08.

AutoPIPE vs Caesar Benchmark

Applies To

Product(s): AutoPIPE

Version(s): ALL;

Area: Results

Date Logged
Oct. 2017
& Current
11.01.00.23
Version

Model Definition

AutoPIPE:
The model taken is a pump system where Pump A(Point 1) or Pump B(Point 90) or both Pump A and
B are in operation. The point 170 is connected to a vessel oriented in Z axis and at this point we enter a
flexible anchors(by CAESAR under the WRC297 and by AUTOPIPE under user flexibility)

Pipe OD at Pump
A or B 168.3 mm

Wall Thickness at
7.1 mm
Pump A or B

Pipe OD after the

219.1 mm
reducer

Wall Thickness
8.2 mm
after the reducer

Temperature for
the pump in 450 degC
Operation

Temperature for
80 degC
spare Pump

Material A106B

Piping Code B31.3:2006

Allowable Stress at
137.89 N/mm2
80 degC

Allowable Stress at
86.29 N/mm2
405 degC

Pressure 10 bar

caesar
AutoPIPE
UNIFORM LOAD
Number of load cases : 4
Changes
Load case 1 - E1
U1
X-Multiplier= 0.100
X1 Dir = .10 g`s
Y-Multiplier= -0.050
Y1 Dir = .00 g`s
Z-Multiplier= 0.000
Z1 Dir = .00 g`s

Load case 2 - E2
U2
X-Multiplier= 0.000
X2 Dir = .00 g`s
Y-Multiplier= -0.050
Earthquake Y2 Dir = -.05 g`s
Z-Multiplier= 0.100
Loading Z2 Dir = .00 g`s
 Load case 3 - E3 U3
X-Multiplier= -0.100 X3 Dir = .00 g`s
Y-Multiplier= -0.050 Y3 Dir = .00 g`s
Z-Multiplier= 0.000 Z3 Dir = .10 g`s

Load case 4 - E4 E1= U1+U2 (CAESAR)

X-Multiplier= 0.000 E2=U2+U3(CAESAR)
Y-Multiplier= -0.050 E3=-U1+U2(CAESAR)
Z-Multiplier= -0.100 E4=U2-U3(CAESAR)

Number of load cases : 4

Ground elevation for wind : 0.00 mm

Wind shape factor multiplier : 0.700
Exposed Segments - A B
Wind application method : Normal

Load case 1 - W1
X= 1.000
Y= 0.000
Z= 0.000

Load case 2 - W2
X= -1.000
Y= 0.000
Z= 0.000

Load case 3 - W3
X= 0.000
Y= 0.000
Wind Loading
Z= 1.000

Load case 4 - W4
X= 0.000
Y= 0.000
Z= -1.000
 User defined wind profile
Height (mm) Press (N/m2 )
----------- --------------
From : Ground
to : 7000.00 480.00
to : 10000.00 540.00
to : 15000.00 630.00
to : 20000.00 700.00
to : 25000.00 760.00
to : 50000.00 990.00

Valves between
10-15,15-20,70-
5000 N each
75,75-80 Nodes
Weight

Reducer between
.
1-5,85-90 Nodes
168.3 mm/7.1mm
OD1/WT1
219.1 mm/8.2mm
OD2/WT2

Node point:
Welding Tee
45

Elbow
Node points:
Radius 1.5 25,40,50,60,65,105,115,120,130,140,150,155
OD=304.8 mm

Node Point 20: Stiffness Rate:133N/mm ,Cold

load:14083 N
Node Point 35: Stiffness Rate: 67N/mm ,Cold
load:5928 N
Spring Hanger
Node Point 55: Stiffness Rate: 67N/mm ,Cold
load:4943 N
Node Point 70: Stiffness Rate:133N/mm ,Cold
load:14547 N

Node points:
110,125,135,145
V-Stop(+Y support) Support Friction=0.3

Line Stop (Stop in Node point:

X direction) 110
simulated by an
incline support Support Friction=0.3

Node point:
Flexible Nozzle
170

AutoPIPE used
Vessel Axis = Global Z
User Flexibilities
Axial Translation Stiffness=32422 N/mm
CAESAR II used
Longitudinal Bending Stiffness=39422 Nm/deg.
WRC297
Circumferential Bending Stiffness=8916Nm/deg.

Node point:
1, 90
Thermal Anchor
Movements:
Case T1: DY = 2.35mm, Case T3: DY = 2.35mm
Case T2: DY = 2.35mm, Case T3: DY = 2.35mm

RIGID Support and Anchor Stiffness

AutoPIPE caesar
Support Rigid Stiffness Support or Anchors Stiffness
Translation: 1.7512 E+9 N/mm Translation: 1.75E+11 N/mm
Rotation: 1.3558E+12 Nm/degree Rotation: 1.1298E+11 Nm/degree

Anchors Rigid Stiffness Friction Stiffness: 4.38e+006 N/mm

Translation: 1.7512 E+9 N/mm
Rotation: 1.3558E+12 Nm/degree The friction stiffness, the friction angle variation,
the friction slide multiplier and the coefficient of
Default Friction Stiffness: 1.7512e+10 N/mm friction are able to be set in the configuration file.

AUTOPIPE does not allow you to change the

friction stiffness but the friction tolerance is used
to check analysis convergence.

Simulated Valves

AutoPIPE
AutoPIPE assumes that a valve is 100 times
stiffer than the connecting pipe material at the
start of the valve.
The Surface Area Factor is the factor used to
multiply the insulation weight of the pipe per units
length to get the insulation weight of the valve per
units length.
To simulate the rigid element like CAESAR II , the
valves are going to be modeled like an element
with 10 times the wall thickness of the pipe and
we will have to correct the weight entered(5000
N) because in this case the weight per meter is
much bigger.
PIPE3 is the pipe with 82 mm wall thickness.
The weight of the pipe total =3170 N/m
The element 533 mm= 1689.6 N
The element 419 mm=1328.2 N
caesar
CAESAR II forms rigid elements by multiplying
the wall thickness of the element by 10. The
inside diameter, and the weight of the element,
remain unchanged.
The weight of insulation added is equal to the
same weight that would be computed for an
equivalent straight pipe times 1.75 and cannot be
changed.
According to CAESAR II Miscellaneous Data
The element 533 has a total weight of
9381+439+253=10073 N/m
That means a weight of 5368.9 N
The element 419 has a total weight of
11933+439+253= 12625 N/m
That means a weight of 5289.8 N

The weight of the check valve(533 mm) to be

entered should be :
5368.9-1689.6= 3679.3 N

The weight of the check valve(419 mm) to be

entered should be :
5289.8 N-1328.2 N=3961.6 N

The insulation density has been changed from .2

 Kg/dm3 auf 1.75 x .2=.35 Kg/dm3

Post Processing Load Case (Non-linear)

Sustain Stress

AutoPIPE caesar
GR(1)=GR+MaxP(1) L13=W+P1+H
L14=W+P2+H
GR=Weight L15=W+P3+H
MaxP(1)=The max pressure into the system
(Between P1,P2,P3) -W=Weight
(1)=Analysis Set 1 -P1=Presure 1
-P2=Pressure 2
-P3=Pressure 3
-H=Hanger

No stress
Operating loading cases are only to check the displacements & forces and moments

AutoPIPE caesar
GT1(1)=GR(1)+T1(1) L2=W+D1+T1+P1+H
GT2(1)=GR(1)+T2(1) L3=W+D2+T2+P2+H
GT3(1)=GR(1)+T3(1) L4=W+D3+T3+P3+H

T1(1)=Temperature 1 for analysis set 1 T1=Temperature 1

T2(1)=Temperature 1 for analysis set 1 T2=Temperature 2
T3(1)=Temperature 1 for analysis set 1 T3=Temperature 3
D1 =Displacement by T1
D2=Displacement by T2
D3=Displacement by T3

Expansion Stress
Operating loading cases are only to check the displacements & forces and moments

AutoPIPE caesar
Amb to T1(1) Exp1=L2-L13
Amb to T2(1) Exp2=L3-L14
Amb to T3(1) Exp3=L4-L15
Max Range
GR(1)--> P1(1) P1(1)>T1(1)

Thermal expansion from Ambient temperature to

T1(1),T2(1),T3(1)
Through the load sequencing, we start to apply
1st the weight(GR) ,2nd the max Pressure ,3rd
the temperature.
Max Range=the maximum difference between
the temperatures(T1,T2,T3)

Occasional Case - Static Earthquake

The combination is done by summation of the absolute value of each term at the stress level

AutoPIPE caesar
E1 = in x and -1/2 x in y dir U1=in x dir
E2 = in -x and -1/2 x in y dir U2=-1/2 x in y dir
E3 = in z and -1/2 z in y dir U3=in z dir
E4 = in -z and -1/2 z in y dir To be build:
L5=OP1+U1+U2
Dir = direction L6=OP1-U1+U2
L7=OP1+U2-U3
To be checked: L8=OP1+U2-U3
L19=L5-L2=U1+U2
SUS+E1 L20=L6-L2=-U1+U2
SUS+E2 L21=L7-L2=U2+U3
SUS+E3 L22=L8-L2=U2-U3
SUS+E4 To be Checked:
L13+L19
 SUS = GR(1) +MaxP L13+L20
L13+L21
L13+L22

U is for uniform load in g

U1+U2=E1
-U1+U2=E2
U2+U3=E3
U2-U3=E4
OP1=Operating 1
The check has been done only for OP1.It should
be repeated for OP2 and OP3
To be able to check the non linear effect of static
earthquake ,a loading case OP1+static
Earthquake has to be build and after this loading
case minus the OP1, give us the non linear
effect of the static earthquake which has to be
added to the sustain in Absolute value.

Occasional Case - Wind

The combination is done by summation of the absolute value of each term at the stress level

AutoPIPE caesar
W1 = Wind in X dir WIN1=Wind in X dir
W2 = Wind in -X dir WIN2=Wind in -X dir
W3 = Wind in Z dir WIN3=Wind in Z dir
W4 = Wind in -Z dir WIN4=Wind in -Z dir

To be checked: A User Profile is going to be given (a Pressure

per elevation)
SUS+W1 The same system has to be used as the static
SUS+W2 earthquake.
SUS+W3
SUS+W4
 A User Profile is going to be given (a
Pressure per elevation)
The Units File
AutoPIPE
By Autopipe you can create your own units file
but you have to define your own conversion
coefficients. The basic is the English
units(English.unt)
and we have created a metric units file called
CAESAR.unt)
caesar
By CAESAR II you can as well create your own
units but the conversion factors are already
calculated for you and you only need to choose
the units you want. The basic calculation is as
well done in English units. The units file is called
for instance FUCHS.fil and have to be stored into
the system directory from CAESAR II to be able
to be used on all calculations.
Once you set by the CAESAR.CFG the default
units file, the input you create is set to these
units.
To get other units by the output, you only need to
change the units in the configuration file after
that. It is always possible to change the input
units
By using CAESAR Tools/convert Input to new
units
The Units file to be used is set under:

General Model Options dialog

A different units file for the input and output can

be set. If you need to change the units, you can
always go back to General Model Options dialog
and change it.

AUTOPIPE.unt are set per default in English

units. If you change the name for instance SI.unt
into AUTOPIPE.unt. The default unit is going to
be SI.

The Configuration File

 AutoPIPE
Edit Model options Dialog.
Analysis Loading Definition
AutoPIPE
AUTOPIPE static analyses by load
increments.
It is important to note that in an AUTOPIPE
analysis, each load case is an increment of load,
not a total load as in Caesar.
caesar
The configuration file from CAESAR II is located
in the working directory and not attached to the
input file. That means that it is a common file
from a certain directory. The main disadvantage
is that if you change anything in this config
because of a certain input and you rerun another
input under this directory, the results are going to
be changed..
caesar
CAESAR II is performing analyses for total loads.
That means that CAESAR II is throwing every
item (Weight, displacements, Temperature and
so on) in a basket and adds everything together
regardless when it happens.
For a linear analysis, the results for each load
case are obtained all at once and the
“Gaps/Friction/Soil" option has to be disabled.
For a nonlinear analysis the results are obtained
sequentially.
Non-Linear load increments, the steps are:
1-Analyze for Gravity; then
2-Analyze for thermal, specifying gravity as
the initial state i.e. GR->P1->T1
The “Static analysis set” is set under
Loads/Static Analysis Set
If analyses are performed for total loads, the
steps are:
1-Analyze for gravity(Weight)
2-Analyze for gravity(Weight) +Thermal(T1)
=OP1 (Operating case) ,then
3-subtract step 2 from step 1 to obtain thermal
The loading cases will look like:
L1=W+P1(SUS)
L2=W+P1+T1+D1(OPE)
L3=L2-L1(EXP)
SUS= sustained
OPE=Operating case
EXP= Expansion case=Stress range

To sum up ,you can find following annotations

AutoPIPE caesar

Gr W+P1
T1 T1+D1
GT1 W+D+T1+P1
W1 (Wind) Win1 (wind)
E1 U1 (earthquake)

To obtain non linear analysis in Caesar II, create

a loading case operating, then operating + wind
or +earthquake, then subtract the operating +
wind or + earthquake from operating alone. Then
this occasional load will be added to the
sustained stresses and compare to 1.33 Sh for
instance by ASME B31.3

By the load case editor, you can define the type

 of loading. To notice that the basic allowable
stresses taken are set by the stress type:

SUS -> sustained stress against Sh

EXP -> Expansion stress against SA=f (1.25
Sc+0.25 Sh) when the liberal stress is not
activated Otherwise SA=f (1.25Sc+0.25Sh) +
(Sh-SL) when the liberal stress is activated.

This is activated by the CAESAR II Config. OPE -

> there is no stresses check, it is only valid to
check the forces and moments. It is important to
notice that first the basic loading cases are
defined, then their combinations

Note: Ignore Friction E and Ignore Friction

It is always possible to save the loading cases to
GR options have to be unchecked since
be able to reuse it on other input.
CAESAR II the friction is always acting

The code and non-code combinations are

created automatically and we can define as
many analysis sets up to 999 and combine the
results as we want.

User non-code combinations can be created and

typically used to create operating cases to
examine maximum forces and moments on
equipment nozzles and supports or anchors.

Note: The hydrotest is a linear analysis and

In the load case options , you can define the
typically defined in a 2nd analysis set to define
output statut: which allows you to specify
this case.
whether or not you will be able to check the
loading case.

Output type:

To define on which level your combination is

going to be (at diplacement/force/stress or at
 Dipl/force or Disp/stress or force/stress or disp
or force or stress).

Combination method: Algebraic ,Scalar ,SRSS

,Abs ,Max ,Min ,SignMax ,SingMin

Snubbers: active or not active

Hanger stiffness: Rigid, Ignor ,as design

Elastic Modulus: Ec or Eh

Friction multiplier: to turn on(1) or off (0)the

friction

With our example having 4 loading cases in

Static earthquake and 4 wind directions,we end
up having already 36 loading cases defined with
the friction on.As the friction is not always
acting,we should do the same loading cases
without friction.

CAESAR II loading became quite complicated

GT1=GR+T1 -> Operating 1 by CII

GE1=GR+E1 -> SUS+U1+U2 by CII
GW1=GR+W1 -> SUS+WIND1 by CII

We have as well to define operating 1 + Wind1

by the non-code combination to define
the maximum forces and moments on supports.

For the wind load, we define the wind pressure

per elevation or use other codes.
Load Combinations can be selected for printing

Input Check
AutoPIPE caesar
Big advantage using AutoPIPE, check the input
using 1 of 2 methods :
 1. Input grid
2. Model input listing

Setup File Parameters

Setup File Parameters

Pipe Properties Pipe Properties

Note: This is the simulation of the rigid element

with 10 times the wall thickness but the weight is
kept the same and the insulation are multiplied by
1.75

Reducers Reducers

Elbows Elbows
There are very small differences between SIFI
,SIFO .Autopipe has only one flexibility factor,
CAESAR II has 2(inplane / outplane) but same
value

Tees Tees

Material Data Material Data.

Temperature and Pressure Temperature and Pressure

Anchor Movements Anchor Movements

Restraint System Restraint System

Spring Hangers Spring Hangers

Flexible Nozzle at 170 Flexible Nozzle at 170

Earthquake Load-cases Earthquake Load-cases

E1= U1+U2
E2=U2+U3
E3=-U1+U2
E4=U2-U3
Wind Load-cases Wind Load-cases

Results Comparison
AutoPIPE caesar

Max GR(1) Stress

The difference(37.52-36.91) is 1.6%

Max Displacement DY

The difference(9.36-9.35) is 0%

Max Displacement DX

the difference(2.8-2.79) is 0%

Max Displacement DZ

The difference(5.7-5.67) is 0%
Stress comparison in Stress comparison in
Temperature T1,T2,T3 Temperature T1,T2,T3

T1(1)Max Stress =67.89 N/mm2 :difference
= 5.1%
EXP(T1) Max Stress = 64.4 N/mm2
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm. )
LOADCASE 16 EXPANSION CASE
CONDITION 1
CodeStress Ratio (%): 33.2 @Node
130
Code Stress: 64.4 Allowable: 193.9

T2(1)Max Stress =67.13 N/mm2 :difference

EXP(T2) Max Stress non linear= 67.4
= 0.4%
N/mm2

Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm. )

T3(1)Max Stress =68.07 N/mm2 :difference
= 3.7%
LOADCASE 17 EXPANSION CASE
CONDITION 2
CodeStress Ratio (%): 34.7 @Node 98
Code Stress: 67.4 Allowable: 193.9
EXP(T3) Max Stress non linear= 65.5
N/mm2

Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm. )

LOADCASE 18 EXPANSION CASE
CONDITION 3
CodeStress Ratio (%): 33.8 @Node
130
Code Stress: 65.5 Allowable: 193.9

Comparison of Sustained and Thermal Forces and

Moments

Non-Linear Analysis
Notes:

1. With +ve % difference results are CAESAR II bigger than AUTOPIPE. On 28 results, 23 cases
CAESAR II gives higher Forces and Moments.

When the difference is above 6.6 % ,it is always the case that CAESAR II is calculating higher
forces and moments. The maximum difference is 24.2%.

2. AutoPIPE has a more advanced non-linear analysis engine with load sequencing and we can
expect a more accurate non-linear results than CAESAR

Node Point 1

Node Point 90
 Linear Analysis

Notes:
To get CAESAR II to make analysis linear, set the restraints as Y instead of +Y supports at node
points: 110 ,125,135, and 140. If enter as +Y, the supports are non linear. The friction by the
loading cases are set to zero.

That means that you cannot do a linear analysis on the same input. We have to create a separate
input to set up the conditions for non-linear analysis.
AUTOPIPE is able on the same input to have non-linear and linear analysis because it can create
a new analysis set with the linear conditions.

Node Point 1
Node Point 90

Comparison of Occasional Loads in T1 temperature case

Non-Linear Analysis
Notes:
 1. With +ve % difference results are CAESAR II bigger than AUTOPIPE. On 32 results, 23 cases
CAESAR II gives higher Forces and Moments.

One result, AUTOPIPE is bigger than CAESAR II ,we have a difference of 17%. Otherwise in most
cases CAESAR II is calculating higher forces and moments with a maximum of 19.3%

2. AutoPIPE has a more advanced non-linear analysis engine with load sequencing and we can
expect a more accurate non-linear results than CAESAR

Node Point 1

Node Point 90
 Linear Analysis

Notes:

1. The Linear Results are consistently under 5% difference, with only one result at 6.1 %

Node Point 1

Node Point 90
CONCLUSION

AUTOPIPE has a more advanced non-linear analysis engine with load sequencing and we can
expect a more accurate non-linear results than CAESAR II. Caesar non-linear results are consistently
higher than AutoPIPE.

By the comparison, the maximum differences for Stresses and Displacements was 5.1 %.

See WIKI here for typical reasons why results may be different.

See Also
Bentley AutoPIPE

 comparing  COMPARE  Caesar  AutoPIPE

 Created by Mike Dattilio
When: Tue, Oct 10 2017 6:44 PM

Last revision by Mike Dattilio

When: Tue, Nov 28 2017 10:42 AM
Revisions: 45
Comments: 0

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