1a03-2020-10-Electrochem - Sept 01 - Recorded - Part 1

Chem
1 1A03
Chemistry 1A03
Introductory Chemistry I
Chemistry in the context of health,
energy and the environment
Unit 10
©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

Electrochemistry
– part 1
Chem
2 1A03
Learning outcomes – Electrochemistry part 1
1. In a redox reaction, determine oxidation numbers in
reactants and products and identify oxidizing and reducing
agents.
2. Balance a redox reaction in

acidic or basic conditions

using the half-reaction
method.
Chem
3
Redox Reactions 1A03
• Oxidation – Loss of Electrons

• Al(s) undergoes oxidation to become Al3+
• Reduction – Gain of Electrons
• Fe3+ undergoes reduction to become Fe(l)
• Reducing Agent – a substance that causes another substance to
reduce → Aluminium metal

• Oxidizing Agent – a substance that causes another substance to
oxidize → Iron(III) Oxide
LEO the Lion says GER OIL RIG

Chem
4
Assigning Oxidation States/Numbers (Review) 1A03
1. The sum of all oxidation states in a molecule or ion must equal the overall charge of
the molecule or ion.
2. A pure element is always 0.
3. Fluorine is always −1. Other halogens are typically −1.
4. An alkali metal ion (Gr 1) is +1 and an alkaline earth metal ion (Gr 2) is +2.
5. Hydrogen is typically +1, unless forming a compound with a metal, or boron, in which
cases it behaves as a hydride with an oxidation state of −1.

6. Oxygen is typically −2. A notable exception is in peroxides, species with an O–O bond,
where oxygen is typically −1.
7. In compounds comprised of a metal or metalloid and a non-metal (e.g. Ag2Se, SnCl2
or Sb2S3), the metal or metalloid is typically positively charged, and the non-metal is
typically negatively charged.
8. Some elements, like transition metals, often have multiple possible oxidation states.
Look at the oxidation states of other elements (like O, Cl and H) to determine the
oxidation state of the transition metal.
Chem
5 1A03
Sample Question #1
What is the oxidation state for vanadium in

vanadium oxyfluoride VOF3?
a. -1 Oxygen = O2–
b. +2

Fluorine = F–
c. +3
For the compound to be
d. +5 neutral, vanadium must have
an oxidation state of 5+
e. +6
Chem
6
Sample Questoin #2 1A03
Identify the reducing agent in the following

unbalanced redox reaction:
K2Cr2O7 (aq) + HI (aq) → KI (aq) + CrI3 (aq) + I2 (s) + H2O (l)
A. I−

B. Cr2O72-
C. K+
D. Cr3+
E. H2O
Chem
7 1A03
BALANCING AQUEOUS REDOX REACTIONS
e.g. MnO4- (aq) + CN- (aq) → CO2 (g) + NO2 (g) + MnO (s)
METHOD
1. Identify elements being oxidized and reduced. Write oxidation &
reduction ½ reactions, balanced for atoms that are not O or H, and
including the electrons.
2. Balance ½ reactions, using (i) H2O and (ii) H+ as needed

3. Add the OX and RED ½ reactions, weighted to match e- transfer
4. Cancel species present as both reactants & products
5. BASIC CONDITIONS: Add OH- to BOTH SIDES to convert all H+ to H2O
Cancel H2O present as both reactant & product
6. Check your answer for atom and charge balance
Chem
8
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 1A03
Balance under basic solution conditions:

MnO4- (aq) + CN- (aq) → CO2 (g) + NO2 (g) + MnO (s)

Chem
9
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 – SOLUTION (page 1) 1A03

MnO4– (aq) + CN– (aq) → CO2(g) + NO2(g) + MnO(s) O.N. (O) = -2
1. Identify elements being oxidized and reduced.
Write oxidation & reduction ½ reactions, including the electrons
+7 +2 Ionic description of CN-
RED MnO4 (aq) + 5e → MnO(s)
– – 5 e- is (C2+)(N3-)
+2 -3 +4 +4
OX CN (aq) → CO2(g) + NO2(g) + 9e–
– Total e- lost is (2 + 7) = 9 e-

2. Balance the ½ reactions for elements, using H2O and H+ as needed
RED MnO4– (aq) + 5e– + 6H+ (aq) → MnO (s) + 3H2O (l) x9
OX 4H2O (l) + CN– (aq) → CO2 (g) + NO2 (g) + 9 e– + 8H+ (aq) x5
3. Add the OX and RED ½ reactions, weighted to match e– transfer
9 MnO4– (aq) + 54 H+ (aq) + 20 H2O + 5 CN– (aq)
→ 9 MnO (s) + 27 H2O (l) + 5 CO2 (g) + 5 NO2 (g) + 40 H+
Chem
10

14
9 MnO4– (aq)
+ 54 H+ (aq) + 20 H2O + 5 CN– (aq)
→ 9 MnO (s) + 27 H2O (l) + 5 CO2 (g) + 5 NO2 (g) + 40 H+
7
4. Simplify by canceling species present as reactants & products

9 MnO4– (aq) + 14 H+ (aq) + 5 CN– (aq)
→ 9 MnO (s) + 7 H2O (l) + 5 CO2 (g) + 5 NO2 (g)
5. BASIC CONDITIONS: add OH- to BOTH SIDES, so as to convert all H+ to H2O
9 MnO4– (aq) + 14 H2O (l) + 5 CN– (aq)

→ 9 MnO (s) + 7 H2O (l) + 5 CO2 (g) + 5 NO2 (g) + 14 OH–
Chem
11

7
9 MnO4– (aq) + 14 H2O (l) + 5 CN– (aq)
→ 9 MnO (s) + 7 H2O (l) + 5 CO2 (g) + 5 NO2 (g) + 14 OH–
6. Remove H2O species present on BOTH SIDES of the reaction

9 MnO4– (aq) + 7 H2O (l) + 5 CN– (aq)
→ 9 MnO (s) + 5 CO2 (g) + 5 NO2 (g) + 14 OH– (aq)
7. Check your answer for atom and charge balance
Chem
12
Sample Question #3 1A03
When the following is balanced in a basic solution:

MnO4– (aq) + C2O42– (aq) → MnO2 (s) + CO32– (aq)
the coefficient in front of CO32-(aq) is:
Use the smallest possible integer

A. 1 coefficients in your equation

B. 2
C. 3
D. 4 C2O42– =
E. 6
Sample Question #3 - SOLUTION 13 Chem
1A03
Balance in basic solution:

MnO4− (aq) + C2O42− (aq) → MnO2 (s) + CO32− (aq)
+7 -2 +3 -2 +4 -2 +4 -2
RED MnO4− + 3 e– → MnO2
OX C2O42− → 2 CO32− + 2 e–
Balance O using H2O, then balance H using H+
RED 4 H+ + MnO4− + 3 e– → MnO2 + 2 H2O
OX 2 H2O + C2O42− → 2 CO32− + 2 e − + 4 H+

2*RED + 3*OX 2 4
8 H + 2 MnO4 + 6 e + 6 H2O + 3 C2O4 → 2 MnO2 + 4 H2O + 6 CO3 + 6 e + 12 H+
+ – – 2– 2– –
2 MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 C2O42– → 2 MnO2 + 6 CO32– + 4 H+

Add OH- to neutralize H+
2
4 OH– + 2 MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 C2O42− → 2 MnO2 + 6 CO32− + 4 H2O
4 OH– + 2 MnO4− + 3 C2O42− → 2 MnO2 + 6 CO32− + 2 H2O
Chem
14 1A03
Summary of key concepts
• Definitions of oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, and
oxidizing agent.
• The method to assign oxidation states (also known as
oxidation numbers).
• The method to balance

aqueous redox reactions,
which includes construction
and combination of redox
half reactions.
Chem
15 1A03
Chemistry 1A03
Unit 10

Electrochemistry
– part 2
Chem
16 1A03
3. Draw and describe the components and workings of galvanic
cells and write cell diagrams. Explain the role of inert electrodes.
4. Explain how an electrolytic cell works, and distinguish
between galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells.

Chem
17 1A03
Redox Reactions: Examples
(a) Spontaneous: (a) (b)
Cu + 2 Ag+→ Cu2+ + 2 Ag
(Cu plate covered with Ag needles)
(b) Non-spontaneous:
Cu + Zn2+ → no reaction

(the reverse reaction is
spontaneous:
Cu2+ + Zn → Zn2+ + Cu)
How can we harness the energy released in process (a)?

Chem
18
Electrochemical Cells: Cu/Ag+ 1A03
• Cu + 2 Ag+→ Cu2+ + 2 Ag
• Two connected half-cells.
• The 2 half-reactions are
separated, yet connected
electrically (salt bridge,
external wire).
• Solid metals = electrodes

(anode, cathode).
• Movement of e− from anode
to cathode generates voltage.
• Movement of cations
and anions through salt
bridge maintains Cu = anode (oxidation) Ag = cathode (reduction)
electro-neutrality. Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2 e– Ag+(aq) + e– → Ag(s)
Chem
19 1A03
Electrochemical Cells
• Oxidation (anode): surface of
electrode erodes as Mn+ are
produced, due to travel of n e−
to cathode
M → Mn+ + n e−

• Reduction (cathode):
cathode gains mass as
Mn+ ions gain n e− and
form M(s)
Mn+ + n e− → M
Chem
20 1A03
Electrochemical Cells
Oxidation: occurs at anode (Cu) Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2 e−
Reduction: occurs at cathode (Ag) Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s)
“An ox and a red cat”, or vowels (O, A) / consonants (C, R)
Overall cell reaction: Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

• Galvanic (voltaic) cell: results from spontaneous chemical
reactions (our example above)
• Electrolytic cell: uses electricity to accomplish non-

spontaneous chemical change
Chem
21 1A03
GALVANIC vs ELECTROLYTIC CELLS
DEMO: electrolysis of KI (with added phenolphthalein)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV35DHVeNm8
This reaction is an
electrolysis, so it is driven
by the applied voltage

Anode
2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e–
Cathode
2H2O(l) + 2e– → 2OH–(aq) + H2(g)
Chem
22 1A03
The Chlor-Alkali Process: Electrolytic Cell
▪ Industrial synthesis of Cl2, H2 & NaOH derived from the electrolysis of
salt solution (brine) → Water sanitation, various chemicals, H2 fuel
2Cl– (aq) + 2H2O (l) →

Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) + 2OH– (aq)
Half-cell Reactions:

Oxidation (Anode)
-1 0
2Cl– (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2e–
Reduction (Cathode)
+1 0
2H2O (l) + 2e- → H2 (g) + 2OH– (aq)
Chem
23
Cell Diagrams Concentration is specified (unless it
1A03
is stated that the cell is under standard

• Symbolic notation of a conditions, in which all concentrations are
galvanic cell: 1 M and all partial pressures are 1 bar)
Oxidation half-cell Reduction half-cell

 Cu2+(aq, x M) ║ Ag+(aq, y M) →
Cu(s) →  Ag(s)
Anode Cathode
(on the left) Phase boundary Salt bridge (on the right)
(single line) (double line)

• Sometimes an electrode is inert (does not chemically
participate, but is needed for electron transfer to occur).
• For example: Pressure is specified Pt = inert electrode
(1 bar = standard) (cathode)
Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq, 1 M) ║ H+(aq, 1 M)  H2(g, 1 bar)  Pt(s)

Chem
24 1A03
Sample Question #4
What is the correct cell diagram for the following reaction
at standard conditions?
Zn(s) + Pb2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Pb(s)

(A) Zn(s) ║ Zn2+(aq) ║ Pb2+(aq) ║ Pb(s)
(B) Pb(s)  Pb2+(aq, 1 M) ║ Zn2+(aq, 1 M)  Zn(s)

(C) Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq, 1 M) ║ Pb2+(aq, 1 M)  Pb(s)
(D) Pb2+(aq, 1 M)  Pb(s) ║ Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq, 1 M)
(E) Zn2+(aq, 1 M)  Zn(s) ║ Pb(s)  Pb2+(aq, 1 M)

Chem
25 1A03
• Some redox reactions are spontaneous, while others are
not.
• The energy released in a spontaneous redox reaction can
be harnessed using an electrochemical cell.
• Key terms: anode cathode,

galvanic (voltaic) cell,
electrolytic cell.
• You should know how to
write cell diagrams.
Chem
26 1A03
Chemistry 1A03
Unit 10

Electrochemistry
– part 3
Chem
27 1A03
5. Describe the standard hydrogen electrode and explain how

other standard electrode potentials are related to it.
6. Use standard reduction potentials

to calculate standard cell
potentials, predict whether

a reaction is spontaneous,
and compare reducing/
oxidizing strength.
Chem
28 1A03
Standard Electrode Potentials
• Absolute half-cell potentials cannot be measured -- All
potentials are measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode
(SHE); assigned a potential of 0 V.
On Pt
2 H+(aq, 1 M) + 2 e− ⇄ H2(g, 1 bar) E = exactly 0 V

Half-cell diagram (anode):
Pt(s)  H2(g, 1 bar)  H+(aq, 1 M)
• Standard conditions: conc. = 1 M, pressures = 1 bar.

Chem
29 1A03
Standard electrode / redox potentials (E)
report on the tendency for a redox reaction to occur:
• More positive E values indicate reactions with a strong tendency to
proceed to the right hand side (reduction),
• More negative values indicate reactions with a strong tendency to
proceed to the left hand side (oxidation)
E, V
F2(g) + 2 e− → 2 F− +2.866
Species most
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e− → Cu(s) +0.340

easily reduced
(most positive E, 2 H+(aq) + 2 e− → H2(g) 0
on left side) Zn2+(aq) + 2 e− → Zn(s) −0.763
Li+(aq) + e− → Li(s) −3.040
Species most easily oxidized (least positive E, on right side,)

Chem
30 1A03
Sample Question #5
From the following list of standard redox potentials, identify
the best reducing agent.
E, V
I2(aq) + e− → 2I −(aq) +0.535
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e− → Cu(s) +0.340
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e− → Fe(s) −0.440

A) Fe2+
B) I2(aq)
C) Cu2+
D) Fe(s)
E) I−
Chem
31
Standard Cell Potentials (Ecell) 1A03
Ecell = voltage of a cell formed from 2 standard electrodes

• For 2 half reactions combined in an electrochemical cell, the
one with the more positive Eo value will proceed towards the
right-hand side (the reduction half reaction; occurs at cathode).
Ecell = E (cathode(right)) – E (anode(left))
This half reaction will have the more positive redox potential

Effectively, Eocell is
just the difference
between the two
standard redox
potentials
Chem
32 1A03
Standard Cell Potentials (Ecell)
• We do not multiply E by a factor even if we multiply a half-reaction by
a factor when balancing.
• This is because standard potentials are intensive properties – they do
not depend on the amount of substance reacting
Ecell > 0 = spontaneous

• The cell potential indicates the driving force for a cell
e.g., under standard conditions:
oxidation of metallic Zn by Cu2+ (Ecell = 1.100V)

has a greater tendency to go to completion than does
oxidation of metallic Cu by Ag+ ions (Ecell = 0.459V)
Chem
33 1A03
Sample Question #6
Write the cell reaction for the “most spontaneous” cell.
E
Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s) +0.800
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e− → Cu(s) +0.340
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e− → Fe(s) −0.440

What is the standard cell potential (V) for this cell? (A) 0.780
2 Ag+(aq) + Fe(s) → 2 Ag(s) + Fe2+(aq) (B) 0.360
(C) 1.160
Ecell = Ecat – Ean = 0.800 – (–0.440 V) = 1.240 V
(D) 1.240
Note: Ecat is not multiplied by 2! (E) 2.040
Chem
34 1A03
• All half-cell potentials are relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, which
is assigned a value of 0 V
• The more positive the Eo value for a redox half reaction, the stronger the
tendency to proceed to the right-hand side, which is in the direction of
reduction.
• Ecell = E (cathode) – E (anode)

• For a spontaneous reaction, Eocell > 0,
so Eocathode must be more positive
than Eoanode
• Eocell is an intensive property, and
indicates the driving force for the cell
Chem
35 1A03
Chemistry 1A03
Unit 10

Electrochemistry
– part 4
Chem
36 1A03
7. Perform calculations relating ΔGo, Eocell, and K.
8. Use the Nernst equation to determine Ecell under non-

standard conditions.

9. Explain why batteries play
a role in creating a sustainable
energy future, and current
limitations of lithium ion
batteries.
Chem
37 1A03
Spontaneity: Ecell and G°

• Cell potential (Ecell)
volt = joule/coulomb (i.e. energy/unit charge)
welec = zFEcell, where work = –G
z = # e− transferred (moles); F = 96485 C/mol e− (Faraday constant)
G = − zFEcell Non-standard conditions

Standard conditions:
G = − zFE
o o
cell Reactants, products in
standard states
Positive Ecell = spontaneous
Negative G = spontaneous
Chem
38 1A03
Spontaneity: Ecell and G°

Any positive value of Eocell will result in a negative Go
G = − zFE
o o
cell combine
RT
E o
cell = ln K
G = − RT ln K
o
zF

For a modestly positive Eocell value, K can be very large.
Chem
39
Linking Relationships: Eocell, Go, K
1A03
Equilibrium
composition
measurements

Electrical
Calorimetry: measurements:
Hf Ecell
Calorimetry and
theoretical
calculations: S
and S
Chem
40 1A03
Sample Problems
1. Calculate G for the spontaneous cell produced from

the following:
E, V (at 25 oC)
Al3+(aq) + 3e− → Al(s) –1.676
Mg2+(aq) + 2e− → Mg(s) –2.356

Note: write the balanced chemical equation using the smallest possible
integer coefficients.
2. Calculate K for the above cell, at 25C

Chem
41
Solutions 1A03
1. Reduction: Al3+(aq) + 3 e− → Al(s) E = –1.676 V

Oxidation: Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 e− E = –2.356 V
Overall: 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Mg(s) → 2 Al(s) + 3 Mg2+(aq)

Ecell = Ecat – Eanode = 0.680 V and z = 6
G = –zFEcell
G = –(6 mol e−)(96485 C/mol e−)(0.680 V) =

–393,659 VC or –393.7 kJ
2. G = –RTlnK or ln K = –G/RT
ln K = 393.7 kJ / {(8.314 x 10–3 kJ K–1 mol–1)(298 K)}
ln K = 158.9 and K = e158.9 = 1.02 x 1069
Chem
42 1A03
Non-standard Cell Potentials (Ecell)
• Concentrations ≠ 1 M G = Go + RT ln Q, and
and/or pressures ≠ 1 bar G = -zFEcell, and Go = -zFEocell
• Nernst equation:
RT
R = gas constant (J/K mol) Ecell = E o
cell − ln Q
T = temperature (K)
zF
z = # of e− transferred

This number is RT/F at 25 C
F = Faraday constant (96485 C/mol)
Q = reaction quotient
Often written as: 𝑜

0.0257
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − ln 𝑄
at 25C 𝑧
Chem
43 1A03
Sample Question #7
For the following reaction:
2 Fe3+(aq, 0.50 M) + Cu(s) → 2 Fe2+(aq, 0.50M) + Cu2+(aq, 0.50 M)
Part 1) Write the Q expression:

[Fe 2+ ]2 [Cu 2+ ] Ecell = Eocell – RT ln (Q)
Q=
[Fe 3+ ]2 zF

Part 2) Will an increase in [Fe2+] cause Ecell to increase or
decrease?
(A) increase
(B) decrease
Chem
44 1A03
Sample problem
In an electrochemical cell, chlorine gas is reduced by I–. The

concentrations of Cl– (aq) and I– (aq) are 0.58 M and 0.26 M,
respectively, and the observed cell potential (Ecell) is 0.807 V.
Given the following standard reduction potentials, calculate
the partial pressure of Cl2(g) (in bar) at 25.00 oC.

Cl2(g) + 2 e– → 2 Cl–(aq) Eo = +1.360 V
I2(s) + 2 e– → 2 I–(aq) Eo = +0.530 V
A) 0.96 B) 2.2 C) 0.058 D) 1.3 E) 0.83
Chem
45 1A03
Sample problem (solution)
Cl2 is reduced by I–. [Cl–] = 0.58 M [I–]= 0.26 M, Ecell = 0.807 V.
Calculate the partial pressure of Cl2(g) (in bar) at 25.00 oC.
2 I–(aq) + Cl2(g) ➔ 2 Cl–(aq) + I2(s)

Eo = Eocathode - Eoanode = (+1.360) – (+0.530) = +0.830 V

Ecell = Eocell – RT/zF lnQ = Eocell – 0.0257/z lnQ
0.807 = 0.830 – 0.0257/2 lnQ Q = [Cl–]2/([I–]2∙PCl2)
lnQ = 1.78988 ➔ 5.98875 = (0.58)2/[(0.26)2∙PCl2]
Q = 5.98875 ➔ P = 0.83 bar
Cl2
A) 0.96 B) 2.2 C) 0.058 D) 1.3 E) 0.83
Chem
46 1A03
Concentration Cells
• Identical electrodes with different ion concentrations
• Anode and cathode are
the same Ecell = 0
• Voltage still possible because
of ion concentrations
Cathode:

2 H+(aq, conc) + 2 e− → H2(g)
Anode:
H2(g) → 2 H+(aq, dil) + 2 e−
Overall:
2 H+(aq, conc) → 2 H+(aq, dil) Q = [H+(aq, dil)]2/[H+(aq, conc)]2
Chem
47 1A03
Sample Question #8
What is Ecell for the following concentration cell at 25 oC?
Cu (s) | Cu2+ (aq, 0.010 M) || Cu2+ (aq, 1.00 M) | Cu (s)
A) +0.990 V
B) –0.059 V

C) –0.990 V
D) +0.059 V
E) +2.975 V
Chem
48
Sample Question #8 - solution 1A03
What is Ecell for the following concentration cell at 25 oC?

Cu (s) | Cu2+ (aq, 0.010 M) || Cu2+ (aq, 1.00 M) | Cu (s)
Ecell = 0 Anode:
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq, dilute) + 2e–
Ecell = Eocell – 0.0257 ln (Q)
Cathode:
z
Cu2+(aq, conc) + 2e– → Cu(s)

[dilute] 0.01
= Overall reaction:
Q =
[conc] 1.00 Cu2+(aq, conc) → Cu2+(aq, dilute)
Ecell = 0 – 0.0257 ln 0.01 = + 0.059 V

2
Chem
49 1A03
BATTERIES & SUSTAINABILITY
• Batteries = galvanic cells
• UN Sustainable
Development Goal #7 =
Affordable and Clean Energy

Chem
50 1A03
Li-ION BATTERIES
• Commercialized by SONY in 1990, and account for a large
percentage of portable batteries worldwide, including those in
electric vehicles
• SONY used patents of a
Canadian company (Moli-Energy)

• Li batteries are superior to many
other electrochemical energy
storage devices because they
can store a large amount of
charge per unit mass (kg) and
per unit volume (L)
Chem
51 1A03
Li-ION BATTERIES - Electric Vehicles
anode
cathode
discharge
xLiC6 + Li1-xCoO2 xC6 + LiCoO2
Co4+ (if x=1) charge Co3+
http://movementbureau.blogs.com/photos

/uncategorized/gm_volt_analysis2.png
Is there enough lithium in the world?

Can longevity be improved?
Can charging time be reduced? chemistry
Can performance at very low or high temperature be improved?
Can failures due to the formation of filaments be eliminated?
Can batteries be more effectively recycled? Solutions
Chem
52 1A03
• Relate Go, Eocell, K: Go = –zFEocell ;
Go = –RT ln K ;
Eocell = RT/zF ln K.
• Relate Eocell, Ecell, Q: Ecell = Eocell – RT/zF ln Q (Nernst equation)
• Concentration cells:

Eocell = 0 but Ecell > 0
• Batteries will play a role in
the development of a
sustainable energy future,
but many challenges still exist.

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Chem

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

2. Balance a redox reaction in

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

• Oxidation – Loss of Electrons

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

LEO the Lion says GER OIL RIG

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

What is the oxidation state for vanadium in

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

Identify the reducing agent in the following

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

Balance under basic solution conditions:

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

Balance under basic solution conditions:

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

Balance under basic solution conditions:

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5. BASIC CONDITIONS: add OH- to BOTH SIDES, so as to convert all H+ to H2O

9 MnO4– (aq) + 14 H2O (l) + 5 CN– (aq)

Balance under basic solution conditions:

6. Remove H2O species present on BOTH SIDES of the reaction

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When the following is balanced in a basic solution:

Use the smallest possible integer

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Balance in basic solution:

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2 MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 C2O42– → 2 MnO2 + 6 CO32– + 4 H+

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©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

How can we harness the energy released in process (a)?

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©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

Overall cell reaction: Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

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• Electrolytic cell: uses electricity to accomplish non-

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2Cl– (aq) + 2H2O (l) →

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is stated that the cell is under standard

Oxidation half-cell Reduction half-cell

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Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq, 1 M) ║ H+(aq, 1 M)  H2(g, 1 bar)  Pt(s)

Zn(s) + Pb2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Pb(s)

(B) Pb(s)  Pb2+(aq, 1 M) ║ Zn2+(aq, 1 M)  Zn(s)

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(D) Pb2+(aq, 1 M)  Pb(s) ║ Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq, 1 M)

(E) Zn2+(aq, 1 M)  Zn(s) ║ Pb(s)  Pb2+(aq, 1 M)

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©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

5. Describe the standard hydrogen electrode and explain how

6. Use standard reduction potentials

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©2008 – 2020 McMaster University

• Standard conditions: conc. = 1 M, pressures = 1 bar.

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Species most easily oxidized (least positive E, on right side,)

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Ecell = voltage of a cell formed from 2 standard electrodes