Signals and Systems I

Chapter 2
Signal Analysis

Part2 
 Signals
• Signals are variables that carry information
• Examples:
 Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a circuit
 Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals (analog or digital)
 Video signals --- intensity variations in an image (e.g. a CAT
scan)
 Biological signals --- sequence of bases in a gene
 Noise: unwanted signal
:

Part 2/1
 Measuring Signals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Amplitude
0
1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652 673 694 715

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

Period

Part 2/2
 Definitions
• Voltage – the force which moves an electrical current
against resistance

• Waveform – the shape of the signal (previous slide is a

sine wave) derived from its amplitude and frequency
over a fixed time (other waveform is the square wave)

• Amplitude – the maximum value of a signal, measured

from its average state

• Frequency (pitch) – the number of cycles produced in a

second – Hertz (Hz). Relate this to the speed of a
processor eg 1.4GigaHertz or 1.4 billion cycles per
second

Part 2/3
 Signal Basics
Continuous time (CT) and discrete time (DT) signals
 CT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent
variable that ranges over the real numbers and are denoted as x(t).

 DT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent

variable that ranges over the integers and are denoted as x[n].

 Note the subtle use of parentheses and square brackets to distinguish between
CT and DT signals.

Part 2/4
 Analog or Digital
• Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over
time
– AM, FM for voice sound
– Traditional TV for analog video
– First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
– Record player
• Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value
– VCD, DVD
– 2G/3G cellular phone
– Data on your disk
• Digital age: why digital communication will prevail

Part 2/5
 Analogue vs. Digital
Analog Signal
x(t)

Digital signal

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Part 2/6
 Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals
 Periodic signals have the property that x(t + T) = x(t) for all t.
 The smallest value of T that satisfies the definition is called the
period.
 Shown below are an aperiodic signal (left) and a periodic signal
(right).

Part 2/7
 Deterministic vs. Random
• A signal is deterministic if we can define its value at each time
point as a mathematical function

• A signal is random if it cannot be described by a mathematical

function (can only define statistics)
– Example:
• Electrical noise generated in an amplifier of a radio/TV
receiver.

Part 2/8
 Power and Energy Signals
• Energy Signal: A signal with finite energy. Satisfies:

2
| g (t ) | dt  

• Power Signal: A signal with finite and non zero power (mean
square value). Fulfills:
1 T
0  lim  | g (t ) | dt  
2 2
T

TT
2

Part 2/9
 Power and Energy Signals
• Power Signal • Energy Signal
– Infinite duration – Finite duration
– Normalized power – Normalized energy
is finite and non- is finite and non-
zero zero
– Normalized energy – Normalized power
averaged over averaged over
infinite time is infinite time is zero
infinite – Physically
– Mathematically realizable
tractable
• Although “real” signals are energy signals, we
analyze them pretending they are power signals!
Part 2/10
Ex. 2.1:
Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If a
signal is periodic, determine its fundamental period.

:Solution

Part 2/11
Ex 2.2 :
Determine whether the following signals are energy signals, power
signals, or neither.

Solution

.Thus, x( t ) is an energy signal

(b) The sinusoidal signal x( t ) is periodic with To = 2π/ ω Then , the
average power of x(t ) is :

Thus, x( t ) is a power signal. Note that periodic signals are, in general,

power signals.
Part 2/12
Some Useful Function
Ramp function

 t , t 0
r (t ) 
0, t  0
dr (t ) t
u (t )  or r (t )   u ( )d
dt 

Part 2/13
Step function

1, t  0
u (t ) 
0 , t  0

Shift a
1
1, t  a
u (t  a )  a t
0 , t  a

Part 2/14
Impulse function

 (t )
 (1)
  (t )dt 1

Amplitude 
 (t ) 0 for t 0 t
width  0

Part 2/15
 r (t )

u (t )

 d
 (t ) dt

 (t )

Part 2/16
simple operation
f (t )

f (t ) u (t )  r (t )  r (t  1)

u (t )
r (t  1)

r (t )

Part 2/17
Sinc Function

sin   t 
sinc  t  
t

Part 2/18
 The Unit Triangle Function

A triangular pulse whose height and area are both one but its base
width is not, is called unit triangle function.

Part 2/19
Rectangular Pulse or Gate Function

1/ a , t  a / 2
Rectangular pulse,  a  t  
0 , t  a/2

Part 2/20
Even signal

f ( t )  f (t )
t

odd signal f (t )

f ( t )  f (t ) t

Part 2/21
Time shifting

Part 2/22
 Signal Representation
 We look for simple models to describe signals
 Requirements for the models:
 It must include all the valuable information of the
signal – no information loss
 It should be as simplest as possible
 Example: to represent a straight line -> duple(point,
slope)

Part 2/23
Phasors and Line Spectra

Part 2/24
Part 2/25
Part 2/26
Part 2/27
 Examples
Ex 2.3  
Draw the line spectrum of the following waveform 40t-60) + t

Ex 2.4
Repeat Ex 2.3 using (double-sided) spectrum concept

Ex 2.5
Construct the single-sided and double-sided spectrum of
t

H.W 2.1
Construct the single-sided and double-sided spectrum of
0t - ) + t)

Part 2/28