ISD Assignment-2

NAME :- PRERNA SHINDE

BE 2
Roll no.: 36

1. Explain a compressed air receiver unit. What are the different control
strategies for air receiver units?
● An air receiver, sometimes referred to as a compressed air tank, is an integral
part of any compressed air system. The main purpose of this is to act as
temporary storage to accommodate the peaks of demand from your system
and to optimize the running efficiency of your plant.
● Over the years, compressor manufacturers have developed a number of
different types of control strategies. Controls such as start/stop and
load/unload respond to reductions in air demand, increasing compressor
discharge pressure by turning the compressor off or unloading it so that it
does not deliver air for periods of time. Modulating inlet and multi-step
controls allow the compressor to operate at part- load and deliver a reduced
amount of air during periods of reduced demand.
o Start/Stop
o Load/Unload
o Modulating Control
o Dual Control/Auto Dual

2. Give the classification of compressors. Explain any two rotary compressors with a
diagram.
● Air compressors are categorized as either positive displacement or dynamic
displacement, based on their internal mechanisms. The four most common
types of air compressors you will see are
o Rotary Screw Compressor
o Reciprocating Air Compressor
o Axial Compressor
o Centrifugal Compressor
● Vane type Rotary Compressor: This is another type of rotary compressor.
There is a fixed casing in Vane type compressor in which a rotary rotor disc is
placed which has slots that are used for holding the sliding plates. Whenever
the rotor rotates the disc also rotates thus allowing the sliding plates to slide
as the inner surface of the casing is eccentric. Whenever the plates move
away from the centre a huge amount of air gets trapped inside it and with the
rotation the sliding plates converge due to its shape and the trapped air gets
compressed. This results in compression of air.
● Lobe type air compressor: This is one of the simpler compressor types. In
this there is no complicated moving part. There are two lobes attached to the
driving shaft by the prime mover. These lobes are displaced with 90 degrees
to one another. Thus if one of the lobe is in horizontal direction the other lobes
will be exactly positioned at 90 degree i.e in vertical direction. The air gets
trapped from one end and as the lobes rotate the air gets compressed as
shown in image. The compressed air is then delivered to the delivery line.
3. Explain block diagram of PLC.
● PLC stands for programmable logic control. It is computer designed which
can be used in industry. It controls different process & is programmable
according to the operational requirement of that process
● The typical block diagram of PLC consist of three parts ie CPU(central
processing unit), Programming device & I/O modules
● CPU: it is the heart of the PLC system. The u is a microprocessor based
control system that replaces central relays, counters, timers and sequence.
A bit processor is adequate for dealing with logic operations. PLCs with word
processors are used when processing text and numerical data, calculations,
gauging, controlling & recording , as well as the simple processing of signals
in binary codes are required.
● I/O modules: they are used for interfacing between input devices &
microprocessors. And also used for interfacing between the output devices &
microprocessor. The I/O modules are used for providing the isolation
between input devices and process. Also to provide isolation from processors
to output devices. Input devices are push buttons, sensors etc & output
devices are small motors, solenoid valves etc.
● Programming device: keyboards and monitors are used for programming a
PLC. The data is entered in the PLC processor with the help of a keyboard in
the form of a ladder diagram. This ladder diagram can be seen on the
monitor screen.

4. What is Proportional control mode? Explain in detail.

 ● In the proportional control mode, the final control element is throttled to
various positions that are dependent on the process system conditions. For
example, a proportional controller provides a linear, stepless output that can
position a valve at intermediate positions, as well as “full open” or “full shut.”
The controller operates within a band that is between the 0% output point
and the 100% output point, and where the output of the controller is
proportional to the input signal.
● With proportional control, the final control element has a definite position for
each value of the measured variable. In other words, the output has a linear
relationship with the input. Proportional band is the change in input required
to produce a full range of change in the output due to the proportional
control action. Or simply, it is the percent change of the input signal required
to change the output signal from 0% to 100%.
● The proportional band determines the range of output values from the
controller that operate the final control element. The final control element
acts on the manipulated variable to determine the value of the controlled
variable. The controlled variable is maintained within a specified band of
control points around a setpoint.
● the output (also called the actuating signal) is directly proportional to the error
signal. Now let us analyse the proportional controller mathematically. As we
know in proportional controller output is directly proportional to the error
signal.
● It is recommended that Kp should be kept greater than unity. If the value of
Kp is greater than unity (>1), then it will amplify the error signal and thus
the amplified error signal can be detected easily.

5. Explain ZN method of PID tuning.

● The Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop tuning method allows you to use the
ultimate gain value, Ku, and the ultimate period of oscillation, Pu, to
calculate Kc . It is a simple method of tuning PID controllers and can be
refined to give better approximations of the controller. You can obtain the
controller constants Kc , Ti , and Td in a system with feedback. The Ziegler-
Nichols closed-loop tuning method is limited to tuning processes that
cannot run in an open-loop environment.
● Determining the ultimate gain value, Ku, is accomplished by finding the value
of the proportional-only gain that causes the control loop to oscillate
indefinitely at steady state. This means that the gains from the I and D
controller are set to zero so that the influence of P can be determined. It tests
the robustness of the Kc value so that it is optimized for the controller. Another
important value associated with this proportional-only control tuning method is
the ultimate period (Pu). The ultimate period is the time required to complete
one full oscillation while the system is at steady state. These two parameters,
Ku and Pu, are used to find the loop-tuning constants of the controller (P, PI, or
PID).
6. For a Proportional controller, the controlled variable is a process temperature
with a range of 500C to 1300C and a set point of 73.50C.Under nominal
conditions ,the set point is maintained with output of 50%.Find the proportional
offset resulting from load change that requires a 55% output if the proportional
gain is (a) 0.1 (b) 0.7 (c) 2 (d)5

Ans. Temperature range: 50℃ to 130℃

Setpoint: 78.5℃
Po= 50%
P= 55%
ep= ?

offset error for Kp= 0.1, 0.7, 2 & 5

proportional controller: P= Kp.ep + Po

Kp.ep= P-Po
ep= (P-Po)/Kp
= (55-50)/Kp
ep= (5/Kp)%
● Kp= 0.1 → offset error, ep = (5/0.1) = 50%
● Kp= 0.7 → ep = (5/0.7) = 7.1%
● Kp= 2.0 → ep = (5/2.0) = 2.5%
● Kp= 5.0 → ep = (5/5.0) = 1%

7. Explain the working of pneumatic to electrical converters.

● Electro-pneumatic is a pneumatic control system where air pressure and
direction of the valve are controlled by an electrical current.
● The electro-pneumatic converter is a device which provides an interface
between the electronic and pneumatic⁰⁰⁰⁰℃ systems either to convert current
into a proportional air pressure or to convert current into a valve setting by
controlling the air supply to a diaphragm actuator.
● These devices are suitable as an intermediate element between electrical
and pneumatic measuring devices or between electrical control devices and
pneumatic control valves.
● The nozzle is supplied via a restrictor and its back pressure is applied to a
pneumatic relay whose output is applied to the bellows of feedback and is
also used as the
unit’s pneumatic output.
● An increase in the input current causes the coil to rotate, and in so doing
moves the flapper towards the nozzle so that the back pressure is increased.
 ● The relative position of the flapper and nozzle is adjusted with the current
corresponding to the lower range value (e.g. 4 mA for a 4 to 20 mA
converter) so that the pneumatic output pressure is equal to the required
value (e.g. 20 kPa for a 20 to 100 kPa system).

● The change is amplified by the relay and applied to the feedback bellows so
that the lever moves the nozzle away from the flapper until a new balance
position is achieved.

● When the coil current reaches the upper-range value (e.g., 20 mA) the
pneumatic output signal reaches its corresponding upper-range value
(e.g., 100 kPa).

8. Explain Process reaction curve method for tuning of PID controller.

● In this method, the variables being measured are those of a system that is
already in place. A disturbance is introduced into the system and data can
then be obtained from this curve. First the system is allowed to reach steady
state, and then a disturbance, Xo, is introduced to it. The percentage of
disturbance to the system can be introduced by a change in either the set
point or process variable. For example, if you have a thermometer in which
you can only turn it up or down by 10 degrees, then raising the temperature
by 1 degree would be a 10% disturbance to the system. These types of
curves are obtained in open loop systems when there is no control of the
system, allowing the disturbance to be recorded. The process reaction curve
method usually produces a response to a step function change for which
several parameters may be measured which include: transportation lag or
dead
time, τdead, the time for the response to change, τ, and the ultimate value that the
response reaches at steady-state, Mu.