SC Chapter 17 - Power Supply Regulation

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 17
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
Power Supply Regulation

An ideal power supply provides a constant dc voltage despite
changes to the input voltage or load conditions.
The output voltage of a real power supply changes under load as shown
in the second plot. The output is also sensitive to input voltage changes.
Voltage Voltage
VNL VNL
VFL
Ideal power supply Real power supply

0 Current 0 Current
0 0
Summary
Line Regulation
Line regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage for a change in the ac
input line voltage. The formula for line regulation is
 ∆VOUT 
Line Regulation =  ÷100%
 ∆VIN 
Line regulation can also be expressed in terms of percent
change in VOUT per volt change on the VIN (%/V).
Line Regulation =
( ∆VOUT / VOUT ) 100%
∆VIN
Summary
Load Regulation
Load regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage between no load and
full load with the input voltage constant. It can be expressed
as a percentage change in load voltage:
 VNL − VFL 
Load Regulation =  ÷100%
 VFL 
Load regulation can also be expressed in terms of percent
change in the output per mA change in load current (%/mA).
Sometimes a maximum error voltage is given in the specification as
illustrated in the next slide for a commercial power supply.
Summary
Load Regulation
Commercial power supplies, such as you have in lab, have

excellent line and load regulation specifications.
The BK Precision 1651A is an example of
a triple output supply (two 0-24 V outputs
and a fixed 5 V output). Voltage
regulation specifications for this power
supply are:
Line regulation: ≤0.01% +3 mV (Main supply)
≤5 mV (Fixed 5 V supply)
Load regulation: ≤0.01%+3 mV (Main supply)
≤5 mV (Fixed 5 V supply)
Summary
Load Regulation
Sometimes the equivalent Thevenin resistance of a supply is

specified in place of a load regulation specification.
In this case, VOUT can be found by
applying the voltage divider rule:
Power Supply
 RL 
VOUT = VNL  ÷
RTH = ROUT
R
 OUT + RL 
VOUT
In terms of resistances, load VTH = VNL RL
regulation can be expressed as:

 ROUT 
Load regulation =  ÷100%
 RFL 
Summary
Load Regulation
A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mΩ and a full

load current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 Ω load.
(a) What is the load regulation?
(b) What is the no load output voltage?
 ROUT   0.025 Ω 
(a) Load regulation =  ÷ 100% =  ÷100% = 0.25%
 RFL   10.0 Ω 
(b) By Ohm’s law, VOUT = 5.0 V.
VOUT 5.0 V
VNL = = = 5.013 V
 RL   10.0 Ω 
 ÷  0.025 Ω + 10.0 Ω ÷
 ROUT + RL   
Summary
Series Regulators
Series Regulator block diagram:
Control
VIN VOUT
element
Reference Error Sample

voltage detector circuit Basic series regulator circuit:
Control element
VIN VOUT
R1 Q1
+
VREF
The control element maintains – R2

Error detector
a constant output voltage by D1 Sample
circuit
varying the collector-emitter R3
voltage across the transistor.
Summary
Series Regulators
 R 
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is: VOUT = 1 + 2 ÷VREF
 R3 
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
 R  VIN VOUT
(a) VOUT =  1 + 2 ÷VREF 18 V Q1
 R3  R1
4.7 kΩ
+
 100 kΩ  VREF
=  1+ ÷3.9 V
 47 kΩ  – R2
= 12.2 V 3.9 V D1 100 kΩ
(b) P = VI R3
47 kΩ
= (18 V – 12.2 V)(0.2 A)
= 1.16 W
Summary
Series Regulators
Current limiting prevents excessive load current. Q2 will

conduct when the current through R4 develops 0.7 V across
Q2’s VBE. This reduces base current to Q1, limiting the load
current. Q R
1 4
The current limit is: VIN VOUT
0.7 V R1 Q2
I L(max) = +
R4 R2
Current limiter
For example, a 1.4 –
Ω resistor, limits
current to about 0.5 A. R3
Summary
Series Regulators
Fold-back current limiting drops the load current well

below the peak during overload conditions. Q2 conducts
when VR5 +VBE = VR4 and begins current limiting. VR5 is found
by applying the voltage-divider rule:
 R5  Q1 R4
VR5 =  ÷VOUT +VIN VOUT
R
 5 + R6  R5
R1
An overload causes VR5 to + R2
drop because VOUT drops.
R6 Q2
This means that less D1
–
current is needed to
R3
maintain conduction in Q2
and the load current
drops.
Summary
Shunt Regulators
Shunt Regulator block diagram:
R1
VIN VOUT
Control
Reference Error
element
voltage detector (shunt) Basic shunt regulator circuit:
Sample VOUT
circuit
VIN
R1
R2
Error detector
Control
VREF – element
Q1
The control element maintains + R3 RL
a constant output voltage by D1 Sample

circuit
varying the collector current R4
in the transistor.
Summary
Shunt Regulators
Shunt regulators use a parallel transistor for the control

element. If the output voltage changes, the op-amp senses
the change and corrects the bias on Q1 to follow. For
example, a decrease in output voltage causes a decrease in
VB and an increase in VC. V IN
V OUT
R1
R2
Although it is less efficient Error detector
Control
VREF –
than the series regulator, the element
Q1
shunt regulator has inherent + R3 RL
short-circuit protection. The D1 Sample
circuit
maximum current when the R4
output is shorted is VIN/R1.
Summary
Switching Regulators
All switching regulators control the output voltage by

rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
Andecrease
A increaseininthe
theduty
dutycycle
cycledecreases
increases the
the output
output voltage.
voltage.
on/off tonton ton tofftoff toff tonton ton tofftoff toff tonton ton tofftoff toff tonton ton
control
VC
VC
VC
VOUT
Summary
A step-down switching regulator controls the output

voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series transistor.
The duty cycle changes depending on the load requirement.
Q1 C Lcharges
reversesLpolarity VOUT
Because the transistor is VIN off
on −
+ −+
either ON or OFF on all D1 C RL
switching regulators, the Variable R2

pulse-width
power dissipated in the R1 oscillator
–
transistor is very small
+
and the regulator is very R3
efficient. The pulses are VREF
D2
smoothed by an LC filter.
Summary
In a step-up switching regulator, the control element

operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch
on and off times are controlled by the output voltage.
Step-up action is due to +
L field
L field
collapses
builds off C C
on charges
discharges
+V OUT
VIN
the fact the inductor +− L − + D1
C
changes polarity during on
Variable off RL
switching and adds to R1 pulse-width Q1 R2
oscillator
VIN. Thus, the output
voltage is larger than – +
the input voltage.
D2 R3
Summary
In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the

opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.
off
on
Inversion occurs Q1 D1
C discharges –VOUT
+VIN
because the inductor off
on −
+
reverses polarity L C
+
− C charges R2 RL
when the diode Variable
R1 pulse-width L field collapses
builds
conducts, charging oscillator
the capacitor with +
the opposite polarity –

R3
of the input. D2
Summary
IC Voltage Regulators
Integrated circuit voltage regulators are available as

series regulators or as switching regulators. The popular
three-terminal regulators are often used on separate pc
boards within a system because they are inexpensive and
avoid problems associated with large power distribution
systems (such as noise pickup). 78XX Regulators
Type number Output voltage
The 78XX series is a fixed TO-220 case 7805 +5.0 V
7806 +6.0 V
positive output regulator 7808 +8.0 V
D-PAK
available in various 4 7809 +9.0 V
7812 +12.0 V
packages and with 12
7815 +15.0 V
standard voltage outputs. 1
2
3 7818 +18.0 V
3 7824 +24.0 V
Summary
The only external components required Heat-sink surface
with the 78XX series are input and output 4
capacitors and some form of heat sink.

12
These IC’s include thermal shutdown 1

3
protection and internal current limiting. 3
The 78XX series are

(1) (3)
primarily used for fixed Positive
78XX
Positive
input output
output voltages, but with
(2) Gnd
additional components, they
can be set up for variable
voltages or currents.
Summary
The 79XX series is the negative output counterpart to the

78XX series, however the pin assignments are different
on this series. Other specifications are basically the same.
Type number Output voltage

(2) (3) 7905 –5.0 V
Negative Negative
79XX 7905.2 –5.2 V
input output
7906 –6.0 V
(1) Gnd 7908 –8.0 V
7912 –12.0 V
7915 –15.0 V
7918 –18.0 V
7924 –24.0 V
Summary
The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
 R 
The output voltage is calculated by: VOUT = VREF 1 + 2 ÷+ I ADJ R2
 R1 
What is VOUT? +20 V (3) (2) +16.8 V

Positive Positive
(Assume IADJ = 50 µA.) input
LM317
output
R11
(1) Adjustment 150 Ω
C11 C3
 2 kΩ  R22
VOUT = 1.25 V  1 + ÷+ ( 50 μA ) ( 2 kΩ )
C2 2 kΩ
 150 Ω 
= 16.8 V
Summary
IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an
external pass transistor to increase the maximum available
load current.
Qext
Rext sets the point where VIN
Qext begins to conduct:
Rext
0.7 V
Rext = C1 78XX
VOUT
I max
C2 RL
For example, if Imax is
1.0 A, Rext = 0.7 Ω
What minimum power rating is required for Rext?
P = I2R = (1 A)2(0.7 Ω) = 0.7 W
Summary
The 78S40 is an IC containing all of the elements needed to

configure a switching regulator, using a few external parts.
RCS
It is a universal switching VIN
CT
Noninvert Invert Timing Ipk Driver Switch
regulator subsystem input input
Gnd
cap
VCC
VCC sense collector collector
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
because it can be configured
as a step-down, step-up, or Oscillator S Q Q1
Flip-flop
inverting regulator by the – R
Q2
user. The data sheet shows Comp.

+
typical circuits for these 1.25 V

reference
–
+ D1
configurations. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Reference Invert Noninvert VCC Switch L
Here is the step-down Rvoltage
2 input input op-amp
Output
emitter
Anode Cathode
VOUT
configuration. R1 CO
Selected Key Terms
Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
Line regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in input (line) voltage.
Load regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in load current.
Linear regulator A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates in the linear region.
Switching A voltage regulator in which the control
regulator element operates as a switch.
Quiz
1. The load regulation of an ideal power supply is

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 100%
Quiz
2. A correct formula for load regulation is

 ∆VOUT 
a. Load Regulation =  ÷100%
 ∆VIN 
 VNL − VFL 
b. Load Regulation =  ÷100%
 VFL 
 VFL 
c. Load Regulation =  ÷100%
 VNL − VFL 
( ∆VOUT / VOUT ) 100%
d. Load Regulation =
∆VIN
Quiz
3. An alternate way to express load regulation is in terms

of the
a. output resistance and the full-load resistance
b. output resistance and the shorted-load resistance
c. input resistance and the full-load resistance
d. input resistance and the shorted-load resistance
Quiz
4. In the circuit shown, R4 = 0.7 Ω. The output current will

be limited to
Q1 R4
a. 0.5 A VIN
0.7 Ω
VOUT
R1 Q2
b. 0.7 A +
R2
Current limiter
c. 1.0 A –
d. 1.4 A R3
Quiz
5. The block diagram for a series voltage regulator is

shown. The yellow box represents a
a. control element VIN VOUT
b. sample circuit
c. error detector
?
d. reference voltage
Quiz
6. The block diagram for a shunt voltage regulator is

shown. The yellow box represents a
a. control element VIN
R1
VOUT
b. sample circuit
c. error detector ?
d. reference voltage
Quiz
7. The circuit in the blue shaded area is a

a. high speed switching circuit
b. fold-back current limiter
c. reference source
Q1 R4
+VIN VOUT
R5
R1
d. shunt regulator + R2
R6 Q2
–
D1
R3
Quiz
8. A major advantage of all switching regulators is

a. low noise
b. high output impedance
c. high efficiency
d. all of the above
Quiz
9. The type of regulator circuit shown is a

a. series linear Q1 onoffD
1
C –VOUT
+VIN offon − discharges
b. series switching + L C
Variable +
C R2 RL
−
c. shunt switching R1 pulse-widthL L
oscillator
fieldcharges
field
collapses
builds
+
d. none of the above –

R3
D2
Quiz
10. The output voltage from a 7912 is a regulated

a. +5 V
b. +12 V
c. −5 V
d. −12 V

SC Chapter 17 - Power Supply Regulation

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Electronic Devices

Power Supply Regulation

Ideal power supply Real power supply

Line regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

Load regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

Commercial power supplies, such as you have in lab, have

Sometimes the equivalent Thevenin resistance of a supply is

In terms of resistances, load VTH = VNL RL

regulation can be expressed as:

A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mΩ and a full

Reference Error Sample

The control element maintains – R2

voltage across the transistor.

Current limiting prevents excessive load current. Q2 will

Fold-back current limiting drops the load current well

a constant output voltage by D1 Sample

Shunt regulators use a parallel transistor for the control

All switching regulators control the output voltage by

A step-down switching regulator controls the output

switching regulators, the Variable R2

In a step-up switching regulator, the control element

In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the

the opposite polarity –

Integrated circuit voltage regulators are available as

The only external components required Heat-sink surface

with the 78XX series are input and output 4

capacitors and some form of heat sink.

These IC’s include thermal shutdown 1

protection and internal current limiting. 3

The 78XX series are

The 79XX series is the negative output counterpart to the

Type number Output voltage

The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

What is VOUT? +20 V (3) (2) +16.8 V

IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

The 78S40 is an IC containing all of the elements needed to

user. The data sheet shows Comp.

typical circuits for these 1.25 V

Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

1. The load regulation of an ideal power supply is

2. A correct formula for load regulation is

3. An alternate way to express load regulation is in terms

4. In the circuit shown, R4 = 0.7 Ω. The output current will

5. The block diagram for a series voltage regulator is

6. The block diagram for a shunt voltage regulator is

7. The circuit in the blue shaded area is a

8. A major advantage of all switching regulators is

9. The type of regulator circuit shown is a

d. none of the above –

10. The output voltage from a 7912 is a regulated

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