E

ur = C.

(v) Electromagnetic waves carry energy. The rate of flow of energy erossing a unit area is
described by the poynting

vector

S , where S

1 ur ur

E B.

(b) Longitudinal wave : As shown in figure, when the particles of the medium vibrate along the
direction of propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal wave. For example
sound wave in air, waves in a solid rod produced by scrabbing.

These waves travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions. These waves can travel in solids,
liquids and gases.

† Amplitude (A) is defined as the maximum displacement.

† The frequency of the wave is the reciprocal of its time

period T, i.e., 1

Wave velocity can be defined a the distance covered by a wave in one time period. Therefore,

Wave velocity = Distance covered Wavelength

Time taken Time taken

or V = /T (i)

As 1 , eq. (i) connecting V and in terms of the