Muslim Intellectuals Association, ICMI) in 1990 (Azra, 2006a; Hefner, 1993, 2000).

That year is cited as the beginning of the Islamic renewal in Indonesia. The

development of ICMI eventually also resulted in the emergence of Dompet Dhuafa

(DD) Foundation, which will be introduced in Chapter Four. It is also important to

mention that rapid economic development in the Suharto era also brought negative

consequences, such as a widening gap between the rich and the poor particularly in

urban areas (Sakai, 2012). The DD Foundation initially emerged in response to this

problem.

Finally, it is worth mentioning that from the illustration above we can see CSOs

in the Suharto era were primarily used for campaigning, encouraging community

mobilisation and advocacy. I argue that the focus on disaster relief was limited. Similar

to previous periods, studies on CSOs involved in disaster relief were scarce. Let us

examine one case, the earthquake and tsunami in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara that took

place in 1992. This disaster was considered one of the major disasters in Indonesian

history. It claimed more than 2,000 lives, in addition to causing severe damage to

building and coastal areas (Tsuji et al., 1995). Apparently, no CSOs were involved in

providing disaster relief in Flores. As foreign donors have been existed in Indonesia

since 1970s, some of them contributed in some ways. For instance, American USAID

helped by providing emergency shelter needs (Michaels and Luther, n.d.). The

Australian government sent a plane containing tarpaulins, water containers and

medical supplies (Yates and Bergin, 2011: 25). However, foreign assistance was

channelled through the government did not always get through to the affected society

due to corruption by state officials (Forshee, 2006: 21)