PDF Thermodynamicsproblem

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW
Problem Set no. 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A spherical
spherical tank is full of water that has
has a mass of 10
10 000 kg. If the outside diameter of the tank is 2722 mm,
how thick is the wall of the tank?
m
ρ 
V
10,000
00 0
V   10 m3
1000
4 πr 3
V 
3
r 1.337
33 7 m
d  2(1.337) 2.674 m
  2674 mm
2722 - 2674
t   24 mm
2
2. A cylindrical tank is filled with water at the rate of 5000
5000 Gal/min. The
The height of water in the tank after 15 minutes
(Note: 1 ft 3 = 7.481 Gallons)
is 20.42 ft. What is the diameter of the tank? (Note:
V  5000 (15)  75000 Gallons  10,025.4 ft 3
π
V  D2H ; H 20.42 ft

4
D  25 ft
3. At what
what temperature
temperature in which the reading
reading in Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit scale
sc ale is the same as
as the Centigrade
Centigrade scale.
sc ale.
Conversion
F  32
C 
1.8
F  1.8(C)  32
x  C  F
x  32
x
1.8
x  40
4. A new
new temperature
temperature s cale is desired with
with freezing water at 0  X and boiling occurring
freezing point of water occ urring at 1000X. Derive
the conversi on between  C and  X and what is 0 K in  X.
conversion
1000  0
 10
100  0
m  10
y  mx  b
K  C  273
0K  C  273
C  -273
 X  10( 273 )  0
 X  2730
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5. A pressure
pressure gage at elevation
elevation 8 m on the side of a tank containing a liquid reads 57.4 KPa. Another gage at
elevation
elevation 5 m reads (use g = 9.81 m/sec 2)
reads 80 KPa. Compute the specific weight and density of the liquid. (use
ΔP   γ(Δh)
(57.4  80)   γ(8  5)
KN
γ  7.53
m3
ρg
γ
1000
kg
ρ  767.9
m3
6. covered with 2 m of oil (  = 8 KN/m 3). Find the absolute pressure at the at
An open tank contai ns 5 m of water covered
the bottom of the tank. (Assume P atm = 101 KPa)
101  (2)(8)  5(9.81)  PBottom
PBottom  166.05 KPa
7. A skin diver
diver wants to determine the press
pressure
ure exerted
ex erted by the water on her body after a descent
desc ent of 35 m to a
sunken ship. The specific gravity of seawater is 1.02 times that of pure water. Determine the pressure in KPa.
P  0  35(1.02)(9.81) 
8. A water storage
storage tank contains liquid and
and vapor equilibrium at 250 C,( l = 799.23 m 3/kg;  v = 19.95 m 3/kg).The
vapor in equilibrium
distance from
from the bottom of the tank to the liquid level
level is 10 m. What is the differen
difference
ce in pressure reading
between the top of the tank and the bottom of the tank if the vapor
vapor pressure is 3,973 KPa. (Assume g = 9.81
2
m/sec )
799
799 .23(9.81)
PBottom  3,973
973  (10)  4,051.4 KPa
1000
ΔP  (3,973 - 4,051.4)  78.4 KPa
9. Compute the gravitat

gravitational
ional force between a proton ( m = 1.66 x 10 -27 9.11 x 10 -31 kg)in
kg) and an electron (m = 9.11
an atom whose orbit is 5.29 x 10 -11 m.
whose radius of electron orbit
Gm1m2
Fg  Newton
r 2
6.67(10 11 )(1.66)(10
  27
)(9.11)(10  31
) 43
Fg 
11
 1.9x10 
Newton
5.29(10 
10. A pressure in the cylinder varies in the following manner with volume, P = C/V 2. If the initial pressure
cy linder in the figure varies
volume is 0.05 m 3 and the final press
is 500 KPa, initial volume pressure
ure is 200 KPa, find the work
work done by the syst em.
For
Fo r a NonFlow system
P2 V2  P1V1
W   P  dV 
1 n
PV 2  C; n  2
2 2
P1V1  P2 V2
2 2
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11. If the F scale

s cale is twice the C scale,
sc ale, what
what will be the corresponding
corresponding reading
reading in each scale?
F  32
C 
1. 8
F  1.8C  32
F  2C
2C  1.8C  32
32
C   16
1600
2  1. 8
F  32 0
12. A cylindrical tank 2 m diameter, 3 m high is full of oil. If the specific gravity
gravity of oil is 0.9, what
what is the
t he mass of oil in
the tank? (8482.3 kg)
π π
Vcylinder  D2H  (22 )3  3 π m3
4 4
ρ
S 
ρ water
ρ
0.9 
1000
kg
ρ 900
90 0 3

m
m
ρ 
V
m 900
90 0(3 π )
  8482.3 kg
13. 10 liters of an incompr essible

essible liquid exert a force of 20 N at the earth’s surface. What force would 2.3 Liters of
this liquid exert on the surface
surface of the moon? The gravitat
gravitational
ional acceleration
acc eleration on the surface of the moon is 1.67
m/sec 2.
F  ma
m
 
V
 1m3 
m   V   (10.0)  kg
 1000 L 
 (10.0)
20  9.81 N
1000
kg
  203.874
m3
On the surface of the moon
 2.3 
F  203.874 (1.67)  0.783 N
 1000 
14. If the temperature

temperature inside a furnace
furnace is 700 K, what
what is the corresponding reading in F? (800.6)
corresponding reading
Solution:
t = 700 – 273 = 427 C
F = (427)(1.8) + 32
F = 800.6F
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16. A hiker carrying a barometer

barometer that measures 101.3 KPa at the base of the mountain. The barometer reads 85
KPa at the top of the mountain. The
The averag
average
e air density i s 1.21 kg/m3. Determine the height of the mountain.
dP   γdh
P2  P1   γ(h 2  h1 )
h2  h1  h
(P1  P2 )1000
h 
ρg
(101
10 1.3 85 )1000 
h 
1.21(9.81)
h  1373 m
17. Water runs through a water main of cross sectional area of 0.4 m 2 with a velocity of 6 m/sec. Calculate the
velocity and mass flow rate of the water in the pipe when the pipe tapers down to a cross sectional area of 0.3
m2. (  = 1000 kg/m 3)
m1  m2  m
 A 1v 1  m
kg
m  1000(0.4)6  2400
sec
 A 1v 1   A 2 v 2
A 1v 1 m
v2   8
A 2 sec
18. The 600 kg hammer

hammer of a pile driv
driver
er is lifted 2 m above
above the piling head. W hat is the change in potential energy
energy ?
If the hammer
hammer is released, what will be its velocity
velocity at the instant it strikes the filing?
filing? Local g =9.65 mps2.(11.58
KJ; 6.21 mps)
m = 600 kg
Z = 2 m
g = 9.65 m/sec2
mgZ
PE  KJ
1000
PE  11.58 KJ
KE = PE
2 2
m( v f v i ) 
11.58 
2(1000)
vi  0
11.58(2000) m
v f   6.21
600
60 0 sec
19. A lump of ice falls

falls from
from an aero plane as it comes into land. If the ice hits the groun
ground
d with a vertical
vertical speed of 85
m/sec,
m/sec , what was
was the height of the plane when the ice fell off? (use g = 9.81 m/sec 2)
fell off?
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20. 5 kg of brass of specific heat 0.39 KJ/kg - C at a temperature of 176

176 C is dropped into a 1.2 kg of water
water at 14 C.
Find the resulting temperature (C PW = 4.187 KJ/kg - C)
temperature of the mix ture. (C
mw  1.2 kg
mB  5 kg
KJ
CPB  0.39
kg - C
KJ
CPW  4.187
kg - C
Heat rejectedby brass  Heat absorbedby water
QB  QW
mBCPB ( t B1  t )  m w CPW ( t  t w1 )
5(0.39)(17
1766  t )  1.2( 4.187)( t  14)
t  40.4C
removed to make ice of mass m = 0.720 kg at -10 C from a liquid at 15 C.

21. How much heat is removed
Specific heat of ice = 2.22 KJ/kg-C
Specific heat of water = 4.19 KJ/kg- C
Freezing point temperature of water = 0 C
hF of ice = 334.9 KJ/kg
Answer: 302 KJ
Q  Q1  Q 2  Q3
Q1  mC pw (15  0)  sensible heat
Q2  m(hF )  latent heat
Q3  mC pi (0  10)  sensible heat
Q  0.7204.19(15- 0)  (334.9) 2.22(0  10)
Q  302 KJ
22. A steam turbine

turbine receives superheated steam at 1.4 MPa and 400 C (h1 = 3257.5 KJ/k g). The
receives superheated The steam
st eam leaves
leaves the
turbine at 0.101 MPa and 100 C (h2 = 2676 KJ/kg).The steam enters the turbine at v 1 = 15 m/sec and exits at
v2 = 60 m/sec.
m/s ec. The
The elevation
elevation differen
difference
ce between
between entry and exit ports
ports is negligible. The heat loss t hrough
hrough the
turbine walls is 2 KW. Calculate the power output if the mass flow through the turbine is 0.5 kg/sec.
Q  h  KE  PE  W
h  m(h2  h1 )  290
29 0.75 KW
2 2
m(v 2 - v 1 )
KE   0.275 KW
2(1000)
PE  0
Q  2 KW
W  Q - h - KE - PE
W  2  290.75 - 0.275 - 0  288.475
47 5 KW
23. Steam with a flow

flow rate of 1360
1360 kg/hr enters
enters an adiabatic
adiabatic nozzle at 1378 KPa, 3.05 m/sec with a specific volum
volum e
of 0.147 m3/kg and with a specific internal energy
energy of 2510
2510 KJ/kg. The exit c onditions are, P = 137.8
137.8 KPa, specific
volume = 1.099 m3/kg, and internal energy
energy = 2263 KJ/kg. Determine
Determine t he exit velocity
velocity in m/sec.
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1 2
Wt
24. A s mall steam turbine operating

operating at part
part load produ
produces
ces 110 KW output with a steam flow flow rate of
of 0.25 kg/s ec.
Steam at 1.4 MPa, 250 C is throttled
throttled to 1.1 MPa before
before entering the turbine,
turbine, and the turbine
turbine exhaust pressur
pressur e
is 10 KPa. Find the steam quality
quality (or temperature,
temperature, if superhea
superheated)
ted) at the turbine
turbine outlet. (x 2 = 96%)
From table 3 at 1.4 MPa and 250 C: h = 2927.2 KJ/kg
From table 2 at 10 KPa (0.010 MPa): hf = 191.83 KJ/kg; hfg = 2392.8 KJ/kg
Q h  KE  PE  W
0  h  KE  0  0
KE   h
2 2
v2  v1
 (h 2  h1 )
2(1000)
2
v2  2(1000)(h1  h2 )  v1
h  U  P
h1  2510  (1378)(0.147 )  2712.6 KJ/kg
h2  2263  (137.8 )(1.099 )  2401.9 KJ/kg
kg v2  788.3 m/sec
m  0.25
sec
KJ
h1  h2  2927.2
kg
Q  h  KE  PE  W
Q  0; KE  0 and PE  0
W  - h
110  m(h 2 - h3 )
110
h3  h2 -
m
KJ
h3  2487.2
kg
h  h f  x(hfg )
2487.2 - 191.83
x3   0.96
2392.8
x 3  96%
25. A throttling calorimeter is connected to the de-superheated

de-superheated steam line supplying steam to the auxiliary
auxiliary feed
pump of a ship. The
The line
l ine pressure
pressure measures 2.5 MPa. The c alorimeter pressure i s 110 KPa and
and the temperatur
temperaturee
is 150C. Determine the line steam quality.
From Superheated table, at 110 KPa and 150 C, h2 = 2775.6 KJ/kg
From Saturated liquid and saturated
sat urated vapor
vapor table
t able
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26. An engineering
engineering student wants 20 C by adding ice that is
wants to cool 0.25 kg of Omni Cola (mostly water) i nitially at 20
initially at -20C. How much ice should be added
added so that
that the final temperature be 0 C with all the ice melted,
temperature will be
if the heat capacity of the container neglected.
= 4.19 KJ/kg- C
Cwater =
Cice = 2.010 KJ/kg-C
hf of ice = 334.9 KJ/kg
Qcola = Qice
0.25(4.19)(20 – 0) = m ice[(2.010)(0
[(2.010)(0 + 20) + 334.9]
m = 0.056 kg = 56 gram
ice
27. 2.5 kg of brass of specific heat 0.39 KJ/kg -K at a temperature 176 C is dropped
temperature of 176 dropped into a 1.2
1.2 liters of water
water at
14C. Find the resulting
resulting tempera
t emperature (At 14 C density
ture of the mixture. (At density of water is 999 kg/m3)
1.2
mw  (999)  1.1988 kg
1000
Heat rejected by brass = Heat absorbed by water
2.5(0.39)(176 – t) = 1.1988(4.187)(t – 14)
171.6 – 0.975t = 5.02t – 70.3
t = 40.4C
28. An 85 Liters drum contains saturated
sat urated water
wat er and water vapor at 370 C.
water vapor
a. Find the masses of each if their volumes are equal
b. Find the volume
volume occupied by each if their mass es are equal
From steam table at 370 C
0.002222 m 3/kg
vf = 0.002222
vg = 0.004193 m 3/kg
a.
V L = 0.0425 m3 ; V V = 0.0425 m3
VL
v f   0.002222
mL
0.0425
mL  19.13 kg 
0.002222
VV
vg  0.004193

mV
0.0425
mV  10.14 kg 
0.004193
b.
VL  VV  0.085
VL  0.085  VV  eq. 1
VL
v f 
m
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29. An industrial power

power plant requires
requires 1.5 kg of dry
dry saturated
sat urated steam per
per second 165 C for heating purposes. This
sec ond at 165
steam may be supplied from
from an extracti
extraction receives steam at 4 MPa and 380 C and is exhauste
on turbine which receives exhauste d
to a condenser at the rate of 0.8 kg/s ec at 0.0034
0.0034 MPa while rejecting 1400 KW to the cooling water. water. If the
mechanical efficiency of the turbine generator unit is 95% and the heat heat loss
los s in the turbine c asing is 10 KW,
calculate the power generated by the plant.
(Wo = 1540 KW)
h at 4 MPa and 380 C = 3165.9 KJ/kg
hg at 165C = 2763.5 KJ/kg
hf at 0.0034 MPa = 109.84 KJ/kg
h1
10 KW
P1 = 4 Mpa
Generator Efficiency = 94%
t1 = 380 C 1
m = ______
Wt’ GP = Generator
Power
1.5 kg/sec 2
3 0.8 kg/sec
h2 165 C
QR = 1400 KW
4 h4
By mass balance
kg
m  1.5  0.8  2.3
sec
By energy balance condenser
QR  0.8(h3  h4 )
1400  0.8(h3  109.84)
KJ
h3  1859.84
kg
By energy balance in the turbine
2.3(3165.9) - 10 - 1.5(2763.5) - 0.8(1859.84)  Wt
Wt  1638.45 KW
WOUTPUT  1540.14 KW
30. Steam enters

enters a turbine
turbine with a velocity
velocity of 1.5 m/sec and an enthalpy
enthalpy of 2093 KJ/kg and leaves
leaves with an enthalpy
of 1977
1977 KJ/kg
K J/kg and
and a velocity
velocity of 91.5 m/sec. Heat
Heat loss es are
are 8 KCal/min and the st eam flow rate is 27 kg/min.
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m
v 1  1 .5
sec
m
v 2  91.5
sec
kg kg
m  27  0.45
min sec
KCal KJ 1 min
Q8 x 4.187 x  0.56 KW (rejected)
min KCal 60 sec
z1  0
z2  -3.5 m
KJ
h1  2093
kg
KJ
h2  1977
kg
2 2
m( v 2  v1 )
KE   1.883 KW
2(1000)
h  m(h2  h1 )  52.2 KW KW
mg(z 2  z1 )
PE   0.015 KW
1000
Q  h  KE  PE  W
W  Q  ( h  KE  PE)  49.77 KW
Power Output  49.77(1- .15)  42.3 KW
31. An air compressor handles 8.5 m 3/min of air with a density of 1.26 kg/m 3 and a pressure of 101 KPaa and
discharges at 546 KPaa with a density of 4.86 kg/m 3. The
The c hanges
hanges in
i n specific internal energy
energy across the
compressor is 82 KJ/kg and the heat loss by cooling is 24 KJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential
energies, find the work in KW.
m
 
V
m   V  1.26(8.5 )  10.71 kg/min  0.1785 kg/sec
Q  U  (P )  KE  PE  W
W  Q - U - (P ) - KE - PE
W  Q - (U2 - U1 ) - (P2 2 - P1 1 ) - 0 - 0
 P2 P1 
W  Q - (U2 - U1 ) -   
  2  1 
 546 101  KJ
W  ( 24)  (82)      138.2
 4 .86 1 . 26  kg
In KW
W  0.1785(-138.2)  24.67 KW
W  24.67 KW (Work is done on the system)
32. Calculate the change of entropy per kg of air when heated from 300 K to 600K while the pressure drops from
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33. A certain mass of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) is contained in a vesseless el of 0.142 m 3 capacity, at a pressure and
temperature of 2310 KPa and 18C, respectively.
respectively. A valve
alve is open
open momentarily and the pressure
pressure falls
immediately to 690 KPa. Sometime later
lat er the temperature again 18 C and the press
temperature is again pressure
ure is observed
observed to be 910
KPa. Es timate the value
value of specific heat ratio. (k = 1.29)
8.3143
R  0.13
64
P1V1  m1RT1
2310(0.142)
m1   8.67 kg
0.13(291)
At V  C
P1 P2

T1 T2
 
 
P
T2   2   86.92K
 P1 
 
 T1 
34. Two
Two unequal vessel
ess el A and B are
are connected
connect ed by a pipe with a valv
valve.
e. Vessel
Ves sel A contains 150 L of air at 2760 KPa
KP a
and 95C. Vessel B contains an unknown volume of air at 70 KPa and 5 C. The valvvalve
e is opened and when t he
properties have
have been determined,
determi ned, it
i t was
was found out that the pressure
press ure of the mixture is 1380 KP a and the
temperature is 45C. What is the volume of vessel B.(0.166 m3)
temperature
Given:
V A = 0.150 m 3 ; P A = 2760 KPa ; T A = 95 + 273 = 368 K
P B = 70 KPa ; TB = 5 + 273 = 278 K

P = 1380 KPa ; T = 45 + 273 = 318 K
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Given :
V1  0.2 m3 ; P1  101.3 KPa; T1  15  273  288K
ma - 0.2 kg (mass of N2 added
PV  mRT
PV
m
RT
8.3143 KJ
R
28 kg - K
101.3(0.2)28
m1   0.237 kg
8.3143(15  273)
m2  0.237  0.2  0.437 kg  final mass
T2  15  273  288K
mRT
P
V
V2  V1
0.437(8.3143)(15  273)
P2   186.82 KPa
28(0.2)
36. A certain perfect volume of 0.03 m 3 at a pressure of 700 KPa and a temperature
perfect gas of mass 0.1 kg occupies a volume
of 131C. The gas is allowed volume is 0.2 m 3. Calculate;
allowed to expand until the pressure is 100 KPa and the final volume Calculate;
a) the molecular
molec ular weight of the gas (16)
b) the final temperature PV  mRT
Given; PV
3
R 1 1
m = 0.1 kg ; V 1 = 0.03 m ; P 1 = 700 KPa ; T1 = 131 +273 = 404 K mT1
P2 = 100 KPa ; V 2 = 0.2 m 3
KJ
R  0.52
kg - K
8.3143
R
M
8.3143 kg
M  16
R kgmol
mol
PV
 C
T
P1V1 P2 V2

T1 T2
T1P2 V2
T2   384.8K
P1V1
t2  111.8C
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38. A certain perfect volume of 0.03 m 3 at a pressure of 700 KPa and a temperature
perfect gas of mass 0.1 kg occupies a volume
of 131C. The gas isi s allowed
allowed t o expand until the pressure volume is 0.02 m 3. Calculate;
pressure is 100 KPa and the final volume Calculate;
a) the molecular
molec ular weight of the gas (16)
b) the final temperature (11.5 C)
0.1(8.3143)(131
13 1 273
27 3)
700
70 0(0.03) 
M
M  16
P2 V2mRT2
0.1(8.3143)( t 2  273
27 3)
100
10 0(0.15) 
16
t2  15.7C
39. What is the weight of a 114 L tank of oxygen (O 2) if the oxygen is pressurized
pressurized t o 1.4 MPa, and the tank itself
its elf
weighs 445N, and the temperature is 10 C.
8.3143 KJ
R  0.26
32 kg - K
PV  mRT
1400(0.114)
m  2.17 kg
0.26(10  273)
WO 2  2.17(9.81) 21.29 N
Wt  445  21.29  446.29 N
40. Assume 2 kg of O 2 are mixed with

wi th 3 kg of an unknown gas. The result ing mix ture occupies a volume
volume of 1.2 m3
a) R and M of the unknown

unknown gas constit uent
b) the volumetric analysis
c) the partial pressures
For O2: M = 32 ;k = 1.395
Given; m O2 = 2 kg; m x = 3 kg
V = 1.2 m3 ; P = 276 KPa; T = 338 K
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41. How many kilograms of N 2 must be mix ed with 3.6 kg of CO 2 in order
order to produce
produce a gaseous mix ture that is 50%
50%
by volume
volume of each constit uents.
Gas M k
CO2 44 1.288
N2 28 1.399
y N2  0.50
y CO2  0.50
y iMi
xi 
M
M  0.50(28)  0.50( 44)  36
R  0.231
0.50(28 )
x N2   0.389
36
x CO2  1  .389  0.611
mN2 mN2
x N2  
m m N2  mCO2
m N2
0.389 
m N2  3
(0.389 )mN2  0.389(3)  mN2
0.389(3)
mN2   1.91 kg
(1  0.389 )
42. Three
Three moles of oxygen is compressed in a piston cylinder ass embly in a rev reversible
ersible adiabatic
adiabatic process from
from a
temperature
temperature of 300
300 K and a pressure of 102
102 K Pa until the final volume
volume is one tenth the init ial volume.
volume. Determine
the final temperature and the final pressure.
Given; T1 = 300 K ; P 1 = 102 KPa ;
1 V1
V2  V1 ;  10
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Given:
P1 = 100 KPa ; T1 = 300 K ; 1/ 3 = 5
Processes:
1 to 2 (Isometric: V = C)
2 to 3 (Isobar
(Isobaric:
ic: P = C)
3 to 1 (Isothermal:
(Isothermal: T = C or PV = C)
T2 P2

P1 υ1 100(6.231)
T1 P1 P3    500.5 KPa
υ3 1.245
υ1  υ 2
P3  P2  500.5 KPa
RT1 2.077(300) m3
υ
1    6.231 T3  T1  300 K
P1 100 kg
m3
υ
2  6.231
kg P2 500.5
T2  T1  300
υ1 P1 100
 5
υ 3 T2  1501.5 K
υ
1 6.231 m3
υ 3    1.245
5 5 kg
P1 υ1  P3 υ3
44. Oxygen expands in a reversible

reversible adiabatic m anner
anner through
through a nozzle
nozzl e from
from an init ial pressure and initial
temperature
temperature and with an initi al velocity decrease of 38 K in temperature across the
velocity of 50 m/sec . there is a decrease
nozzle. Determine
a. the exit velocity
b. for inlet conditions of 410 KPa and 320 K, find the exit pressure.
1 2
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45. A throttling calorimeter is connected to the main steam line where

where the pressure is
i s 1.75
1.75 MPa. TheThe calorimete r
pressure is 90 KPa and 105C. Determine the main steam quality.
From steam table
Aat 1.75 MPa; hf = 878.50 KJ/kg ; h g = 2796.4 KJ/kg T
At 90 KP a and 105 C; C; h = 2687.55 KJ/kg
h1 = h at 1.75 MPa
MPa and unk nown
nown quality
1 x 1 = 94.32%
h2 = h at 90 KPa and 105 C
P 1 = 1.75KPa
h1 = h 2 10 5 C
h1 = h f1 + x1(hfg1) = h 2 2
2687.55 = 878.5 + x1(2796.4 – 878.5) P 2 = 90 KPa
x1 = 0.9432 = 94.32%
46. A cylinder
cyli nder fitted
fitted with a frictionless
frictionless piston contains 5 kg of superheated vapor at 1000 KPa and 250 C.
superheated water vapor
The system
sy stem is now cooled at constant pressure until the water
water reaches a quality of 50%. Calculate the work
work
done and the heat transferred.
T From Stea m Table:

Table:
W
KPa a nd 250C
At 1000 KPa
1 (superheated)
h = 2942.6 KJ/kg
2 U = 2709.90 KJ/kg
S = 6.9247 KJ/kg- C
U  = 0.2327 m 3/kg
At 1000 KPa
KPa a nd x = 50%
S
h = 1770.46 KJ/kg
Q U = 1672.64 KJ/kg
S = 4.3626 KJ/kg- C
 = 0.097784 m 3/kg
tsat = 179.91C
U1  2709.9 KJ/kg ; h1  2942.6 KJ/kg

U2  1672.64 KJ/kg ; h2  1770.46KJ/kg
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Process: Constant Volume

W=0
Q = U
Q = m(U2 – U1)
From St eam Table

Table at P = 300 KPa
KP a (sat
(saturated
urated vapor)
U1 = 2543.6 KJ/kg
1 = 0.6058 m 3/kg
V
υ 
m
0.5
m   0.825 kg
0.6058
From steam Table at 100 KPa

g = 1.694 m 3/kg ; f = 0.0010432 m 3/kg
f g =  g -  f = 1.693 m 3/kg
Ug = 2506.1 KJ/kg ; U f = 417.36 KJ/kg ; Uf g = 2088.7 KJ/kg
2 =  1
2 = 0.0010432 + x 2(1.693) = 0.6058
x2 = 0.357 = 35.7%
U2 = 417.36
417.36 + (0.357)(2
(0.357)(2088.7)
088.7) = 1163.465
1163.465 K J/kg
Q = 0.825(1163.465 – 2543.6) = -1138.6 KJ
Q = 1138.6 KJ (Heat is rejected from the system)
48. A rev
reversible
ersible nonflow
nonflow constant volume
volume process decreases the internal energy by 316.5 KJ for
for 2.3 kg o f a gas for
which R = 0.47 KJ/kg-K and k = 1.35. For the process, determine
a. the work
b. the heat
temperature is 478 K
c. the entropy change if the initi al temperature
Given:
U = -316.5 KJ
m = 2.3 kg
R = 0.47 KJ/kg-K
k = 1.3
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49. In a turbine 4500 kg/min of air expands polytropically from 425 KPa and 1360 K to 101 KPa. The
The exponent n
= 1.45 for the process. Find the work done and the heat transfer.
Given:
m = 4500 kg/min ; P 1 = 425 KPa; T1 = 1360K ; P 2 = 101 KPa; PV n = C
n = 1.45 ; KE and PE are negligible
For Air: R = 0.287 KJ/kg-K; k = 1.4; Cp = 1.0045 KJ/kg- K; Cv = 0.7175 KJ/kg- K
n 1
 
nmRT1  P2 
n
W  Q  Δh     1

1  n  P1  
 
n 1
 k  n   P  n

Q  mCn (T2  T1 ); Cn  Cv  ; T2  T1 2 
 1  n   P1 
1.451
 
1.45(4500)(0.287)(1360)  101  1.45
W    1  33.938 KW
60(1  1.45)  425  
 
1.45 1
 
4500(0.7175)(1.4 - 1.45)(1360)  101  1.45
Q     1  2926 KW
60(1  1.45)  425  
 
Q  2926 KW (heat is rejected)
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53. A cy cle consists of a series

series of processes
processes that:
a. eventually
eventually return to the first state of
of the first
first process
b. are continually repeated
repeated
c. are always in equilibrium
equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium
d. none of these
thes e
54. A 0.5 m 3 container is filled with a fluid
fluid whose specific volume 0.001 m 3/kg. At standard
volume is 0.001 standard grav
gravitation al
acceleration, the contents of this container weigh:
a. 2010 N
b. 3220 N
c. 4905 N
d. 7830 N
V  0.5 m3
V
υ 
m
0.5
m  500 kg
0.001
W  500(9.81) 4905 N
55. Which
Whic h temperature
temperature below i s equivalent
equivalent to 125 °F?
°F?
a. 52 °C
b. 125 °C
c. 602 °R
d. 315 K
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At 1000 KPa (10 Bar)

L
υ f  0.870
kg
L
υ g  20.33
kg
10  0.870
870  x(20.33  0.870
870 )
x  47%
60. A system contains water at 2,000 KPa, 220°C. The phase of this water is:
a. Liquid
b. Liquid-vapor
Liquid-vapor mixture
mix ture
c. Vapor
d. Solid
61. KNA thermodynamic system contains water at 10 m 3 of air whose press ure and temperature are 300 KPa,
127°C respectively. The weight for this system is:
a. 92 KN
b. 127 KN
c. 192 KN
d. 256 KN
From Steam Table at 300 KPa and 127

127 C
kg m
ρ  936.75 3

m V
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Cp  CV R
KJ
Cv  1.005
005  0.287
287  0.718
718
kg - K
KJ
ΔU  C v ( t 2  t1)  215
215 .4
kg
65. Steam at 1 MPa, 250°C is contained in a rigid vessel. It is now cooled to 25°C. The final quality (if applicable)
of the vessel contents is:
a. 0.54 %
b. 2.63 %
c. 27.8 %
d. Not applicable
From Steam table

1000 KPa ; t  250C (Superheat ed0
kg
ρ  4.2926
m3
m3
υ  0.233
kg
U  2709 .5
25C (Saturated )
υL  0.001
υv 43.42
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8.3143 KJ
R   0.26
32 kg - K
W  P( V2  V1 )  Isobaric (Nonflo
(Nonflow
w)
KJ
W  mR (T2  T1 )  52
kg
69. A 1000 kg automobile accelerates from 10 km/hr to 120 km/hr. How much work does this require?
a. 0 kJ
b. 501 kJ
c. 552 kJ
d. 80 kJ
2 2
m( v 2 v1 ) 
W  KJ
2(1000 )
m
v1  2.78
sec
m
v 2 33.33

sec
70. Steam at 1 MPa, 300°C flows through a 30 cm diameter pipe with an averag
average
e velocity of 10 m/s. The
The mass flow
rate of this steam is:
a. 0.731 kg/s
b. 2.74 kg/s
c. 3.18 kg/s
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72. A 12 V DC electrical motor draws

draws a current
current of 18 amps. How much work does this motor produceproduce over
over a 10-
10 -
minute period of operation?
a. 97.42 kJ
b. 129.6 kJ
c. 216.0 kJ
d. 318.2 kJ
73. Air at 1 MPa, 27°C is contained in a piston-cy linder device
device that is arranged
arranged to maintain a constant pressure.
How much heat is required to raise the temperature of this air to 527°C?
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leaves
leaves kP a, 157C. The mass flow rate of the air is:
the turbine at 100 kPa,
a. 87.4 kg/s
b. 137.3 kg/s
c. 327.2 kg/s
d. 435.34 kg/s
P
 RT
ρ
m  ρ Av
1000
ρ1   4.36
0.287(527  273)
m  4.36(1)100  435.34 kg/sec
77. Air enters

enters a steady state, s teady-flow
teady-flow turbine at 1,000 K Pa, 550°C through a 1m 2 duct with a velocity of 100 m/s.
1,000 KPa,
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At P  4000 KPa ; t  400C

KJ
h  3214 .1
kg
kg
ρ  13.630
m3
KJ
U  2920 .6
kg
P  50 KPa ; x  80%
KPa
h  2183 .9
ρ 0.3858
m  ρ Av
 π  2 kg
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82. A 3 m 3 drum contains a mixture at 101 KPa and 35 C of 60% Methane (CH 4) and 40% oxygen (O 2) on a volumetric
basis. Determine the amount added at 35 C to change
amount of oxygen t hat must be added change the volumetric
volumetric analysis to 50% of
each component. Determine
Determine also the new mixture pressure.
For mCH
CH 4: M = 16; k = 1.321 x CH  4
m 4
O2: R = 32 ; k = 1.395 m  2.65 - 1.514  1.136 kg

CH4
1st Condition 2nd Condition

M  0.60(16)  0.40(32)  22.4 M  0.50(16)  0.50(32)  24
8.3143 KJ 0.50(16)
R   0.371 x CH4  x 100%  33.33%
22.4 kg - K 24
PV  mRT x O2  (100  33.33)  66.67%
( ) m
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Pi Vi  miRi Ti
25(0.297(323)
VN2   54.76 m3
43.8
3.6( 4.16)(323)
VH2   54.23 m3
89.2
60(0.189)(323)
VCO2   54.67 m3
67
85. A centrifugal
centrifugal pump compresses 3000 L/ min of water fromfrom 98 KPa
KP a to 300 KPa. The
The inlet and
and outlet temperatures
temperatures are
25C (d = 994.36 kg/m ). The inlet and discharge piping are on the same level, but the diameter of the inlet piping
3
is 15 cm wherea
whereas
s that of the disc harge
harge piping is 10 cm. Determine t he pump
pump work in Kilowatts.
3,000
00 0 m3
Q  0.05
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88. A piston
piston cy linder contains air at 600
600 KP a, 290 K and volume of 0.01 m 3. A constant pressure process gives 54 KJ
and a volume
of work out. Determine the heat transfer of the process.
Given:
P 1 = P2 = 600 KPa W  P( V2  V1 )  mR (T2  T1 )
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91. Five
F ive kg
k g of methane gas is fed to a cylinder having a volume of 20 m 3 and initially containing 25 kg of methane at
cyl inder having
a press
pressure
ure of 10 bar.
bar. Determine
Det ermine the specific volume, in m 3/kg, of the methane in the cylinder
spec ific volume, cy linder initially . Repeat
Repeat for the
methane in the cylinder after the 5 kg has been added. (For Methane: R = 0.5183 KJ/kg-K; k = 1.321)
m1 = 25 kg ; V 1 = 20 m 3 ; P 1 = 10 Bar = 1000 KPa
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Q  Δh  ΔKE  ΔPE  W

Q  Δh  0  0  0
Δh  mC P (T2  T1 )
Rk
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95. The
The analysis of the natural gas showed the following
following percentages
percentages by volume:
volume: C 2H6 = 9%; CH
CH4 = 90%; CO 2 = 0.2
0.2 %
and N2 = 0.8 %. Find the
t he volume of air required per cu,m.
cu,m . of gas if the gas and 
and air are at temperature of 16 C and
a pressure of 101.6 KPa.
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105. A certain perfect

perfect gas is compressed reversibly
reversibly from
from 100 KPa, 17
17 ºC to a pressure
pressure of 500 KPa in a perf
perfectly
ectly thermally
insulated cylinder,
cyl inder, the final temperature being 77 ºC. TheThe work done on the gas during t he compression is 45
KJ/kg. Calculate, k , Cv, R and M of the gas.( 1.132; 0.75 KJ/kg-ºK; 0.099 KJ/kg-ºK; 84)
106. 1 kg of air
air at 102 KPa, 20 ºC i s compressed reversibly according to a law PV 1.3 = C to a pressure of 550 KPa.
compressed reversibly
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

Problem Set no. 1

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9. Compute the gravitat

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11. If the F scale

13. 10 liters of an incompr essible

14. If the temperature

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16. A hiker carrying a barometer

18. The 600 kg hammer

19. A lump of ice falls

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20. 5 kg of brass of specific heat 0.39 KJ/kg - C at a temperature of 176

removed to make ice of mass m = 0.720 kg at -10 C from a liquid at 15 C.

22. A steam turbine

23. Steam with a flow

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