COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM UNITS

(ASSIGNMENT#1 SEMESTER FALL-2020)

Submission date (November 20, 2020)
BY
Chaudhary Aqeel Abbas
ROLL#20014198-029
Course Code#Pks 101 (Pakistan Studies)
Software Engineering Section A
Submitted To Mr. Imtaiz Ahmad
Department of Software Engineering

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
 Baloch culture

The culture of Balochistan (Urdu: ‫ )بلوچ ثقافت‬or simply Balochi culture is defined in terms of religious

values, Balochi and Brahui language, literature and traditional values of mutual respect. It has its roots in
the Urdu, Balochi, Brahui and Pashto. Folk music, handicraft, drama and Balochi cinema plays a
significant role in Balochi culture. Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan, has several beautiful
historical monuments such as Pirak, Chaukhandi tombs and Quaid-e-Azam Residency.

Balochistan celebrates its culture day every year where people from different villages gather together to
organise several types of cultural programs. It marks its historical significances across the provincial
state. It includes folk music, dance, craft exhibition and other activities

Baloch culture is opposite to the general perception about it. Though Balochistan is an area of barren
lands, deserts and mountains, the Baloch culture is full of traditions, arts and crafts. Balochi embroidery is
one of the most popular arts and crafts which are done by the females. Baluchistan is also known for its
tribes and festivals. Another distinct feature of Baloch culture is the storytelling tradition.  Poets and story
tellers are highly respected in Baloch culture. Gold ornaments such as necklaces and bracelets are an
important aspect of Baloch women's traditions and among their most favoured items of jewellery are dorr,
heavy earrings that are fastened to the head with gold chains so that the heavy weight will not cause harm
to the ears. They usually wear a gold brooch (tasni) that is made by local jewellers in different shapes and
sizes and is used to fasten the two parts of the dress together over the chest. In ancient times, especially
during the pre-Islamic era, it was common for Baloch women to perform dances and sing folk songs at
different events. The tradition of a Baloch mother singing lullabies to her children has played an
important role in the transfer of knowledge from generation to generation since ancient times. Apart from
the dressing style of the Baloch, indigenous and local traditions and customs are also of great importance
to the Baloch.

Baloch Culture Day is celebrated by the Balochi people annually on 2 March with festivities to celebrate
their rich culture and history.

History

According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from Aleppo in what is now Syria. They claim to be
descendants of Ameer Hamza, uncle of the prophet Muhammad, who settled in Halab (present-
day Aleppo). After the fight against second Umayyad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala (in which Ameer
Hamza's descendants supported and fought alongside Husayn ibn Ali) in 680, descendants of Ameer
Hamza migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region, specially toward Sistan, Iran,
remaining there for nearly 500 years until they fled to the Makran region following a deception against
the Sistan leader Badr-ud-Din.

Tribes

The people belonging to Baloch tribe speak balochi language. Balochi language is an ancient language.
Its roots are traced back to Iranian branch of Indo-European family.  It has resemblance with languages
such as Sansikrat, Avesta, Old Persian and Phalavi, which now a days are said to be as dead languages.
This tribe is further divided in to

 Rind
 Lashar
 Marri
 Jamot
 Ahmedzai
 Bugti
 domki
 Magsi
 Khosa
 Rakhashani
 Dashti Umrani
 Nosherwani
 Gichki
 Buledi
 Sanjarani
 Khidai

The tribe has a head known as “sardar”, the sub divided tribes also have heads known as “Malik” or
“Takari” or “Mir”. These tribe heads are members of districts and local Jirgas.

Marriages

In Baloch culture marriages are different and unique than in the other provinces of the country. The
marriages are according to Islamic principles in presence of a Mullana along with the presence of
witnesses. Every member of the family takes part in the marriage; they express their joy and happiness by
following the traditions of their culture. Usually the marriages are done in young ages (teenage) but are
arranged in early childhood or at birth. There is a very low or negligible ratio of love marriages as this is
not appreciated across the culture in all tribes. Usually the marriages take place within tribes but at times
intra tribal marriages are also conducted. Divorce rate is very low in the Baluchistan as compared to the
other provinces of Pakistan because they consider is a matter of disrespect for the family and honor of the
tribe. Different rituals are celebrated in different tribes. In some tribes there is a tradition of takings
“Valver”, it is a sum of money paid by the groom to the family of the bride. 

Dressing

Like all the other provinces of Pakistan the national dress shalwar kameez with distinct additions and
modifications are worn in Baloch culture. The people dress up very pleasingly and in the same way in all
the tribes. Turban is the common headwear of Bloch men along with wide loose shalwar along with knee-
long shirts. Females dress consists of a shirt having a big pocket and embroidery and embedded round
mirror work in front. A big Dupatta/ Chaddar is taken to cover the head and shoulders.

Festivals

Both religious and social festivals are celebrated by Baloch people. The religious festivals are same as
across the country like Eid-ul-Azha and Eid-ul-Fiter. These religious festivals are celebrated by
decorating houses wearing new dresses cooking special dishes. Baloch culture is full of many social
festivals like Sibi festival which has folk music performance, cultural dances, handicrafts stalls, cattle
shows and a number of other entertaining activities showing the colorful side of Baloch people. Buzkashi
is another festival showing rather enhancing the bravery tactfulness and bravery of Baloch people. It is
celebrated on horse-back by two teams that use their skills to snatch a goat from the each other.

Music

Baloch culture is rich in folk music dances and songs. Famous wedding songs of Baloch culture
are Nazenk and Salonk. The instruments used are mainly a flute, locally called Nal, Tamboora and Soroz.
A common Baloch folk dance is known as Dochaap. Women also move in a circle clapping their hands
on certain occasions. Other dances include the Lewa, Latti and Hambo.
Food

Usually Baloch people have meals in morning and evening. Men and women eat separately. Wheat, millet
and rice are part of the Baloch meal. Meat is also an important part; “Sajji” is the favorite dish of most
people. Sajji is the food eaten with knife other than that Baloch people usually eat with hands. Milk,
butter and vegetables are also part of Baloch cuisine.

Sports

Popular games include chauk, and Ji. Also games like wrestling, horse racing, shooting and hunting
pastimes among the wealthier people of tribes. Card games and gambling are also popular among groups
of some tribes.
Cuisine
Balochi cuisine is noted for its traditional and unique food culture. Dalag is among prominent foods
which is regarded by the Balochi people as a core element of their culture and identity. "Sajji" is another
dish that has now become familiar in other parts of the country.

Pashtun culture.

The Baloch (Balochi: ‫بلوچ‬, romanized: Balōč; or Baluch) are an Iranian people who live mainly in

the Balochistan region of the southeasternmost edge of the Iranian plateau in Pakistan, Iran,
and Afghanistan. There are also diaspora communities in neighboring regions, including those
in India; and having a significant diaspora in the Arabian Peninsula.

They mainly speak Balochi, a Northwestern Iranian language, in contrast to their location on the
Southeast of the Persosphere. About 50% of the total Baloch population live in Balochistan, a western
province of Pakistan; 40% of the Baloch population are settled in Sindh; and a significant number of
Baloch people in Punjab in Pakistan. They make up nearly 3.6% of Pakistan's population, about 2% of
Iran's (1.5 million), and about 2% of Afghanistan's

The history and the origins of Pashtun has been a controversial debate however not much of a consensus
could be formed. There were theories ranging from Pakhtuns having an Aryan, Jewish, Arab or mixed
origin. None was convincing enough to form a conclusion. Patahns are extremely obsessed and curious to
know about their origin of their race, however it might not be a major concern for many other races. Some
people believe that they might also be related to Khalid bin walid and as a result of which Pathans might
also have an Arabic origin. While another school of thought relate them to of Adolf Hitler’s that has a
link to the Afghans to the Aryans and ultimately a linkage to Pathans of Peshawar.

Etymology
The exact origin of the word 'Baloch' is unclear.

 Rawlinson (1873) believed that it is derived from the name of the Babylonian king and
god Belus.
 Dames (1904) believed that it is derived from the Persian term for cockscomb, said to have
been used as a crest on the helmets of Baloch troops in 6th century BCE.
 Herzfeld (1968) proposed that it is derived from the Median term brza-vaciya, which
describes a loud or aggressive way of speaking.
 Naseer Dashti (2012) presents another possibility, that of being derived from the name of the
ethnic group 'Balaschik' living in Balasagan, between the Caspian Sea and Lake Van in
present-day Turkey and Azerbaijan, who are believed to have migrated to Balochistan during
the Sassanid times. The remnants of the original name such as 'Balochuk' and 'Balochiki' are
said to be still used as ethnic names in Balochistan.

Some writers suggest a derivation from Sanskrit words bal, meaning strength, and och meaning

high or magnificent. An earliest Sanskrit reference to the Baloch might be the Gwalior inscription
of the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Mihira Bhoja (r. 836–885), which says that the dynasty's
founder Nagabhata I repelled a powerful army of Valacha Mlecchas, translated as "Baluch
foreigners" by D. R. Bhandarkar. The army in question is that of the Umayyad Caliphate after the
conquest of Sindh.

Pashtun culture is based on Islam and Pashtunwali, which is an ancient way of life.

Kingdoms

The most famous and renowed tribes in Khyber pakhtoonwar are Lodi,Suri,Hotaki, Durrani,Barakazi.

Classes of Pathans Society

Mian,Gujar,Rangi,Kulal.
Holidays , special events and Traditions

Gham khadi,Wada Koidana,Topak tamacha,hujra,kat bistara along with those is the arrival of Sparlay or
Spring, known as Nava Wroz (New Day), is also celebrated by some Pashtuns. It is an ancient annual
Pashtun festival which celebrates both the beginning of spring and the New Year. Amongst
some Pashtuns, Sheshbeeyeh, a prelude festival to Nava Wroz is also celebrated.

Food

One of the most famous dishes includes tikkah,serge,sugi ka halwa,kawa,chapali kabab,kabala

palao,special long naans. And many more.

Poetry

Pathan are very famous for their poetry ,they are very passionate and patriotic which is obvious from their
poetry. Afghanistan and Pakhtunkhwa. were noted for its poetic language even before the Islamic
conquest of Afghanistan. The Pata Khazana contains Pashto poetry written as far back as the 8th century.
Some notable poets from the region of Afghanistan-Pakistan include Pir Roshan, Amir Kror
Suri, Khushal Khan Khattak, Rahman Baba, Nazo Tokhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani, Timur Shah
Durrani, Shuja Shah Durrani, Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi, and Khan Abdul Ghani Khan.

Pashtun men usually gather at special events and listen to Pashto poetry. There are TV programs which
broadcast such events to the wider Pashtun audiences. One such program is on AVT Khyber channel
in Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, with Amanullah Kakar as the presenter.

Tappa

Tappa is the oldest and most popular form of the Pakhtuns poetry. The first line is shorter than the
succeeding one, yet it reflects all human feelings .It is also common among the Pashtuns that a boy of
school would sing it, the elders in their hujrahs. It is the only song sung in the time of grief and on the
occasion of marriage. In music it is sung with the traditional Pashto musical instruments rubab and
mangai. Tappa has up to 16 different models of harmony and is being sung with full orchestra.
Charbeta

Charbetta is another famous form of peotry, which consists of an epic poem with special rhythms. There
are four kinds of Charbetta’s. Normally, it’s a poem of four lines but might also have six or eight lines.
All aspects of life are discussed in it. That includes the heroic deeds and heroism by legendary figures and
sometime expresses the romantic feelings. The tempo is usually very fast and is sung by two or more
singers as part of a chorus in which ones singer reads the first line while the others follow the remaining.
The singing or recitation of a Charbetta is called Tang Takore. Traditionally Charbetta is started just after
the finishing of a Tappa.

Neemakai

Neemakai has many different forms and normally women compose it. It is usually very short (1 to 3
lines). The first lines are repeated in the middle of the song and Tappa is usually added according to the
subject and circumstances. Most of these songs in Pashtoon culture have been expressed in different areas
about daily life and love.

Loba

Loba is very popular among the masses and are added within Tappas occasionally. This is a form of folk
music in which a story is told. It requires 2 or more persons who reply to each other in a poetic form. The
two sides are usually the lover and the beloved (the man and woman).

Shaan

Shaan is sung during happiness such as marriages and or the birth of a child, and are sung in private
congregations and social gatherings.

Badala

Badala is a professional form of folk music and consists of an epic poem or a ballad. Instruments used
include the rubab, harmonium, mungey or tabla. In Badala, tribal traditions are the main theme as well as
heroism, tragedies and romance. Badala consists of variations, because each couplet is varied in rhythms
from other. It is sung traditionally at night.

Rubayi
Rubayi is a Pashto form of a Ghazal. The Rubayis of Rehman Baba are popular among the masses and is
sung before the starting of Badala. As with the Ghazals, the Rubayi have been heavily influenced
by Arabic, Persian and Turkish poetry.

Dances

 Attan: In this dance, the dancers perform to the music.This dance is performed by both the
genders involving 2-5 steps, ending with a clap given while facing the center, after which the
process is repeated again. This dance is typically performed with the musician dictating the
duration and speed.
 Khattak dance: The Khattak Dance is performed by the Khattak tribe.

 Mahsud dance: This is a unique dance routine using rifles performed by the Mahsud tribe

of Pashtuns in South Waziristan. Originally it was performed at times of war, but later became a
cultural dance. The dancers dance empty handed and require only large drums. Nowadays it is
performed with guns in the dancers' hands; loaded guns are taken in one hand, and to the beat of
the drum the dancers move forward in a circle. After taking two and a half steps, each dancer
turns about and cocks the gun. All the dancers do this in a uniform manner, and by completing
the turning steps they fire in the air simultaneously. The sound of the guns seems to be a single
big bang.
 Waziri dance: Waziristan, a region of Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan, is a
large area and has a particular Pashtun culture. Two drummers and a flute player play a particular
tune. All the Wazirs stand around them. Two people leave the circle, go dancing towards the
drummers, and come back dancing in the same manner. While performing, both people turn
around twice, once facing each other, and once facing the opposite direction. After doing this
separately, they march while dancing to the assembled crowd. As they reach the circle, another
pair of performers move forward in the same fashion.

Clothing

Pashtun men usually wear a Partoog-Korteh in Pashto(salwar kameez is Urdu)with a pakul (Pashtun hat).

In the Kandahar region young men usually wear different type of hat similar to a topi and in
the Peshawar region they wear white kufis(For the hat worn by members of the Muslim faith, see Taqiyah
(cap). For the Arabic script style, see Kufic.) instead. Leaders or tribal chiefs sometimes wear
a karakul hat, like Hamid Karzai and others. Women and girls wear traditional long dresses with a light
piece of cloth used to cover their hair.They also wear beautiful hand made jewellery. And beautiful
pakhtoon frocks. The traditional male dress includes the Khet partug and Perahan wa tunban. Males
usually wear kufi, Peshawari cap, lungee (turban) pakul as traditional headgear. Pashtun Leaders
sometimes wear a karakul hat. The traditional female dress is the Firaq partūg. Women typically wear
solid-coloured trousers, a long kamīs shirt with a belt. Sometimes they will wear an
encompassing burqa over this outfit or a tsādar on their head.

More elaborate and fancier dresses are detailed with gold threading, gold beads, and come in many
different colors on silk fabrics. These dresses are usually worn to special occasions and weddings.

Sports

Some Pashtuns participate in buzkashi, which is a sport introduced in the region during the Mughal era..
The word “buz” means “goat” and “kashi” means “dragging” or “pulling”. Not a team sport, it is every
man for himself and that becomes apparent as soon as the game starts. Although buskashi is primarily an
individual sport, alliances are built up between various players. Between the alliances, the strongest
players finally take control. This is very similar to polo. Football is another sport very enjoyably played
by pathans of Khyber pahktoonwar. Some Pashtuns in Central Asia participate in buzkashi, which is a
sport introduced in the region during the Mongol period from the 13th century onward. The
word buz means "goat" and kashi means "dragging" or "pulling" in the Persian language. The basic
objective is to carry the headless carcass of a calf or goat around a flag and back to the starting point
while on horseback with other riders trying to do the same thing by taking the carcass away. This is not a
team sport, it is every man for himself, which becomes apparent as soon as the game starts. It is played on
a large open dusty field which does not appear to have many boundaries. The game is a microcosm of
power politics in Afghanistan. Although buskashi is primarily an individual sport, alliances are built up
between various players. Between the alliances, the strongest players finally take control (or in this case
the remnants of a headless calf) and ride off to victory.

Cuisine

Pashtun cuisine varies among districts in Afghanistan. Pashtuns are known for their large varieties of
dried fruit and yogurt based dishes. Yogurt called 'maasta' is usually made by the Pashtuns themselves in
their own homes. The national dish of Afghanistan is "Qabili Pulaw" and is served in the Pashtun areas of
Pakistan as well. Chai (tea) plays a big role in Pashtun gatherings and is served with dried fruits and
kulcha (biscuit). Desserts such as firni (custard) are also very popular.

Conclusion

Since Khyber Pakhtoon war is situated to the Northern side of Pakistan. It usually has a cold climate and
people living their usually travel to other side of Paksitan in search of income. Other than that agriculture
goods such as dry fruits and food are also grown there.Ladies also tend to do hand embridory and
jewellery making which is very much appreciated all over the world.People are very hospitile and
loving .They are appreciate the arrival of guests at their place and tend to be very mehmaan nawazz.