Module in General Mathematics
INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE
Welcome Dear Marians to School Year 2020-2021!
TO OUR BELOVED LEARNER:
Praised be Jesus and Mary!
Now and Forever…
We welcome you to your Learning Module
1 for the first quarter of the academic year,
2020-2021. In light of the changes that we
have adopted due to these trying times,
we are beyond grateful that you chose to
stay here with us!
This module was written, designed,
developed, and reviewed collaboratively
by your senior high school teachers and
coordinators - of which the materials were
derived from both public and private
educational institutions. This is to ensure
that the quality of the learning content is in
par with the competencies you need to
complete the subject.
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Adhering with the regulations of the ‘New
Normal’, St. Mary’s College of Tagum, Inc.
– Senior High School, has opted to
choose distance learning with two
resources: Online and Offline. This
module is your offline resource for this
school year.
This module hopes to engage you in
learning independently at your own pace
and your own time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help you acquire the needed 21 st-
century skills while taking into
consideration your needs and
circumstances – especially in this time of
the pandemic.
We hope that you will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning
resource while being an active learner. We
pray that you will face adversities head-on
through the Transformative Ignacian-
Module in General Mathematics

WHAT’S INSIDE?
This gives you an idea of the skills or competencies you
Learning Targets are expected to learn in the module.

This activity acts as a motivation for your incoming lesson

at hand. If you have garnered a favorable score (through
Initial Task the teacher’s evaluation), decide to skip this part of the
module.

This portion contains the key words of the lessons with the
Unlocking designated definitions in context of the subject matter.
Difficulties

This is an activity or a thought-provoking question to verify

Activating Prior your previous knowledge of the lesson.
Knowledge

This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This

Lecturette aims to help you discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

This comprises activities for independent practice to

Assessment solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.

This includes questions to be filled for you to process what

Lesson Reflection you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will help you

Final Task transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations
or concerns.

*Descriptions and Icons are derived from the Alternative Delivery Mode Material from the Department of Education

Your Gentle Reminders:

 Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a
separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises – however, this is optional.
 Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
 Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.
 Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
Competency Solves rational equations and determine the
 Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
intercepts, zeroes, asymptotes, and graphs of rational

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Module in General Mathematics

2 functions.

In this module, we aim that you, in the long run and on your own will be able to present futuristic results
from current human activities to become socially aware as to maximize God given opportunities.

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

a. solve rational equations; and
b. determine the intercepts, zeroes, asymptotes, and graphs of rational functions.

Initial Task
Let’s explore!

The owner of the house wants to complete the painting of his room for a short period of
time. He knew that it takes Alfred 6 hr to paint a room and it takes Andrew 1 hr to paint the
same room.

Questions:

1. In how many hours will they complete the painting task if they work together?
2. The owner decided to hire a third painter. If they were able to finish the job in 3
hours, how long the third painter the job alone?

Unlocking of Difficulties
The following are the key words and challenging terms used in this module:

p
 Rational Expression – is of the form where p and q are polynomial expressions.
q
 Rational equation – equations with rational expressions as terms.
 Vertical Asymptotes – are vertical lines that are obtained by the x values that will make the
function undefined.
 Horizontal Asymptotes – is an output value that a function approaches as the input goes to
positive and negative infinity.

Bible Verse

Genesis 22:17 - Indeed I will greatly bless you, and I will greatly multiply your seed
as the stars of the heavens and as the sand which is on the seashore; and your seed shall
possess the gate of their enemies.

Lecturette

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Module in General Mathematics

Rational Equations
Concept
 Solving equations involving rational expressions uses the concept of simplifying rational expressions,
factoring, determining the least common denominator, cancellation of common factors, and properties of
equality.
p
 A rational expression is of the form where p and q are polynomial expressions.
q
 Equations with rational expressions as terms are called rational equations.

How to solve rational equations

Identify which of the following is true and which one is false. Justify your answers.
Example 1
x+3
1. = 5 when x = 3
2x
Solution
3+ 3
1. =5 Substitute
2(3)
6
6 =5 Simplify

1=5 1 is not equal to 5

Therefore the answer is False. To justify the answer, we have to show that x ≠ 3.
Steps Solution
Multiply both sides by the LCD. Here, the LCD is 2x. x+3
2x( 2 x ) = 5(2x)
x + 3 = 10x
Simplify by combining like terms. 10x – x = 3
9x = 3
9x 3
=
9 9
1
x=
3
1 Checking:
Verify the result by substituting the value of x =
3
. x+3
=5
Simplify to its lowest term. 2x
1
+3
3
=5
1
2( )
3

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Module in General Mathematics

10
3
=5
2
3
10 3
3
x 2
=5
30
=5
6
5=5
Conclusion The rational equation has only one solution. The
1 1
solution appears to be . Hence, when x = , then
3 3
x+3
= 5.
2x

Example 2
x 3 5
2. + = when x = -1
x−1 x 2 x
Solution
−1 3 5
2. −1−1 + −1 = Substitute
2(−1)
−1 3 5
+
−2 −1 −2= Simplify

5 5
= Equal
−2 −2

x 3 5
Therefore the answer is TRUE. To justify the answer, we have to show that if x = -1, then
x−1
+
x
=
2x
.
Steps Solution
Multiply both sides by the LCD. The LCD is 2x(x-1). x 3
(2x)(x – 1)( + ¿=¿)(2x)(x – 1)
Use the cancellation law and simplify. x−1 x
x 3
(2x)(x – 1)[ ]+ (2x)(x – 1) [ ] =¿)(2x)(x – 1)
x−1 x
2x2 + 6(x – 1) = 5(x – 1)
Solve the resulting equation by factoring. 2x2 + 6(x – 1) = 5(x – 1)
2x2 + 6x – 6 = 5x – 5

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Module in General Mathematics

2x2 + x – 1 = 0
(2x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
2x – 1 = 0 ; x + 1 = 0
1
x= ; x = -1
2
1 Checking:
Verify the values by substituting x = and x = -1 to 1
2 If x = If x = -1
the equation. Simplify to its lowest term. 2
x 3 5 x 3 5
+ = ; + =
x−1 x 2 x x−1 x 2 x
1
3 5
2 ; −1 3 5
Use your calculator to get the answer. + 1 = 1 + =
1 2( ) −1−1 x 2(−1)
−1 2 2
2
5 5
5=5 =
−2 −2
Conclusion The rational equation has two solutions. Since one of
it is x = -1, the equation is true.

ASSESSMENT:

Name: _______________________________________________________ Score: __________

Section: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________
Find the solution of the following rational equations and perform the checking.
Write your answers on the provided box.

x+4
1. =0
x−2

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Module in General Mathematics

Solution: Checking:

x2 −4
2. =2
x −2

Solution: Checking:

2
3. x + x−2 = -3
x−3

Solution: Checking:

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Module in General Mathematics

1 2
4.
x−1
+ x2
=0

Solution: Checking:

2
5. w +5 w−6 = 0
w−6

Solution: Checking:

Lecturette
Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Rational
Functions
Concept
The Intercepts of Rational Function
 The x-intercept of a rational function is a point that lies on the x-axis. To obtain x-intercept assume
that y = 0 then solve for x. Hence, ignore the denominator whenever you want to locate the x-
intercept (zeros or roots of rational function).

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Module in General Mathematics

 The y-intercept of a rational function is a point that lies on the y-axis. To obtain y-intercept, assume
that x = 0 then solve for the y.

The Asymptotes of Rational Function

 Asymptotes are lines that are approached by the graph of the function.

Two types of asymptotes:

1. Vertical asymptotes are vertical lines that are obtained by the x values that will make the function
undefined. You can find the vertical asymptote by finding a value in the domain that will cause f(x)
to become undefined. By definition,

P( x )
Let rational function f(x) = be in lowest terms. If f(x) ∞ or f(x) −∞ as
Q(x)
the x values approaches the values approach the value a, then the vertical line x = a
is a vertical asymptote.

The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f if and only if Q(a) = 0 and P(a)
≠ 0.

1. Horizontal asymptotes of rational function is an output value that a function approaches as the
input goes to positive and negative infinity. This is a horizontal line whose equation is of the form
y=b in which the curve approaches but does not cross on it.

P( x )
Let rational function f(x) = be in lowest term where Q(x) ≠ 0.
Q(x)
If f(x) b as x positive and negative ∞ , then the horizontal line y = b is a
horizontal asymptote.

Two cases of horizontal asymptote:

ax n+ …+a 2 x 2+ a1 x
Let f(x) = m
bx + …+b 2 x 2+ b1 x

a. If n < m , then the x – axis is the horizontal asymptote which is y = 0.

a
b. If n = m , then the horizontal asymptote is the line y = .
b

Example 1
Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes; and the x-intercept and y-intercept of rational function.
2
1. f(x) =
x+ 4
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Module in General Mathematics

Solution:
2
The function f(x) = is already in simplified form.
x+ 4

2
y= Change f(x) to y
x+ 4
x-intercept Let y = 0
2
0= Substitution
x+ 4
0=2 Cross Multiply
The function has no x-intercept since the numerator is a
positive value 2 and not equal to 0.
y-intercept Let x = 0
2
y= Substitution
0+4
2
y = Simplify to its lowest
4
term
1
y=
2
1
Hence, y-intercept is ( 0, ).
2
Vertical asymptotes x+4 This is your denominator
x+4=0 Equate to zero
x=-4 Transpose
Hence, the vertical asymptote is at x = - 4.
Horizontal asymptotes The degrees in the numerator and denominator are n = 0
and m = 1, respectively. That is, n < m.
Hence, the horizontal asymptote is the x – axis or y = 0.
Note: Once n < m the horizontal asymptote is always
y = 0.

Example 2
Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes; and the x-intercept and y-intercept of rational function.

x2 + x−6
2. h(x) =
3 x2 + x

Note: If the function is not in simplified form you should factor it.
Solution:
The numerator and the denominator of the function have to have to be factored first. We have,

x2 + x−6 (x−3)( x +2)

h(x) = =
3 x2 + x x (3 x+ 1)

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Module in General Mathematics

(x−3)( x +2)
y= Change f(x) to y
x (3 x+ 1)
x-intercept Let y = 0
(x−3)( x +2)
0= Substitution
x (3 x+ 1)
0 = (x – 3)(x + 2) Cross Multiply
x–3=0 ; x+2=0 Equate the numerator to zero
x = 3 ; x = -2 Transpose
Hence, the x-intercepts are (3,0) and (-2,0).
y-intercept Let x = 0
(0−3)(0+2)
y= Substitution
0(3(0)+1)
(0−3)(0+2)
y= Simplify
0(3(0)+1)
−6
y=
0
Note: when the numerator is equal to zero the answer is
undefined.
Therefore, there is no y-intercept since h(0) is undefined.
Vertical asymptotes x(3x + 1) This is your denominator
x(3x + 1) = 0 Equate to zero
x = 0 ; 3x + 1 = 0
3x = -1 Transpose
3x −1
3 = 3 Dividing both sides by
3
−1
x=
3
−1
Hence, the vertical asymptotes are x = 0 and x = .
3
Horizontal asymptotes Based on the original function (not factored) the degrees
of the polynomial in the numerator and denominator are
equal. That is n = m. The leading coefficients are a = 1
and b = 3.
1
Hence, y =
3
Note: Your n and m should be based on the highest
degree of the numerator and denominator.

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Module in General Mathematics

ASSESSMENT:

Name: _______________________________________________________ Score: __________

Section: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________

Find the intercepts, vertical asymptote, and horizontal asymptote of the functions.
Write your answers on the provided box.

Functions x-intercept y-intercept Vertical Horizontal

asymptote asymptote
5
1. f(x) = x

6
2. g(x) = 2
x +2 x−8

3. h(x) =
(x−1)(x−5)
( 2 x )( x−4)

x2 −2 x +1
4. f(x) =
x 2 +3 x

4 x2
5. g(x) =
x2 −2 x−6

6. r(x) =

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Module in General Mathematics

4 x−8
(x−4)( x +1)

x2 +2 x
7. s(x) =
x−1

x2 −2 x−8
8. f(x) =
4x

x3 −x2
9. h(x) = 2
x −1

10. g(x) =
2
(x +5)(2 x−3)

Lecturette

Graph of Rational Functions

Graph each rational function.
Example 1

2
1. f(x) = x−2 The function is in its simplest form already.

Solution:
Step 1: Change f(x) to y
2
y=
x−2

Step 2: x-intercept

Let y = 0
2
y=
x−2

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Module in General Mathematics

2
0 = x−2 Substitution

0=2 Cross Multiply

Hence, there is no x-intercept.

Step 3: y-intercept

Let x = 0
2
y=
x−2
2
y = 0−2 Substitution

2
y= Simplify
−2

y = -1

Hence, the y-intercept is y = -1.

Step 4: Vertical asymptote

x–2 The denominator of your function

x–2=0 Equate to zero
x=2

Hence, the vertical asymptote is x = 2.

Step 5: Horizontal asymptote

The degrees in the numerator and denominator are n = 0 and m = 1, respectively. That is, n < m.
Hence, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

Step 6: Table of values

Vertical asymptote x=2

x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y Undefined

Note: Always put the value of your vertical asymptote at the center of the table of values and must be the basis of
your number line, putting integers ascendingly (to the right) and descendingly (to the left) to your table of values.

x = -1 x=0 x=1 x=2 x=3 x=4 x=5

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Module in General Mathematics

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y= y= y= y= y= y= y=
x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y= y= y= y= y= y= y=
−1−2 0−2 1−2 2−2 3−2 4−2 5−2
y = -1 y = -2 y= Undefined y=2 y=1 2
2 y=
3
y=-
3 2
−2 (0, -1) (1, -2) (2, Undefined) (3, 2) (4, 1) (-1, 3 )
(-1, 3 )

Step 7: Graph

Example 2

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Module in General Mathematics

x2
2. f(x) =
4−x 2
The function is not in its simplest form.
x2
f(x) = Factor
(2+ x )(2−x)

Solution:
Step 1: Change f(x) to y
x2
y=
(2+ x )(2−x)

Step 2: x-intercept

Let y = 0
x2
y=
(2+ x )( 2−x)
x2
0= Substitution
(2+ x )( 2−x)
0 = x2 Cross Multiply
x=0
Hence, the x-intercept is x = 0.

Step 3: y-intercept

Let x = 0
x2
y=
(2+ x )(2−x)
02
y= Substitution
(2+0)(2−0)

0
y= Simplify
(2)(2)

0
y= Simplify
4

y=0

Hence, the y-intercept is y = 0.

Step 4: Vertical asymptote

(2 + x)(2 – x) The denominator of your function

(2 + x)(2 – x)= 0 Equate to zero
2+x=0 ; 2–x=0
-x = 2 Simplify
-(-x = 2)

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Module in General Mathematics

x = -2

Hence, the vertical asymptote is x = 2 and x = -2.

Step 5: Horizontal asymptote

The degrees in the numerator and denominator are n = 0 and m = 1, respectively. That is, n < m.
Hence, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

Step 6: Table of values

Vertical asymptote x = -2 Vertical asymptote x=2

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y Undefined Undefined

x = -5 x = -4 x = -3 x = -2
2 2 2
x x x x2
y= y= y= y=
(2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )( 2−x)
y= (−4)2 y= y=
2 y= 2
(−5) (2+(−4)) ¿ ¿ (−3) (−2)2
(2+(−5))(2−(−5)) 16 (2+(−3))(2−(−3)) (2+(−2))(2−(−2))
25 y= 9 4
y= (2−4)(2+ 4) y= y=
(2−5)(2+5) 16 (2−3)( 2+3) (2−2)(2+2)
25 y= 9 4
y= (−2)(6) y= y=
(−3)(7) 16 (−1)(5) (0)( 4)
25 y= 9 4
y= −12 y= y=
−21 4 −5 0
y = -1.19 y= y = -1.8 y = Undefined
−3
y = -1.33
(-4, -1.33)
(-5, -1.19) (-3, -1.8)
(-2, Undefined)

x = -1 x=0 x=1 x=2

x2 x2 x2 x2
y= y= y= y=
(2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )( 2−x)
y= ( 0)2 (1)2 (2)2
y= y= y=
(2+0)(2−0) (2+1)(2−1) (2+2)(2−2)

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Module in General Mathematics

(−1)2 0 1 4
y= y= y=
(2+(−1))(2−(−1)) (2)(2) (3)(1) (4)(0)
1 0 1 4
y= y= y= y=
(2−1)(2+1) 4 3 0
1 y=0 y = 0.33 y = Undefined
y=
(1)(3) (2, Undefined)
1
y=
3 (0, 0) (1, 0.33)
y = 0.33
(-1, 0.33)

x=3 x=4 x=5

2 2 2
x x x
y= y= y=
(2+ x )( 2−x) (2+ x )(2−x) (2+ x )(2−x)
(3)2 (4)2 (5)2
y= y= y=
(2+3)(2−3) (2+ 4)(2−4) (2+5)(2−5)
9 16 25
y= y= y=
(5)(−1) (6)(−2) (7)(−3)
9 16 25
y= y= y=
−5 −12 −21
y = -1.8 4 y = -1.19
y=
−3
y = -1.33
(4, -1.33) (5, -1.19)
(3, -1.8)

Step 7: Graph

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Module in General Mathematics

ASSESSMENT:

Name: _______________________________________________________ Score: __________

Section: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________
Identify the intercept, vertical asymptote, horizontal asymptote. Sketch the graph of
the following rational functions.

x 2−4
1. f(x) = 2
x −4 x

Solution:

3
2. g(x) = 2
x −9

Solution:

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Module in General Mathematics

2 x +8
3. h(x) = x−2

Solution:

x2 −3 x −4
4. r(x) =
2 x 2−4 x

Solution:

x 3−x 2+12
5. s(x) =
x2 −3 x −4

Solution:

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Module in General Mathematics

Lesson Reflection:
My journey through this lesson enabled me to learn

It made me realize that

I, therefore, commit to

References:

Aoanan, G.O., et al. (2016). General Mathematics for Senior High School. Published in 2016
by C & E Publishing, Inc.

Regacho, C.F., et al. (2017). Senior High School: Mathematics Skills for Life. Published since
1936 by ABIVA Publishing House, Inc.

Prepared by:

CHRISTOFER EDWARD A. LERIO, LPT.

Subject Teacher

Checked by:

RAYMOND W. DELA CUESTA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

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Module in General Mathematics

Senior High School Academic Coordinator

Noted by:

ELEANOR C. AGUILLON, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Senior High School Focal Person

Approved by:

S. MA. FRANCISA M. MAÑIBO, RVM

School Principal

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