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y (x, t) = Ae ω V T µ B= −A −2jA sin (kx) e
y (x, t) = Ae ω V T µ B= −A −2jA sin (kx) e
y (x, t) = Ae ω V T µ B= −A −2jA sin (kx) e
1. L`e `d`é˙p˜l´a`c´e›m`e›n˚t, `àffl ˜l„˚i‹n¯sfi˚t´a‹n˚t t, `dffl’˚u‹nffl ¯p`o˘i‹n˚t `dffl’`a˜b¸sfi`cˇi¯sfi¯sfi`e x `e˙sfi˚t ˜l´affl ¯sfi˚u¯p`eˇr¯p`o¸sfi˚i˚tˇi`o“nffl `d`e `d`eˇu‹x `o“n`d`e˙s:
L`affl `d`eˇu‹xˇi`è›m`e `c´o“n`d˚i˚tˇi`o“nffl `a˚u‹x ˜lˇi‹m˚i˚t´e˙s `e›nffl x = L, y (L, t) = 0, ˚i‹m¯p`o¸sfi`e `d`e˙s ”n`o“m˜b˘r`e˙s `dffl’`o“n`d`e `qfi˚u`a‹n˚tˇi˜fˇi`é˙s
nπ
`qfi˚u˚iffl `d`o˘i‹vfle›n˚t ¯sfi`a˚tˇi¯sfi˜f´a˚i˚r`e ˜l´affl ˚r`e¨l´a˚tˇi`o“nffl: kn = . L`e˙s ¯p˚u˜l˙sfi`a˚tˇi`o“n¯s ¯p˚r`o¸p˚r`e˙s ¯p`eˇr‹m˚i¯sfi`e˙s ¯sfi`o“n˚t `a˜l´o˘r¯s `d`o“n‹n`é´e˙s
L
πV
¯p`a˚rffl ωn = n . C`o“m‹m`e ˜l´affl `c´o˘r`d`e `e˙sfi˚t ˜l´e ¯sfi˚i`è´g´e `dffl’`o“n`d`e˙s ¯sfi˚t´a˚tˇi`o“n‹n`a˚i˚r`e˙s `d`a‹n¯s ˜l´e ”m`oˆd`e 2, ˜l´affl ¯sfi`o˝lˇu˚tˇi`o“nffl
L
`g´é›n`éˇr`a˜l´e ¯s’`é´cˇr˚i˚t:
y (x, t) = y2 (x, t) = −2jA2 sin (k2 x) ejω2 t
2π πV
`o˘ùffl k2 = ← 0,25 ¯p˚t `eˇt ω2 = 2 ← 0,25 ¯p˚t . E”nffl ¯p`a¯sfi¯sfi`a‹n˚t `àffl ˜l´affl ”n`o˘t´a˚tˇi`o“nffl ˚r`é´e¨l¨l´e, `o“nffl `o˝b˘tˇi`e›n˚t
L L
· π
`a‹vfle´c a2 = 2 |A2 |. L`affl `c´o“n`d˚i˚tˇi`o“nffl ˚i‹n˚i˚tˇi`a˜l´e y 2 (x, 0) = 2 |A2 | ω2 sin (k2 x) cos φ2 = 0, ˚i‹m¯p`o¸sfi`e φ2 = . D’`o˘ùffl
2
1 ·2 1 ·2
3. (`affl) L’`é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e `cˇi‹n`éˇtˇi`qfi˚u`e `dffl’˚u‹nffl `é¨l´é›m`e›n˚t `d`e `c´o˘r`d`e `d`e ”m`a¯sfi¯sfi`e δm ”vˆa˚u˚t dEc = δmy 2 (x, t) = µdxy 2 (x, t).
2 2
O”nffl `e›nffl `d`é´d˚u˚i˚t ˜l´affl `d`e›n¯sfi˚i˚t´é ˜lˇi‹n`éˇtˇi`qfi˚u`e `dffl’`é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e `cˇi‹n`éˇtˇi`qfi˚u`e
dEc 1
ec = = µa22 ω22 sin2 (k2 x) sin2 ω2 t← 1 ¯p˚t
dx 2
1 2 2 2
⟨ec ⟩ = µa ω sin (k2 x) ← 0,5 ¯p˚t
4 2 2
2
∂y2
(˜b) U”nffl `é¨l´é›m`e›n˚t `d`e `c´o˘r`d`e `d`e ˜l´o“n`gˇu`eˇu˚rffl dx ¯sfi˚u˜b˘i˚t ˚u‹nffl `a˜l¨l´o“n`g›m`e›n˚t ds − dx = 12 dx . S̀o“nffl `é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e
∂x
2
∂y2
¯p`o˘t´e›n˚tˇi`e¨l¨l´e `e˙sfi˚t dEp = 21 T dx . D’`o˘ùffl, ˜l´affl `d`e›n¯sfi˚i˚t´é ˜lˇi‹n`éˇi`qfi˚u`e `dffl’`é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e ¯p`o˘t´e›n˚tˇi`e¨l¨l´e
∂x
dEp 1
ep = = T a22 k22 cos2 (k2 x) cos2 ω2 t← 1 ¯p˚t
dx 2
1 2 2
⟨ep ⟩ = T a k cos2 (k2 x) ← 0,5 ¯p˚t
4 2 2
ω2
`o˘uffl `e›n`c´o˘r`e, ¯p˚u˚i¯sfi`qfi˚u`e k2 =
V
1 2 2
⟨ep ⟩ = µa ω cos2 (k2 x)
4 2 2
(`c) L`affl `d`e›n¯sfi˚i˚t´é ˜lˇi‹n`éˇi`qfi˚u`e ”m`o“y´e›n‹n`e `dffl’`é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e ˚t´o˘t´a˜l´e ¯s’`é´cˇr˚i˚t:
1 2 2 2 1
⟨e⟩ = ⟨ec ⟩ + ⟨ep ⟩ = µa2 ω2 sin (k2 x) + µa22 ω22 cos2 (k2 x)
4 4
¯sfi`o˘i˚t
1 2 2 a2 π 2
⟨e⟩ = µa2 ω2 = T 2 2 ← 1 ¯p˚t
4 L
4. L’`é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e ˚t´o˘t´a˜l´e `d`e ˜l´affl `c´o˘r`d`e `e˙sfi˚t `d`o“n‹n`é´e ¯p`a˚rffl
ZL ZL
E2 = edx = (ec + ep ) dx
0 0
¯sfi`o˘i˚t
ZL ZL
1 2 2 2 1 2 2
E2 = µa ω sin (k2 x) sin2 (ω2 t) dx + T a k cos2 (k2 x) cos2 (ω2 t) dx
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
ZL ZL
L
`eˇt ¯p˚u˚i¯sfi`qfi˚u`e sin2 (k2 x) dx = cos2 (k2 x) dx = , `o“nffl `o˝b˘tˇi`e›n˚t:
2
0 0
1 1
E2 = µLa22 ω22 sin2 (ω2 t) + T La22 k22 cos2 (ω2 t)
4 4
L’`é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e ˚t´o˘t´a˜l´e `d`e ˜l´affl `c´o˘r`d`e `e˙sfi˚t `c´o“n¯sfi˚t´a‹n˚t´e `eˇt ¯p`eˇu˚t ¯s’`é´cˇr˚i˚r`e ¯sfi`o˘u¯s ˜l´affl ˜f´o˘r‹m`e E2 = ⟨e⟩ L← 0,25 ¯p˚t .
5.
(`c) E”nffl ˚t´e›n`a‹n˚t `c´o“m¯p˚t´e `d`e 4◦ , ˜l´affl ˚t´e›n¯sfi˚i`o“nffl `d`e ˚r`a`d˚i`a˚tˇi`o“nffl ¯s’`é´cˇr˚i˚t:
E2 T π 2 a22
⟨Tr ⟩ = = ← 0,25 ¯p˚t
L L2
E”x´eˇr`cˇi`c´e 2 (6 ¯p`o˘i‹n˚t˙s)
`affl) L`e˙s `o“n`d`e˙s ˚r`é¨f¨l´é´c‚h˚i`e `eˇt ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi‹m˚i¯sfi`e `o“n˚t ˚r`e˙sfi¯p`e´cˇtˇi‹vfle›m`e›n˚t ¯p`o˘u˚rffl `e›x˙p˚r`e˙sfi¯sfi˚i`o“n¯s
`eˇt
yt (x, t) = at ej(ωt−k2 x) ← 0,5 ¯p˚t
ω ω
`o˘ùffl k1 = `eˇt k2 = . L`e˙s `c´é¨l´éˇr˚i˚t´é˙s `d`e˙s `o“n`d`e˙s `d`a‹n¯s ˜l´e˙s `c´o˘r`d`e˙s (1) `eˇt (2) ¯sfi`o“n˚t ˚r`e˙sfi¯p`e´cˇtˇi‹vfle›m`e›n˚t
r V1 r V2
T T
V1 = `eˇt V2 = .
µ1 µ2
`eˇt
y2 (x, t) = at ej(ωt−k2 x) ← 0,25 ¯p˚t
`c) L’`é´qfi˚u`a˚tˇi`o“nffl `d`e `c´o“n˚tˇi‹n˚u˚i˚t´é `e›nffl x = 0 ¯sfi˚u˚rffl ˜l´e `d`é˙p˜l´a`c´e›m`e›n˚t ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi‹vfleˇr¯sfi`e ¯p`eˇr‹m`eˇt `dffl’`é´cˇr˚i˚r`e:
ar at
`eˇt `e›nffl ˚i‹n˚tˇr`oˆd˚u˚i¯sfi`a‹n˚t ˜l´e˙s `c´ofle¨f¨fˇi`cˇi`e›n˚t˙s `d`e ˚r`é¨f¨l´e›xˇi`o“nffl r = `eˇt `d`e ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi‹m˚i¯sfi¯sfi˚i`o“nffl t = `e›nffl `d`é˙p˜l´a`c´e›m`e›n˚t
ai ai
`a˚uffl ”n˚i‹vfle´a˚uffl `d`e ˜l´affl ¯j´o“n`cˇtˇi`o“nffl O, `o“nffl `o˝b˘tˇi`e›n˚t:
D`e ”m`ê›m`e, ˜l„`é´qfi˚u`a˚tˇi`o“nffl `d`e `c´o“n˚tˇi‹n˚u˚i˚t´é `e›nffl x = 0 `d`e ˜l´affl ˚t´e›n¯sfi˚i`o“nffl `d`e ˜l´affl `c´o˘r`d`e ¯p`eˇr‹m`eˇt `dffl’`é´cˇr˚i˚r`e:
∂y1 (x, t) ∂y2 (x, t)
T =T ← 0,5 ¯p˚t
∂x x=0 ∂x x=0
S̀o˘i˚t
Z1 (1 − r) = Z2 t← 0,25 ¯p˚t (2)
√ √
`o˘ùffl Z1 = T µ1 `eˇt Z2 = T µ2 .
`dffl) E”nffl ¯p`a¯sfi¯sfi`a‹n˚t `àffl ˜l´affl ”n`o˘t´a˚tˇi`o“nffl ˚r`é´e¨l¨l´e, `o“nffl ¯p`eˇu˚t `d`éˇt´eˇr‹m˚i‹n`eˇrffl ˜l´affl ¯p˚u˚i¯sfi¯sfi`a‹n`c´e ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi¯p`o˘r˚t´é´e ¯p`a˚rffl ˜l„`o“n`d`e
˚i‹n`cˇi`d`e›n˚t´e:
∂yi (x, t) ·
Pi = −T y i (x, t) = T a2i k1 ω sin2 (ωt − k1 x) = Z1 a2i ω 2 sin2 (ωt − k1 x)
∂x
D`e ”m`ê›m`e, ˜l´e˙s ¯p˚u˚i¯sfi¯sfi`a‹n`c´e˙s ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi¯p`o˘r˚t´é´e˙s ¯p`a˚rffl ˜l´e˙s `o“n`d`e˙s ˚r`é¨f¨l´e´c‚h˚i`e `eˇt ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi‹m˚i¯sfi`e ¯sfi`o“n˚t:
∂yr (x, t) ·
Pr = −T y r (x, t) = −Z1 a2r ω 2 sin2 (ωt + k1 x)
∂x
`eˇt
∂yt (x, t) ·
Pt = −T y t (x, t) = Z2 a2t ω 2 sin2 (ωt − k2 x)
∂x
O”nffl `e›nffl `d`é´d˚u˚i˚t ˜l´e˙s `c´ofle¨f¨fˇi`cˇi`e›n˚t˙s `d`e ˚r`é¨f¨l´e›xˇi`o“nffl R `eˇt `d`e ˚tˇr`a‹n¯sfi‹m˚i¯sfi¯sfi˚i`o“nffl T `e›nffl `é›n`eˇr`gˇi`e:
⟨|Pr |⟩ a2
R= = r2 = r2
⟨Pi ⟩ ai
`eˇt `e›nffl ˚t´e›n`a‹n˚t `c´o“m¯p˚t´e `d`e˙s `é´qfi˚u`a˚tˇi`o“n¯s (1) `eˇt (2), `o“nffl `o˝b˘tˇi`e›n˚t:
2 √ √
Z1 − Z2 µ1 − µ2 2
R= = √ √ ← 1 ¯p˚t
Z1 + Z2 µ1 + µ2
`eˇt
⟨Pt ⟩ Z2 a2t Z2 2
T = = = t
⟨Pi ⟩ 2
Z1 ai Z1
¯sfi`o˘i˚t √ √
4Z1 Z2 4 µ1 µ2
T = 2 = √ √ 2 ← 1 ¯p˚t
(Z1 + Z2 ) µ1 + µ2
`eˇt √ √ √ √
4 ρ1 ρ2 4 8800 2700
T = √ √ 2 = √ √ 2 ≃ 0, 917← 0,5 ¯p˚t
ρ1 + ρ2 8800 + 2700
E”x´eˇr`cˇi`c´e 3 (4 ¯p`o˘i‹n˚t˙s)
P
`eˇt `e›nffl ˚r`e›m¯p˜l´a`ç´a‹n˚t ˜l´affl `c´o“n¯sfi˚t´a‹n˚t´e ¯p`a˚rffl , `o“nffl `o˝b˘tˇi`e›n˚t:
ργ
P
κ= γργ = γP ← 1 ¯p˚t
ργ
L`affl `c´é¨l´éˇr˚i˚t´é `d˚uffl ¯sfi`o“nffl `d`a‹n¯s ˚u‹nffl `g´a˚z ¯p`a˚r˜f´a˚i˚t `e˙sfi˚t `d`o“n‹n`é´e ¯p`a˚rffl
É Ê
κ γP
c= = ← 0,5 ¯p˚t
ρ ρ
P RT
O˚rffl, `dffl’`a¯p˚r`è˙s ˜l„`é´qfi˚u`a˚tˇi`o“nffl `dffl’`éˇt´a˚t `d˚uffl `g´a˚z ¯p`a˚r˜f´a˚i˚t, `o“nffl `affl: = . D’`o˘ùffl
ρ M
r
γRT
c= ← 1 ¯p˚t
M
˜b) L`e ¯sfi`éˇtˇi˜fˇi`e›nffl, `d`e¨bˆo˘u˚t ¯sfi`o˘u¯s ˜l´affl ¯p˜lˇu˚i`e, ”vˆo˘i˚t ˜l„`é´c¨l´a˚i˚rffl `àffl ˜l„˚i‹n¯sfi˚t´a‹n˚t t = 0. S’˚i˜l `e›n˚t´e›n`dffl ˜l´e ˚t´o“n‹n`eˇr˚r`e `àffl ˜l„˚i‹n¯sfi˚t´a‹n˚t
t0 = 15 s, ˜l´affl `d˚i¯sfi˚t´a‹n`c´e `qfi˚u˚iffl ˜l´e ¯sfi`é˙p`a˚r`e `d`e ˜l„`o˘r`a`g´e `e˙sfi˚t
d = ct0
r
1, 4 × 8, 32 × 274
A”vfle´c ˚u‹n`e ”v˘i˚t´es˙ fi¯sfi`e `d˚uffl ¯sfi`o“nffl c = ≃ 331, 7 m · s−1 ← 1 ¯p˚t , `o“nffl `o˝b˘tˇi`e›n˚t:
0, 029