna, imavdroulad ki, xelovnebis bune-
ba iseTive damcinavi xerxiT gaakritika, rogoriTac 1917
wels, diuSanma gadaaqcia komerciuli pisuari Sadrevnad
(ix. sur. 3-30). Tumca 1964 wels uorholma uari Tqva xelmo-
werisa da TariRis dasmasTan dakavSirebul oinebze.
uorholis mtkicebiT, Zveli xelovnebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelic fiqrsa da gagebas moiTxovda, sareklamo da vars-
kvlavuri kultura saWiroebs mxolod myisier yuradRebas,
radgan Zalze swrafad iqceva uintereso da mosabezrebl ra-
med. am poziciaze mdgomi uorholi gvTavazobda xelovnebas,
romelic kinosvarskvlavebiviT, mxolod 15 wuTiT iqneboda
saintereso. 1962 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala kinovarsk-
vlavi merilin monro, romlis sikvdili ufro TviTmkvlelo-
bas hgavda. uorholis merilinis diptiqoni (sur. 4-12) erT-erTia
misi trafaretuli beWdviT Seqmnili produqciis seriebidan,
romelic man msaxiobis gardacvalebisTanave Seqmna. uorhol-
ma ukvdavyo monros saekrano saxe _ aiRo misi Zalze cnobili
foto, trafaretuli beWdviT daitana is sibrtyeze da ise
banalurad gamosaxa, rom monros damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi _
gamoTeTrebuli qera Tma, lalisferi tuCebi da mgznebare
Tvalebze dadebuli lurji Crdilebi msaxiobis karikaturad
gadaiqca. portretuli saxe ar ekuTvnis norma jins (es mon-
ros namdvili saxelia), aramed monros, celuloidis seqssim-
bolos, radac is kinoindustriam aqcia. iseve rogorc brilos
yuTebis SemTxvevaSi, uorholma am trafaretidanac uamravi
avtomaturi anabeWdi gaakeTa. is maT asistentebis daxmarebiT
qmnida, romlebic konveiruli warmadobiT muSaobdnen. 1965
wels, uorholma Tavis studias ironiulad, `fabrika~ uwoda,
SemdgomSi dascinoda sakuTari xelovnebis komerciulobas da
ambobda, rom xelovnebaSi mxolod mogebisTvis iyo mosuli.
Tumca merilinis diptiqonSi ufro Rrma niuansebic
SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT. misi formati religiur konotaciebs
Seicavs da SesaZloa, migvaniSnebs imas, rom monro wamebuli
wmindania, anda gardacvlil kinovarskvlavTa panTeonis qal-
RmerTi. erT-erT anabeWdSi uorholi mis Tavs iseTive oqros-
feri SaravandiT mosavs, rogorc es qristianul xatebSia mi-
Rebuli. metic, diptiqonis marcxena, ferad mxareze gamosaxu-
li brtyeli, erTnairi monroebi kontrastuliad upirispir-
deba marjvena mxares moqceul, mis Sav-TeTri gamosaxulebebs.
es anabeWdebi kidisken sul ufro metad uferuldeba, radgan
axali pirebis beWdvisas avtori trafarets aRar umatebda me-
lans da manamde qmnida aslebs, vidre Tavdapirveli portreti
gamqrali adamianis moCvenebadqceul gamosaxulebad ar iqca.
uorholi erT-erTi pirveli artisti iyo, vinc gaac­no­
biera da gamoiyena masmediis SesaZleblobebi. Tavad mas­
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 193
4-13 • ed ruSa. standartuli sadguri, amerilou, teqsasi,
1963;. tilo, zeTi, 1.65X3 m. hudis xelovnebis muzeumi, darTmaus koleji, hanoveri, niu hemfSiri,
jeims miqeris saCuqari, 1958 wlis klasi

media, gansakuTrebiT ki televizia, mxolod moCvenebiTad

gviaxlovebs samyaros da masSi ara realuri monawileobis,
aramed mxolod pasiur damkvirveblebad yofnis uflebas
gvaZlevs. Cven ugrZnobebi gavxvdiT sikvdilisa da ubedu-
rebis mimarT, radgan maT amsaxvel kadrebs mudmivad gvi-
meoreben televiziiT, romlis gamorTvac nebismier wams
SegviZlia. uorholis xelovneba, gansakuTrebiT merilinis
diptiqoni, televizias hgavs _ azrsmoklebuli, ganmeore-
badi gamosaxuleba zerelea da martivi, is TiTqos gvaguebs
sikvdilis tragikuli momentis mosalodnel dartymas.
uorhols, romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi citatebad qceu-
li gamonaTqvamebiT, erTxel uTqvams, rom is `Rrmad zere-
le adamiania~, Tumca misi xelovnebis moCvenebiTi zedapi-
ruloba, Rrmad inteleqtualuria.

ruSa endi uorholis, rogorc pop artistis pirveli per-

sonaluri gamofena 1962 wels, ara niu iorkSi, aramed los
anjelesSi, ferus galereaSi (Ferus Gallery) Sedga da warmoad-
genda qemfbelis wvnianis konservis 32 ferwerul versias.
am droisTvis, axalgazrda artistebis jgufs, romelTa-
gan zogi jer kidev kolejis studenti iyo, gamomuSavebu-
li hqonda pop artis dasavleTi sanapiros versia, romelic
Zlierad iyo gajerebuli ucnauri komerciuli gamosaxule-
bebiTa da kinoindustriis xelovnuri momxibvlelobiT. am
artistTa Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo nebraskas StatSi, oma-
4-14 • roi lixTensTaini. oh, jef... mec miyvarxar... magram...,
haSi dabadebuli, oklahoma siTiSi gazrdili da 1956 wels,
1964; zeTi da magna tiloze, 122X122 sm. kerZo koleqcia
los anjelesSi dafuZnebuli ed ruSa (Ed Ruscha, d. 1937).
uorholis msgavsad, igi eWvqveS ayenebda saxviTi xelo-
vnebis ierarqias da qmnida amerikuli vaWrobis burjebisa

194 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

da produqciis gamosaxulebebs, romlebSic sagangebod iyo
warmoCenili sareklamo xerxebi. misi 1963 wlis monumen-
turi namuSevari standartuli sadguri, amerilou, teqsasi
(sur. 4-13) dafuZnebulia gamosaxulebaze, romelic mis 1962
wlis, 26 Sav-TeTri fotosgan Sedgenil wignSia dabeWdi-
li. fotoebi asaxavda benzingasamarT sadgurebs, romlebic
oklahoma siTi _ los anjelesis 66-e gzatkecilze iyo gan-
Tavsebuli. Tavisi mogzaurobebis gamo, es gzispira kul-
tura kargad iyo cnobili mxatvrisTvis. magram am suraTSi
ruSas gahyavs gamosaxuleba gamomsaxvelobis sazRvrebidan
da mas brtyeli abstraqciis, Zlieri stilizaciis, akade-
miuri xazobrivi perspeqtivisa da msuye, sufTa ferebis-
ken ubiZgebs. imave 1962 wels, ruSam namuSevrebi waradgina
pasadenas xelovnebis muzeumSi gamarTul jgufur gamofe-
naze, romelic pop artis erT-erTi pirveli gamofena iyo
amerikaSi. aq aRmosavleTi sanapiros iseTi mxatvrebis namu-
Sevrebc iyo gamofenili, rogoric endi uorholi da roi
lixTensTainia.
lixTensTaini roi lixTensTaini (Roy Lichtenstein, 1923-1997)
aseve ikvlevda popularuli gamosaxulebebisa da maRa-
4-15 • qleis oldenburgi. pomada (aRmarTuli) muxluxoze,
1969; gadamuSavda 1974 wels. foladis SeRebili tani, aluminis
tubi, minaboWkovani Tavi, 6.70X5.94X3.33 m. ielis universiteti,
xelovnebis galerea, niu heveni, koneqtikuti. © qleis
oldenburgi, quzie van brogeni
li xelov­ nebis Sexmianebis sxvadasxvagvar saSualebebs.
vizualuri kulturis mas-marketis kritika, mis mier ko-
miqsebis wignebis formatis imitaciiT iyo gadmocemuli.
1961 wels, maSin rodesac is jer kidev alan qefrousTan
(ix. sur. 4-5) erTad, ratgersis universitetSi (Rutgers University)
aswavlida, lixTensTainma daiwyo iseTi suraTebis Seqmna,
romlebic omisa da sasiyvarulo istoriebis amsaxvel ko-
miqsebs efuZneboda. man SekumSa da daazusta sawyisi ga-
mosaxuleba, raTa fokusirebuliyo mniSvnelovan emociasa
da qmedebaze. is asaxavda, imavdroulad ki, parodirebda
im zedapirul, sworxazovan xerxebs, rogoriTac komiqsebis
wignebi urTierTobda Tavis mkiTxvelTan.
mZime, Savi konturebi, ZiriTadi ferebi da komerciul
beWdvaSi gamoyenebuli e.w. bendeis wertilebi (Benday dots),
srulad imeorebda animaciis xasiaTs. namuSevarSi oh, jef...
mec miyvarxar... magram... (sur. 4-14) erT CarCoSi dakumSulia popu-
laruli sasiyvarulo istoriis siuJeturi xazi da is krizi-
si, romelic droebiT emuqreba sasiyvarulo urTierTobas.
magram lixTensTaini, iluziisa da realobis SepirispirebiT,
ironiul TamaSs TamaSobs. Cven viciT, rom komiqsebis wignebi
ararealisturad melodramatulia, da mainc, mxatvari cocx-
lad, TiTqmis mowiwebiT warmoadgens gazviadebul epizods
da amgvarad, mas maRali xelovnebis nimuSad aqcevs.
oldenburgi uorholisa da lixTensTainis msgavsad, Svedu-
ri warmoSobis artisti qleis oldenburgi (Claes Oldenburg, d.
1929) skulpturul formebSi qmnis samomxmareblo kulturis
ironiul kritikas. is iumoriT warmogvidgens didi zomis
sajaro proeqts pomada (aRmarTuli) muxluxoze (sur. 4-15), ro-
melic misi mSobliuri ielis universitetisTvis iyo damza-
debuli. `meore amerikuli revoluciisadmi~ miZRvnili monu-
mentis Sesaqmnelad, is ielis arqiteqturis skolis kursdam-
TavrebulTa jgufma miiwvia 1960-iani wlebis bolos, maSin,
rodesac vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli studenturi
demonstraciebi imarTeboda. oldenburgma giganturi zomis
tuCis sacxi traqtoridan moxsnil, foladis muxluxoze aR-
marTa. vizualurad qandakeba gvTavazobs rogorc moZravi
saraketo danadgaris saomar agresias, ise sacxis formiT ga-
moxatul, falosur erotikas. SesaZloa, avtorma ase gaaTama-
Sa im drois popularuli slogani _ `dakavdi siyvaruliT da
ara omiT~. pomadis tanze unda damontaJebuliyo orazrovani,
buStismagvari vinilis Tavi, romelic haeriT gaibereboda da
Semdeg, nel-nela daiCuteboda. magram damtumbavi ar damon-
taJda, CamoSvebuli Tavi ki iolad ziandeboda da amitomac
swrafad Canacvlda metaliT. pomadis monumenti provokaciu-
lad aRimarTa kampusis moedanze, omis memorialisa da prezi-
dentis ofisis win. ar iyo gasakviri, rom ielma oldenburgs
monumentis aReba mosTxova. 1974 wels, man xelaxla Seqmna qan-
dakeba, magram axla ukve ufro mdgradi foladis, aluminisa
da minaboWkovani masalebisgan da is saCuqrad gadasca ielis
universitets. monumenti morsis kolejis ezoSi ganaTavses.
xelovnebis obieqtis
dematerializacia
imave aTwleulSi, ra drosac pop artistebi akritikebdnen
popularuli kulturis vizualur samyaros, sxvebi Seki­
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 195

4-16 • donald jadi. usaTauro,
1969; TuTiiT dafaruli rkina da
orgmina, 10 erTeuli, TiToeuli
15.24X68.8X60.96 sm, jamSi 3.05X0.69X0.61
m. olbraiT-noqsis xelovnebis galerea,
bafalo, niu iorki © jadis fondi.
licenzirebulia VAGA-s mier, niu iorki,
niu iorkis Stati
196 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
4-17 • robert morisi. usaTauro (sarkis kubebi),
1965-1971; sarke, minis furceli, xe, 91.4X91.4X91.4.X91.4 sm. teiti, londoni
Txvebs svamdnen Tanamedrove kulturaSi xelovnebis obieqtis rolis, daniSnu-
lebisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. maTi mousvenroba daemTxva 1960-iani wlebis Sua
da 1970-ianebis dasawyisSi momxdar socialur Zvrebs. am xnis manZilze, evropisa
da amerikis axalgazrdoba uflebadamcveli moZraobebisa Tu masobrivi mitinge-
bis saSualebiT, SekiTxvebs svamda saxelmwifos uflebebsa da valdebulebebze,
adamianebi aprotestebdnen gawvevas da vietnamis oms, sul ufro mkafiod is-
moda feministebisa da garemos damcvelTa xmebi, 1968-Si ajanyda parizi. qalma
artistebma, sagrZnobi gaxades TavianTi monawileoba saxelovnebo procesebSi,
sul ufro da ufro meti artisti qmnida namuSevrebs, romlebic Tavisufali,
arasagalereo sistemisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. aTwleuli arakomerciuli, `dema-
terializebuli~ xelovnebisken svliT dasrulda.
minimalizmi
niu iorkis art scenaze 1960-ian wlebis bolos gabatonebuli minimalizmi xelo-
vnebis obieqtis dematerializaciis gzebs eZiebda. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi,
axalgazrda moqandakeTa jgufma, romelSic donald jadi (Donald Judd, 1928-1994),
robert morisi (Robert Morris, d. 1931) da karl andre (Carl Andre, d. 1935) Sediod-
nen, waradgina is, rasac sxvadasxvagvarad uwodeben _ ABC xelovnebas (ABC Art),
ZiriTad struqturebs an minimalizms. isini qmnidnen filebis an yuTebis msga-
vs qandakebebs, romelebsac xSirad, iseTi samrewvelo masalebisgan amzadebdnen,
rogoricaa: orgmina, fluoriscentuli ganaTeba, foladi, sarkeebi. namuSevrebSi
sruliad uaryofilia xeliT Seqmnili obieqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli emocia da
Jesti, iseve rogorc, qandakebis tradiciuli masalebi. jadma da morisma Tavian-
Ti Teoria xatovnad aRweres JurnalSi Artforum. isini mayureblebs sTxovdnen maTi
xelovnebis obieqtebi centris gareSe arsebul, erTian mTelad gaeazirebinaT,
rac saSualebas miscemda namuSevris energiasa da mnaxvelis interess entropiis
saxiT gafantuliyo mTel obieqtze.
jadi, donald jadi JurnalSi Artforum, 1965 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi spe-
cifikuri obieqtebi amtkicebda, rom minimalizmi realuri an `specifikuri~
obieqtebisgan unda Sedgebodes. man airCia maTematikurad konstruirebuli,
usaxuri formebi, romlebic ierarqiis gareSe qmnian wesrigs da erTi SexedviT,
dasrulebuli formebis mkafioeba axasiaTebs. es formebi realur sivrces ika-
vebs ise, rom arc safuZveli aqvs qvemodan da arc vitrina garSemo. 1969 wels
Seqmnili usaTauro (sur. 4-16) Sedgeba 10 erTnairi, sworkuTxa blokisgan, romle-
bic TiTbriT dafaruli rkinisa da tonirebuli orgminisganaa damzadebuli da
galereis kedelze vertikalur rigadaa dakidebuli. konstruqcia ar badebs
romelime warmosaxviTi sagnis aluzias da amdenad, Tavad SeuZlia iyos agre-
siuli. jadi mayurebels sTavazobs sufTa, izolirebul
vizualur faqtebs da Tavisi xelovnebis konceftualur
sicxadesa da fizikur srulyofilebas realuri samyaros
qaotur sirTules upirispirebs.
morisi 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, robert mori-
si martivi obieqtebis SeqmniT, banalurisa da uinteresos
bunebas ikvlevs. namuSevari usaTauro (sarkis kubebi) (sur.
4-17), sawarmoo sarkiseburi minisgan Seqmnili, xis oTxi ku-
bisgan Sedgeba. isini ireklaven da uaryofen Tavad yuTSi
raime sainteresos aRmoCenis nebismier mcdelobas, radgan
formis SigniT ar aqvT Sinaarsi. yuradReba araferze foku-
sirdeba, nacvlad amisa, yuTebi maT garSemo arsebul samy-
aros ireklaven. namuSevris mTeli arsi aq TiTqmis mTlianad
formis miRma arsebul, artistul koncefciaSia Cadebuli
_ namuSevari Tavad svams SekiTxvebs artistis miznebsa da
amocanebze. xelovanTa manifestebi da realuri obieqtebi
erToblivad muSaobdnen, raTa gadmoecaT minimalizmis idee-
bi, mayurebels ki dauRalavad unda eSroma raTa eswavla, Tu
rogor unda waekiTxa, gaego da daefasebina Tavad xelovneba.
minimalizms bevri kritikosi hyavda. formalisti maikl
fraidi, magaliTad, werda, rom minimalisturi obieqtebi
itanjebian `obieqtad yofniT~, rom isini imaze met inte-
ress ar iwveven, vidre arasaxelovnebo obieqtebi. igi mini-
malizms akritikebda misi `Teatralurobis~ gamoc. fraidis
TvalTaxedviT, minimalizmi, pop artis msagvsad, mayureblis
myisier yuradRebas moiTxovda, Tumca am yuradRebas didi
xniT ver inarCunebda da maleve xdeboda mosabezrebeli.
4-18 • iozef boisi. rogor avuxsnaT suraTebi
mkvdar kurdRels,
1965; performansis msvlelobisas gadaRebuli foto
konceftualuri xelovneba
da performansi
xeliT Seqmnili xelovnebis obieqtebis uaryofis gzaze,
minimalizmis logikur gagrZelebas konceftualuri xelo-
vneba warmoadgenda. diuSanisa da dadas artistebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, romlebic saukunis dasawyisSi gvikiJinebdnen, rom
xelovnebis nawarmoebi aris idea, konceftualuri xelovne-
bis warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom `idea~ da `forma~
gancalkevebulad arsebobs xelovnebaSi.
amgvarad, konceftualistebi xelovnebis nawarmoebis ar-
sis gadmocemis yvelaze misaReb saSualebad xan fizikur obi-
eqts miiCnevdnen, xan performanss, xan konceftualur gamo-
xatulebas, xanac ki dawerili an warmoTqmuli miTiTebebis
formas. konceftualizmma xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmnis
katalizatorad koncefcia daasaxela, saSualebebi ki romel-
Ta daxmarebiTac is gadmoicema, cvalebadad. aman xelovnebis
obieqtis, pirdapiri gagebiT, `dematerializacia~ gamoiwvia.
konceftualuri namuSevrebi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva for-
miT gamoxatul, vizualur kvals toveben. es SeiZleba iyos
_ instruqciebi, dafaze datovebuli warwerebi, performan-
si, fotografia, kinokadrebi da zogjer obieqtebic ki. kon-
ceftualuri xelovneba mTlianad Teorias efuZneboda da
sruliad arakomerciuli iyo, radgan savaWro Rirebulebas
moklebul obieqtebs qmnida, Tumca koleqcionerebi da muzeu-
mebi dRes swored obieqtebis danatovar `kvals~ agroveben.
boisi konceftualuri xelovnebis yvelaze radikaluri
forma evropidan movida. misi umniSvnelovanesi warmomad-
geneli iozef boisi (Joseph Beuys, 1921-1986) iyo. artistis mo-
nayoliT, II msoflio omis dros, is samxedro mfrinavad msa-
xurobda germanul lufTvafeSi. misi TviTmfrinavi yirimSi
Camoagdes, sadac adgilobrivma TaTrebma ipoves, cxovelur
4-19 • jozef koSuTi. erTi da sami skami,
1965; xis dasakeci skami, skamis foto da leqsikonSi dabeWdili,
skamis ganmartebis gadidebuli foto. skami _ 82.2X37.8X53 sm.
foto paneli _ 91.4X61.3 sm, teqstis paneli _ 61.3X62.2 sm.
axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki, leri oldriCis
organizaciis fondi (383.1970 a-c)
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 197
 4-20 • brius naumeni. Sadrevnad myofis
avtoportreti,
1966-1967; feradi foto, 50.1 X60.3 sm.
lio kastelis galerea, niu iorki

4-21 • iva hesi. usaTauro,

1969-1970; Toki, lateqsi, mavTuli, zonari,
ori wnuli, zomebi cvalebadia. amerikuli
xelovnebis uiTnis muzeumi, niu iorki.
Sesyidulia ilai da ediT l. brodis
finansuri mxardaWeriT, aseve qalbatoni
fersi ieris fondisa da fermwerebisa
da moqandakeebis komitetis finansuri
mxardaWeriT (88.17 a-b)

waikiTxeT iva hesze informacia

veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

198 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

qonsa da qeCaSi gaaxvies da ase gadaarCines sikvdils. raime
damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba imisa, rom monayolSi asaxu-
li ambebi boiss namdvilad gadaxda ar arsebobs, Tumca isic
aSkaraa, rom omis dros raRac Zlieri travma mas namdvilad
hqonda miRebuli. rogorc artisti, boisi idumal, Samanur
personad Camoyalibda da Seqmna mniSvnelovan masalaTa da
obieqtTa mTeli repertuari, romelsac simbolurad da qme-
diTad iyenebda Tavis xelovnebaSi da maTi meSveobiT, mayu-
reblisTvis auxsnelis axsnas cdilobda. boisis simbolizmi
Rrmad pirovnulia da amdenad, sxvebisTvis rTulad gasa-
gebi. Tavis xelovnebaSi is urTierTobis survilze da am
procesis sirTuleze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
namuSevarSi rogor avuxsnaT suraTebi mkvdar kurdRels
(sur. 4-18), sakuTari namuSevrebiT garSemortymuli boisi,
galereis darbazSi Tavidan skamze ijda, Tavi TafliTa da
oqros furclebisgan damzadebuli niRbiT hqonda dafa-
ruli. is mklavebSi moqceul mkvdar kurdRels arwevda da
Tan, gaurkvevlad ebutbuteboda raRacas. sulieri siTbos
niSnad, mas marcxena fexi qeCaze hqonda dadgmuli, marjve-
nas qveS dadebuli foladi ki simbolurad, civ gonebas ga-
nasaxierebda. Semdeg, ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi, boisi
galereis garSemo daatardebda kurdRlis mkvdar sxeuls da
mSvidad uxsnida sakuTari namuSevrebis arss da msjelobda
imaze, rom mas mkvdar kurdRelTan srulfasovani urTier-
Tobis iseTive SesaZlebloba hqonda, rogorc sxva adami-
anTan. aseTnairad, artisti warmoaCenda im problemebs,
romlebic normaluri urTierTobebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTe-
beli. boisi ambobda: `mkvdari cxovelic ki intuiciis ufro
met Zalas inarCunebs, vidre zogierTi adamiani~.
koSuTi 1965 wels jozef koSuTma (Joseph Kosuth, d. 1945) sa-
bolood mianeba ferweras Tavi da enisa da xedvis, abstraq­
tuli ideisa da konkretuli gamosaxulebis urTierTgadamk-
veTi sakiTxebis kvlevas Seudga. misi adreuli namuSevari
valSia diuSanis, semiotikis Teoriis da ludvig uiTgensTai-
nis (Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951) lingvisturi filosofiis
winaSe. koSuTis xelovneba ar exeba silamazes, is verbaluri
Tu vizualuri komunikaciis arasrulyofili SesaZleblobe-
bis Sesaxebaa. misi namuSevari erTi da sami skami (sur. 4-19) semio-
tikuri Teoriis vizualuri gamoxatulebaa.
winamdebare instalaciaSi mocemulia namdvili skami, ska-
mis foto da leqsikonidan amoRebuli `skamis~ ganmartebis
fotoasli _ es aris obieqtis arasrulyofili vizualuri
Cveneba an obieqtis idea da obieqtis verbaluri abstraqcia.
saTauri gveubneba, rom Cven SegviZlia wavikiTxoT namuSevari,
rogorc erTi skami, romelic sami sxvadasxva xerxiTaa war-
modgenili an rogorc sami sxvadasxva skami. koSuTi aCvenebs
zusti reprezentaciis da ideis gadmocemis SeuZleblobas da
gvtovebs sakiTxis gasaazreblad: romelia `realuri~ skami?
naumeni, kaliforniaSi dafuZnebuli xelovani brius nau-
meni (Bruce Nauman, d.1941), 1966-1967 wlebSi qmnis sityvebis
TamaSsa da vizualur kalamburebze dafuZnebul, 11 feradi
fotosgan Semdgar serias, romelSic gaazrebuladaa CarTu-
li urTierTobis problema. namuSevarSi Sadrevnad myofis
avtoportreti (sur. 4-20), mkerdmoSiSvlebuli artisti Tavs
ukan swevs da piridan wylis Wavls haerSi uSvebs, riTic gviC-
venebs, rom igi Sadrevania an SesaZloa, diuSanis Sadrevnad
wodebuli, samarcxvino pisuaris (sur. 3-30) saTauri. naumeni,
koSuTis msgavsad, SekiTxvas gviCens: romelia `realuri~ Sad-
revani? ra aris es _ Sadrevnis Cveneuli abstraqtuli idea,
romelic saTaurSia gacxadebuli (konceftualuri), Tu nau-
menis mtkiceba, rom Sadrevania (vizualuri) an iqneb, misi eS-
makuri miniSnebaa diuSanis Sadrevanze (xelovnebis istoria)?
xelovneba, rogorc procesi
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, naTeli gaxda, rom mi-
nimalizmma da konceftualizmma xelovneba SeuZlebeli
absolutizmis kuTxeSi moamwyvdia _ maTi reduqtivis-
tuli midgoma metismetad elituri Canda, metismetad
gankerZoebuli sazogadoebisgan, romelsac glejda
socialuri da politikuri konfliqtebi. zogierTma
artistma uari Tqva Tavisi namuSevrebidan piraduli
mniSvnelobebis amoRebaze da minimalistebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, xelovnebis Seqmnis procesis personaluri, fizi-
kuri da grZnobiTi aspeqtebis kvleva daiwyo.
hesi magaliTad, hamburgSi daibadebuli iva hesi (Eva
Hesse, 1936-1970) xeliT Seqmnil elegantur namuSevrebs
yovelTvis piradi istoriiTa da mniSvnelobebiT amdid-
rebda. is Zlivs gadaurCa nacistur holokosts da 1939
wels, ojaxTan erTad niu iorkSi gadavida sacxovreb-
lad. 1959 wels, ielis xelovnebis skolis damTavrebis
4-2 • jeki uinzori. damwvari obieqti,
1977-1978; cementi, damwvari xe, mavTulis bade,
91.4X91.4X91.4 sm. © jeki uinzori. paula kuperis
galereis uflebiT, axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu
iorki, agnes gandis saCuqari (90.1991)
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 199
 |
farTo rakursiT sadResaswaulo sadili

judi Cikagos mier Seqmnili instalacia
sadResaswaulo sadili (sur. 3-23) farTo,
kompleqsuri, Sereul mediaSi Seqmnili
namuSevaria, romelic im asobiT qalsa da
qal xelovans eZRvneba, romlebic anonomu-
robisgan pirvelma feministma artistebma
da istorikosebma ixsnes. namuSevris Sesas-
ruleblad judis erToblivi Zalisxmevisa
da TanamSromlobis xuTi weli dasWirda,
romlis ganmavlobaSic mas keramikosebad,
mqargvelebad, Cinuri ferweris ostatebad
momuSave, asobiT moxalise qali da ramdenime
mamakaci uwevda daxmarebas. sadResaswaulo
sadili Sedgeba farTe, samkuTxa magidisgan,
romlis TiToeuli mxare daaxloebiT, 14
metris sigrZezea gaWimuli. CikagosTvis
tolferda samkuTxedi simbolurad, asaxavda
rogorc qalur sawyiss, ise harmoniul, Ta-
naswor samyaros, romelsac ase eswrafvod-
nen feministebi. magida dasvenebulia fai-
furis samkuTxa, 2,300 samkuTxedi filisgan
Sedgenil platformaze, romelic `memkvid-
reobis iataks~ qmnis. masze miTologiidan,
legendebidan da istoriidan cnobili, 999
qalis saxelia datanili. samkuTxa magidis
TiToeul mxares cnobili qalbatonebisTvis
gankuTvnili, 13 sasadilo nakrebia gawyobi-
li (13 _ mamakacTa raodenobaa uflis sero-
baze da aseve kudianebisa SabaTobaze), aseT-
nairad, individualuri sasadilo nakrebiT,
39 qals miego pativi. am qalbatonebs Soris
iyvnen qalRmerTi iSTari, miTologiuri
amorZalebi, iseTi istoriuli personaJebi
rogoricaa: egviptis dedofali xatSefsuti,
romaeli swavluli hipatia, Sua saukuneebi-
dan frangi dedofali eleonor akvitaneli
da mwerali kristin de pizani, renesansis
epoqis italieli didgvarovani izabela
d’este, italiuri barokos mxatvari arte-
misia jentileski, XVIII saukunis ingliseli
feministi mwerali meri uolsTounqrafTi,
XIX saukunis amerikeli abolicionisti
soujorner Trusi da XX saukunis amerikeli
mxatvari jorjia o’kifi (ix. amave gverdze).
TiToeuli zRapruli sasadilo nakrebi
Seicavs 35 santimetris siganis faifuris
moxatul TefSs, dana-Canglis keramikul
nakrebs, Signidan mooqrovil keramikul
Tass da moqargul xelsaxocebs. es yvelafe-
ri gawyobilia guldasmiT ornamentirebul,
naqsov da Sekeril sufraze, romelic im
droisa da adgilis Sesatyvisi teqnikiTa
da motivebiTaa Sesrulebuli, romelSic
TiToeuli stumari cxovrobda. TefSebis
umravlesobis abstraqtuli dizaini qalis
genitaliebis formas efuZneba, radgan, ro-
gorc Cikago ambobda: `es aris is, rac maT
[am qalebs] saerTo hqondaT... isini iyvnen
gansaxvavebuli epoqebidan, klasebidan,
eTnikuri jgufebidan, geografiuli adgi-
lebidan, hqondaT sxvadasxva gamocdileba,
magram is, rac maT erTsa da imave SezRudul
istoriul sivrceSi akavebda~ iyo maTi bio-
logiuri sqesi. carieli TefSebi gviCvenebs,
rom `aRiarebisa da pativis nacvlad, isto-
riam isini STanTqa da miiviwya~.
sadResaswaulo sadilSi gansakuTrebu-
li adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli Cinur mxat-
vrobasa da naqargobas. orive ganadidebs
qalebis tradiciul xelsaqmes da gvarwmu-
nebs, rom imsaxurebs adgils `maRali xelo-
vnebis~ panTeonSi. namuSevari imavdroulad,
informacias awvdis mayurebels im ucnobi
wvlilis Sesaxeb, romelic am qalebma Seita-
nes istoriaSi.

4-23 • judi Cikago. sadResaswaulo sadili,

1974-1979; instalaciis zogadi xedi, TeTri filebisgan Sedgenili iataki sadResaswaulo sadili,
999 qalis oqroTi datanili saxelebiT, samkuTxa magida, moxatuli faifuri, detali, jorjia o’kifisTvis
faifurisgan gamoqandakebuli TefSebi da naqargoba. TiToeuli mxare 14.6X12.8X1 m. gankuTvnili adgili
bruklinis xelovnebis muzeumi, niu iorki. muzeums saCuqrad gadaeca
elizabeT a. seqleris fondis mier (2002.10)

200 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

Semdeg, hesi mrume, eqspresionistul avtoportretebs qm-
nida, magram 1964 wlidan abstraqtuli qandakebebis Seqmna
daiwyo, romlebSic, meti TviTgamoxatvisTvis, minimaliste-
bis sametyvelo ena gamoiyena. igi werda: `CemTvis xelovneba
da cxovreba ganuyofelia. rom SemeZlos [Cemi xelovnebis] ...
saxeldeba, es iqneboda cxovrebis totaluri absurdulo-
ba~. namuSevari usaTauro (sur. 4-21) arastabilurobazea. yove-
li axali instalaciisas, is gansxvavebul formasa da zomas
iRebs. namuSevari Seicavs lateqsSi amovlebuli Tokis ram-
denime gorgals. Tokebi aburdulia da gadabmis adgilebSi
mavTulebiTaa Camokidebuli galereis Werze. myife, natifi,
grZnobiTi namuSevari sxvadasxva mogonebebs aRZravs. hesma
moicva arastabiluroba, iracionaluroba da xelovnebis
amaRelvebeli Zala da Tavis namuSevarSi sakuTari cxovreba
da emociebi asaxa. bolo namuSevrebi, romlebic misi kiboTi
naadrev gardacvalebamdea Seqmnili, sulisSemZvrelia.

uinzori jeki uinzoris (Jackie Winsor, d. 1941) eleganturi

da moZravi damwvari obieqti (sur. 4-22), agebulia mavTulis
badis, cementisa da damwvari xisgan. namuSevari, romelzec
uinzori intensiurad muSaobda, uaryofs yuTismagvari
for­ mis minimalistur qandakebebs. misi detalebi, sinamd-
vileSi mxolod Signidan aris xiluli _ daxurul, pirad,
saidum­lo adgilas. xis skulptura uinzoris niufaund-
lendSi gatarebul bavSvobaze migvaniSnebs, rodesac mama-
misi saxlebis mSeneblobis saqmeSi iyo Cabmuli.
feminizmi da xelovneba
feministuri xelovnebis idea 1960-ian wlebSi, qalTa ganma-
Tavisuflebeli moZraobis Tanmdevad ganviTarda. is gamo-
wvevad iqca xelovnebis istoriaSi myarad damkvidrebuli,
Tumc Riad argamoTqmuli mosazrebis mimarT, romlis Tana-
xmadac, didi xelovnebis Seqmna mxolod mamakacebs xelewi-
febodaT. 1960-iani wlebidan feministuri xelovnebisa da
xelovnebis istoriis samma talRam gadaiaira.
pirveli Taobis feministTa xelovneba umTavresad, miz-
nad isaxavda rogorc warsulis, ise amJamindeli qali ar-
tistebis miRwevebis cnobadobis gazrdas. xelovnebis is-
toriis kvlevisas, feministebma aRmoaCines, rom xelovanma
qalebma dasavluri xelovnebis umravles mimdinareobebSi
Seitanes TavianTi wvlili, Tumca xelovnebis istoriaSi
TiTqmis arasdros ixseniebian. xelovnebis istorikosebma,
ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli iyo, daiwyes xelovani qalebis
istoriebis moZieba, Casves isini xelovnebis Sefasebis erT-
gvar `kanonSi~ da amtkicebdnen, rom qalebi iseve daxelov-
nebulni da iseTive mniSvnelovanni iyvnen, rogorc mamaka-
ci xelovanebi, romlebsac am sistemaSi imTaviTve hqondaT
damkvidrebuli adgili. adreuli xanis feministebma aseve
Seuties dasavlur ierarqias, romelic `saxviTi xelovne-
bis~ dargebs (ferwera, qandakeba, arqiteqtura) ufro ma-
Ral safexurze ayenebda, vidre `gamoyenebiT xelovnebas~
(keramika, teqstili, samkaulis dizaini). iqidan gamomdina-
re, rom istoriulad, xelsaqmiT upiratesad, qalebi iyvnen
dakavebulni, gamoyenebiT xelovnebaze saxviTis aRmatebu-
leba qalTa miRwevebisTvis meorexarisxovanis statusis mi-
niWebas niSnavda. Sesabamisad, adreuli feministuri xelo-
4-24 • miriam Sapiro. personaluri gamosvla #3,
1973; akrili, qsovili tiloze, 152.4X127 sm. kerZo koleqcia
vneba, rogorc wesi, gamoyenebiT xelovnebas da xelsaqmes
moicavda. imavdroulad, adreuli xanis feministi xelo-
vanebi qalis sxeulsa da mis seqsualurobas ise warmoad-
gendnen, rogorc mas Tavad qalebi ganicdidnen da ara ise,
rogorc is mamakacTa fantaziebSi Cndeba xolme. adreuli
feministuri xelovneba ufro esencialisturia (arsze mi-
marTuli), is qalis sxeulze iyo gamaxvilebuli da genders
biologiur gamoxatulebad ganixilavda.
meore talRis feministuri xelovneba genders ufro
relativisturad gansazRvravda. 1971 wels, linda noqlin-
ma dawera revoluciuri esse ratom ar arsebobdnen didi
xelovani qalebi? romelSic amtkicebda, rom mravali xe-
lovani qali istoriaSi ar iyo `didad~ saxeldebuli, rad-
gan `didi~ xelovnebis standarti mxolod mamakacebis mier
dadgenili kriteriumebiT iyo gansazRvruli. noqlini aseve
amtkicebda, rom saxelovnebo instituciebi mudmivad zRu-
davdnen qalebis uflebas mieRoT saxelovnebo ganaTleba da
esargeblaT im SesaZleblobebiT, romlebzec istoriulad,
mxolod mamakacebs miuwvdebodaT xeli, rac qal da mamakac
xelovanebs, imTaviTve araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. avto-
ri miiCnevda, rom kriteriumebi gadasaxedi iyo da xelovne-
bis sistema ise unda Secvliliyo, rom garkveul pirobebSi
konkurencia qalebisTvisac gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli. meore
talRis feministi artistebi arRvevdnen parametrebs, ro-
melTa mixedviTac xdeboda xelovnebis Sefaseba da mouwo-
debdnen gadafasebuliyo iseTi, e.w. qaluri xelovnebis
dar­gebis adgili, rogoricaa keramika, teqstili, samkaulis

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 201

dizaini an miniatura. 1972 da 1973 wlebSi, lora malvi da
jon bergeri aseve kritikulad miudgnen imas Tu, rogor
uyurebdnen mamakacebi qalebs cxovrebasa da xelovnebaSi.
mesame talRis feministuri xelovneba 1990-ian wlebSi
Cndeba. artistebis es gviandeli Taoba ufro afarTovebs
im problemebis diapazons, romlebic qalTa diskriminacias
an ciliswamebas ukavSirdeba da moicavs iseTi hibridul
saki­Txebs rogoricaa: genderi da klasi, genderi da rasa,
qalTa mimarT Zaladoba, postkolonializmi, transgen-
derizmi, transnacionalizmi da eko-feminizmi. maT gamoikv-
lies mravali strategia, romlebsac qalebi cxovrebis war-
samarTad mimarTaven.
Cikago da Sapiro judi qouenad dabadebulima judi Ci-
kagom (Judy Chicago, d.1939) fsevdonimad misi mSobliuri qala-
qis saxeli aiRo, raTa gaTavisuflebuliyo `yvela saxelis-
gan, romelic SesaZloa miniWeboda mamakacTa socialuri
batonobis pirobebSi~. 1960-ianebis bolos man qalis genita-
liebis abstraqtuli gamosaxulebebis Seqmna daiwyo, raTa
gamoewvia mamakacuri saxelovnebo samyaro da daekanonebina
qalis sxeuli da misi gamocdileba. 1970 wels, fresnous
saxelmwifo kolejSi (amJamad kaliforniis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti, fresnou) man feministuri xelovnebis kursi ga-
4-25 • ana mendieta. usaTauro, seriidan sicocxlis xe,
1977; feradi foto, 50.8X33.7 sm. © ana mendietas koleqciidan
202 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
xsna, Semdeg wels ki los anjelesSi gadavida, sadac miriam
SapirosTan (Miriam Schapiro, d.1923) erTad, kaliforniis ax-
ladgaxsnil xelovnebis institutSi (CalArts), safuZveli Cau-
yara feministuri xelovnebis programas. am xanebSi Cikago
muSaobas iwyebs 1970-iani wlebis erT-erT yvelaze didsa
da cnobil feministur namuSevarze sadResaswauli sadili
(ix. sadResaswauli sadili).
1971-1972 wlebSi, holivudis ZvelTaZvel vilaSi, Cika-
gom, Sapirom da maTma 21 studentma qalma Seqmnes qalTa
saxli _ TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebuli saxelovnebo gare-
mo, romelic artistebma ganaaxles da gaavses feministuri
instalaciebiT. Seri broudisTan TanamSromlobiT, Sapirom
Seqmna Tojinebis saxli _ Sereul mediaSi konstruirebu-
li ramdenime miniaturuli oTaxi, romlebic mdidrulad
monaxWuli qsovilebiT iyo Semkuli. SemdgomSi man akri-
liT Seqmnil ferwerul nawarmoebebSic daiwyo qsovilis
fragmen­ tebis CarTva da Seqmna namuSevarTa tipi, romel-
sac fimaJi uwoda (Femmage _ momdinareobs sityvebidan _
female da collage). Sapiros fimaJebi, aseTia mag., personaluri
gamosvla #3 (sur. 4-24), gansakuTrebuli formaluri da emoci-
uri mravalferovnebiT warmoaCens qalis tradiciul xelsa-
qmes da mkveTrad upirispirdeba 1960-ianebis minimalistur
esTetikas, romelsac Sapiro zedmiwevniT kacurad miiCnevda.
mogvianebiT, Sapiro niu iorkSi dabrunda, raTa exelmZR­
vanela ornamentisa da dekoris moZraobisTvis, romelSic ro-
gorc qali, ise mamakaci artistebi Sediodnen. isini cdilobd-
nen erT mTlianobad eqciaT abstraqciis esTetika da orna-
mentuli motivebi, romlebic qalTa xelsaqmidan, xalxuri da
dasavluri tradiciis miRma arsebuli xelovnebebidan mom-
dinareobda da is ierarqiis principebs miRma gaetanaT.
mendieta ana mendieta (Ana Mendieta, 1948-1985) kubaze dai-
bada, magram 1961 wels, programis _ `operacia piter peni~
daxmarebiT, aiovas StatSi moxvda. am programam, mSoblebis
gareSe Camosul, 14,000 kubel bavSvs Seucvala sacxovrebe-
li adgili, mas Semdeg, rac 1959 wlis revoluciam fidel
kastro da komunistebi moiyvana qveynis saTaveSi. mendieta
verasdros gaumklavda emigraciiT miRebul travmas, pirov­
nuli gadaadgilebis gancda mas bolomde devnida. deda-
miwaze sxeulebrivi anabeWdis datovebis survilma, mendie-
ta miiyvana performansSi gamoxatul ritualamde, romelic
mas dedamiwasTan akavSirebda. ana mendietas STagonebis ori
wyaro hqonda _ afro-kuburi religia santeria (ix. sur. 3-78)
da boisis namuSevari (ix. sur. 4-18). artistma sxeulze, ro-
gorc mTavar mediumze fokusirebuli, 200-ze meti namuSe-
vari Seqmna, romlebsac `siluetebi~ uwoda. performansis
msvlelobisas igi sxeuls miwaSi `rgavda~, process ki foto
da kinofirze iRebda. seria sicocxlis xe (sur. 4-25) aiovaSia
Seqmnili, iq sadac artisti cxovrobda da swavlobda. fo-
toze aRbeWdilia mendieta, romelsac dedamiwis qalRmer-
TiviT xelebi maRla aqvs apyrobili. misi talaxiT dafa-
ruli sxeuli zurgiT xes ise ekvris, TiTqos Sesrutvasa
da Tavis `dedobriv sawyisTan~ dakavSirebas SesTxovs. men-
dietas mravali sxva namuSevris msgavsad, es performansic
ganadidebs qalisa da bunebis kavSirs, romelic gacilebiT
ufro Rrmaa, vidre mamakacisa.

„xelovneba miwaze“ ( EARTH ART)
da adgilspecifikuri qandakeba
1970-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, mas Semdeg, rac proces-artis-
tebma xelaxali sicocxle SesZines xeliT keTebas da is kv-
lav xelovnebad aqcies, artistebis meore jgufma sakuTriv
miwasTan daiwyo muSaoba da is manipulaciis, xelobisa da
cvlilebebis mediumad aqcia. miwis artistebi miwas ise iye-
nebdnen, rogorc dazgur tilos. isini Ria cis qveS muSaobd-
nen da Tavisi namuSevrebis Sesaqmnelad xSirad, im bunebriv
masalas iyenebdnen, romelsac adgilze poulobdnen. es namu-
Sevrebi ZiriTadad, konkretuli adgilebisTvisaa Seqmnili.
maTgan zogi imdenad didia, rom samudamod Secvala land-
Safti, zogi ki ambiciuria, Tumca droebiTi; nawili imde-
nad Sors mdebareobs, rom cota vinmesTvis Tua misawvdomi,
sxvebis naxva ki martivadaa SesaZlebeli. „xelovneba miwaze“,
performansisa da konceftualuri xelovnebis msgavsad, ar
aris komerciulad momgebiani. magram am namuSevrebs xSirad
aRbeWdavdnen fotoze an kinofirze. Sedegad ki swored es
gamosaxulebebi iqca sakoleqcio obieqtebad da
ara Tavad namuSevrebi. xelovneba miwaze (Earth Art)
ar unda agverios garemos xelovnebaSi (Environmental
art). pirveli miwas (an qalaqs) iyenebs namuSevris
Seqmnis adgilad, meore ki safrTxis qveS myofi
bunebrivi garemos moZiebasa da masze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebazea orientirebuli.
smiTsoni robert smiTsoni (Robert Smithson, 1938-
1973) imis ilustrirebas cdilobda, rasac Tavad,
bunebaSi `mimdinare dialeqtikas~ uwodebda da
rac maSenebel, formis Semqmnel konstruqci-
ul Zalebsa da mis damangrevel, destruqciul
4-27 • kristo da Jan klodi. karibWe,
1979-2005; centraluri parki, niu iorki.
fotoze asaxulia 2005 wlis instalacia
4-26 • robert smiTsoni.
spiraluri jebiri,
1969-1970; lami, marilis danaleqi
kristalebi, kldeebi, wyali,
sigrZe 457X4.5 m.
didi solT leiqi, iuta
© robert smiTsonis
memkvidreoba, licenzirebuli
VAGA-s mier, niu iorki,
niu iorkis Stati
smiTsonma mkvdar tbaSi napovni
ramdenime cocxali organizmidan,
Tavis namuSevarSi mxolod erTi
CarTo: wyalmcenare, romelic
garkveul pirobebSi wiTel
Seferilobas iRebs. spiraluri
jebiris sigane erT manqanas itevs.
namuSevris Sesaqmnelad, miwas
uzarmazari satvirTo manqanebiT
ezidebodnen tbaSi.
Zalebs Soris arsebobda. am ideebis gamomxatvelia 1970
wels Seqmnili spiraluri jebiri (sur. 4-26). esaa 1,500 futis
qvisa da miwis platforma, romelic iutas StatSi mdebare
tbaze, solT leiqze spiraluradaa daxveuli. smiTsonis-
Tvis, mlaSe wyali da tbis wyalmcenareebi asaxavda ro-
gorc pirvelyofil okeanes, romelSic sicocxle daiwyo,
aseve mkvdar zRvas, romelmac es sicocxle mokla. mito-
vebuli navTobis WaburRilebi, romlebiTac dacxrilulia
tbis napirebi, dinozavris ConCxebsa da gamqrali civiliza-
ciebis narCenebs mogvagonebs. smiTsonma spirali gamoiye-
na, radgan es arqetipuli forma, romelic bunebaSi yvel-
gan arsebobs _ galaqtikebidan moyolebuli, vidre zRvis
niJarebamde _ adamianis mier, aTaswleulTa manZilze ga-
moiyeneboda xelovnebaSi. modernistuli kvadratebisa da
wreebisgan gansxvavebiT, es `dialeqturi~ forma, romelic
ixsneba da ixureba, ixveva da swordeba usasrulod, gvTa-
vazobs zrdasa da xrwnas, Seqmnasa da ganadgurebas an Ta-
vad smiTsonis sityvebiT, uwyvet `momavalsa da warmavals~.
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 203
smiTsonis nebiT, spiraluri jebiri sagangebod ar dauca-
vT, is droTa manZilze Tavad bunebas unda ganekarga. axla
namuSevari kristalizebuli mariliT aris dafaruli, Tum-
ca, rogorc es Google Earth-idan Cans, jerac xilulia.

kristo da Jan klodi amerikaSi, adgil-specifikuri xe-

lovnebis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi kristo
javaCefi (Christo Javacheff, d.1935) da Jan klod de gileboni
(Jeanne-Claude de Guillebon, 1925-2009) iyvnen. isini uzarmazari
masStabis (rogorc urbanul, aseve soflur) proeqtebze
muSaobdnen, romlebic dagegmvidan realizaciamde mravali
wlis Sromas moiTxovda. kristo Jan klods parizSi Sexvda,
sadac 1958 wels, bulgareTidan wavida emigraciaSi. 1964-Si,
orive niu iorkSi gadavida sacxovreblad. maTi politiku-
ri da intervenciuli xasiaTis namuSevrebi xSirad, Senobebis
SefuTviTa da miwis did monakveTebze qsovilis gadafarebiT
exmianeboda kapitalizmsa da samomxmareblo kulturas. ma-
galiTad, berlinSi maT raixsTagis Senoba `SefuTes~, avst-
raliaSi ki daaxloebiT, 93 aTasi metris sigrZis sanapiro
zoli. yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi, dagegmvisa da biurokra-
tebTan brZolis procesi xelovnebis nawili xdeboda, mis
dasrulebamde ki xSirad, wlebi gadioda. Tavad SefuTvis
procesi, piriqiT, mxolod ramdenime kviras moiTxovda, ad-
gilze ki dasrulebuli namuSevari kidev ufro mcire droiT
rCeboda. kristo da Jan klodi morigi namuSevrisTvis Tanxas
wignebis, kristos originaluri namuSevrebis (kolaJebi, Ca-
naxatebi) da wina proeqtTan dakavSirebuli, erTjeradi pro-
duqciis gayidviT agrovebdnen.
2005 wlis TebervalSi, kristom da Jan klodma daamonta-
Jes namuSevari karibWe, centraluri parki, niu iorki, 1979-2005
(sur. 4-27). proeqtis ganxorcielebas 26 weli dasWirda. am wle-
bis manZilze artistebi ebrZodnen niu iorkis biurokratias,
laxavdnen mraval dabrkolebas, Tan ki gzadagza, cvlile-
bebi SehqondaT Tavis namuSevarSi. sabolood, centraluri
parkis 37 kilometris sigrZis bilikis gaswvriv, `karibWeze~,
maT 7,503 zafranisferi neilonis paneli daamontaJes. kaSka-
Sa feris, mofriale panelebma mniSvnelovnad gamoacocxla
centraluri parkis Tebervlis civi landSafti. instalacias
didi sazogadoebrivi warmateba xvda wilad, is centralur
parkSi mxolod 16 dRis manZilze iyo warmodgenili.

arqiteqtura: XX saukunis
Sua wlebis modernizmidan
postmodernizmisken
II msoflios omis Semdeg, msoflios mniSvnelovani nawilis
qalaqmSeneblobis axal sistemaSi internacionaluri stili
gabatonda, romelic martivad aRqmadi stuqturiTa da is-
torizmis uaryofiT iyo cnobili. es ki imas niSnavda, rom
modernistuli arqiteqturis utopiuri da revoluciuri as-
peqtebi gadavida formaSi, romelic didwilad, korporaciis
simZlavresa da keTildReobaze iyo dafuZnebuli. interna-

4-28 • ludvig mis van der roe da filip jonsoni. sigremis Senoba,
1954-1958; niu iorki

204 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

 4-29 • eero saarineni.
trans uorldis
aviaxazebis terminali
(TWA),
1956-1962; jon f. kenedis
aeroporti, niu iorki

cionaluri stilis ramdenime mniSvnelovani evropeli arqi- Si man ufunqcio, brinjaos dekoratiuli koWebi gamoiyena,
teqtori, aseTia magaliTad, valter gropiusi (ix. sur. 3-52), romlebic Sida, funqciur koWebs exmianeboda, fasads ki
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad. maT mdidrul, elvare, didebul iers aniWebda.
mniSvnelovani poziciebi daikaves arqiteqturul skolebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom internacionaluri stilis gamar-
sadac Tanamoazre arqiteqtorTa araerTi Taoba izrdeboda. tivebuli, sworxazovani formebi jer kidev batonobda ur-
banul horizontze, sxva arqiteqtorebma uari Tqves mis in-
XX saukunis Sua wlebis modernistuli arqiteqtura dividualobas moklebul principebze da komerciul arqite-
ludvig mis van der roe (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1886-1969) qturaSic ki, mimarTes Zalze gamomsaxvel dizains, romelic
omis Semdgomi internacionaluri stilis nagebobebis yve- axal samSeneblo meTodebsa da bevrad met masalas saWiroeb-
laze eqstremalur magaliTebs qmnida (ix. internacionalu- da. magaliTad, niu iorkis jon kenedis aeroportis trans
ri stili, gv. 157). bauhauzis yofili pedagogisa da nacis- uorldis aviaxazebis terminali (sur. 4-29), romelic finuri
turi germanidan devnili arqiteqtoris minis sworkuTxa warmoSobis amerikelma arqiteqtorma eero saarinenma (Eero
koSkebi omis Semdgomi kapitalizmis saxed iqca. filip jon- Saarinen, 1910-1961) daaproeqta, mkveTrad arRvevs miRebul
sonTan erTad Seqmnili, niu iorkis sigremis Senobis (sur. 4-28) CarCoebs. terminalis saxuravis ori ganieri, erTmaneTisken
cxad, mkafio, sufTa xazebSi gacxadebuli
standartizacia da individualurobis
nakleboba, Tanamedrove korporaciebis
sinonimebad miiCneva. aseTi tipis Senobe-
bis kon­struirebis efeqturi meTodebi da
masalebi arqiteqtorebs miwis mcire nak-
veTze uamravi saofise sivrcis Seqmnis Se-
saZleblobas aZlevda. amasTan, maTi Sene-
bac Zalze ekonomiuri iyo. arqiteqtorebs
akritikebdnen imis gamo, rom nagebobebi
mourTav minis kolofebs hgavda, magram
mis van der roe poziciebs ar Tmobda da
imeorebda: `mciredi metia~. braldebebis
miuxedavad, sigremis Senobis eqsterier-

4-30 • frenk loid raiTi.

solomon r. gugenhaimis muzeumi,
1943-1959; niu iorki

muzeumis ukan mdgomi, ganieri Senoba, gviani

danamatia. is 1992 wels guaTmi sigalisa
da arqiteqtorTa asociaciis mieraa
daproeqtebuli

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 205

daqanebuli rkinabetonis moculobiT, romlebic gasafrenad postmodernuli arqiteqtura
gamzadebuli, uzarmazari frinvelis frTebs mogvagonebs, 1970-ian wlebSi, arqiteqtorebma internacionaluri sti-
saarineni ecada sahaero mogzaurobis mZafri SegrZnebebi da lisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, elvare minisa da foladis ko-
momxiblaoba gadmoeca. interieri farTe, Ria, erTmaneTSi lofebisgan daiwyes distancireba da TavianT proeqtebSi
STambeWdavad gadaRvril sivrceebs moicavs. saarinenma Ta- warsulis stilebidan nasesxebi citatebis CarTvas Seudg-
vad Seqmna interieris yvela detali _ salaroTi dawyebuli, nen. axali, postmodernuli stilis gaCenas arqiteqturis
satelefoni jixurebiT damTavrebuli _ raTa bolomde sis- istorikosebi ukavSireben jein jeiqobsis (Jane Jacobs, 1916-
ruleSi moeyvana Tavisi Toliis frTebismagvari Senoba. 2006) naSroms _ didi amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da si-
frenk loid raiTma (ix. sur.: 32-41, 32-41, 32-43) niu iorkis cocxle. is aseve filadelfiel arqiteqtors, robert ven-
gugenhaimis muzeumis SenobiT (sur. 4-30) samudamod Secvala sa- turis (Robert Venturi, d. 1925) ukavSirdeba, romelmac uaryo
muzeumo arqiteqtura. nageboba skulpturul namuSevrad internacionaluri stilis abstraqtuli siwminde da Tavis
daproeqtda da imTaviTve iqca xelovnebis nimuSad. gugen- proeqtebSi xalxuri (popularuli, gavrcelebuli, Cveu-
haimis muzeumi solomon r. gugenhaimis axali epoqis namu- lebrivi) wyaroebidan aRebuli elementebi CarTo.
SevarTa piradi koleqciisTvis Seiqmna da TWA terminalis venturim Seqmna parodia mis van der roes gamonaTqvamze _
msgavsad, masac organuli, am SemTxvevaSi, spiralis forma `mciredi metia~ da sakuTari aforizmi SemogvTavaza _ `mci-
aqvs. muzeumis galereis spirali minis Weridan dabla eSve- redi mosabezrebelia~. igi brals sdebda mis van der roesa
ba da gars evleba xuTsarTulian, efeqtur atriums. raiTs da sxva modernist arqitetorebs, rom maT unificirebuli
surda, rom damTvaliereblebi Tavdapirvelad liftiT formebis, siwmindisa da abstraqciis ZiebaSi ugulebelyves
asuliyvnen bolo sarTulze, iqidan ki fexiT daSvebuliyv- adamianis saWiroebani. is iwvevs postmodernizms, raTa Ta-
nen damreci, sul ufro metad gafarToebuli pandusiT da namedrove qalaqis Semadgeneli `maRali~ da mdare arqiteq-
gzad, ferweruli namuSevrebiT damtkbariyvnen. turis rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da araerTgvarovani nazavi
pirveli direqtorebis mier ganxorcielebuli cvlile- gamoikvlios, raTa miiRos eklektizmi da proeqtebSi xelax-
bis miuxedavad, muzeumis interieri dResac inarCunebs arqi- la CarTos Zveli arqiteqturuli stilebidan nasesxebi ele-
teqtoris mier Cafiqrebul, `sastumro oTaxis~ myudroebas. mentebi da Tavis nagebobebi kvlav Seamkos dekoriT.
raiTs surda, rom Senoba kontrastulad dapirispireboda 1960-ian wlebSi venturim dawera samecniero naSromi
iseT caTambjenebs, rogoric sigraemis Senobaa da manheTenis postmodernizmze _ sirTule da winaaRmdegoba arqiteqtu-
RisSesaniSnaobad gadaqceuliyo. marTlac, is XX saukunis raSi (1966), imavdroulad ki Seqmna sakuTari dedis saxlis
erT-erTi yvelaze gansakuTrebuli samuzeumo sivrcea dResac. proeqti (sur. 4-31), romelSic araerTi axali idea aqcia rea-
lobad. fasadis forma daub-
runda tradiciuli, dasavlu-
ri `saxlis~ formas, romelic
modernistebma (ix. sur. 3-29, 3-40,
3-50) uaryves misi istoriu-
li, kliSedqceuli asocia-
ciebis gamo. samkuTxedebisa
da kvadratebisgan Sedgenili
venturis leqsikoni mxiaruli
asimetriulobiT aris mowes-
rigebuli, rac uaryofs mo-
dernistuli dizainis gawo-
nasworebul harmonias, mrude
formebi wminda wylis dekora-
tiuli monaxazia _ TiToeuli
elementi mkrexeluri gadaxve-
vaa internacionaluri stilis
mkacri principebidan. magram
fasadis yvelaze damangreveli
elementi kars zemoT gaWrili
4-31 • robert venturi.
Rrma napralia, romelic gaxs-
fasadi (a) da gegma (b),
vena venturis saxeli, nilia, raTa gamoavlinos idu-
CesnaT hili, mali zeda kedeli da sakvamu-
1961-1964; filadelfia, ris Tavi. interieric rTuli
pensilvania da winaaRmdegobrivia. pirveli
sarTulis iregularuli gegma,
zemoT, meore sarTulze mima-
vali, ucnauri kibis CaTvliT,

206 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg


4-32 • filip jonsoni da jon burji.
AT&T korporaciis saTao ofisis modeli,
1978-1983; niu iorki
kidev ufro garTulebulia Weris iregularuli doneebiT,
romlebic nawilobriv, cilindruli kamariTaa gadaxuruli.
1970 wels, postmodernul ideebs komerciul arqite-
qturaSic iyenebdnen. amis erT-erTi pirveli magaliTa
filip jonsonis (Philip Johnson, 1906-2005) AT&T korporaciis
saTao ofisi (axla sonis Senoba) niu iorkSi (sur. 4-32). es ele-
ganturi, granitisperangiani caTambjeni 36 arastandartu-
li sarTulisgan Sedgeba, rac Cveulebrivi, 60 sarTuliani
Senobis simaRlis tolia.
Tavisi swori, sada zedapiriT is internacionaluri sti-
lis mezoblebs baZavs, kedlis vertikalur sibrtyeebs So-
ris Sejgufebuli klasikuri fanjrebi ki aseve mezoblad
mdgom, XX saukunis dasawyisis caTambjenebs exmianeba. ma-
gram Senobis mTliani silueti ucnauradaa mimsgavsebuli
Cippendeilis XVIII saukunis maRal komods, romelic grZel
fexebs eyrdnoboda da daxrili TaviT iyo dasrulebuli.
rogorc Cans, jonsonma sityvebi _ maRali komodi (highboy) da
mravalsarTuliani saxli (high-rise) vizualur formebSi gaa-
TamaSa. Senobis Tavze gaWrili mrgvali Rru, iseve rogorc
ZirSi moTavsebuli, momrgvalebuli sadarbazo Sesasvleli,
Zveli, fasiani telefonis aparatebis monetis Casagdebsa da
mis dasabrunebelTan asocirdeba da gonebamaxvilurad mig-
vaniSnebs jonsonis damkveTs _ AT&T-s satelefono kompanias.
postmodernizmi
mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian dasavlur saxelovnebo samyaro-
Si 1970-iani wlebis postmodernistuli Teoriebis SeRwevis
zust TariRze, Tumca umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom es 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. im droisTvis, modernizmi xelov-
nebas absolutur, idealur, wminda, srulyofil movlenad
ganixilavda, xelovanebs ki seriozul, mizanswraful pirov-
nebebad, romlebsac sazogadoebaze maRla, misgan gancalkeve-
biT unda sWerodaT Tavi. axalgazrda xelovanTaTvis amgvari
midgoma qedmaRlurad da suleluradac ki JRerda.
postmodernizmi stilze metad, xelovnebis Seqmnis stra­
tegiaa. mas mravali da sxavasxvagvari gamoxatuleba aqvs.
postmodernisti artistebi uaryofen modernizmis seri­
ozulobas, qmnian vizualurad saintereso, uwesrigo, xanda-
xan winaaRmdegobriv, xSirad ki politikur gamosaxulebebs,
riTic abuCad igdeben modernizmis xelovnebis wesebs. isi-
ni `iTviseben~ an ubralod iReben uamrav xatebebs, rogorc
`maRali xelovnebidan~ ise `popularuli~ wyaroebidan, uc-
vlian maT adgils, konteqsts, mniSvnelobas da aseTnairad,
nawilobriv mainc, am gamosaxulebebis Tanaavtorebi xdebian.
postmodernisti artistebi Zvelidan axal gamosaxulebebsa
da axal mniSvnelobebs qmnian, miesalmebian axirebulobas,
winaaRmdegobriobas da eqscentriulobas da seriozulad
eWvqveS ayeneben nawarmoebis dedanis Rirebulebis ideas.
Tuki modernizmi industriuli, teqnologiuri sazo-
gadoebis macne iyo, postmodernuli xelovnebis dabadebam
post-industriuli, komunikaciasa da informaciaze dafuZ-
nebuli, ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebis epo-
qis dadgoma gvamcno. is moqnili sazogadoebis arsebobas
moiTxovda, romelic miiRebda da moergeboda gansxvave-
bulobasa da cvlilebebs. postmodernuli xelovneba asa-
xavs Cveni, globalizebuli sazogadoebis pluralizms (so-
cialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebuloba), romelSic er-
TaderTi, namdvili konstanta cvlilebaa, xolo erTader-
Ti rac saerTo gvaqvs _ gansxvavebuloba. postmodernuli
xelovneba moicavs 1980-iani wlebis uzarmazar vizualur
kulturas, romelic personaluri kompiuterebis, video
kamerebis, sakabelo televiziebisa da internetis mzardi
kulturis gaCeniTaa niSneuli. postmodernizmi gamosaxu-
lebebs am usasrulod cvalebadi samyarodan iRebs, romel-
Sic ukve rTulia gaerkve, ra aris namdvili da ra ara. ro-
gorc endi uorholma arc Tu ise didi xnis win, winaswarme-
tyvelurad SeniSna _ `me ar vici sad mTavrdeba xelovnuri
da sad iwyeba namdvili~.
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 207
4-33 • anselm kiferi. brandenburgis marSi,
1974; zeTi, akrili, Silaki jvaloze 1.18X2.54 m. van abemuzeumis koleqcia, eindhoveni, niderlandebi © anselm kiferi

ferwera
neo-eqspresionizmi, postmodernizmis erT-erTi pirveli sa-
erTaSoriso gamoxatuleba, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisis ori,
uamravi damTvaliereblis myoli gamofenidan iRebs saTaves.
erTi londonSi gaimarTa (A New Spirit, axali suli), meore ki
berlinSi (Zeitgeist, drois suli). gamofenebze warmodgenili
iyo msxvilmasStabiani figuratiuli ferwera, romelmac
mayurebels ferweruli suraTiT tkbobis fufuneba daubru-
na. neo-eqspresionizmi mxolod mamakacuri moZraoba iyo: axa-
li suli 38 mamakacis xelovnebas warmoadgenda, drois suli
ki 43 mamakacisa da erTaderTi qalis.

kiferi germaneli neo-eqspresionisti anselm kiferi (An-

selm Kiefer, d.1945) II msoflio omis bolo kviraSi daibada. is
nacistebis mier akrZalul (ix. avangardis CaxSoba nacistur
germaniaSi, gv. 156), 1930-iani wlebis germanul eqspresio-
nizms pativsac miagebda da akritikebda kidec. kiferis 1974
wlis namuSevarSi brandenburgis marSi (sur. 4-33), gadamwvari da
unayofo landSaftia gamosaxuli. Tavisi qveynis nacisturi
warsulis winaaRmdeg brZolas aq mxatvari Tavisi maswavleb-
lis, boisis ideebze dayrdnobiT cdilobs.
nacizmis martivi dokumentirebis nacvlad, kiferma su-
raTSi erTmaneTs SeuTanada omis damangreveli fizikuri ze-
moqmedeba branderburgis xriok miwaze (berlinis axlos) da
nacizmis istoria, romelzec migvaniSna suraTis wina planze,
gzaze daudevrad miwerili nacisturi marSis pirveli fra-
zebiT _ `brandenburgis xrioki, brandenburgis qviSa~. amgva­
rad, kiferi Tan Seexmiana warsuls, Tan ki gaakritika is.

baskia naadrevad, tragikulad daRupuli amerikeli Jan 4-34 • Jan miSel baskia. mesayvireebi,
miSel baskias (Jean-Michel Basquiat, 1960-1988) neo-eqspresio- 1983; akrili da zeTis Cxirebi tiloze,
nistuli tiloebi grafitis xelovnebidan iRebs saTaves. sami paneli, jamSi 2.44X1.91 m.
bruklinSi dabadebuli baskia, saSualo fenis komfortul broudis xelovnebis fondi, santa monika, kalifornia

208 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg


4-35 • gerhard rixteri. tyviiT gangmiruli kaci (1) Erschossener (1)
1977 wlis 18 oqtomberi, 1988; tilo, zeTi, 100X140 sm. axali
xelovnebis muzeumi (MoMA), niu iorki © gerhard rixteri 2012.
sidni da harieT jenisebis koleqcia, filip jonsonis saCuqari,
SeZenilia lili f. blisis memkvidreobiT (gacvlili).
enid a. haufTis fondi; nina da gordon banSafTebis samemkvidreo
fondi da emili rauh puliceris saCuqari (169.1995.g.)
garemoSi izrdeboda, Tumca ajanyda mis winaaRmdeg, mia-
tova saxli, skola da quCis artistad gadaiqca. sami wlis
manZilze, is qveda manheTenis kedlebs mokle da gonebamaxvi-
luri filosofiuri teqstebiT faravda da maT xels awerda
rogorc `SAMO©~. 1980 wels, baskiam monawileoba miiRo far-
Tod reklamirebul Times Square Show-Si, romelic warmoaCen-
da miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebis, metroebisa da grafitis
artistebis uxeS da agresiul stils. baskia ambobda, rom
undoda `iseTi mxatvrobis Seqmna, romelic bavSvis naxatis
msgavsi iqneboda~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, misi Semoqmedeba
axali xelovnebidan nasesxebi gamosaxulebebis, rasobrivi
Temebisa da quCis uxeSi pirdapirobis daxvewili nazavia.
1983 wels Seqmnili, metad amaRelvebeli namuSevari me-
sayvireebi (sur. 4-34) legendarul jazis musikosebs _ Car-
li parkersa (zeda marcxena) da dizi gilespis (centridan
marjvniv) gamosaxavs. feris swrafad dadebis meTodiTa da
sityvebis swrafweriT gamoxatulia baskias jazisadmi er-
Tguleba da misi mtkice gadawyvetileba win wamoswios af-
ro-amerikuli Tema, Tumca arasentimentaluri gziT. baskia
ambobda: `Sav adamianebs arasdros gamosaxaven realistu-
rad, maT saerTod ar gamosaxaven Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi.
moxaruli var, rom amas vakeTeb~. Jan miSel baskia 27 wlis
asakSi, heroinis gadaWarbebuli doziT gardaicvala.
rixteri neo-eqspresionizmi erT-erTi iyo im mravali
formidan, romelic postmodernulma mxatvrobam mogvita-
na. germaneli artisti, gerhard rixteri (Gerhard Richter, d.
1932) uaryofda erTi stiliT muSaobis SesaZleblobas da
amtkicebda, rom TiToeuli ferweruli tilos forma misma
Sinaarsma unda gansazRvros. 1988 wels, man Seqmna ferweru-
li seria, romlis nawilia tyviiT gangmiruli kaci (1) ERSCHOS-
SENER (1) 1977 wlis 18 oqtomberi (sur. 4-35). es aris naturalu-
ri zomis ferweruli asli Sav-TeTri sagazeTo fotoebisa,
romlebzec teroristuli dajgufebis _ Baader-Meinhof Gang
(wiTeli armiis fraqcia) _ sami gardacvlili wevria asaxuli.
samive teroristis gvami 1977 wels aRmoaCines cixis sakanSi,
muSavdeboda TviTmkvlelobis versiac. isini daakaves Zle-
vamosili mrewvelobis germanuli federaciis prezidentis,
hans martin Sleieris gatacebisa da mkvlelobis braldebiT.
rixteri erTdroulad akritikebda politikuri ideologis
ideisaTvis Tavganwirvis nebas, masmediis mZlavr rols, ro-
melsac is, gamosaxulebis meSveobiT, Sinaarsis SeqmnaSi Ta-
maSobs da artistis xelis mniSvnelobas, maSinac ki rodesac
is, am SemTxvevis msgavsad, TiTqmis uxilavia.
postmodernizmi da genderi
1982 wels, kritikosi kreig ouensi amtkicebda, rom postmo-
dernizmi asaxavda normaluri kulturis gavlenis kriziss da
rom amas is xerxi mowmobda, romliTac is kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebda modernizmis cru homogenurobas. misi azriT, fo-
tografia, romelic verasdros CaerTo srulad saxviTi xe-
lovnebis kanonSi, SesaZloa saukeTeso mediumi iyo misakuT-
rebuli xatebebis gadmosacemad, mas SeeZlo idealuri mediu-
mi yofiliyo postmodernizmisTvis. feminizmi ukve dapiris-
pirebuli iyo `patriarqalurobas” (sazogadoebaSi mamakacTa
mier Zalauflebis flobas), ouensi ki modernizms swored
patriarqlur, avtoritarul, mxolod artistuli ostato-
bisa da originalurobaken mswraf mimdinareobad axasiaTe-
bda. misi mtkicebiT, feministebsa da fotografebs bevrad
ukeT SeeZloT RirsSesaniSnavi postmodernuli xelovnebis
Seqmna, vidre mamakac neo-eqsresionist fermwerebs. postmo-
dernizmi, feminizmi da fotografia _ yvela maTgani aiZu-
lebda mayurebels gansxvavebulobis pirispir aRmoCeniliyo,
yvela eWvqveS ayenebda saxviTi kanonis uzenaesobas da didad
ar afasebda originalurobas an individualur mxatvrul
ostatobas. yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, bevri artisti qali,
swored postmodernul strategias iyenebda feministuri xe-
lovnebis Sesaqmnelad (ix. partizani gogonebi, gv. 210).
Sermani 1977 wels, sindi Sermanma (Sindy
Sherman, d. 1954)
muSaoba da­
iwyo seriaze usaTauro kinokadrebi, romelic
4-36 • sindi Sermani. usaTauri kinokadri #21,
1978; Sav-TeTri foto, 20.3X25.4 sm. wignis avtorebi madlierebas
gamoxataven artistisa da metro fiqCerzis mimarT. niu iorki
uyureT videos sindi Sermanis Sesaxeb veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 209
xelovneba da misi konteqsti partizani gogonebi |
1984 wels, axali xelovnebis muzeumma dagegma da umaspinZla did da sxeulis amsaxveli namuSevrebis 85 procenti qalis sxeuls gad-
mniSvnelovan gamofenas, saxelwodebiT _ ferwerisa da qandakebis moscemda, maSin rodesac Tavad xelovan qalebs namuSevrebis mxolod
saerTaSoriso mimoxilva. savaraudod, gamofenas unda warmoeCina im 5 procenti ekuTvnodaT. 2005 wels partizanma gogonebma gaimeores
drois yvelaze mniSvnelovani xelovneba da misi Semqmneli xelova- gamokiTxva da aRmoaCines, rom samwuxarod, xelovani qalebis raoden-
nebi. gamofenaSi monawile 169 (umTavresad TeTrkaniani) Semoqmedi­ oba kidev ufro Semcirda (3 procenti), Tumca, TvalsaCinod momra-
dan mxolod 13 iyo qali. am da sxva msgavsi gamofenebis sapasuxod, vldnen SiSveli mamakacebi!
momdev­no wels, niu iorkSi dafuZnda feministTa radikaluri jgufi namuSevari Semoqmed qalad yofnis upiratesobebi (sur. 4-37) gvaw-
partizani gogonebi (Guerrilla Girls), romelic, maTive sityvebiT, imis- vdis im `sargebelTa~ ironiul da sevdian sias, rac Semoqmed qalad
Tvis Seiqmna, rom `saxelovnebo samyaros sindisad~ qceuliyo. saku- yofnas moaqvs. partizanma gogonebma gaafarToves TavianTi saqmianoba
Tari identobis dasamalad da pirovnuli represiebis asacileblad, da dRes msoflioSi arsebul, rasobrivi da politikuri diskrimina-
jgufis wevrebi gorilebis niRbebs atarebdnen. sakuTar Tavs isini ciis problemebze muSaoben. maT mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanes
`gogonebs~ uwodebdnen, radgan am sityviT qalebs damamcirebeli metropoliten muzeumSi Tu ara, mTel saxelovnebo samyaroSi.
mniS­vnelobiT mimarTavdnen xolme. TiToeul maTgans fsevdonimad
gardacvlili cnobili artisti qalis saxeli hqonda aRebuli. maT
ganacxades, rom amieridan axali sityva `F~, mxolod feminizmis aRm-
niSvneli iqneboda.
maT TavianT valdebulebad miaCndaT saxelovnebo samyaroSi
genderuli da rasobrivi usamarTlobis gamovlena, diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg demonstraciebis mowyoba, feradkaniani artistebisa
da artisti qalebis uflebebisTvis brZola. partizani gogonebi
partizanuli saomari moqmedebebisTvis damaxasiaTebel strategias
mimarTavdnen _ isini moqmedebdnen farulad da TavianT mtrebs ano-
nimurad pirdapir gulSi scemdnen laxvars. jgufis wevrebi saxelo-
vnebo samyaroSi momxdari diskriminaciuli faqtebis statistikur
monacemebs agrovebdnen, reklamis saukeTeso Teoriis safuZvelze,
mwvave, gonebamaxvilur, natif plakatebs qmnidnen da maT Ram-Ramo-
biT niu iorkis saxelovnebo ubnebis kedlebze akravdnen, im gale-
reebisa da muzeumebis axlos, romlebic diskriminaciaSi iyvnen SemC-
neuli. plakatebis naxva uamrav adamians SeeZlo, maTi toni mwvaved
gamkicxavic iyo da saxalisoc. maT marTlac bevri ram Secvales.
partizani gogonebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili plakati war-
moadgenda variacias engris did odaliskaze (ix. sur. 1-56) da darTuli 4-37 • partizani gogonebi.
hqonda fraza: `qalebi unda gaSiSvldnen imisTvis, rom metropoli- Semoqmed qalad yofnis upiratesobebi,
ten muzeumSi moxvdnen?~. rogorc Tavad plakatSia ganmartebuli, im 1988; ofseturi beWdva, 43.2X55.9 sm.
momentisTvis (igulisxmeba 1989 weli), muzeumSi gamofenili, SiSveli artistebis koleqcia © partizani gogonebi

xedvis postmodernuli strategiis SesaniSnavi magaliTia. es

Sav-TeTri fotoebi SemaSineblad mogvagonebs 1960-iani wlebis
dasawyisis cnobil kadrebs, Tumca namdvilad sindi Sermanis Ta-
namedrove fotoebia, romlebSic is, Sesabamisi makiaJiT pozirebs
garemoSi, romelic TiTqos citirebs kargad nacnobi, Zveli ki-
nofilmebis kadrebs. magaliTad, namuSevarSi usaTauro kinokadri
#21 (sur. 4-36) igi Cndeba rogorc `gogona~ patara qalaqidan, ro-
melic sul axlaxans Camovida megapolisSi samuSaos saZebnelad.
imave seriis sxva fotoebze is sxvadasxvagvaradaa naCvenebi _ xan
samxreTeli lamazmania, xan gulmodgined mSromeli diasaxlisi, xan
ki satelefono zaris momlodine mozardi.
kritikosebi am gamosaxulebebs meore talRis feminizmis prizmaSi
ganixilavdnen, vinaidan namuSevrebi kiTxvebs svamda im Camoyalibebul
rolze, romelsac qali asrulebda sazogadoebaSi. gakritikebuli
iyo qalisken mimarTuli, mamakacTa daJinebuli mzerac. yvela foto-
Si Sermani gvevlineba, rogorc fotografis, ise gadaRebis obieqtis
ampluaSi. orive rolis gaerTianebiT, is arTulebs urTierTobas maT
Soris vinc uyurebs da visac uyureben da angrevs fotografiaSi qa-
lis asaxvis stereotipul xerxebs.

4-38 • barbara kriugeri. Seni daJinebuli mzera Cems saxes almacerad xvdeba,
1981; foto, wiTlad SeRebili CarCo 140X104 sm.
meri bunis galerea, niu iorki © barbara kriugeri

210 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

4-39 • feis ringoldi. qalaqis saxuravi
(I nawili seriidan qalebi xidze),
1988; akrili tiloze, moCarCoebulia
dabeWdili, moxatuli, daWrili da
gadakerebuli qsoviliT, 190.5X174 sm.
gugenhaimis muzeumi, niu iorki © feis
ringoldi 1988. batoni da qalbatoni
gasebisa da judiT liberis saCuqari

ixileT axlo xediT qalaqis saxuravi

veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

kriugeri namuSevarSi usaTauro (Seni da-

Jinebuli mzera Cems saxes almacerad xvde­
ba) (sur.4-38), barbara kriugeri (Barbara Kruger,
d.1945) fotografiis saSualebiT kidev
ufro mkveTrad svams qalis, rogorc dak-
virvebis obieqtis sakiTxs. xelovnebis ni-
muSebis Seqmnamde, kriugeri dizainerad
muSaobda JurnalSi Mademoiselle. misi xelwe-
ra iolad amoicnoba Sav-TeTri fotoga-
mosaxulebebisa da wiTeli samferiani beWd-
vis kombinaciaSi, romelic farTod gamoiye-
neboda iaf reklamebSi.
formatisa da sloganis gamoyenebis mi-
seuli stiliT, kriugeri reklamidan ar-
Cevs Sesabamis vizualur personaJs da er-
Tdroulad, gvTavazobs da arRvevs kidec
sareklamo gamosaxulebas. mxatvari piris
nacvalsaxeliT `Sen~, pirdapir mimarTavs
mayurebels da masa (adamiani vinc uyurebs) da mzeris obi- tradiciuli xelsaqmis elementebi. namuSevrebi ixateba rbil
eqts (adamiani visac uyureben) Soris urTierTobis asaxvas qsovilebze da ara gadaWimul, dagruntul tiloebze da
iwyebs. mayurebeli aqtiuria, obieqti ki pasiuri. Cveuleb- CarCovdeba dekoratiuli quilTiT. ringoldis deda, uili
riv, mayurebeli flobs kidec `mzeris~ Zalauflebas da fousi, modis dizaineri da mkeravi iyo da quilTis CarCoeb-
rbilad imorCilebs mzeris obiqts. magram, Tuki adamiani, sac akeTebda. 1981 wels, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, ringol-
visac uyureben Semotrialdeba, uaryofs an gardatexs mze- di Tavad Seudga msgavsi namuSevrebis Seqmnas. 1977 wels, man
ras, tradiciuli, Zalismieri urTierToba maSinve irRveva. avtobiografiaze daiwyo muSaoba (Cven gadavufrineT xids:
swored es xdeba kriugeris gamosaxulebaSic _ iq mayure- feis ringoldis mogonebebi, 1995), magram gamomcemeli ver
beli (`Sen~) iblokeba obieqtis mier, romelic gvicxadebs, ipova da gadawyvita sabnebis nacvlad, Tavisi istoriebi Seeke-
rom `Seni mzera~ aicila `Cemma saxem~. kriugeris xelovneba ra. am namuSevrebs artisma Sekerili ambebi (story quilting) uwoda.
damangreveli da intervenciulia. artists is pla­­ katebze, feministuri mgrZnobelobiT gamococxlebuli, rin-
maisurebze, kalmebsa da fanqrebze gadaaqvs. goldis Sekerili ambebi qalebze mogviTxrobs da rogorc
wesi, qalTa problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. namuSevarSi qa-
postmodernizmi da rasobrivi, laqis saxuravi (sur. 4-39), rva wlis qesi luiz laiTfuTia
an eTnikuri kuTvnileba mTxrobeli, Tumca sinamdvileSi, istoria mTlianad rin-
sxva artistebic amgvaradve iyeneben postmodernul stra-
goldis harlemuri bavSvobis mogonebebs efuZneba. qalaqis
tegiebs, raTa yuradReba gaamaxvilon rasobriv da eTnikur
saxuravi aRwers im mravalbiniani saxlis saxuravs, romel-
gansxvavebebze, icaven cvlilebebs da ikvleven Tu rogor
Sic ringoldis ojaxi cxovrobda.
erTiandeba rasa da genderi xelovanis dasadumeblad.
cxeli zafxulis saRamoebs isini saxuravze atarebdnen
ringoldi feis ringoldi (Faith Ringgold, d. 1930) afro-ame- da RamiTac iqve eZinaT. es saxuravi ringoldisTvis, samu-
rikuli quilTis tradicias efuZneba (naWrebisgan Sekerili damod darCa jadosnur adgilad. qesi da misi Zma zewarze
sabani) da Tavis namuSevrebSi aerTianebs afrikuli teqsti- wvanan, maTi mSoblebi da mezoblebi ki banqos TamaSoben.
lis memkvidreobasa da amerikaSi gavrcelebul, rasobriv sa- qesi frenaze da yovelive imis flobaze ocnebobs, rasac
kiTxebTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan debulebebs. 1970-iani ki gadaufrens. iqve gamosaxulia qesi, romelic jorj va-
wlebis dasawyisSi, ringoldis SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba qalis Singtonis xidis Tavze mifrinavs da misi dasakuTreba unda,

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 211

 4-40 • lorna simfsoni.
stereo stili,
1988; polaroidis aTi
Sav-TeTri foto da aTi
gravirebuli plastikuri
dafa, jamSi 1.63X2.95 sm.
kerZo koleqcia

is gadaufrens gaerTianebis (Union) axladagebul Senobas,
romelic mamisTvis aqvs Segulebuli, mSenebeli muSisTvis,
romelsac, afro-amerikuli warmomavlobis gamo, am gaer-
TianebaSi gawevrianebis ufleba ar misces, gadaufrens nayi-
nis qarxanas, radgan `nayini yovel saRamos desertad~ go-
gonas dedisTvis unda. qesis warmosaxva momxiblavia, magram
mayuirebels is im realur socialur da ekonomikur SezRu-
dvebs axsenebs, romlebsac afro-amerikelebi awydebodnen
amerikaSi warsulSi da awydebian dResac.
simfsoni lorna simfsonis (Lorna Simpson, d.1960) namuSeva-
ri stereo stili (sur. 4-40), warmoadgens polaroidis aparatiT
gadaRebul, or rigad dalagebul, fotoebs, romlebzec
sxvadasxva varcxnilobis mqone afro-amerikeli qalebi zur-
gidan arian aRbeWdilni. qalebis varcxnilobebs sxvadasxva,
ironiuli saxeli aqvs Serqmeuli: `gambedavi~, `mgrZnobiare~,
`mkacri~, `grZeli da abreSumiviT rbili~, `biWuri~, `uasa-
ko~, `suleluri~, `mimzidveli~, `provinciuli~, `sayvare-
li~. simfsoni xSirad iRebs saxeSebrunebul afro-amerikel
qalebs da ase migvaniSnebs, rom maT mxolod sxeulis, an,
am SemTxvevaSi, afro-amerikuli varcxnilobis gamo aqceven
yuradRebas. simfsonis gamosaxulebebi mogviwodebs gavia-
zroT, Tu rogor iqmneba afro-amerikeli qalebis stereo-
tipi da vifiqroT im rolze, romelsac Cvens sazogadoebaSi
asrulebs Tma, rogorc rasis, sqesisa da klasis maCvenebeli.
baqa judiT f. baqa (Judith F. Baca, d. 1946) namuSevarSi los
anjelesis didi kedeli xarks uxdis Tavis meqsikur-ameri-
kul memkvidreobas. 762 metrze gadaWimuli saniaRvre arxis
kedelis moxatvaze baqam 1976 wels daiwyo muSaoba. namuSe-

4-41 • judiT f. baqa. samezoblos gayofa (detali los anjelesis didi kedlidan),
1967-1983 (ilustraciaze mocemuli ferweruli jgufi 1983 wlis zafxulSi Seiqmna); akrili, Camosxmuli betoni, simaRle 4 m.,
kedlis mxatvrobis mTliani sigrZe daaxl. 762 m. san fernandos xeoba, Tuhangas kalapoti, ven naizi, kalifornia © SPARC

212 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

4-42 • qeri jeims marSali.
apartamentebi,
1994; akrili, tiloze damagrebuli
qaRaldi, 290X343 sm.
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.
maqs v. qonsTamis fondi (1995.147)

uyureT videos
qeri jeims marSalze
veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

vari kedlis mxatvrobis meqsikur

mimdinareobas exmianeba da aRwers
meqsikeli, afrikeli da iaponeli
amerikelebis TvaliT danaxul, ka-
liforniis istorias. namuSevris
detali _ samezoblos gayofa (sur.
4-41), aRwers meqsikur-amerikuli sa­
mezoblos macxovreblebs, romle-
bic uSedegod aprotesteben axali
Cqarosnuli gzatkeciliT maTi ub-
nis gayofas. sxva scenebi aRwers meqsikel-amerikeli moqala-
qeebis deportacias didi depresiis xanaSi da iaponel-ameri-
kelebis dakavebas II msoflio omis dros. judi Cikagos namu-
Sevris sadResaswauli sadili (ix. sur. 4-23) msgavsad, baqas los
anjelesis didi kedeli mravali profesionali xelovanisa
da asobiT axalgazrdas erToblivi Zalisxmevis Sedegia.
marSali afro-amerikeli mxatvris qeri jeims marSalis
(d.1955) namuSevari apartamentebi (sur. 4-42) winaaRmdegobri-
vi, ironiuli komentaria amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebul
rasobriv, klasobriv da siRaribis sakiTxebze. is asaxavs Ci-
kagos sTeiTvei gardenis erT-erT yvelaze did da yvelaze
keTilmouwyobel sacxovrebel kompleqss amerikaSi. aq ar-
sebul aRmaSfoTebel sacxovrebel pirobebze gacxarebuli
kamaTi ar Sewyvetila manam, vidre 2007-Si saxlebi ar daang-
ries. marSali gviCvenebs sami, mebaReobisTvis Seufereblad
kargad Cacmuli afro-amerikeli kacis imTaviTve waruma-
teblobisTvis ganwirul, warmoudgenlad idiliur mcde­
lobas Seqmnan aseve warmoudgeneli, mowesrigebuli baRi,
movlili, gakreWili mcenareebiT fonze da yvavilnariT wina
planze. suraTi savsea mwvave detalebiT, romelTa Sorisaa
aseTi gancxadebac: `dedaCemis saxlSi bevri apartamentia~.
gancxadeba bibliuri citatis genders cvlis (mamis Cemis
saxlSi bevri savanea. ioane 14:2), amasTan ki komentars ake-
Tebs sacxovrebelTa mZime mdgomareobaze, da maT ironiu-
lad `apartamentebs~ uwodebs. ironiaze ironiis damatebaa
ori sayvareli, animaciuri lurji sialia, lurji TasmiT
niskartSi, romlebic scenaSi ise mofrenilan, rogorc Ci-
tebi, romlebsac naTlia feriisgan saCuqari moaqvT dis-
neis konkiasTvis. iqve Soriaxlos, gamWvirvale celofanSi
akuratulad gaxveuli, ori saaRdgomo kalaTi devs. am did
suraTs marSali im centrs acdenil, samkuTxa kompoziciis
safuZvelze qmnis, romelsac Jeriko iyenebs namuSevarSi
`meduzas~ tivi (ix. sur. 1-50) PBS-isTvis micemul satelevizio
interviuSi is ambobda _ `istoriuli ferweris mTeli Janri,
ferweris diadi TxrobiTi stili iyo is, rasTan kavSirSic
mindoda Cemi namuSevrisTvis adgilis miCena.~
luna namuSevarSi artefaqti (sur. 4-43) jeims luna (James Luna,
d. 1950) gvTxovs win aRvudgeT ZirZveli amerikelebis Sesa-
xeb Seqmnil stereotipebs. namuSevari pirvelad 1987 wels,
san diegos adamianis muzeumSi mowyobil, tradiciuli eT-
nografiisadmi miZRvnil gamofenaze daidga. TiTqmis SiSve-
li luna minis virtinaSi iwva, vitrinis fskerze dayril qvi-
SaSi ki misi cxovrebis artefaqtebi _ sayvareli musikaluri
nawarmoebebi, wignebi da piradi iuridiuli dokumentebi
iyo moTavsebuli. samuzeumo stilis iarliyebi ganmartav-
da iarebs, romlebic artists Cxubis, simTvralisa Tu sxva
incidentebis Sedegad hqonda gaCenili sxeulze. amgvarad,
lunam Tavisi cocxali sxeuli da cxovreba, pirdapiri mniS-
vnelobiT, eTnografiul obieqtad aqcia da is mayurebels
Sesafaseblad da gansasjelad warudgina. fizikurad obie-
qtad qceviT, artistma gamocda mouwyo Cvens crurwmenebs,
stereotipebs da varaudebs, rogorc zogadad ZirZveli ame-
rikelebis, ise piradad mis Sesaxeb.
qandakeba
1980-ian wlebSi, zogierTi moqandake CaTreuli aRmoCnda
kamaTSi, romelic qandakebis raobisa da daniSnulebis Se-
saxeb iyo gamarTuli. gahyvnen ra endi uorholis (sur. 4-11)

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 213

 4-43 • jeims luna.
artefaqti,
pirvelad daidga
1987 wels san
diegos adamianis
muzeumSi. lunam
performansi gaimeora
`aTwleulebis Sou~-s
farglebSi 1990 wels,
niu iorkSi

nakvalevs, am moqandakeTa zogi namuSevari, romlebSic popularuli da

masobrivi kulturidan nasesxebi gamosaxulebebi iyo CarTuli, aSka-
rad arRvevda tradiciuli qandakebis principebs. amasobaSi ki sxvebi
kiTxulobdnen _ aqvs Tu ara moqandakes Segnebulad konfrontaciuli
an Seuracxmyofeli namuSevris Seqmnis ufleba, Tuki saqme saxelmwifos
dakveTiT Sesrulebul, sajaro sivrcisTvis gankuTvnil, adgil-speci-
fikur namuSevrebs exeba.

qunsi jef qunsma (Jeff Koons, d. 1955) _ TviTreklamis ubadlo mcodnem

da 1980-iani wlebis zedapiruli, moxmarebiT Sepyrobili gareubnebis
sazogadoebis kritikosma _ xelovnebis mniSvneloba mianiWa iseT sayo-
facxovrebo nivTebs rogoricaa: mtversasruti, gasaberi baWiebi, finiis
formebad gakreWili buCqebi, pornografiuli faifuri da am yvelafriT
marsel duSanze (ix. sur. 3-30) migviTiTa eSmakurad. vardisferi pantera (sur.
4-44) aCvenebs moduri Jurnalis ydaze gamosaxul lamazmans, romelic Se-
mawuxeblad ixutebs multfilmis personaJs. TiTqmis naturaluri zomis
es gluvi, priala namuSevari damzadebulia faifurisgan, romelic ufro
xSirad statuetebisTvis gamoiyeneboda da ara qandakebisTvis. yru, pas-
teluri ferebi uorholis merilin monros portrets mogvagonebs (ix.
sur. 4-12). kunsis Semawuxeblad ugemovno, amasTan ki mSvenieri namuSevari
gvepatiJeba, sixaruliTac ki egebeba kritikul ukmayofilebas, ixutebs
da ukritikod iRebs kitCur, saSualo klasis dabali fenis momxmareb-
lur, Riad materialistur, gamocarielebul kulturas.

sera riCard seram (Richard Serra, d. 1939) qandakeba kaliforniis uni-

versitetSi _ berklisa da santa barbaraSi da ielSi Seiswavla. Tavis
pirvel namuSevrebs sera vulkanizebuli rezinisgan amzadebda, maT
sxvadasxvagvarad anTavsebda galereis kedlebze da gamlRvar tyvias
esroda. magram 1970-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, man foladis uzarmazari
firfitebisgan damzadebuli qandakebebis Seqmna daiwyo. swored maTi
wyalobiT gaxda sera sayovelTaod cnobili (an saZagebeli). 1981 wels
man servisebis generaluri administraciis (GSA) SekveTa moigo. seras
unda Seeqmna qandakeba daxrili rkali (sur. 4-45), romelic niu iorkSi, 4-44 • jef qunsi. vardisferi pantera,
javicis federaluri Senobis win, banalur moedanze unda ganeTavse- 1988; faifuri, redaqtirebuli versia, 104.1X52.1X48.3
bina. GSA-m SemoTavazebuli proeqtis samuSao gegma daamtkica, magram sm. Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumis koleqcia, Cikago
dayenebis Semdeg, qandakebam _ uJangavi foladis morkalulma, TiTqmis © jef kunsi

37 metis sigrZis, 3.6 metris simaRlisa da 7 santimetris sisqis kedel- uyureT videos jef qunsze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

214 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg


ma, orad gayo folis moedani, sruliad Secvala is, rogorc
sajaro sivrce da gamousadegari gaxada koncertebisa da
warmodgenebisTvis. garTulda misi yoveldRiuri gamoyene-
ba SenobaSi momuSave adamianebisTvisac. droTa ganmavlo-
baSi, daxrili rkali daiJanga da maleve daifara grafitiT
da mtredebis skoreTi. qandakebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi
aRSfoTeba imdenad didi iyo, rom 1986 wels, is aiRes da
bruklinis avtosadgomze gadaitanes. es iyo sabediswero
gadawyvetileba, romelmac aRSfoTebis axali talRa ga-
moiwvia, amjerad xelovanebsa da kritikosebs Soris. sera
amtkicebda, rom adgil-specifikuri namuSevris gadatana
mis ganadgurebas niSnavda. saavtoro uflebebis Selaxvis
gamo, moqandakem sarCeli Seitana sasamarTloSi, magram fe-
deraluri olqis sasamarTlom mis saqmeSi samarTlebrivi
darRveva ver aRmoaCina. daxrili rkali xelovanisa da sa-
jaro qandakebis damkveTis uflebebisa da valdebulebebis
metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs wamoWris. sruliad cxadia,
rom seras qandakebam mizanmimarTulad Secvala (zogier-
TisTvis gaafuWa) folis moedani. sasamarTloSi avtors ar
ucdia namuSevris dacva esTetikuri kuTxiT, is ubralod
moiTxovda uflebas namuSevari ganeTavsebina ise, rogorc
es damtkicebuli gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. am kargad
gaSuqebulma samarTlebrivma davam daaCqara cvlilebebi
sajaro sivrcis qandakebis SekveTis proceduraSi. dRes
samezoblo jgufebi da adgilobrivi Cinovnikebi winaswar,
sazogadoebriv damkveTebze adre xvdebian xelovanebs, ma-
gram mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi mainc gadauWreli rCeba. mig-
viyvans ki sazogadoebrivi dacvis amgvari RonisZiebebi uke-
Tes sajaro qandakebamde? Tu isini mxolod imis garantiaa,
rom namuSevari mSvidi, uwyinari da dekoratiuli iqneba?
lini maia lini (Maya Lin, d.1959) ielis universitetis arqiteq­
turis mimarTulebis studenti iyo, rodesac 1981 wels, ar-
4-45 • riCard sera.
daxrili rkali,
1981-1989; jeiqob qei.
javicis federaluri
Senoba, niu iorki. foladi,
ganadgurebulia
qiteqtorebis, landSaftis dizainerebisa da moqandakeebisgan
Semdgarma Jiurim, is Tavisi namuSevris vietnamis veteranTa
memoriali (sur. 4-46) vaSingtonSi (kolumbiis federaluri olqi)
ganxorcielebis uflebiT daajildova. linma (is erT-erTi
iyo 2,573 pretendentidan) metad martivi da dramatuli me-
moriali warmoadgina. miwaSi V-s formad CaWrili ori, Zlier-
gaprialebuli Savi granitis fila siRrmidan amoizrdeba miwis
zedapirze. daaxloebiT 75 metris sigrZis mklavebi 130-gra-
dusiani kuTxiT uerTdeba erTmaneTs, aq maTi simaRle daax-
loebiT 3 metrs aRwevs. vietnamis omSi daRupuli an ugzo-
ukv­lod dakarguli 58,272 amerikeli jariskacis gvar-saxeli
qronologiurad, maTi gardacvalebis an dakargvis TariRebis
mixedviTaa aRnusxuli. qandakebis marcxena, yvelaze dabal
nawilSi 1956 wels daRupulTa monacemebia datanili. qrono-
logia kedlis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad matulobs. yvealze
maRal adgilas, yvelaze mZime danakargebiT gamorCeuli, 1968
wlis monacemebia asaxuli. gaprialebuli graniti mayureblebs
aireklavs, ase, rom daRupulTa da ugzo-ukvlod dakargul-
Ta saxelebis amokiTxvisas, isini sakuTar saxeebsac xedaven.
memoriali, romlis damkveTic iyo organizacia `vietnamis ve-
teranebi vietnamis veteranebisTvis~, Cafiqrebuli iyo daRu-
pulTa da dakargulTa mosagoneblad da im adgiladac, sadac
gadarCenilebi SeZlebdnen sakuTari danakargebis pirispir
dadgomas. es qandakeba sajaro xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili nimuSia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. man sruliad
Secvala eris mier omSi daRupulTa glovis formebi. memoria-
li mZlavr da Rrma gamocdilebas sZens mis mayurebels.
vietnamis memorialis dadgmis gadawyvetileba farTo
ganxilvis sagnad iqca. memorials `xeivanSi gaWrili Savi
naprali~ uwodes, misi feri mkveTrad upirispirdeboda
garSemo aRmarTuli memorialebis marmarilos siTeTres.
lins sircxvilis monumentis SeqmnaSi sdebdnen brals, erTi
kritikosi ki imdenad Sors wavida, rom amtkicebda _ Savi
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 215
4-46 • maia lini. vietnamis veteranTa memoriali, 1981-1983; vaSingtoni, kolumbiis federaluri olqi
`sircxvilis, mwuxarebis da yvela rasisa da sazogadoebis de-
gradaciis~ universaluri feriao. zogierT wreebSi qandake-
bisadmi winaaRmdegoba imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom 1983 wels
vietnamis veteranTa memoriulma fondma meore, naturalis-
turi qandakebis Seqmna daafinansa. axali qandakebis avtori
jorjiis StatSi dabadebuli frederik harTi (1943-1999) iyo.
qandakeba sam jariskacs warmogvidgenda da kedlidan 37 met-
ris siSoreze iyo dadgmuli. 1993 wels, teqsaselma moqanda-
kem, glena gudeiqrma (Glena Goodacre, d. 1939) samxreTisken kidev
92 metris siSoreze dadga sami meddis sayuradRebo qandakeba,
romelic qalTa mier omSi Setanil wvlils ukvdavyofda.
xelovneba, aqtivizmi da
uTanxmoebebi:
oTxmocdaaTianebi
1980-1990 wlebi aRiniSneboda procesebiT, romlebsac
Cveulebriv uwodebdnen `omebs kulturaSi~ (ix. polemika
xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb, gv. 218). am
dros, xSiri iyo dapirispireba xelovanebsa da sajaro mo-
xeleebs Soris, amerikaSi sityvis Tavisuflebisa da xelov-
nebis sazogadoebrivi dafinansebis sakiTxebze. es nawilob-
riv, exeboda iseTi xelovnebis Seqmnis uflebasac, rome-
216 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
lic sxvebis mier Seuracxmyofelad an uRirsad SeiZleboda
yofiliyo miCneuli. imavdroulad, artistebma, romelTa
saqmianoba adre sazogadoebrivi interesis miRma iyo dar-
Cenili, daafuZ­nes saxelovnebo instituciebi da yuradRe-
bis centrSi yofna moiTxoves agresiuli gamosaxulebebiT,
romlebic maT identobas da seqsualuri orientaciiT,
genderuli, rasobrivi da klasobrivi kuTvnilebiT ganpi-
robebul, araTanabar mopyrobas exeboda. am artistTagan
bevri, gansakuTrebuli aRtkinebiTa da simwvaviT muSaob-
da, vinaidan Tavad isini an maTi megobrebi da partniorebi
SidsiT iyvnen daavadebulni an gardacvlilni. 1990-ianma
wlebma aseve, yvelas dagvanaxa cifruli epoqis dasawyisi,
rodesac fotografiisa da kinoxelovnebis cvalebadobis
unarisadmi axalma interesma artistebis warmosaxvisTvis
axali perspeqtivebi gaxsna.
omebi kulturaSi
1990-ian wlebis dasawyisSi, zogierTma, manamde margina-
lizebulma axalgazrda artistma, mayureblis gamiznu-
lad maprovocirebeli, damangreveli da Seuracxmyofeli
gamosaxulebebis SeqmniT miaRwia warmatebas (ix. polemika
xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb, gv. 218).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, andres seranom Seuracxyo
jvarcmis gamosaxuleba, robert maflsorpma ki Riad gamoxa-
axlo xediT | gadaWarbebuli Tavmomwoneoba
martin purieri (Martin Puryear). 1994-1995; wiTeli kedari da fiWvi,
127.7X210.8X299.7 sm. nelson-aTqinzis xelovnebis muzeumi, kanzasi, misuri.
© martin purieri. SeZenilia rene s. qroulis kompaniis mier (F95-16 A-C)

purierma mSvidobis korpusTan
erTad, erTi weli gaatara siera
leoneSi. is afrikel xis mWreleb­Tan
muSaobda da swavlobda xis damuSa­
vebis maT meTodebsa da unarebs.
daakvirdiT qandakebis yelis nawilisa
da kudis gadabmuli monakveTebis
xeliT damuSavebuli zedapiris
sinazesa da natif uTanabrobas.
purierma, romelic avejis Seqmnis
xelovnebas jeims krenovTan erTad
eufleboda, bolomde SeinarCuna
masalaze xeliT muSaobis umaRlesi
standarti. yuradReba miaqcieT
rqis Sida zedapiris sxivisebur
struqturas, kudisebri daboloebis
spiralisa da SeerTebis adgilebis
srulyofil xarisxs.
qandakebis sicxade, misi
abstraqtuli buneba, monumenturi
masStabi (daaxl. 2 m.) erTi SexedviT,
minimalizms mogvagonebs, magram
konusis uswormasworo monaxazi
aSkarad avlens namuSevris SeqmnaSi
adamianis xelis monawileobis kvals
da gviCvenebs, rom aq procesis
xelovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme.

qandakebis daxveuli kudi ucnauri
cxovelis, an mcenaris cariel niJa-
ras mogvagonebs. marTalia, mocemul
momentSi is mSvidad wevs, magram iseT
STabeWdilebas gviqmnis, TiTqos Seu-
Zlia swrafad wamoimarTos (daakvirdiT
SeerTebis adgilebs) da Tavisi nestariT
sasikvdilod dagvgeslos.
qandakebis zariseburi forma,
sxvadasxvagvar _ musikaluri say-
viris, Zvelmoduri gramafonis,
yvavilis gvirgvinis Tu siuxvis
rqis asociaciaciebs iwvevs.
Tavis aluziur qandakebaSi, puriers surs,
Soreul msgavsebaTa rigi daanaxos mayurebels.
SesaZloa, yvelaze cxadiad is siuxvis rqas
hgavdes, romelic savsea moweuli mosavliT
da simbolurad dovlaTs ganasaxierebs. magram
konusi carielia, rac, namuSevris saTaurSi
gacxadebuli frazis sapirispirod, `cariel
Tavmomwoneobas“ migvaniSnebs.

ixileT gadaWarbebuli Tavmomwoneba axlo xediT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 217

xelovneba da misi konteqsti polemika xelovnebis |
sazogadoebrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb

unda dafaros Tu ara sazogadoebrivma Tanxebma xelovnebis im nimuS- kvlavac gamofenda iseT nimuSebs, romlebsac meri `avadmyofur~
is Seqmnis xarjebi, romelsac gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli Seuracxmyo- da `sazizRar~ xelovnebad miiCnevda. juliani da kaTolikuri
flad da Seufereblad miiCnevs? sakiTxma 1989-1990 wlebSi politi- eklesiis winamZRolebi gansakuTrebiT Seuracxyo qris ofilis
kuri brZolis sibrtyeze gadainacvla, mas Semdeg, rac robert mafl- namuSevarma wminda qalwuli mariami (sur. 4-47). mas Semdeg, rac bruk-
sorpisa (Robert Mapplethorpe, 1946-1989) da andres seranos (Andres Serra- linis xelovnebis muzeumma eqspoziciis daxurvaze kidev erTxel
no, d. 1950) namuSevrebi sajarod warmoadgines gamofenaze, romelic ganacxada uari, julianim SeaCera muzeumis momsaxurebisTvis
nawilobriv daafinansa federaluri mTavrobis saagentom _ National gamoyofili yovelTviuri fuladi gadaricxva ($497,554) da sarCe-
Endowment for the Arts (NEA _ erovnuli Semowiruloba xelovnebisTvis). li Seitana Statis sasamarTloSi, muzeumisTvis ijaris gauqmebis
Semdgom debatebSi artistebi da muzeumis mmarTvelebi daupiris- moTxovniT. muzeumma, meris mier konstituciis pirveli Seswore-
pirdnen politikisa da religiis warmomadgenlebs da im brZolaSi bis darRvevis sababiT, sapasuxo sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos.
Caebnen, romelsac axla `kulturaSi gamarTul omebs~ vuwodebT. sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis saolqo sasamarTlos mier, niu
debatebis centralur Temad seranos qriste SardSi (ix. sur. 4-48) iorkis aRmosavleTi olqisTvis gamotanili dadgenilebiT
iqca. am namuSevris Sesaqmnelad seranos uSualod sazogadoebrivi julianis aekrZala muzeumis winaaRmdeg nebismieri damsjelobiTi
saxsrebi ar gamouyenebia, magram Tanamedrove xelovnebis samx- RonisZiebis gatareba. juliani amtkicebda, rom ofilis xelovneba
reT-aRmosavleTi centri (SECCA), romelmac is jgufur gamofenaze religiur Seuwynareblobas aRvivebda, magram sasamarTlom miuTi-
warmoadgina, NEA-s fondis mimRebi organizacia iyo. amerikuli Ta, rom xelisuflebas ar SeiZleba hqondes `kanonieri interesi,
ojaxis asociaciis xelmZRvaneli, Rirsi mama donald uildomi se- daicvas nebismieri, an yvela religia misTvis miuRebeli Sexedu-
ranos qmnilebas `siZulviliT savse, miuRebel, antiqristianul da lebebisgan~ da rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi `yvela tipis
uxams~ namuSevrad miiCnevda da mravalricxovan momxreebs mouwo- Sexedulebis subsidirebas axdenen, maT Soris im Sexedulebebisac,
debda kongressa da NEA-Si daegzavnaT werilebi, romlebSic sazoga- romlebsac ar eTanxmebian~ da SesaZloa, `sZulT kidec~.
doebrivi fondebis araswori gankargva iqneboda gaprotestebuli.
ramdenime konservatiulad ganwyobili, cnobili politikosi res-
publikelTa partiidan, maSinve SeuerTda am ieriSs.
imave dros, vaSingtonis (kolumbiis olqi) qonqoranis xelov-
nebis galeream gaauqma moZravi gamofena The Perfect Moment (srulyo-
fili momenti), romelic SidsiT axalgardacvlili fotografis,
maflsorpis namuSevarTa retrospeqtivas warmoadgenda. organiza-
torebs SeeSindaT, rom gamofenis Sinaarsi Seuracxmyofeli aR-
moCndeboda mayureblisTvis, an Tavad galereis dafinansebas Seuqm-
nida safrTxes. srulyofili momenti, romelic Seicavda ramdenime
homoerotikul da sadomazoxistur gamosaxulebas, maT Soris, ar-
tistis Zalze provokaciul avtoportretebs, filadelfiis Tana-
medrove xelovnebis institutis (ICA) mier iyo organizebuli, Tavad
instituts ki NEA-s fondi afinansebda. cincinatiSi am gamofenis
gaxsnis mere, muzeumis direqtori daakaves. amasTan erTad, 1990
wels, gacxarebuli debatebis dros, NEA-m oTxi gamarjvebuli ar-
tistisTvis misacemi granti gaauqma, radgan artistebi, romlebic
NEA-s oTxeulis saxeliT arian cnobilni (qaren finli , jon fleqi,
holi hiusi da tim mileri), lesbosur, gei da radikalur feminis-
tur xelovnebas qmnidnen. kongresma NEA-s 45.000 dolariT Seukveca
dafinanseba. jamSi es iyo seranosTvis gankuTvnili SECCA-s granti
_ 15.000 da maflsorpis gamofenisTvis gamoyofili ICA-s granti _
30.000. NEA-s oTxeulma 1993 wels, sasamarTlos gziT daibruna es
Tanxa, Tumca NEA-s regulaciebs daemata e.w. `uxamsobis muxli~,
romelic Jiurisgan `gansxvavebuli rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis mi-
marT pativiscemisa da wesierebis amerikuli sazogadoebis zogadi
standartebis~ ganxilvas moiTxovda. Semdgomi xuTi wlis manZilze,
NEA mniSvnelovanad Seicvala respublikelebis mier kontroli-
rebadi, warmomadgenlobiTi saxlis zegavleniT, romlis zogierT
wevrs saerTodac, saagentos daxurva surda. 1996 wels kongresma
NEA-s biujeti 40%-iT Seamcira.
sazogadoebrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb diskusiebi grZeldeboda.
1999 wels, bruklinis xelovnebis muzeumma warmoadgina gamofena
`SegrZnebebi: axalgazrda britaneli artistebi saaCis koleqcii-
dan~, romelmac sazogadoebriv dafinansebasa da Seuracxmyofel 4-47 • qris ofili. wminda qalwuli mariami,
xelovnebaze gamarTuli diskusiebis kidev erTi talRa gamoiwvia. 1996; akrili, zeTis saRebavi, poliesteri, rezini, qaRaldis
bruklinis muzeumi jiutad ar xuravda gamofenas. niu iorkis imJa- kolaJi, mbrwyinavi masala, rukis samagri, spilos fekaliebi
mindeli meri, rudolf juliani ki mas dafinansebis SewyvetiTa da tiloze. 2.44X1.83. Zveli da axali xelovnebis muzeumi (MONA),
qalaqis kuTvnili Senobidan gasaxlebiT emuqreboda, Tuki muzeumi hobarTi, tasmania, avstralia © qris ofili

218 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

tuli gei seqsualurobis pirispir daayena auditoria. didi
britaneTis gaerTianebul samefoSi, demien hersTi mkvdar
Sinaur cxovelebs xrwnida, qris ofilma ki qristianuli ma-
donas rasobrivi da kulturuli hibridi Seqmna. amis sapa-
suxod gaCenilma, mZlavrma kulturulma da politikurma
reaqciam dasabami daudo kulturaSi gamarTul omebs.
serano 1987 wels, andres seranom (Andres Serrano, d. 1950)
Seqmna namuSevari qriste SardSi (sur. 4-48). Tavisi drois
sxva artistebis msgavsad, seranos xelovnebac Segnebulad
konfrontaciuli da Seuracxmyofeli xerxebiT ikvlevda
socialur tabuebs. misi xelovneba saucxood mSvenierisa da
simdablis zRvarze meryeobs. seranos fotoebze aRbeWdi-
li ku kluqs klanis wevrebi, usaxlkaroebi, TviTmkvlelo-
bisa da mkvlelobis msxverplni gvimtkiceben, rom umizno
ngrevas STaagoneben, rac ase rTulad misaRebia zogierTi
mayureblisTvis. qriste SardSi 60 santimetris simaRlis,
brwyinvale feradovnebis mqone, sibaqromis meTodiT dabeW-
dili qristianuli jvarcmaa, romelic artistma sakuTari
SardiT savse orgminis qilaSi moaTavsa. serano, romelic
mkacr kaTolikur tradiciebze iyo aRzrdili, amtkicebda,
rom es gamosaxuleba upirispirdeboda qristes xorcieli
4-48 • andes serano. qriste SardSi,
1989; sibaqromuli beWdva orgminaze, 59.7X40.6 sm.
gardacvalebis, zogjer ase iolad daviwyebul ambavs, rom
namuSevari kicxavda mediaSi qristes gamosaxulebis komer-
cializaciis faqts da amitomac iyo sxvebisTvis esoden
provokaciuli da Seuracxmyofeli.
hersTi 1980 wels, londonSi axalgazrda britaneli ar-
tistebi (YBA), TavianTi namuSevrebis gamosafenad gaerTiand-
nen. jgufs araformalurad, demien hersTi (Damien Hirst, d.
1965) xelmZRvanelobda. 1995 wels, mineapolisSi, uoqeris
xelovnebis centrSi moewyo gamofena, saxelwodebiT Brilliant
(brwyinvale), romelSic ocdaorma britanelma artistma mii-
Ro monawileoba. maTi umravlesoba Tavis xelovnebaSi arat-
radiciul masalebsa da gamosaxulebebs iyenebda, muSaTa
klass ekuTvnoda an simpatiiT iyo misdami ganwyobili da
mudmivad ejibreboda meinstrimul sazogadoebas. ori wlis
Semdeg, londonis samefo akademiam moawyo Carlz saaCis
koleqciis gamofena _ SegrZnebebi (Sensation). gamofenaSi mo-
nawileobis misaRebad am artistebis umravlesoba iyo miw-
veuli, man mniSvnelovnad gaamyara TiToeuli maTganis re-
putacia. 1999 wels gamofena bruklinis muzeumSi Caitanes,
magram amerikaSi is imdenad Seuracxmyofelad CaiTvala, rom
niu iorkis meri muzeums daxurviT daemuqra, Tuki eqspozi-
cia dauyovnebliv ar moixsneboda.
demien hersTi am jgufis erT-erTi yvelaze aRmaSfoTe-
beli wevria, mis namuSevrebs Soris, gamorCeulad aRmaSfo-
Tebeli ki SesaZloa iyos RvTis siyvaruliT (2007) _ brili-
antebiT mooWvili adamianis Tavis qala, romlis safasuri
100 milioni dolaria. hersTis xelovneba sikvdilis fizi-
kur realobasa da Cveni sakuTari sikvdilis vergacnobie-
rebas ikvlevs, is namuSevrebis Seqmnisas, xSirad iyenebs mk-
vdar cxovelebs. namuSevarSi deda da Svili (gayofilni) (sur.
4-49) Zroxisa da xbos vertikalurad da grZivad orad gayo-
fili sxeulebi, SuSis vitrinaSi, formaldehidis xsnarSia
moTavsebuli. misi qandakeba isea naCvenebi, rom mayurebels
SeiZleba bunebis istoriis muzeumis eqspozicia moagonos,
Tumca gansxvaveba Zalze didia. minis yuTebi isea moTav-
sebuli, rom mayurebels ara marto maTi Semovla, aramed
maT Soris gaxedvac SeuZlia. formaldehidis xsnarSi moTa-
vsebuli cxovelebi, garedan gasaocrad hgvanan cocxlebs
(maTi wamwamebisa da calkeuli Tmis Reris danaxvac kia
SesaZlebeli), magram rogorc ki maT daSlil Zvlebs, kun-
Tebs, organoebs da xorcs Signidan SevavlebT Tvals, maTi
sikvdilis realuroba SegvZravs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
1990-ian wlebSi britaneTSi msxvilfexa saqonels yovel dRe
klavdnen, imis imediT, rom SeZlebdnen Zroxis cofis SeCe-
rebas, romelic SiSis zars scemda mTel qveyanas, deda da
Svili (gayofilni) qmnis gancdas, rom namuSevari sikvdilisa
da sicxocxlis, dedisa da Svilis samecniero obieqtad yo-
fnisa da _ seranos namuSevris msgavsad _ Znelad mosaToki
da SemaSfoTeblad mZlavri emociebis zRvarzea daWerili.
ofili nigeriel-britaneli artistis, qris ofilis (Chris
Ofili, d. 1968) xelovneba 1999 wlis, bruklinis muzeumis ga-
mofenis kritikis mTavari obieqtia. ofilim gamofina wminda
qalwuli mariami (ix. sur. 4-47), moelvare, stilizebuli suraTi
afrikeli madonisa, romelic spilos miriadobiT fekaliebi-
sa da qalebis dundulebis patara fotoebisgan Sedgeba.
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 219
4-49 • demien hersTi. deda da Svili (gayofilni), sagamofeno asli 2007 (dedani 1993)
2007.; mina, SeRebili uJangavi foladi, silikoni, akrili, monofilamenti, uJangavi foladi, Zroxa, xbo da formaldehidis xsnari,
ori avzi (209X322X109 sm), ori avzi (114X169X62.5 sm) © 2012 demien hersTi da Sps saiensi.
yvela ufleba daculia/DACS, londoni/ARS, niu iorki. gadaRebulia Prudence Cuming Associates mier

ofili, romelmac xelovnebaSi masalebis gamoyenebis Se- gamo. omebi kulturaSi, mravali TvalsazrisiT, im artis-
saswavlad, erTi weli gaatara zimbabveSi, ganmartavda, rom tebis Sesaxeb iyo, romlebic gamudmebiT eZiebdnen adgils
mravali afrikeli eri, tradiciulad iyenebs napovn an gadar- samyaroSi, im dros, rodesac ufro metni tovebdnen mas.
Cenil obieqtebsa da masalebs, rogorc popularuli, ise ma-
gonsales-toresi 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, adamian-
Rali xelovnebis Sesaqmnelad. ofilis suraTi dasavluri ma-
Ta Soris imunodeficitis virusis gavrcelebas (aiv infeq-
donebis tradiciis Tanamedrove, bikulturuli gamonagonia.
cia), romelic Sidsis ZiriTad gamomwvevs warmoadgenda, bev-
spilos fekaliebi aq zimbabves kulturasa da religiasTan am
ri adamianis sicocxle emsxverpla, gansakuTrebiT gei TemSi.
Savi madonas kavSiris gasamZafreblad da misi nayofierebis
filiqs gonsales-toresis (Felix Gonzalez-Torres, 1957-1996) 1990
warmosaCenadaa gamoyenebuli. niu iorkis imJamindelma merma
wlis namuSevari usaTauro (mimzidveli sayvareli) (sur. 4-50), mis
rudolf julianim da misma mokavSireebma, imdenad Sokismom-
didi xnis partniors, Sidsisgan sasikvdilod ganwirul ros
gvrelad da mkrexelurad miiCnies namuSevari, rom misi uswra-
leiqoqs eZRvneba. namuSevari, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Zalze
fesi Camoxsna moiTxoves, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini mTeli
eqspoziciis daxurviT imuqrebodnen. juliani amtkicebda,
rom `konstituciis pirvel SesworebaSi araferia iseTi, rac
mxars dauWerda saSinel da zizRismomgvrel proeqtebs~.

aqtivisturi xelovneba
omebi kulturaSi kidev ufro gaamwvava 1990-ian wlebSi aq-
tivisturi xelovnebis zrdam. Sidsma gaanadgura axalgazr-
da artistebis saxelovnebo scena niu iorkis isT vilij-
Si da aTwleulis Sua xanebSi, mTel msoflioSi jandacvis
globaluri krizisi gamoiwvia. axalgazrdebis gazrdil
agresias kidev ufro amwvavebda momakvdav megobarTa da
sayvarelTa agonia da maTi garduvali dakargvis gancda.
Sidsi, mTavrobis umoqmedoba, es yovelive maT xelovnebaSi
gadaiRvara. 1990-iani wlebi daiwyo xelovnebiT, romelic
4-50 • filiqs gonzales-toresi.
gabrazebuli iyo sxeulze, Sidsze, identobaze, iseve ro-
`usaTauro~ (mimzidveli sayvareli),
gorc, kvlavindebur moTxovnaze aRiarebuliyo diskrimina-
1990; lurji qaRaldi, ganusazRvreli raodenoba
cia, romelsac adamianebi awydebodnen rasobrivi, eTniku- (19.1X73.7X58.4 sm), instalaciis saerTo xedi, filiqs gonsales-
ri, klasobrivi kuTvnilebisa, Tu seqsualuri orientaciis toresi, andrea rousenis galerea, niu iorki, 1990 weli

220 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

martivia _ galereis iatakze dawyobili baci cisferi qaRal-
debis dastidan, instruqciis mixedviT, damTvaliereblebs
instalaciidan aRebuli TiTo-TiTo furceli unda waeRoT.
rac dro gadioda, sul ufro mcirdeboda furclebis
raodenoba. maTi gaqroba, gonsales-toresis sayvarlis sxe­
ulis neli gauCinarebis gulisamaCuyebel alegoriad unda
yofiliyo aRqmuli. artisti ambobda: `me msurda Semeqmna
raime, rac mTlianad gaqreboda samudamod~. am namuSevar-
Si raRac mtanjveli, mware pirdapirobaa Cadebuli. Tavad
gonzalesi, 1996 wels gardaicvala SidsiT.
voineroviCi devid voineroviCi (David Wojnarowicz, 1955-
1992) sikvdils gmobda manam, vidre 1992 wels Tavadac ar
gardaicvala SidsiT. 1987-Si, am daavadebiT voineroviCis
partniori, fotografi peter hujari gardaicvala, Tavad
voineroviCs ki aiv-dadebiTi diagnozi daudginda. amis sapa-
suxod, artistma gaSmagebiT daiwyo mZlavri agresiiT savse
xelovnebis Seqmna, romelic mogviTxrobda SiSze da dabneu-
lobaze, romelsac sayvareli adamianis neli sikvdilis yu-
reba iwvevs, maSin rodesac Tavad dgaxar sikvdilis pirispir.
namuSevarSi usaTauro (xelebi) (sur. 4-51) voineroviCma saxveve-
4-51 • devid voineroviCi. usaTauro (xelebi),
1992; vercxliT beWdva, trafaretuli beWdviT datanili teqstiT,
96.5X66.0 sm. devid voineroviCis da PPOW galereis sakuTreba, niu iorki
biT gadabanduli, TiTqos vedrebad win gawvdili xelebis
Sav-TeTr fotos, braziT savse wiTliT daferili teqsti
daado, romelic voineroviCis wignidan mogonebebi, romleb-
sac benzinis suni sdis iyo amoRebuli. avtori aRwerda sikv-
dilis moaxlovebasTan erTad, Tavis Sinagan dacarielebas da
nel gauCinarebas. voineroviCis wignis nawili kidev erTxel
daibeWda gamofenis mowmoba Cveni ganadgurebis winaaRmdeg
katalogSi, romelSic is artistebi mogviTxrobdnen xelov-
nebaze da im artistebze iyo, vinc SidsiT daavadda da aale-
bis wertilad gadaiqca kulturaSi gamarTul omSi.
smiTi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis qandakebaSi, adamianis
fizikurma sxeulma kvlav ganacxada sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
Sidsis diskursisTvis saWiro mediumma. moqandake kiki smi-
Ti (Kiki Smith, d. 1954), romlis dac SidsiT gardaicvala, 1990
wels Sesrulebul namuSevarSi usaTauro (sur. 4-52) sxeuls,
sxeulebriv funqciebs da momakvdav sxeulze fizikuri
konstrolis dakargvas ikvlevs. es amaRelvebeli qandakeba
gviCvenebs qalisa da mamakacis naturaluri zomis or SiSvel
figuras. kanis feris futkris cvilisgan damzadebuli sxeu-
lebi iatakidan ramdenime santimetris simaRleze, pasiur
mdgomareobaSia gverdigverd dakidebuli, magram miuxedavad
amisa, sasicocxlo Zalebi maT sxeulebSi jer kidev igrZnoba.
qalis mkerdidan rZe, kacis fexze ki Tesli moJonavs, TiT-
qos orivem dakarga kontroli sxeulis funqciebze, rome-
lic erT dros, maTi sicocxlisa da siamovnebis wyaro iyo.
Rrma da Zlieria danakargis grZnoba, magram namuSevars arc
Svebis gancda aklia. smiTi werda, rom vidre Cveni sazoga-
doeba zizRiT moekideba sxeulebrivi funqciebis realobas,
Cven vibrZolebT maT misaCqmalad da gasakontroleblad da
amgvarad, sikvdilis moaxloebisas, sxeulze kontrolis da-
kargvis process kidev ufro damamcirebels da SemaSinebels
gavxdiT. es qandakeba gvTxovs, davfiqrdeT sxeulis kont-
rolze, sakuTar kontrolis grZnobaze da kontrolze, ro-
melsac sxvebi axorcieleben Cvens sxeulze gardacvalebis
Semdeg. misi varaudiT, kontrolze uaris Tqma SeiZleba Ta-
nabari ZaliT, ganmaTavisuflebelic iyos da damangrevelic.
vodiCko zogierTma artistma Tavisi xelovneba galeree-
bidan gaitana, Tumca ara mxolod socialuri cvlilebebis
dasacavad, isini Sromobdnen, raTa sagrZnobi cvlilebebi
SeetanaT Tavad sazogadoebaSi. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, po-
lonuri warmoSobis kanadelma artistma, qSiStof vodiCkom
(Krzysztof Wodiczko, d.1943) namuSevari usaxlkaros transporti
(sur. 4-53), niu iorkel usaxlkaroebTan TanamSromlobiT Seqm-
na, rogorc `qalaqel moxetialeTa gadasarCeni instrumenti~.
vodiCkos surda, msoflios umdidresi qveynis, umdidresi qa-
laqis _ niu iorkis usaxlkaroebze mieqcia Cveni yuradReba.
magram mas ar undoda usaxlkarobis martivi ilustrire-
ba, miT ufro ki, sibralulis gamowveva. Temis dramatize-
biT, artisti mis sagangebo warmoCenas cdilobda, amasTan ki
usaxlkaroebis realuri daxmareba surda. usaxlkaros tran-
sporti modificirebuli da `ganaxlebuli~ versiaa sayidle-
bis urikisa, romelsac bevri usaxlkaro iyenebs Tavisi mwiri
qonebis gadasatanad. vodiCkom Seqmna urika, romelzec wy-
algamZle da ZilisTvis met-naklebad usafrTxo, erTgvari
saZile kafsula iyo moTavsebuli, qvemodan mas piradi niv-
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 221
 4-52 • kiki smiTi.
usaTauro,
1990; futkris cvili,
mikrokristaluri
cvilis figurebi
liTonis RerZze, qalis
instalirebuli figuris
simaRle 1.87 m. kacis
instalirebuli figuris
simaRle 1.95. amerikuli
xelovnebis uiTnis
muzeumi, niu iorki
© kiki smiTi,
feisis galerea

4-53 • qSiStof vodiCko.

usaxlkaros
transporti,
1988-1989; alumini
da Sereuli media,
oTxidan mesame varianti,
gadaRebulia tramp
TauerTan, niu iorki
© qSiStof vodiCko

uyureT videos
qristof vodiCkoze
veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com

222 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

4-54 • reiCel uaiTridi. saxli,
1993; grouv roudisa da romauli gzis kuTxe, londoni, 1993; betoni, ganadgurebulia 1994 wels.
dafinansebuli iyo Artangel-is mier, miiRo Terneris prizi, teiti, britaneTi, londoni © reiCel uaiTridi. foto: siu omerodi.
madlobas vuxdiT artists, lurin ogasTini, niu iorki, gagosianis galerea

Tebis Sesanaxad gankuTvnili, kalaTi hqonda damagrebuli.
urikaze aRmarTuli kaSkaSa feris droSa, mis moaxloebas
mianiSnebda. usaxlkaroebi, romlebsac gaumarTlaT da er-
goT es satransporto saSualeba, kmayofilebi darCnen misi
muSaobiT. magram niu iorkis xelisuflebam CaTvala, rom es
`transporti~ metismetad xiluls xdida usaxlkaroTa fe-
nas, amitomac isini maleve gauCnarda qalaqis quCebidan.
uaiTridi britanelma moqandakem reiCel uaiTridma
(Rachel Whiteread, d. 1963), rogorc axalgazrda britanel ar-
tiststTa (YBA) jgufis wevrma, sayofacxovrebo nivTebisa
da obieqtebis (mag., abazana, gamoyenebuli leibi) Camosxmu­
li anabeWdebis keTebiT moipova saxeli. aseTi xerxiT, mas
surda eCvenebina, rom yvelaferi tovebs Tavis kvals da
obieqtebis ararseboba moCvenebiTia. 1993 wels, Tavis yve-
laze did da sadao namuSevarSi saxli (sur. 4-54), artistma qa-
laqis RaribTa uxilaobas miapyro yuradReba. am proeqtis-
Tvis, uaiTridma betonisgan Camoasxa londonis isT endis
erT-erTi samsarTuliani, daterasebuli saxlis mTeli Sida
sivrce. aseTi saxlebis mTeli rigi developerebma dasan-
grevad gawires da amgvarad, im Temis ukanaskneli kvalic
ki waSales, romelic gmirulad umklavdeboda dabombvebs II
msoflio omis dros. saxli mogonebebzea, romlebic adgi-
lebsa da droSi saxloben da romlebic ase iolad SeiZleba
ganadgurdes. vinaidan sxva saxlebi ukve dangreuli iyo,
uaiTridma `Tavisi saxlis~ kedlebs miasxa Txevadi cementi
da amgvarad, Seqmna Sida sivrcis anabeWdi, Tavad saxli ki
daSala. darCenili TeTri betonis anabeWds miRma, im aCr-
dilad qceuli sivrcis kvalia, romelic odesRac viRacas
ekuTvnoda. uaiTridis saxlma maRali sazogadoebrivi inte-
resi gamoiwvia da britanul sazogadoebaSi ramdenime metad
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi wamoWra, aseTia: usaxlkaroba, urba-
nuli ganaxlebis xarjebi da sargebeli, muSaTa klasis so-
cialuri pozicia. uaiTridi sadao sakiTxebze msjelobda
iseTi xerxebiT, romelTa gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda
komunikaciis sxva saSualebebisTvis. artists ganzraxuli
hqonda saxli eqcia politikur gancxadebad `inglisSi sa-
cxovrebeli saxlebis mdgomareobaze, sasacilo politika-
ze, romelic iTvaliswinebda amgvari saxlebis ngrevasa da
maT nacvlad, cudad daproeqtebuli, maRlivi blokebis Se-
nebas, romlebic 20 weliwadSi Tavadac gaxdeba dasangrevi~.
postkoloniuri diskursi
sul ufro mzardi migraciis, globaluri komunikaciisa
da ekonimikis pirobebSi, 1990-ian wlebSi, pirovnuli, po-
litikuri, kulturuli da erovnuli identobis sakiTxebi
wamoiWra. postkoloniuri epoqis artistebma identobis sa-
dao da postkoloniuri xalxebis identobisTvis brZolis sa-

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 223


4-55 • Sirin neSaTi. meamboxe siCume,
1994; Sav-TeTri, RC beWdva, melani fisiT dafarul qaRaldze
dabeWdil Sav-TeTr fotoze (s. fresTonis foto), 27.9X35.6 sm.
barbara gledsTounis galerea, niu iorki
kiTxebs mimarTes. maT daiwyes im disonansis kvleva, romelic
kolonizatorebsa da kolonizacias TavdaRweul xalxebs So-
ris arsebulma transnacionalurma gaugebrobam an komuni-
kaciam gamoiwvia. am artistTagan mravalis, maT Soris Sirin
neSaTis da raSid arainis sametyvelo ena uCveuloa, Tumca is
gulwrfel da mniSvnelovan, axal SemoqmedebiT xmad gaisma.
neSaTi namuSevarSi meamboxe siCume (sur. 4-55), romelic 1994
wels Seqmnili foto-seriis alahis qalebi nawilia, Sirin ne-
SaTi (Shirin Neshat, d. 1957) dasavleTSi damkvidrebul iraneli
qalebis stereotips ikvlevs da amtkicebs, rom islamuri
identoba bevrad ufro mravalferovani da rTulia, vid-
re mas aRiqvamen. neSaTis alahis qali-s TiToeul fotoze
aRbeWdilia iaraRi da iraneli qalebis sxeulis nawilebi _
xelebi, terfebi, romlebzec farsize dawerili teqstia da-
tanili. meamboxe siCumeSi qali tradiciuli CadriTaa mosi-
li, Tumca misi saxe gaxsnilia, mas kaligrafiulad dawerili
teqsti faravs, Tofis lula ki orad yofs. warweraca da
Tofic TiTqos mayureblisgan icavs qals, magram vergage-
bisa da ucxoobis SegrZneba, romelsac isini badebs, gvaiZu-
lebs is garkveul kategorias mivakuTvnoT. metic, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom qali Cadrs atarebs, igi fotodan pirdapir
224 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
mayureblisken iyureba gamomwvevad, egebeba Cvens mzeras da
gvibrunebs mas. qali gviwvevs vaRiaroT is pirovnebad, am
SemTxvevaSi, Zlier, mSvenier qalad, magram, rac unda pa-
radoqsuli iyos, imavdroulad gvaiZulebs masSi Cadriani
iraneli qalis stereotipi davinaxoT. neSaTi upirispirdeba
Cvens mikerZoebul warmodgenebs, amasTan ki, Tanamedrove
iranSi qalebis mdgomareobis sakiTxebs wamoWris.
araini pakistaneli artisti, raSid araini (Rasheed Araeen,
d.1935) londonSi cxovrobs. 1978 wels man daafuZna Jur-
nali Savi feniqsi (1989 wlidan mas mesame teqsti ewoda),
romelic postkoloniuri xelovnebis, kulturisa da eT-
nikurobis sakiTxebze momuSave wamyvan gamocemas warmoad-
genda. arainis 1985-1986 wlebis namuSevari mwvane suraTi IV
(sur. 4-56) cxra, Tanabari zomis panelisgan Sedgeba. jvris
formis warmomqmneli, xuTi centraluri paneli warmogvid-
gens fotoebs ritualuri msxverplTSewirvisTvis gamzade-
buli xaris Tavisa, romlis kisers girlandebi amSvenebs.
gamosaxulebis zeda da qveda nawilebi urduze dawerili
teqstiTaa moCarCoebuli. danarCeni oTxi paneli mwvanedaa
daferili. mwvane _ pakistanis droSis ZiriTadi feri da
Zalze mniSvnelovani feri islamur kulturaSi _ raSidis-
Tvis axalgazrdul gamoucdelobasTan da mwvane ylortis
moqnilobasTan asocirdeba. araini ambobs, rom misi namu-
Sevrebi mxolod dasavluri da pakistanuri kulturebis
Sreebisgan ar Sedgeba, rom isini `Wrisa da gaglejvisken~
aris mimarTuli da ikvlevs postkoloniur disonansebsa da
gaugebrobebs. igi amtkicebs, rom britaneli an amerikeli
mayureblebi, mis namuSevrebSi magaliTad, jvris amocno-
bisas, TiTqmis yovelTvis, qristianul prizmaSi kiTxulo-
ben pakistanur kulturas da amgvarad, amrudeben, araswor
interpretacias ukeTeben da stereotipad aqceven `sxvas~.
arainis xelovneba mogviwodebs ufro niuansirebulad ga-
viazroT kulturebi da gaviTvaliswinoT maTi sakuTari pi-
robebi da sakuTari vizualuri ena.
searli berni searlis (Berni Searle, d.1964) xelovneba apar-
teidis fonze Camoyalibebul, sakuTar, samxreTafrikul
identobas ikvlevs. seriaSi SemRebe (sur. 4-57) is fotoze
aRbeWdavs fxvieri pigmentiT dafarul sakuTar Tavs da
sxeuls. pigmenti fers ucvlis mis kans wiTlidan yviT-
lamde, yavisframde da TeTramde. searli mogviwodebs ga-
vacnobieroT, rom adamianis rasa da identoba ar aris iseTi
martivi, rogorc kanis pigmentacia, rom garegnuli mxare
da zedapiruli maxasiaTeblebi ar gansazRvravs pirovne-
bas. pigmentaciis aramdgradoba xazs usvams stereotipebis
arastabilurobas da realuri identobis sirTules.
maRali teqnologiebi da
dekonstruqtivizmi arqiteqturaSi
avtomaturi proeqtirebis kompiuterulma programebma da
maTi saSualebiT, samganzomilebiani (3D) grafikuli naxazis
miRebis SesaZleblobam sagrZnoblad gardaqmna 1980-iani da
1990-iani wlebis arqiteqtura da arqiteqturuli praqti-
ka. axali tipis instrumentebma arqiteqtorebs nagebobaTa
virtualuri daproeqtebis, ufro zusti da swrafi sain-

4-57 • berni searli. usaTauro, seriidan SemRebe,
1998; maiql sTivensonis galerea, qeifTauni © berni searli
4-56 • raSid araini.
mwvane suraTi IV,
1985-1986; xuTi
feradi foto,
urdus teqsti da
akrili webovani
firficris oTx
panelze, 1.75X2.08 m.
xelovanis koleqcia
Jinro gamoTvlebis, mowinave teqnologiebiTa da masale-
biT eqsperimentirebisa da Senobis masebis komponirebis
axleburi gzebis warmosaxvis SesaZlebloba gauCina.
maRali teqnologiebis arqiteqtura maRali
teq­no­logiebis (Hight Tech) arqiteqtorebma gaarRvies
modernistuli `SuSis kolofebis~ SezRuduli formebi
(sur. 3-28), raTa sainJinro saocrebaTa STambeWdav proeq-
tebze daewyoT eqperimentebi. am SenobebSi sagangebodaa
warmoCenili axali teqnologiebi, masalebi, aRWurvilo-
ba, momsaxurebis sistemebi ki (mag., gaTboba, eleqtrogay-
vaniloba) xSirad, xilulad aris datovebuli.
britaneli arqiteqtoris norman fosteris (Norman
Foster, d. 1935) hong-kongisa da Sanhais bankis Senoba (sur. 4-58)
maRali teqnologiebis arqiteqturis erT-erTi yvela-
ze STambeWdavi nimuSia. am 47-sarTuliani futuristuli
caTambjenis proeqtis Sesaqmnelad, damkveTebma sru-
li finansuri Tavisufleba mianiWes fosters. uzarma-
zari anZebisa da koWebisgan Sedgenili foladis mzidi
konstruqcia fasadzea gamotanili. yoveli calkeuli
sarTuli am konstruqciazea dakidebuli, rac saSualebas
iZleva Seiqmnas fanjrebis uwyveti rigi, romelic buneb-
rivi ganaTebiT avsebs mTel Senobas. metic, dRis sinaT-
led gardatexili mzis sxivebi uxvad iRvreba nagebobis
qveda nawilSi ganlagebul sabanko darbazSic, romelic
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 225
atriumis aTsarTulian sivrces moicavs. amgvar ganaTebas
uzrunvelyofs Senobis Tavze moTavsebuli, motorizebuli
`mzis CamCa~, romelic daWeril mzis sxivebs SenobaSi mimar-
Tavs. am proeqtze muSaobisas, fosterma mxolod erTxel
daTmo sakuTari principebi _ man mflobelebs centraluri
Sesasvlelis orive mxares, bankis Zveli Senobidan wamoRe-
buli, ori brinjaos lomis ganTavsebis ufleba misca, rad-
gan adgilobrivi tradiciiT miiCneva, rom bankSi Sesvlamde,
lomebis xelis Sexebas iRbali moaqvs.

dekonstruqtivistuli arqiteqtura 1990-iani wle-

bis dasawyisSi gaCenili dekonstruqtivizmi ufro metad
efuZneba Teorias, vidre maRali teqnologiebis arqiteq-
tura. dekonstruqtivisti arqiteqtorebi ganzrax arRveven
harmoniis, erTianobisa da mdgradobis tradiciul arqite-
qturul principebs, raTa Seqmnan centrs acdenili, gada-
xrili da gamrudebuli konstruqciebi. maTze didi gavlena
moaxdina rogorc rusi suprematistebisa da konstruqtivis-
tebis (sur. 3-26) esTetikam, ise dekonstruqciis principebma,
romlebic frangi filosofosis Jak deridas (Jacques Derrida,
1930-2004) mier iyo SemuSavebuli. deridaseuli dekonstru-
qcia amkvidrebs teqsts, romelsac ar gaaCnia erTi, arsebiTi
da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvneloba. es mniSvne-
loba yovelTvis `interteqstualuria~, is teqstebs Soris
arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Sedegad aris miRebuli. mniSv-
neloba yovelTvis `decentrirebuli~ da `gabneulia~ usas-
rulo qselSi `niSnebisa~, romlebsac Tavis mxriv, ar gaaCnia
myari mniSvnelobebi. dekonstruqtivistuli arqiteqtura
`interteqstualurobas~ hgavs imiT, rom isic mniSvnelobiT
TamaSobs, am SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli Tavise-
burebebis, formebisa da konteqstis nazavis daxmarebiT. is
`decentrirebulia~ Tavis `difuziurobaSi~ iseve, rogorc
formisa da mniSvnelobis cnobier aramdgradobaSi.
dekonstruqtivistuli arqiteqturis kargi magaliTia
germaniaSi, vail am reinSi mdebare vitras saxanZro sadguri
(sur. 4-59), romlis proeqtic baRdadSi dabadebul arqiteq-
tors, zaha hadids (Zaha Hadid, d. 1950) ekuTvnis. hadidi lon-
donSi swavlobda da 1979 wels, aqve daiwyo Tavisi arqiteq-
turuli saqmianoba. vitras saxanZro sadguri formalurad,
kazimir maleviCis ferweris (sur. 3-25) gavleniTaa Seqmnili.
misi erTmaneTisken gadaxrili rkina-betonis kedlebi mou-
lodneli kuTxeebiT xvdeba erTmaneTs da mkveTr Sverilebad
iWreba sivrceSi. arqiteqturuli formebi uaryofs vizualu-
ri mTlianobisa Tu struqturuli kavSiris gancdas, Tumca
sanacvlod, uSualobis, siswrafisa da dinamikurobis SegrZ-
nebas badebs, rac ase kargad gamoxatavs Senobis funqcias.
torontoSi dabadebuli da kaliforniaSi dafuZnebuli
arqiteqtori, frenk o. geri (Frank O. Gehry, d.1929) aseve qm-
nis nagebobaTa aramdgrad, dekonstruqtivistul masebsa da
frTebs mimsgavsebul, mrude formebs, romlebic mniSvne-
lovnad scildeba Senobis ZiriTadi moculobis sazRvrebs.
4-58 • norman fosteri. hong-kongisa da Sanhais banki,
bilbaos gugenhaimis muzeumi (sur. 4-60) misi erT-erTi yvelaze 1986; hong-kongi
STambeWdavi proeqtia. 1990-ian wlebSi, xelovnebis muzeu-
mebis daproeqteba erT-erT yvelaze mimzidvel saqmianobad
iqca, radgan es Senobebi sul ufro metad gansazRvravda uyureT arqiteqturul simulacias hong-kongisa
da Sanhais bankis Senobis foladis konstruqciaze
qalaqebis vizualur landSafts. gerim Tavisi asimetriuli veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

226 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg

4-59 • zaha hadidi.
vitras saxanZro
sadguri,
vail am reini,
germania, 1989-1993

4-60 • frenk o. geri. gugenhaimis muzeumi, bilbao,

espaneTi, 1993-1997; obobis qandakeba wina planze _ luiz burJua (1911-2010), deda, 1999

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 227

dizaini CATIA CAD-is programis meSveobiT SeimuSava. swored
am programam misca mas mZlavri, organuli, skulpturu-
li formebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. komlpeqsis foladis
konstruqcia dafarulia vercxlisferi titanis Txeli fe-
niT, romelic amindisa da dRis monakveTis mixedviT, xan
oqrosfrad, xan ki vercxlisfrad livlivebs. CrdiloeTi
mxridan Senoba cocxal organizms mogvagonebs, xedvis sxva
kuTxeebidan ki uzarmazar xomalds, riTic mrewvelobis im
dargze migvaniSnebs, romelzec bilbao tradiciulad iyo
damokidebuli. aseTnairad, muzeumis Senoba Zalze Tvalsa-
Cinodaa qalaqTan identificirebuli.
muzeumis skulpturuli mSvenierebis miuxedavad, cnobi-
lia, rom misi Sida sivrce Zalze mouxerxebelia xelovnebis
nimuSebis gamosafenad. Senobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
frenk loid raiTis proeqtiT Seqmnili, niu iorkis gugen-
haimis muzeumis (sur. 3-30) spiralis ideas efuZneba. raiTis
Senoba, arqiteqturis skulpturul SesaZleblobaTa geri-
seuli Tamami Ziebebis saxelovani winaparia.
video da firi
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi, portatuli video kame-
rebis swrafma ganviTarebam da farTo gavrcelebam xelo-
vanTaTvis axali mediumi gaaCina. video artistebma uary-
ves tradiciuli formebi da mniSvnelobebi da gamiznulad
Seudgnen iseTi xelovnebis Seqmnas, romelic ar iyo Zviri.
isini xSirad iyenebdnen video gamosaxulebas, raTa warmoe-
CinaT televiziis adgili da misi yovlismomcveli roli
Cvens kulturaSi. cifruli da vizualuri gamosaxulebis
wyalobiT, dRes video arti kidev ufro farTodaa gavr-
celebuli. Tanamedrove video xelovnebis didi nawili fa-
qtobrivad, cifrulad aris warmoebuli, farTo ekranebze
(an nebismier zedapirze) video da DVD gamosaxulebis proe-
228 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
cirebaSi Setanilma inovaciebma ki Secvala video artis Cve-
nebis adgili da xerxi da garkveulwilad, misi Tematikac.
paiki koreaSi dabadebuli nam jun paiki (Nam June Paik, 1931-
2006) video xelovnebis erT-erTi pioneria. 1950-iani wlebis
bolosa da 1960-ianebis dasawyisSi is, jon qeijis gavleniT,
eqsperimentul musikas qmnida. 1963 wels paikma modificire-
bul telemimRebebTan daiwyo muSaoba, 1965-Si ki, rodesac So-
ny-m pirveli portatuli video kamera gamouSva, video artis
Seqmnas Seudga. paikma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom `eleqtro sxivu-
ri mili (televizia) iseve Caanacvlebda tilos, rogorc kola-
Jis teqnikam Caanacvla zeTis ferwera~. mogvianebiT artistma
muSaoba daiwyo cocxal, Caweril da kompiuterul gamosaxu-
lebebze, romlebic sxvadasxva zomis monitorebze gadaicemo-
da. am gamosaxulebebs paiki xSirad xelovnebis nawarmoebeb-
Si rTavda. aseTia magaliTad, eleqtronuli avtomagistrali:
kontinenturi aSS (sur. 4-61), romelic niu iorkSi mdebare, holi
solomonis galereisTvis Seiqmna. SeerTebuli Statebis kon-
tinenturi nawilis es cnobili, neonis konturiT Semowerili
ruka ganTavsebuli iyo im kedelTan, romelzec kompiuteriT
gakontrolebuli, aTobiT video monitori iyo damagrebuli.
monitorebze, fonogramis TanxlebiT, Zalze swrafad cvla-
di gamosaxulebebi aisaxeboda. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva
Statis yofa-cxovrebasa da kulturas warmoaCenda; alaska
da havai gverdiTa kedlebze iyo ganTavsebuli. namuSevari
gviCvenebda televiziiT gadacemuli Sereuli gzavnilis Za-
lasa da yovlismomcvelobas. niu iorkis Statis monitori
gadascemda pirdapir CarTvas galereidan da damTvaliere-
belTa video gamosaxulebebs asaxavda. es maT pasiuri mayu-
reblebidan xelovnebis nawarmoebis aqtiur monawileebad gar-
daqmnida. monitorebis saSualebiT, mayurebelTa winaSe iqmne-
boda maTi media identoba, romelsac isini Tvals adevnebdnen.
4-61 • nam jun paiki.
eleqtronuli
avtomagistrali:
kontinenturi aSS,
1995; 47 arxis video
instalacia 313
monitoriT, neoni,
foladis konstruqcia,
feri da xma. daaxloebiT
4.57X9.75X1.2m. smiTsonis
amerikuli xelovnebis
muzeumi, vaSingtoni,
kolumbiis olqi © nam
jun paikis sakuTreba.
xelovanis saCuqari
4-62 • bil vaiola. gadakveTa,
1996; ori feradi video arxi, romelic proecirebulia didi, Cabnelebuli galereis sxvadasxva mxares, erTmaneTisken zurgiT ganTavsebul,
darbazis mTeli simaRlis momcvel ekranebze; gaZlierebuli stereo xmis oTxi arxi, oTxi xmis gamaZlierebeli, simaRle 4.88 m.
vaiola 1996 wels, kalifornieli video artisti bil
vaiola (Bill Viola, d. 1951) qmnis namuSevars saxelwodebiT
gadakveTa (sur. 4-62). sxvadasxva mxares dayenebul, TiTqmis
5 metris simaRlis or ekranze brwyinvale feradovnebis
video gamosaxulebebi gadaicema. erT mxares vaiola uSvebs
videos mamakacis gamosaxulebiT, romlis silueti fons ga-
moeyofa da TandaTanobiT mTlianad avsebs ekrans. gamoCe-
nisTanave mas wylis wveTebi ecema. mamakacis nel svlasTan
erTad, wylis raodenoba matulobs da sabolood, Tavsx-
mad qceuli mas walekavs. gamosaxulebis Tanmxlebi fono-
gramidan jer wveTebis xma, bolos ki movardnili wylis
Rriali ismis. msgavsi scenariT viTardeba moqmedeba meore
ekranzec. oRond, am SemTxvevaSi, fonidan gamoCenili ma-
makacis fexebTan cecxlis enebi Cndeba, romlebic Tanda-
TanobiT gamZvinvarebul xanZrad gadaiqceva da mas STan-
Tqavs. gamosaxulebis Tanmdevi fonogramidan sul ufro
mZlavrad gaismis cecxlis xma.
vaiolasTvis sainteresoa vizualuri informaciis aRq-
mis procesi. sinamdvileSi, darbazSi mxolod erTi fono-
gramaa CarTuli, ubralod, sxvadasxva videos yurebisas, is
gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. vaiolas video uaRresad grZnobi-
Tia, imavdroulad ki meditaciuri. misi Rrma simboluroba
vaiolas sulierebas da msoflio religiebis mis safuZv-
lian codnas warmoaCens.
globalizmi:
axali aTaswleulisken
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi xelovnebis saerTaSoriso
gamofenebisa da bazrobebis raodenobis zrdam xelovanebis,
dilerebisa da koleqcionerebisTvis Sexvedrebisa da qselu-
ri muSaobis iseTi SesaZleblobebi gaaCina, rac sul cota
xnis win SeuZleblad an unayofod iqneboda miCneuli. bolo
dromde, Tanamedrove xelovnebis namdvil saerTaSoriso
forumebad mxolod veneciis bienale (dafuZnda 1903 wels
da tardeba or weliwadSi erTxel) da dokumenta (dafuZnda
1955 wels da tardeba daaxloebiT, xuT weliwadSi erTxel,
dasavleTi germaniis qalaq kaselSi) iTvleboda. dRes, mTel
msoflioSi 30-ze meti xelovnebis saerTaSoriso bienale
da kidev ufro meti bazroba imarTeba: art bazeli (Art Ba-
sel) SveicariaSi, art bazeli maiami (Art Basel Miami) maiamiSi,
frizis xelovnebis bazroba (Frieze Art Fair) londonSi, arsena-
lis gamofena (Armory Show) niu iorkSi, Tanamedrove xelovne-
bis saerTaSoriso bazroba (Fiore Internationale d’Art Contemporain
— FIAC) parizSi da kidev mravali sxva. amasTan, internetma
globalurad uzrunvelyo xelovnebaze vizualuri wvdoma
da is Zalze swrafi da ioli gaxada. Cven saxlidan gausv-
lelad, personaluri kompiuterebis meSveobiT, SegviZlia
movipovoT informacia gamofenebze warmodgenil, xelov-
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 229
nebis praqtikulad nebismier nimuSze da bevri gavigoT im
nawarmoebebzec, romlebic arasdros yofila gamofenili.
globalizmis am axalma formam xelovanebi aiZula daesvaT
SekiTxvebi sakuTar Tu sxvaTa identobebis Camoyalibebaze,
gaecnobierebinaT, rom identoba da xelovneba arc iseTi
martivi da univalenturi yofila, rogorc es SesaZloa, ua-
xloesi 1990-iani wlebis gadasaxedidan Canda.
axal aTaswleulSi xelovneba, rogorc mzardi da gar-
Tulebuli globaluri diskursis nawili, erTdroulad
ramdenime mimarTulebiT viTardeba, mudmivad icvleba da
axleburad afasebs axal perspeqtivebs da problemebs. Cve-
ni drois xelovneba SesaZloa, yvelaze rTulad eqvemde-
bareba klasifikaciasa da analizs, magram naTelia, rom is
sul ufro metad fokusirdeba globalur problemebze,
wamoWris nacionaluri, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, koloniuri
da postkoloniuri identobis, adamianis uflebebis, glo-
baluri ekonomikis, politikisa da bunebrivi garemos sa-
kiTxebs; win wevs msoflios erebis Raribebad da mdidrebad,
Zlierebad da sustebad dayofis problemebs da exeba teq-
nologiur cvlilebebs, romlebic Cveni cxovrebis TiTqmis
yvela aspeqtSia SemoWrili. dRevandeli xelovanebi aqtiu-
4-63 • deil Cihuli. mze,
2008; udabnos botanikuri baRi, finiqsi, arizona.
instalaciis xangrZlivoba 22.05.2008 - 31.05.2009
230 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
rad arian CarTulni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva
sferoebSi, maTi xelovneba yovelTvis asaxavs maT jansaR
ambicias gaxdnen stabilurobis an cvlilebebis mamoZrave-
belni am mSfoTvare da centrdakargul droSi.
xelovneba da teqnologia
qandakeba axal mediaSi deil Cihuli (Dale Chihuly, d. 1941)
sazogadoebrivi sivrcisTvis didi zomis minis qandakebebs
ukve 30 welia rac qmnis, Tumca misi namuSevrebi dResac ise-
ve axlad gamoiyureba, rogorc 1975-Si. Cihulis qandakebebi
teqnologiurad inovaciuric aris da eqsperimentulic. mze
(sur. 4-63) gamobervis wesiT Seqmnili, mravalnawiliani qan-
dakebaa, romelSic avtori minis damzadebis uaxles teqnikas
iyenebs. namuSevari naTlad asaxavs Cihulis siRrmiseul inte-
ress bunebrivi formebisa da globaluri energiisadmi. mze
mravalricxovan talRisebur, klaknil da spiralur forme-
bad feTqdeba ise, TiTqos zRapruli feniqsis intensiurma na-
Telma fizikuri forma miiRo da kvlav daubrunda sicocxles.
mbrwyinavi, vizualurad STambeWdavi da amaRelvebeli qandake-
ba bunebasTan siRrmiseul kavSirze dagvafiqrebs, meditaciisa
da mWvretelobisken gangvawyobs da globaluri garemosadmi
Cvens damokidebulebas gvacnobierebinebs.
cifruli fotografia 2000 wlidan fotografia gaCe-
nisTanave damyoli da cvalebadi mediumi iyo. XIX saukuneSic
ki fotoebi sxvadasxvagvarad muSavdeboda, raTa Seqmniliyo
gamogonili xateba imisgan, rac faqtobrivad, vizualur doku-
mentad Canda. fotoebis damuSavebis qimiur-meqanikuri procesi
rTuli iyo da did dros moiTxovda. magram cifruli teqnolo-
giebis ganviTarebam es procesi Zalze gaamartiva, daaCqara da
fotogamosaxulebis Seqmnis standartul procedurad aqcia.
kanadeli xelovani jef uoli (Jeff Wall, d. 1946) mraval-
ricxovan cifrul fotoebs da detalurad gaazrebul de-
koracias iyenebs, raTa Seqmnas didi, kompleqsuri fotona-
rativi, romelsac xelovani XIX saukunis istoriuli suraTis
analogiad ganixilavs. uoli sajaro sivrcis Tanamedrove
reklamaSi farTod gavrcelebul formats mimarTavs da Tavis
brwyinvale ferovnebis namuSevrebs sareklamo kolofebSi,
e.w. light box-ebSi anTavsebs. Tavis fotoebs is namdvili kino-
reJisoriviT dgams _ gulmodgined amzadebs dekoracias, msa-
xiobebs, saboloo kadrs ki mis mier SerCeuli, mravalricxo-
vani fotoebis cifruli kombinaciiT qmnis. ralf elisonis
`uxilavi kaci~-s mixedviT, winasityvaoba (sur. 4-64) detalurad
dagegmili kompoziciaa. scenisa da dekoraciebis momzadebas
uolma 18 Tve moandoma, Tavad gadaRebas ki sami kvira. foto
asaxavs ralf elisonis, 1951 wels gamocemuli romanis erT-
erT pasaJs, romelic mogviTxrobs afro-amerikeli mamakacis
realizebis gzebis Ziebis ambavs, romelic imedgacruebiTa da
martoobiT sruldeba. uoli gviCvenebs `Tbil da sinaTliT
savse~ sardafs, romelsac elisonis gmiri Tavs afarebs. oTaxs
eleqtro kompaniisgan moparuli deniT ganaTebuli 1 369 ele-
qtronaTura aTbobs. elisonisTvis es Suqi mxolod misi gmi-
ris arsebobis sevdian sinamdviles anaTebs.
instalaciis xelovneba Toni osleris (Tony Oursler) ga-
mofena, romelic 2009 wels gaimarTa galereaSi metro fi-
qCersi (Metro Pictures), Cveulebrivi amerikelebis mier, cif-
4-64 • jef uoli. ralf elisonis `uxilavi kaci~-s mixedviT, winasityvaoba,
1999-2001; firze dabeWdili foto light box-Si, 174X250.5sm.

waikiTxeT informacia jef uolze veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

rul epoqaSi, sakuTari identobis Seqmnis sakiTxebs wamo- teqnologiebis samyaro, romelic mudmivad gvitevs axali
Wris. instalacia im nivTebis didi zomis qandakebebisgan obieqtebiTa da gamosaxulebebiT, Cveni identobis koncef-
Sedgeba, romelTa gareSe dRes cxovreba ver warmogvidge- cias intensiuri vizualuri siWarbis CarCoebSi aqcevs.
nia, esaa _ uzarmazari mobiluri telefoni, saxelwodebiT
multipleqsirebuli (sur, 4-65), giganturi xuTdolariani bank- xelovneba da identobebi
noti, `mxrColavi sigaretebis tye~ da a.S. maTgan praqtiku- wignis bolo nawilSi warmodgenili xelovanebi mraval-
li rCevebis e.w. self-help (daexmare sakuTar Tavs) uzarmazar mxrivi mimarTulebiT ikvleven pirovnuli Tu jgufuri
wignebsa da jinis boTlSi Tavad xelovanis gamosaxulebiani identobebis sul ufro mzard da garTulebul problemas.
videoa CarTuli. osleris gamofena samomxmareblo sazoga- isini angreven mediumsa da gzavnils Soris tradiciulad
doebis, pop artis mier Semotanili kritikis gonivrulad arsebul sxvaobas, aqroben sazRvrebs da qmnian xelov-
ganaxlebul variants warmoadgens da gakvriT migvaniSnebs nebas, romelic iseTive saintereso, aRmafrTovanebeli,
uorholze, oldenburgze da lixTensTainzec ki (ix. sur. 4-11, rTuli da damabnevelia, rogorc Tavad dRevandeli, axali
4-14, 4-15). namuSevrebs acocxlebs maTze dadebuli animaciuri aTaswleulis samyaro.
video proeqcia, romelic sigaretis
wvis Tu `ab~ linkolnis win wamoweuli
saxis iluzias qmnis. iluzorulad,
Tavisi boTlidan gaqcevas cdilobs
Tavad osleri, mobiluri telefoni
ki (mocemul suraTze), rogorc amas
gamofenis pres-relizi gvamcnobs, sa­
ubrebis calkeuli fragmentebis am­
onTxevas lamobs. osleris xelovneba
mogviwodebs davfiqrdeT imaze, rom

4-65 • Toni osleri.

multipleqsirebuli,
2008; boWkovani mina, 94X83.8X43.2 sm.,
galerea metro fiqCersi (MP574)

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 231

barni 1994-2002 wlebSi, meTiu barniმ (Matthew Barney, d. 1967)
Seqmna, ukve legendad qceuli, filmebis seria saxelwodebiT
qrimasteris cikli (The Cremaster Cycle), romelSic is farul
seqsualur miTologias ikvlevs. narativSi, romelSic gen-
deris cvalebadobis koncefcia dominirebs, genderuli kuT-
vnilebisa da genderis rolis sakiTxebia wamoWrili. qrimas-
teris kunTi, romlis mixedviT serias ewoda kidec saxeli,
akontrolebs saTesle jirkvlebis awev-dawevas. rogorc
wesi, is temperaturul cvlilebebsa da aseve, SiSebsa da
seqsualur agznebazea pasuxismgebeli. adamianis embrion-
Si swored es kunTi gasazRvravs mis sqesobriv kuTvnile-
bas. qrimasteris kunTis diagramul gamosaxulebas, barni
vizualur emblemad iyenebs mTeli seriis manZilze. TiToeu-
li filmi sakuTar, rTul narativsa da mravalSriani simbo-
loebis katalogs Seicavs. qrimasteri 3 (2002) (sur. 4-45) aRwers
kraisleris Senobas niu iorkSi, mis arqiteqtorad ki riCard
seras warmogvidgens. filmis moqmedebis erT-erT adgilad
niu iorkis gugenhaimis muzeumis rotondaa (sur. 4-30) gamo-
yenebuli. barnis, romelic seras Segirdis rols TamaSobs,
atmisferi kilti acvia, pirSi ki tilo aqvs gaCrili. seraze
4-66 • meTiu barni. qrimasTeri 3: mahabini,
2002; 118X137X3.8sm. © meTiu barni
232 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
sakuTari aRmatebulobis dasamtkiceblad, barni sxvadasxva
davalebebis Sesrulebas cdilobs. rogorc video TamaSSi,
is gugenhaimis rotondis keldebze micocavs da cdilobs
TiToeuli donisTvis mocemuli davaleba manamde daas-
rulos, vidre gasxivosnebas miaRwevs. gzad barni araerT
moulodnelobas awydeba _ masonur kravebad gamowyobil
Rockettes-is mocekvaveebs, pank-rok jgufis meomar wevrebs,
qal-leopards (am rols eimi malinzi asrulebs) da bolos,
seras. namuSevrebs dekoraciebisa da kostumebis gansakuT-
rebuli siuxve da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, epikuri siu-
Jetebis sirTule gamoarCevs. mahabini (sur. 4-66) warmogvid-
gens barnisa da qal-leopards, romlebic modificirebuli
masonuri kostumebis wyalobiT, masonebad arian qceulni.
filmebis cikli gviCvenebs identobis kriziss, romelsac
saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani heteroseqsuali xelovani ga-
nicdis amerikaSi, swored im epoqaSi, romelSic TiTqosda,
identobis politika dominirebs.
biqrofTi amJamad los anjelesSi mcxovrebma, italielma
artistma vanesa biqrofTma (Vanessa Beecroft) aseve gugenhaimis
rotondis sivrceSi dadga Tavisi perofrmansi VB 35 (sur. 4-67).
Tavis namuSevarSi is genderul rolebs, qalis sxeulis aRq-
misa da qalurobis sakiTxebs ikvlevs. barnisgan gansxvavebiT,
biqrofTi ar Cndeba sakuTar performansebSi, mouxedavad
imisa, rom bevri maTgani iribad, anoreqsiasTan mis brZolas
migvaniSnebs. VB 35-Si (cifrebiT performansebis rigiTobaa
aRniSnuli, Sesabamisad, es namuSevari xelovanis 35-e perfor-
mansia) biqrofTi SekiTxvebs svams qaluri silamazis, dRes
ukve damaxanjebul mniSvnelobaze da aseve vuaeristuli
TvalTvalis batonobaze. am namuSevrisTvis biqrofTma mo-
durad Txeli, maRali 15 TeTrkaniani profesionali modeli
daiqirava da maT Tavisufal jgufad ganlageba da mzeris win
mimarTva daavala. maTgan aTs dizaineruli bikini da maRal-
qusliani fexsacmeli ecva, xuTs ki mxolod maRalqusliani
fexsacmeli. fexze mdgomi modelebi ganyenebuli mzeriT win
iyurebodnen, damTvaliereblebi ki maT foiedan an muzeumis
pandusidan adevnebdnen Tvals. amgvarad, modelebi TiTqos
Tanxmdebodnen mzeras, romelic maT faqtobrivad, obieqte-
bad aqcevda. performansze daswreba mxolod miwveviT iyo
SesaZlebeli, Sesabamisad, atmosfero eqskluziurobiT iyo
damuxtuli. magram biqrofTma gaarTula namuSevari da daZa-
buloba ori mimarTulebiT gaaZliera. pirveli mimarTuleba
modelebs exeboda, meore _ mayurebels. profesionali mo-
delebis saqme mayurebelTa Tavs zemoT yureba da samuzeu-
mo garemos Sefaseba iyo; mayurebeli ki instruqciT, Zalze
delikaturad unda moqceuliyo da ar Sesuliyo mzeriT Tu
verbalur kontaqtSi modelebTan da ar daerRvia maTi pira-
di fizikuri Tu emociuri sivrce. am strategiam, gonivrul
sazRvrebSi moaqcia mayureblisa da misi mzeris obieqtis ur-
TierToba. haerSi seqsualuri daZabuloba igrZnoboda, magram
rac unda ucnauri iyos, modelebi axerxebdnen situaciaze
kontrolis SenarCunebas. mayureblebma aRmoaCines, rom ise
daSinebulad da Secbunebulad grZnoben Tavs, TiTqos ukano-
no TvalTvalis momentSi arian gamoWerilni. rogorc erTma
kritikosma aRniSna: `Cven gaSiSvlebuli xelovnebis civi Za-
lauflebis winaSe aRmovCndiT, ar gvevaleboda raime rolis
TamaSi... amitomac, ubralod mivyvebodiT dinebas.~

gu uenda gu (Wenda Gu, d. 1955) Tavis Semoqmedebas adamianebis
gaerTianebas uZRvnis. CineTis saxviTi xelovnebis erovnul
akademiaSi man tradiciuli melnis ferwera Seiswavla. ame-
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi gu 1987 wels gadmovida sacxov-
reblad, 1992 ki Seudga globalur proeqts, saxelwodebiT
_ `gaerTianebuli erebis seria~. am seriis TiToeuli `mo-
numenti~ Seqmnilia adamianis Tmebisgan, romlebsac artisti
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis silamazis da Tmis salonebSi
agrovebs. am masalas gu blokebad an wnulebad xaliCebsa da
fardagebSi aqsovs da maT Tavisi mogonili idiogramebiT
faravs. Cinuri monumenti: zeciuri taZari (sur. 4-68) sxvadasxva
erovnebis adamianebis Tmebsa da Cinuri, inglisuri, hindis
da arabuli damwerlobis Sereul warwerebs Seicavs, romle-
4-68 • uenda gu.
Cinuri monumenti:
zeciuri taZari,
1998; instalacia adamianis
Tmebisgan damzadebuli
ekranebiT, videoTi, xis
skamebiTa da magidebiT.
damkveTi: aziis sazogadoeba.
hong-kongis xelovnebis
muzeumis mudmivi koleqcia
© uenda gu
4-67 • vanesa biqrofTi.
performansi VB 35,
1998; © 2012 vanesa biqrofTi.
solomon r. gugenhaimis muzeumi,
niu iorki (vb35.354.al)
bic `adamianis codnis naklulobas gvaxsenebs~. gu aseve
qmnis `erovnul~ monumentebs, romelTa calkeuli nimuSebi
poloneTSi, israelSi da taivanSia instalirebuli. yoveli
maTgani maspinZel qveyanaSi Segrovebuli Tmisgan mzaddeba da
am qveynis problemebs asaxavs. `gaerTianebuli erebis seriis~
`transnacionaluri~ monumentebi ufro globaluri xasiaTis
sakiTxebs exeba da sxvadasxva qveynebSi Segrovebuli Tmebis-
ganaa Seqmnili. aseTnairad, xelovani axali aTaswleulisTvis
`axal, gabedul rasobriv identobas~ gvTavazobs.
hemensi devid hemensi (David Hammons, d. 1943) im socialu-
rad moazrovne xelovanTa rigs ganekuTvneba, vinc dauRa-
lavad Sromobs sazogadoebriv sferoSi. is amerikuli sa-
saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 233

galereo sistemis gulwrfeli kritikosia da sinanuliT
aRniSnavs, rom afro-amerikeli xelovanebis rTuli Sinaar-
sis namuSevrebi Zalze mwiradaa warmodgenili gamofenebze.
hemensis azriT, xelovnebis samyaro `novokains hgavs, rome-
lic adre afxizlebda, axla ki aZinebs~. artistis mtkice-
biT, mxolod sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi aqtiurad CarTul
xelovnebas ZaluZs komerciis sibinZurisgan Tavis daRweva
da sazogadoebis gamofxizleba. namuSevari usaTauro (sur.
4-69) cocxali, mwvave, maxvilgonivruli da msusxavi sati-
raa afro-amerikelTa, jer kidev orazrovan mdgomareobaze
amerikul sazogadoebaSi. ramdenime Statis sazogadoebriv
Senobebze konfederatebis droSis aRmarTvasTan dakavSi-
rebiT gamarTuli debatebis sapasuxod, hemensma, 1990 wels,
harlemis studio muzeumisTvis (Studio Museum) Seqmna dro-
Sa, romelic Semdgomac ramdenjerme gamoifina, maT Soris,
2000 wels, niu iorkis axali xelovnebis muzeumSi. hemensis
droSis ferebi imeorebs pan-afrikul (Pan-African), Savkani-
anTa globaluri ganviTarebis asociaciis (Universal Negro
Improvement Association) da afrikul TemTa ligis (African Com-
munities League) droSas, romelic 1920 wels, afro-amerike-
lebis mier Seiqmna, raTa simbolurad aReniSnaT `msoflios
SavkanianTa uflebebi~. wiTeli _ afrikis yvela xalxebis
gamaerTianebeli da Tavisuflebis ZiebaSi daRvrili sisx-
lis feria, Savi _ simbolurad Savkanian xalxs aRniSnavs,
mwvane ki afrikis simwvaniT dafarul miwas.
Sonibare londonSi dafuZnebuli, nigeriuli warmoSobis
britaneli xelovani inka Sonibare (Yinka Shonibare, d. 1962)
Tavisi xelovnebis saSualebiT, identobis Camoyalibebis
sakiTxebs ikvlevs da gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aRiqmeba is
koloniuri istoriis peripetiebis, klasis, rasis da Tvi-
TaRqmis WrilSi. namuSevari rogor avafeTqoT erTdroulad
ori Tavi (qalbatonebi) (sur. 4-70) warmogvidgens naturalu-
234 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
4-69 • devid hemensi.
usaTauro,
2004; neiloni, 1.82X3m.,
studio muzeumi, harlemi.
xelovanis saCuqari (04.2.19)
ri zomis, ori uTavo mandilosnis qandakebas. kanis feris
mixedviT, anu zedapirulad, maTi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis
garkveva SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom figurebs qa-
lis sxeulebi aqvs, maTi xelebi mamakacuria. isini pirispir,
dueliantebis pozaSi dganan da XIX saukunis kaJis pistole-
tebs umizneben erTmaneTs ararsebul TavebSi. maTi samosi
XIX saukunis kostiums mogvagonebs, magram holandiuri qso-
vilisgan Sekerili, kaSkaSa feradovnebis kabebi Cveulebriv,
dasavleTi afrikis xalxebTan asocirdeba. qsovilis isto-
riis sirTule da Sonibares mier, misi gamoyenebis xerxi,
gvixsnis am qandakebis mravalgvar, farul sazrisebs. brwyin-
vale feradovnebis monaxWuli qsovili, romelsac miliono-
biT afrikeli atarebs dResac, indoneziuri warmoSobisaa.
afrikaSi is holandieli kolonistebis mier iyo Semotani-
li, mzaddeboda inglisSi, manCesteris bambis fabrikebSi,
Semdeg ki isev dasavleT afrikaSi igzavneboda, sadac mas
modificirebuli da gardaqmnili saxiT, ukve adgilobrivebi
moixmardnen. namdvili ironiaa, rom Tavisi qandakebebisTvis
Sonibare qsovilebs londonSi, briqsTonis bazarSi iZens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi namuSevrebi maxvilgonivruli da
ironiulia, isini mware notebsac Seicavs, radgan aaSkaravebs
im ZalTa daxlarTul qsels, romelic identobas ayalibebs
da gviwvevs gadavxedoT rasis, post-kolonializmis, sakuT-
rebis, qonebis, Zaladobisa da klasis Cveneul aRqmas.
siera mexikoSi mcxovrebi, espaneli xelovani santiago
siera (Santiago Sierra, d. 1966) Tavis intervencionistul na-
muSevrebSi aseve mimarTavs rasobriv, eTnikur da RaribTa
kapitalisturi eqspluataciis sakiTxebs. 2001 wels, ve-
neciis 49-e bienaleze sieram warmoadgina xiluli komen-
tari gamofenaze, romelSic fufunebis, qedmaRlobisa da
eliturobis atmosfero sufevda, siRaribe da rasistu-
li daZabuloba ki uxilavi iyo. anazRaurebis sanacvlod,
 4-70 • inka Sonibare.
rogor avafeTqoT erTdroulad ori Tavi
(qalbatonebi),
2006; boWkovani minis ori manekeni, ori
rekvizituli Tofi, cvilis printiani
holandiuri bambis qsovili, fexsacmelebi,
tyavis sacxenosno Ceqmebi, postamenti
237X160X122sm. muzeumis SenaZeni.
dafinansebulia uelesli kolejis xelovnebis
megobarTa mier (2007.124.1-2)

uyureT videos inka

Sonibareze veb-gverdze
www.myartslab.com

sieram 133 araevropel mamakacs bunebrivi Savi Tma qerad

gadaaRebvina, raTa gamofenis msvlelobisas, isini ufro
SesamCnevni gamxdariyvnen (sur. 4-71). marTlac, muqkanian ma-
makacebze TeTri Tma Sokismomgvrelad gamoiyureboda da
garSemo myofTa yuradRebas iqcevda. aseTnairad, adamian-
Ta jgufi, romelic Cveulebriv, sazogadoebis fons erwy-
moda, axla mis wina planze, centrSi moeqca da yvelas da-
JinebiT axsenebda ara mxolod sakuTar myofobas, aramed
siRaribesac _ maT xom mxolod imitom gadaiRebes Tma, rom
fuli sWirdebodaT.

uilsoni 1990-ian wlebSi xelovanebis mxirdan sul ufro

imata tradiciuli samuzeumo gamofenebis Seqmnili nara-
tivis kritikam. muzeumi iTvleboda sivrced, romelSic
kuratorebi TviTon arCevdnen namuSevrebs da TviTonve
wyvetdnen rogor unda yofiliyo es namuSevrebi gamofeni-
li. aseTnairad isini xelovnebis istorias ufro qmnidnen,
vidre warmoaCendnen mas da am procesSi, xSirad, sakuTar
mikerZoebulobasac avlendnen. instalaciis ostati fred
uilsoni (Fred Wilson, d. 1954) yvelaze metad Tavisi interve-
ncionistuli namuSevriT _ muzeumis wiaRSi (1992) aris cno-
bili. am namuSevriT man mTlianad gardaqmna baltimoris
istoriuli sazogadoebis koleqcia. uilsonma muzeumis
sacavebis `moZieba~ daiwyo da aRmoaCina, rom eqspoziciaSi
warmodgenili namuSevrebi mxolod TeTrkanianTa istorias
asaxavda, maSin rodesac afro-amerikelTa istoriasTan da-
kavSirebuli mravali nimuSi sacavebSi iyo gadanaxuli. am 4-71 • santiago siera. 133 adamiani, romelmac anazRaurebis
nimuSTagan mravali xelovanma muzeumis ZiriTad gamofe- sanacvlod, Tma qerad gadaiReba,
naSi `CarTo~, maT Soris iyo iseTi amaRelvebeli nivTebic, 2001; arsenale, veneciis 49-e bienale
romlebsac afro-amerikeli monebis dasasjelad iyenebdnen. sieram 133 araevropel mamakacs, anazRaurebis sanacvlod, Tma
aseTnairad uilsonma mTlianad ucvala saxe istorias, ro- qerad gadaRebvina. gamofenaze man warmoadgina video, romelzec
melic Tavdapirvel eqspoziciaSi iyo moTxrobili. Tmis SeRebvis procesi iyo aRbeWdili

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 235


4-72 • fred uilsoni. sikvdilis WaRi,
2003; amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pavilioni, veneciis 50-e
bienale. © fred uilsoni, qveyndeba feis galereis nebarTviT
2003 wlis veneciis bienaleze uilsonma (is amerikis See-
rTebuli Statebis saxeliT iRebda gamofenaSi monawileo-
bas) warmoadgina mravalnawiliani instalacia _ miwodeT igi,
raca var me, romelic veneciaSi moxvedrili afrikelebis is-
toriaze iyo fokusirebuli. instalacia Seicavda venecia-
Si, saukuneebis manZilze warmoebuli, e.w. muranos minisgan
damzadebul ramdenime Sav qandakebas, romlebic Sav-TeTri
filebiT mopirkeTebul oTaxSi iyo moTavsebuli. oTaxis
keldebi dafaruli iyo grafitebiT, romlebic afro-ame-
rikeli monebis istoriis fragmentebs mogviTxrobda. ukana
planze damontaJebul ekranze gadioda video instalacia
Seqspiris tragediidan otelo. namuSevris saTauri miwo-
deT igi, raca var me otelos sityvebia, romlebsac mavri Se-
qspiris piesaSi warmoTqvams. uilsonis instalaciis kidev
erTi nawili _ sikvdilis WaRi (sur. 4-72) aseve muranos minis-
gan iyo damzadebuli, magram mTels qalaqSi mbrwyinav-mo-
ciale veneciuri minis WaRebisgan gansxvavebiT, masSi swo-
red siSave iyo sagangebod xazgasmuli. uilsonis saTauri,
romelic memeto mori-s an vanitas mxatvrobas migvaniSnebs, Se-
gvaxsenebs, rom sikvdili yvela CvenTaganis xvedria da rom
veneciis savaWro simZlavre afrikeli mSromelebis mxrebze
idga da maTi sicocxlis fasad iqna miRweuli.
uoqeri kera uoqeris (Kara Walker, d.1969) xelovneba, dRes
amerikaSi, yvelaze gamomwvevad da provokaciulad aris miC-
neuli. is mayureblis gaSiSvlebul nervebs exeba, zaravs mas
da SokSi agdebs. Savi muyaosgan gamoWrili didi zomis figu-
rebis siluetebs is galereis kedlebze cviliT amagrebs da
maT proecirebuli SuqiT anaTebs. namuSevarSi darqiTaunis
amboxeba (sur. 4-73) uoqeri, Tavisi Savi siluetebis meSveobiT,
galereis kedlebze gadaSlil, monebis ajanyebisa da maTi
236 Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg
Jletis saSinel ambavs mogviTxrobs. oTaxSi moreviviT bru-
navs kedlebze proecirebuli, mSvenieri feradovnebis Savi,
TeTri, vardisferi, mwvane, lurji da yviTeli Suqebi da
mocekvave Crdilebi. figurebis Tvalierebisas, proeqtoris
win aRmoCenili mayureblis Crdili aseve ecema kedlebs da
aseTnairad, misTvis Zalze arakomfortulad, is ganviTare-
buli narativis siaxloves, anda sulac mis SuagulSi eqceva.
uoqeris istoriebi sxvadasxvagvarad warmoiqmneba _ mona-
Ta naratividan, menestrelebis warmodgenebidan, sareklamo
suvenirebidan, xan ki gamomcemlobis Harlequin (arlekini) sa-
siyvarulo romanebidan. is erTmaneTs uzavebs gamonagonsa
da sinamdviles, raTa Cagvrisa da saSineli Zaladobis is-
toria warmoaCinos. uoqeri ar erideba sxeulis iseTi ara-
sasiamovno an mtkivneuli funqciebis asaxvasac ki, rogori-
caa defekacia, Rebineba da mSobiaroba. misi Savi da TeTri
personaJebi stereotipulebi, zogjer karikaturulebic ki
arian. xelovani erTmaneTs upirispirebs Tavisi TeTrkaniani
xalxis SezRudulobasa da stereotipebs, romlebic misive
afro-amerikelebis Taviseburebebadaa miCneuli. zog perso-
naJs is iseTi damakninebeli gamonaTqvamebiTac ki ixseniebs,
rogoricaa: `nigeri gogonebi~ an `patara zangunia~.
uoqeri TamaSobs TeTrkaninaTa SiSebiT, romlebic rase-
bis Serevisa da rasobrivi siwmindis Selaxvis safrTxiTaa
gamowveuli. xelovani imdenad Sors gadis dasaSvebis farg-
lebidan, rom misi instalaciebis daTvaliereba SesaZloa,
mayureblisTvis Zalze arakomfortul da damangrevel
gamocdilebad iqces. uoqeris figurebi mudmivad gvaSfo-
Tebs, radgan Cvengan qmedebas iTxovs. instalaciaSi war-
modgenili yvela silueti Savi ferisaa, es ki niSnavs, rom
kanis feris mixedviT, maTi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis garkve-
va SeuZlebelia. narativis wasakiTxad, rasobrivi niSnebis
amosacnobi sxva vizualuri markerebi gvesaWiroeba, rac
gvaiZulebs maxinji stereotipebis mTeli istoria movix-
moT da gaverkveT rogori tuCebi aqvT figurebs _ Txeli
Tu sqeli, swori Tma aqvT Tu xveuli, eleganturia maTi sa-
mosi Tu gacveTili. aseTnairad, uoqeri rasistul qmedeba-
Si gvityuebs da naTlad migvaniSnebs, rom is uSualod Cven
mogvmarTavs da ara viRac, Teoriulad arsebul rasists,
rom Tavad rasizmi Teoriulad ki ar arsebobs, aramed rea-
luria da jerac ar qceula warsulis kuTvnilebad. ro-
gorc uoqeri ambobda: `sainteresoa, rom rogorc ki rasiz-
mis istoriis Txrobas iwyeb, maSinve iwyeb mis gacocxlebas~.
uoqerma dagvanaxa, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, iden-
toba jer kidev ar aris ise mkafiod gamokveTili, rogorc
es SeiZleba gvsurdes. Cven yvelani rTuli arsebebi varT,
romlebic mudmivad veZiebT Cvens adgils samyaroSi, vcvliT
da xelaxla vqmniT sakuTar Tavs. kera uoqeris xelovneba
ar aris sasiamovno, magram is gvcvlis, radgan clis samy-
aros Cveneul aRqmas. is gvaxsenebs, rom warsulis, awmyosa
Tu momavlis xelovanTa namuSevrebs Seswevs Zala bevri ram
dagvanaxos im droisa da adgilis Sesaxeb, romlebSic Seqm-
nilan, warmoaCinos samyaro, romelSic vbinadrobT, Tanac
iseTi xerxebiT, romlebic miuwvdomelia komunikaciis sxva
saSualebebisTvis. da Tuki xelovnebis istoriis am farTo
da vrcel mimoxilvas hqonda erTi gamaerTianebeli Tema, es
swored samyaros Secnobis Tema iyo.
33-73 • kera uoqeri. darqiTaunis amboxeba,
2001; gamoWrili qaRaldi da kedelze proecirebuli ganaTeba. mTlianobaSi 4.3X11.3m. didi hercogis Janis Tanamedrove
xelovnebis muzeumi (MUDAM), luqsemburgi © kera uoqeri

dafiqrdiT Semdegze:
4.1. dawereT dematerializebuli obieqtebis mniSvne­ urTierTgadamkveTi dinebebi
lo­­baze omis Semdgomi xanis SeerTebuli Statebis
xelovnebaSi. Semdeg ganixileT Tu rogor SeiZina XX saukunis gamorCeulma arqiteq-
reprezentaciulma xelovnebam xelaxla mniSvne- torebma daaproeqtes kerZo saxlebi,
loba momdevno wlebSi, kerZod 1980-ianebis Semdeg masStaburi savaWro, religiuri Tu
da ganmarteT is axali formebi, romlebic am rep- sazogadoebrivi Senobebi. ganixileT
rezentaciam miiRo. garemoebebi, romlebmac am ori, cno-
4.2. ganixileT 1950-1960-ian wlebSi pop artis Camo- bili saxlis Seqmna ganapiroba. rogor
yalibebis procesi da daaxasiaTeT axali Temebi, ewereba es namuSevrebi maTi Semqmneli
romlebic pop artistebis yuradRebis arealSi mo­ arqiteqtorebis Semoqme-
sur. 3-43
eqca. ganmarteT rogor da ratom upasuxa pop artma
debaSi? rogor ukavSir-
abstraqtul eqspresionizms.
deba isini maTi Seqmnis
4.3. gaanalizeT, rogor gamoiyenes Tanamedrove ameri- xanis arqiteqturuli
kelma xelovanebma TavianTi xelovneba rasobriv
proeqtirebis mniSvnelo-
problemebTan dakavSirebuli politikuri da soa-
ciluri sakiTxebis sakvlevad. SearCieT da ganixi- van problemebs? rogor
leT am TavSi moyvanili artistebidan aranakleb ukavSirdeba maTi fiziku-
oris namuSevrebi. ri konteqsti maT dizains?
sur. 4-31
4.4. ganmarteT, rogor gardaqmna globalizmma vizua­
luri xelovneba da ganixileT Tu rogor iyeneben
xelovanebi Tanamedrove strategiebs sakuTari,
lokaluri kulturebis problemebze sasaubrod.
SeiswavleT da mimoixileT veb-gverdze www.myartslab.com

saerTaSoriso viTareba 1950 wlis Semdeg Tavi IV. 237

leqsikoni
adgil-specifikuri (gv. 203) konkretuli adgilisTvis dakve-
Tili an/da daproeqtebuli namuSevari.
avangardi (gv. 72) franguli militaristuli terminolo-
giidan aRebuli sityva, romelic `jgufis win myofs~ an
`mowinave razms~ niSnavs. Tavis droisTvis mkveTri siaxliT,
eqsperimentulobiT an radikalizmiT gamorCeul xelovans
an ideas aRniSnavs.
avtomatizmi (gv. 158) teqnika, romlis gamoyenebis SemTxveva-
Si, xelovani uars ambobs funjisa da fanqris Cveul, inte-
leqtualur kontrolze da saSualebas aZlevs qvecnobiers,
racionaluri Carevis gareSe, Seqmnas xelovnebis nawarmoebi.
akademia (gv. 26) saswavlebeli, institucia, sadac momaval
mxatvrebs zrdian.
akademiebi renesansis periodidan moyolebuli arsdeba sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi; XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ki isini ukve gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo dawesebulebebia. aka-
demiaSi, romelmac gildia Caanacvla, studentebi xelovne-
bis sxvadasxva dargs euflebodnen da xelovnebis Teorias
swavlobdnen. akademia zrdida xelovans, da ara xelosans da
mis profesiul aRiarebasa da socialuri statusis amaRle­
bas uwyobda xels. akademikosi akademiadamTavrebul ar-
tists ewodeba.
aramzidi kedeli (gv. 146) kedeli Senobis konstruqciaSi, ro­­
melic arc erTi mZime struqturis sayrdens ar warmoadgens.
asamblaJi (gv. 126) or an samganzomilebiani napovni obieqte-
bis SekrebiTa da manipulirebiT Seqmnili xelovnebis nawar-
moebi.
atelie (gv. 46) mxatvris an xelosnis studia, saxelosno; ad-
gili, sadac mxatvari/ostati, xSirad mowafeebsa da Tana­
SemweebTan erTad muSaobs.
atriumis jvari (gv. 43) eklesiis atriumSi _ Sida ezoSi aR-
marTuli jvari. kolonialuri amerikis eklesiebSi Tavyri­
lobebisa da swavlebis adgili.
bendeis wertilebi (gv. 195) Tanamedrove beWdur da sastam-
bo saqmeSi gamoyenebuli calkeuli wertilebi, romelTa er­
TobliobiT warwerebisa da gamosaxulebebis anabeWdia mi­Re­
buli. xSirad, manqanurad an kompiuterulad Seqmnili, Zalian
patara zomis wertilebi erTmaneTTan axlosaa ganlagebuli,
raTa tonis simdidrisa da simkvrivis efeqti warmoqmnas.
biomorfuli (gv. 158) biologiurad an organulad arsebu-
li formebiT STagonebuli moyvanilobebi, romlebsac axali
xelovneba mudmivad mimrTavda XX saukunis dasawyisSi, abst-
raqtuli namuSevrebis Seqmnisas.
grataJi (gv. 158) teqsturian tiloze dadebuli saRebavis
fenebis afxekviT miRebuli naxati. SeadareT frotaJs.
dagerotipi (gv. 69) maRali mgrZnobelobis mqone spilenZis
firfitaze pozitiuri beWdvis adreuli fotografiuli
procesi. gamoigona da bazarze gaavrcela lui Jak mande
dagerma 1839 wels.
damatebiTi (komplementaruli) ferebi (gv. 98) ferebis bor-
balze erTmaneTis sapirispirod mocemuli ZiriTadi da
meoradi (Sedgenili) ferebi (wiTeli da mwvane, yviTeli da
iisferi, lurji da narinjisferi). gverdigverd dadebuli,
238 leqsikoni
isini aZliereben erTmaneTis intensivobas, Serevis Sede-
gad _ piriqiT, erTmaneTs auqmeben, neitralur _ moyavisf-
ro-monacrisfro fers qmnian.
didi manera (gv. 23) (fr. Grand Manner) XVIII saukunis mxatvro-
baSi gavrcelebuli, renesansuli da antikuri xelovnebiT
STagonebuli portretuli da istoriuli ferweris amaRle-
buli, didebuli stili, romlis mixedviT, mxatvars renesan-
suli da antikuri kompoziciuri sqemis, figuraTa pozebisa
da damokidebulebebis gamoyeneba evaleboda
didi turi (gv. 13) XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli, saf-
rangeTisa da italiis kulturis Zeglebis mosanaxuleblad
mowyobili xangrZlivi mogzauroba, romliTac britaneTisa
da CrdiloeT amerikis maRali klasis axalgazrdebi Tavis
swavla-ganaTlebas asrulebdnen
dominos konstruqcia (gv. 146) arqiteqtor le korbuzies
mier SemoTavazebuli, Senobis konstruqciis sistema, romel­
Sic rkinabetonis filebi (foladis armaturiT gamagrebuli
betoni) dasvenebulia erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT mdgom,
foladis eqvs boZze, romlebic dominos saTamaSo qvaze da-
tanili eqvi wertilis msgavsadaa ganlagebuli.
eskizi (gv. 46) (fr. esquisse _ sketCi, Canaxati) swrafad Sesru-
lebuli grafikuli an ferweruli namuSevari, romelic ukve
dasrulebuli suraTis ZiriTad ideas asaxavs.
vanitasi (gv. 9) (it. vanitas) naturmortis saxeoba, romelic
gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo XVII saukuneSi. masze asaxu-
li sagnebi simbolurad cxovrebis warmavlobas aRniSnavs. es
sagnebi igive mniSvnelobiT sxva Janris suraTebzec SeiZleba
Segvxvdes.
veduta (gv. 15) (it. xedi) umeteswilad, qalaqis an navsadgu-
ris xedis naxati, ferweruli suraTi an beWduri grafikis
nimuSi.
iaponizmi (gv. 96) XIX saukunis frangul da amerikul xelovne-
baSi gavrcelebuli stili, romelic iaponuri xelovnebis, gan-
sakuTrebiT, beWduri grafikis Zlier zegavlenas ganicdida
instalacia, instalaciis xelovneba (gv. 152) specifikuri
adgilisTvis, gansakuTrebiT, galereisTvis an Ria cis qveS
Seq­
mnili, Tanamedrove xelovnebis erT-erTi forma, rome-
lic detalebamde gaazrebul, Sinaganad absoluturad das-
rulebul da marTul garemos ayalibebs.
istoriuli suraTi (ferwera, mxatvroba) (gv. 27) istoriul,
miTologiur an bibliur narativze damyarebuli mxatvroba.
miiCneoda ra ferweris yvelaze keTilSobil Janrad, isto-
riuli suraTi maRalzneobriv ideas gadmoscemda da, ro-
gorc wesi, didi maneris stilSi sruldeboda.
istoricizmi (gv. 65) warsulis Temebis, stilebisa da forme­
bi­sadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis mipyroba da maTi gac­no­
biereba, rac istoriuli kvlevebis CatarebiT, Zveli teqs­­tebisa
da arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis gziT xorcieldeboda.
kapriCio (gv. 15) (it. capriccio, mr. capricci) fantastikuri,
warmo­saxviTi, umeteswilad, arqiteqturuli landSaftis
fer­we­­­ruli an grafikuli suraTi.
kolaJi (gv. 126) sxvadasxva masalebis daWrili da dawebebuli
elementebisgan awyobili kompozicia, romelsac xandaxan,
xelovanis mier Seqmnili xazebi da formebi emateba.
kombinacia (gv. 187) aratradiciuli masalebis gamoyenebiT,
ferwerisa da qandakebis kombinacia.
liTografia (gv. 53) qvis brtyel zedapirze cximiani fanq­
riT Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebidan Seqmnili anabeWdi. qvis
dasvelebul zedapirze wasmuli melani mxolod cximian ad-
gilebs ekvris.
mediumi mravlobiTSi media. masala, romlisganac xelovne-
bis nimuSi mzaddeba.
moqmedebis xelovneba (gv. 175) sasuraTe sibrtyeze saRebavis
dasasxmelad, an dasawveTeblad farTe, Tavisufal Jestebs
iyenebs. meTodi asocirdeba XX saukunis Sua wlebSi moR-
vawe, amerikuli abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis warmomadgen-
lebTan, kerZod, jeqson polokTan.
namuSevari miwaze (gv. 203) (ingl. earthwork) Cveulebriv, xe-
lovnebis msxvilmasStabiani nimuSi, romelic Ria cis qveS
aris Seqmnili, bunebrivi garemos saxecvliT.
odaliski (gv. 52) haramxanis xarWis an mZevali qalis aRmniSv­
neli Turquli sityva.
orientalizmi (gv. 68) axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebiT
aRfrTovanebam biZgi misca ekleqturi XIX saukunis evro­
pel­
Ta fantaziebs, ramac aRmosavleTis egzotikuri cxov-
reba xelovnebaSi popularul Temad aqcia.
pasteli (gv. 14) mSrali pigmentis, carcisa da webos Semad-
genlobis mqone fanqari an Cxiri; agreTve: pasteliT Sesru-
lebuli nauSevari.
performansis xelovneba (gv. 187) Tanamedrove xelovnebis
nimuSi, romelic efuZneba xelovanis mier warmodgenil, rea-
lur droSi mimdinare qmedebas, romelic xandaxan Teatra-
luri warmodgenis elementebs Seicavs.
pleneri (gv. 87) franguli termini (en plain air _ `Ria cis
qveS~, `gare sivrceSi~), romelic aRniSnavs Ria cis qveS xat-
vis impresionistul meTods, rodesac mxatvars muSaobisas
ganaTebisa da atmosferos cvalebad efeqtebze uSualo dak-
virvebis SesaZlebloba aqvs.
pluralizmi (gv. 207) socialuri struqtura an mizani, ro-
melic saSualebas aZlevs gansxvavebuli eTnikuri, rasobri-
vi an sxva jgufebis wevrebs mSvidobianad iarsebon sazo-
gadoebis SigniT, TavianTi gansxvavebuli kulturebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebis Seucvlelad.
agreTve: zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic aRniSnavs Tanamedro-
ve stilTa mravalferovnebas, romelic imavdroulad, xel-
misawvdomia xelovanTaTvis.
preriebis stili (gv. 146) SemuSavebulia Sua dasavleTel ar-
qiteqtorTa erTi jgufis mier, romlebic TavianT namuSev-
rebSi mimarTaven preriebis esTetikas, landSaftis dizainSi
ki adgilobriv, preriebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mcenareebs
iyeneben, raTa Seqmnan ZiriTadad, myudro sacxovrebeli da
mcire zomis sazogadoebrivi nagebobebi.
primitivizmi (gv. 123) dasavleli xelovanebis mier, sakuTari
namuSevrebisTvis ara-evropuli an preistoriuli wyaroe-
bidan Temebisa da formebis dasesxeba, im eqspresiulobis
misaRwevad, rac maTi azriT, ucxo, gansakuTrebiT, kolo-
nizebul kulturebs axasiaTebs.
redimeidi (gv. 138) popularuli an materialuri kulturis
obieqti, romelic xelovanis mier, yovelgvari saxelovnebo
manipulaciis gareSe, xelovnebis nimuSad aris warmodgenili.
saloni (gv. 7) stumrebisTvis gankuTvnili didi gasarTo-
bi oTaxi, an cnobili adamianebis socialuri da inteleq-
tualuri Tavyrilobis adgili. agreTve, xelovnebis nimuSe-
bis gamosafeni sivrce, galerea.
trafaretuli beWdva (gv. 193) beWdvis teqnika, romelSic
saRe­
ba­
vi an melani trafaretisa da specialurad momzade-
buli naWris meSveobiT, mravalasliani gamosaxulebis Sesa-
qmenlad iwnexeba.
formalizmi (gv. 173) midgoma, romelic formaze dafuZ-
nebuli xelovnebis gagebisa da SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba.
formalisturi midgoma xelovnebis nawarmoebs misi Seqmnis
droisa da adgilisgan damoukidebelad ganixilavs.
fotomontaJi (gv. 140) mravali (zogjer erTmaneTis gadamfa­
ravi), mcire zomis fotosgan Sedgenili foto kompozicia,
romelic Semdeg xelaxlaa gadaRebuli.
frotaJi (gv. 158) iqmneba teqsturian zedapirze moTavsebul
qaRaldze naxSiris an romelime sxva rbili mediumis xaxuniT.
cxovelxatuli (gv. 19) (ingl. Picturesque) 1. gamoyenebulia
inglisuri baRis dasaxasiaTeblad 2. yovelive Cveulis,
sasiamovnos, saamurisadmi midrekili gemovneba, stili XVIII-
XIX saukuneebis evropaSi. pirveladi mniSvnelobiT `sura-
Tobrivi~ xasiaTis mqone peizaJuri scenis aRsawerad ga-
moiyeneboda. amaRlebulTan SedarebiT, mimzidvel, magram
Cveulebriv peizaJs aRniSnavs.
jaspervea (gv. 919) (Jasperware, ing. jasper _ iaSma, ware _ kera-
mikuli nawarmi) joSua vejvudis mier warmoebuli msxvil-
marcvlovani, mouWiqavi TeTri keramika. jasperveas nivTze
reliefuri, amoburculi forma-gamosaxuleba, xSirad, TeT-
rad rCeboda, xolo foni, metalooqsidiT iyo daferili.
hefeningi (gv. 187) alan qefrous mier, 1960-ian wlebSi Camo-
yalibebuli saxelovnebo forma, romelic Tavis TavSi aer-
Tianebs performanss, Teatralur warmodgenas da vizualur
gamosaxulebebs. hefeningi specialuri narativis an miznis
gareSe iyo organizebuli da auditoriis Tanamonawileo-
bas gulisxmobda. is individualuri improvizaciebisa da
SemTxveviTobis Sedegs warmoadgenda.
Fête galante (gv. 10) (fr. galanturi garToba, zeimi). ferweris
Janri, romelic qalaqis parkebsa da soflis midamoebSi la-
mazad gamowyobili adamianebis garTobisa da dasvenebis sce-
nebs asaxavs. umeteswilad asocirdeba XVIII s-is franguli
rokokos mxatvrobasTan.
memento mori (gv. 9) (laT. `gaxsovdes sikvdili~). am ideas va-
nitasSi ganasaxierebs iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa Tavis qala,
Camqrali sanTeli da sxv., romlebic am SemTxvevaSi sicocx-
lis warmavlobasa da wamierebas aRniSnaven simbolurad.
leqsikoni 239
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