POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS & PROTECTION (LAB)

Experiment 1
To determine vector groups of three-phase transformer
Objectives:-
 Determine the vector group of three phase distribution transformer

Equipment:-
 1 IT-6000 Variable Three Phase Supply
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6038 Moving Iron Voltmeter (500V)

Circuit Diagram:-

Figure 1.1 Circuit diagram of vector groups of three-phase transformer

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Procedure:-
 Initially assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram 1.1
(Dy11 type).

 Connect terminal 1U2 (capital A) with terminal 2U6 (lower case letter a).

 Match terminal 1V2 with capital B and 1W2 with capital C; terminal 2V6 with lower
case letter b and 2W6 with lower case letter c.

 Adjust the supply voltage in order to obtain a phase-to-neutral primary voltage of about
100 V.

 In sequence measure the following voltages:

UCc = ……………... (V)

UCb = ……………... (V)
UBc = ……………... (V)
UBb = ……………... (V)

 and compare the measured values in the following order:

UCc ………….… UCb

UCc ………..……UBc
UBb ………….… UCb
UBb ………….… UBc
UCb ……………. UBc

 Using the groups table determine the vector group of this connection:

Dy.........

 Shut-off the supply voltage and assemble a new connection according with the foregoing
topographic diagram 1.2 (Dy5 type) modifying only the secondary connection.
 Connect terminal 1U2 (capital A) with terminal 2U1 (lower a). Now match terminal 2V1
with lower case letter b and 2W1 with lower case letter c.
 Repeat the above measurements:

UCc = ……………... (V)

UCb = ……………... (V)
UBc = ……………... (V)
UBb = ……………... (V)

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 and compare the measured values in the following order:

UCc ……..…… UCb

UCc ……..……UBc
UBb ……….… UCb
UBb …….…… UBc
UCb ……….… UBc

 Using the groups table determines the vector group of this connection:

Dy........

Graphs and Conclusion:-

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 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS & PROTECTION (LAB)

Experiment 2
To investigate no load, short circuit and load performances of three-phase
transformer

Objectives:-

 Determining the voltage transformation ratio of the transformer operating at no-load,

 Determining the voltage transformation ratio of the transformer operating at short circuit.
 Determining the equivalent circuit quantities based on the consumed active and reactive
power.
 Measuring the effect of the load type and magnitude on the performance of the secondary
voltage.
 Determining the efficiency of the transformer.

Equipment:-

 1 IT-6000 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply

 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6048 Power Meter
 1 IT-6034 Moving-Coil Ammeter (1000 mA)
 2 IT-6038 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (500 V)
 2 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT-6038 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (500 V)
 1 IT-6004 Resistive Load
 1 IT-6005 Inductive Load
 1 IT-6006 Capacitive Load

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Circuit Diagram No-Load Performance:-

Figure 2.1 Circuit diagram no load performance of three-phase transformer

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Procedure No-Load Performances:-

 Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Initially the
measurements are conducted on one phase of the transformer: do not connect the phases
L2 and L3 (dashed connecting lines).

 Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in star connection 380V (phase
voltage 220V), the secondary-side in star connection and the tertiary-side open.

 Adjust the supply voltage in order to obtain the nominal voltage (phase-to-neutral voltage
220V) at the primary side of the three-phase transformer: this value must be kept constant
for all the measurements.

 Measure the no-load voltages U2 on the secondary-side of the three-phase transformer for
every indicated tap.

 Enter the measured value in the following table and calculate the transformation ratio
n12 = U1/U2.

 The calculated value of the transformation ratios reflects the approximate value of the
winding turn ratio w1/w2 of the winding taps used.

 Without changing any of the relationship on the primary side uses the voltmeter of the
secondary side to measure the voltage at the tertiary side (terminals 3U1 - 3U2).

 Enter the measured value in the following table and calculate the transformation ratio
n13 = U1/U3.

 The calculated value of the transformation ratio reflects the approximate value of the
winding turn ratio w1/w3.

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 Now remove the voltmeter on the secondary or the tertiary side in order to refrain from
distorting the measurement results of no-load current and active power consumed by the
transformer.

 Adjust again the supply voltage in order to obtain the nominal voltage (phase-to-neutral
voltage 220V) at the primary side of the three-phase transformer and measure the
following quantities: current I10 and active power P10 on the primary side.

 Enter the measured value in the following table.

 Calculate the power factor on the primary side using the following expression:

 Due to the low current involved in transformer at no-load operation, almost no copper
losses occur in the windings, thus the active power consumed serves almost exclusively
to cover iron losses. At nominal voltage calculate the active and reactive components of
the no-load current according to the following expressions:

 Now fictitious iron resistance and magnetizing reactance can be calculated using the
following equations:

 In the following experiment the three-phase version of the transformer equivalent to the
single-phase circuit should be reproduced: connect also the phases L2 and L3 (dashed
connecting lines) and measure the transformation ratio at UN value on the secondary side
for a primary voltage supply of 380 V (phase-to-neutral voltage 220 V).

 After disconnecting the voltmeter on the secondary side measure the no-load current I10
and the consumed active power P10.
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 Compare the measured values with those measured for the single-phase circuit: the
voltage transformation ratio as well as the current and the consumed active power of one
phase is very similar to that of the single-phase transformer.

Typical results

 Nominal voltage U1 = 220 V, frequency f = 50 Hz.

 Secondary tap UN. Transformation ratio: n12 = 0.96.
 Tertiary. Transformation ratio: n13 = 0.96.
 No-load current I10 = 90 mA.
 No-load active power P10 = 9 W. (Total power Po = 27 W).
 Power factor cosφo = 0.45.
 Iron resistance RFE = 5500 Ω.
 Magnetizing reactance Xh = 2750 Ω.

Graphs and Conclusion:-

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 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS & PROTECTION (LAB)

Circuit Diagram (Short Circuit Performance):-

Figure 2.2 Circuit diagram short circuit performance of three-phase transformer

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 Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Initially the
measurements are conducted on one phase of the transformer: do not connect phases L2
and L3 (dashed connecting lines).

 Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in star connection 380 V (phase
voltage 220 V) and the secondary-side with UN = 220 V winding tap in star connection.

 Initially connect the ammeter on the secondary side between terminals 2U1 - 2U6
carrying out a short circuit (do not connect the secondary dashed connecting lines).

 Beginning from 0 V slowly adjust the supply voltage until the secondary nominal current
of 1.2 A flows. Measure the short-circuit current in the primary side, enter the measured
value in the following table and calculate the current transformation ratio I1/I2.

 The current transformation ratio is equal to the inverse value of the voltage
transformation ratio n12 (see experiment 1, when the same winding tap is used).

 Slowly adjust again the supply voltage until the secondary nominal current of 1.2 A flows
and measure the following quantities: current I1k, voltage U1k and active power P1k on the
primary side.

 Enter the measured value in the following table.

 Calculate the power factor on the primary side using the following expression:

 In short-circuit operation the effects of magnetization inductance and iron losses are
negligible.

 Calculate the relative short-circuit voltages:

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 and the relative resistive and inductive components of the short circuit impedance:

 In the following experiment the three-phase version of the transformer equivalent to the
single-phase circuit should be reproduced: connect also the phases L2 and L3 (dashed
connecting lines), remove the ammeter in the secondary side and replace it with the
dashed three-phase short-circuit lines.

 Slowly adjust the supply voltage until the primary short circuit current I1k flows and
measure the short circuit voltage U1k and the consumed active power P1k.

I1k = ……… (A)

U1k = ……… (V)
P1k = ……… (W)

 Compare the measured values with those measured for the single-phase circuit: single
and three phase circuits have identical responses. However, we have to bear in mind that
the measurement of the short-circuit power was carried out on single-phase.

Typical results
 Nominal current I2 = 1.2 A, frequency f = 50 Hz.  Secondary tap UN. Current ratio: 1.05.
 Short-circuit voltage U1k = 13 V.
 Short-circuit active power P1k = 15 W (Total power Pk = 45 W).
 Power factor cosφk = 0.91.  Total resistance referred to primary: R1k = 9.4 Ω.
 Total reactance referred to primary: X1k = 4.2 Ω.

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Exercise Complete the single-phase equivalent circuit diagram of the transformer used in the
experiment using the measured or calculated quantities in experiments 2 and 3.

Graphs and Conclusion:-

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Circuit Diagram (Load Performances):-

Figure 2.3 Circuit diagram load performance of three-phase transformer

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Procedure (Load Performances):-

 Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

 Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in star connection 380 V (phase
voltage 220 V) and the secondary-side with UN = 220 V winding tap in star connection.

 The resistive load will be used as the first load. It is connected, like the inductive and
capacitive loads, in star connection.

 Before starting the measurements the load is set to zero. Adjust the supply voltage in
order to obtain the secondary nominal no-load phase to neutral voltage U20 = 220 V.

 Beginning from the R1 value reduces the resistive three-phase load in steps till the R6
value. For each step measure the load voltage U2 and current I2 as well as the active
power absorbed P1 at primary and P2 at load.

 Enter the measured values in the following table and calculate the voltage drop
ΔU = U20 - U2 and the efficiency h = P2/P1.

 Plot the voltage U2 and the efficiency h curves as a function of the output power P2 in a
combined diagram.

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 For the value R5 you should compare the measured voltage drop with the equation
derived mathematically

 Now the resistive load is replaced first by the inductive load and after by the capacitive
load. The above measurements are repeated in the same fashion for the indicated three-
phase inductive and capacitive loads.

 The measurement of the active power levels can be omitted here due to the fact that the
inductive or capacitive load consumes almost exclusively reactive power.

 Enter the measured values in the following tables.

 In the case of resistive and inductive loads the secondary voltage drops as the current
becomes higher whereas in the case of capacitive load it increases.

Graphs and Conclusion:-

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