LAB # 1

Objective:

1. Measurement of liquid diffusion coefficient of NaCL solution in deionized water.

2. Observing effect of concentration on diffusion coefficient
3. Explore Fick’s law of diffusion.

Apparatus:

 Diffusion cell
 Capillaries
 Conductivity Probe
 Conductivity meter
 Diffusion vessel
 Magnetic stirrer
 Bench

Chemicals Required:

1. 4 M NaCL solution.
2. Distilled water.

Experimental Setup:

Fig-1
 Theory:

1. Diffusion:

Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atom, ions, and molecules) from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in
concentration.

The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle
diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price
values). The central idea of diffusion, however, is common to all of these: an object (for example, atom,
idea, etc.) undergoing diffusion spreads out from a point or location at which there is a higher
concentration of that object.

A gradient is the change in the value of a quantity, for example, concentration, pressure, or
temperature with the change in another variable, usually distance. A change in concentration over a
distance is called a concentration gradient, a change in pressure over a distance is called a pressure gradient,
and a change in temperature over a distance is called a temperature gradient.

Fig-2 A diffusion phenomena occurring in a Box

Some particles are dissolved in a glass of water. At first, the particles are all near one top corner of the
glass. If the particles randomly move around ("diffuse") in the water, they even tually become
distributed randomly and uniformly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration,
and organized (diffusion continues, but with no net flux).

Fick’s law:

Fick's Law essentially states that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a permeable membrane is
determined by the chemical nature of the membrane itself, the surface area of the membrane, the partial
pressure gradient of the gas across the membrane, and the thickness of the membrane.
𝑱 = −𝑫 dc
dx
Where,
J: diffusion
flux D:
diffusivity
c:
concentration
x: position
Diffusion Coefficient:

Diffusion coefficient is the proportionality issue D in Fick's regulation (see Diffusion) with the aid of
which the mass of a substance dM diffusing in time dt via the surface dF regular to the diffusion direction
is proportional to the concentration gradient grad c of this substance: dM = −D grad c dF dt. Hence,
physically, the diffusion coefficient implies that the mass of the substance diffuses via a unit floor in a
unit time at a awareness gradient of harmony. The size of D within the SI system is a rectangular meter in
keeping with 2d.

The diffusion coefficient is a physical steady depending on molecule length and other properties of the
diffusing substance in addition to on temperature and stress. Diffusion coefficients of 1 substance into the
opposite are generally determined experimentally

V = The volume of water in the outer vessel in cm 3

x = The length of capillaries

d =The diameter of capillaries in cm

N = Number of capillaries

M = Molarity of the salt solution

Cm= Electric conductivity change per unit molarity change (dilute solutions)

dk = Rate of change of conductivity per time

dt
Concentration effect on diffusion coefficient:

Concentration and diffusion coefficient has inversely relationship with each other which means that rate of
diffusivity coefficient increases with the decrease of Concentration.

Procedure:

Before proceeding we will categorized our task in this experiment

 Determine the values of CM by calibrating the apparatus

 Determine the diffusion coefficient

Determination of CM

 Decide the quantity of NaCl that need to be weighed out to make up a liter of 0.001M
NaCl solution. Weigh the NaCl on an analytical balance and transfer it to the check
vessel containing 1 liter of distilled water. Allow the pattern to dissolve.
 Determine the amount of NaCl that should be weighed out to increase the concentration
by 0.0002M. Weigh the NaCl on an analytical balance and transfer it to the test vessel
containing the NaCl solution in step 5 above. Let the salt dissolve. Collect 10 minutes of
data at 10 second intervals.
 Now Continue adding the salt for collecting voltage/conductivity records until you get
standards records for 0.001, 0.0012, 0.0014, 0.0016, 0.0018 and 0.002M.
 Plot the graph between NaCl verses Conductivity the CM could be the slope of this graph
 After finishing this clean up the apparatus.

Determination of Diffusion Coefficient:

 Decide the quantity of water had to fill the check vessel so it simply covers the pinnacle
of the capillaries in the diffusion cell. This extent should be decided with the whole lot
inside the test vessel so one can be there during the check then count the number of
capillaries in diffusion cell.
 Make up a 2.0 M NaCl answer. Using an analytical stability, weigh right into a small
beaker the calculated quantity (gm) of NaCl to make up a hundred mL of a 2 M NaCl
answer. Quantitatively switch the crystals to a 100mL volumetric flask. Fill the flask 1/2
full of distilled water and swirl to dissolve the NaCl. After the NaCl has dissolved, dilute
to the mark with distilled water and mix.
  Now fill-up the with distilled water in the test vessel less up to 1 cm below the fill up line.
 Now connect the conductivity vessel cell wires with conductivity meter then turning it on
and selecting the range.
 Now cautiously fill the diffusion cellular with 2M NaCL answer in order for the liquid to
attain pinnacle of the capillaries. To be able to cast off air from capillaries we wll use
and eye dropper wash out the outer place of diffusion mobile with distilled water and
wipe off the excess liquid with a tender tissue now fix the diffusion in to its holder in the
test vessel.
 Fill the check vessel with distilled water from a squeeze bottle to keep away from
splashing so the capillary tops are submerged about five mm underneath the surface of
the water.
 At the equal time as the capillary tops are submerged, begin the statistics entering for a
time period of at the least 30 minutes.
 Flip off the conductivity meter and disconnect the wires from the conductivity cell.
 Dispose of the diffusion mobile from the check vessel. The liquid in the cellular can be
disposed of in the sink. Rinse the cell several times with distilled water.
 The liquid within the take a look at vessel also can be disposed of inside the sink. Rinse
the check vessel numerous instances with distilled water to cast off all strains of the salt.
 Prepare the test vessel and diffusion cell for the next test.

Experimental Data:

Table1&2: For 2mol NaCL solution

Time,t Conductivity,
(s) k (µS)
300 157.4
600 179.1
900 191.6
1200 199.8
1500 207.2
1800 212.8
2100 217.3
2400 220.7

Concentration Conductivity
(M) (µS)
0.001 2.9
0.0012 3.66

0.0014 4.04
0.0016 4.51
0.0018 4.7
 0.02 5.72

Graph:-

Time vs Conductivity
272

y = 0.028x + 160.46
204

136

68

6
Concentration vs Conductivity
0 y = 97.468x + 3.8164
0 625 1250 1875 2500
4.5
CONDUCTIVITY
Conductivity TimeLinear (Conductivity Time)
3

1.5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
CONCENTRATION
Concentration ConductivityLinear (Concentration Conductivity)
Calculations:

Volume of water, V = 1 L

Length of capillaries, x = 0.5cm =0.005

Diameter of capillaries, d = 0.1cm=

0.001m Number of capillaries, N =97

𝒅𝒌
= 0.028
𝒅𝒕

𝑪𝑴 = 97.468

Molar mass of NaCl = 54.44 𝑔

𝑚𝑜𝑙

Now putting above values in diffusion coefficient formula which is given by

𝟒𝑽𝒙 𝒅𝒌
𝑫= −( 𝟐 )( )
𝝅𝒅 𝑵𝑴𝑪𝑴 𝒅𝒕

𝑫=−( 𝟒(𝟏)(𝟎. ) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖)

𝟎𝟎𝟓)
𝟐
(𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏) (𝟗𝟕)(𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟒)(𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟔𝟖)
𝟒(𝟏)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓)
𝑫= −( ) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖)
( ) (
𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏) 𝟗𝟕 (𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟒)(𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟔𝟖)

𝑫=−( 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 )(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖)

𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟗
𝒎
𝑫 = −(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖) = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟐
𝒔

Error Analysis:

After performing the experiment the appeared calculations for our experiment we're capable of
understand that theirs’s a distinction in our experimental derived diffusion coefficient value. There have
to be a few type of mistakes that may exist. These need to be of sorts

Apparatus errors

Should have come about due to faulty, broken or antique equipment

Human blunders

Occur at the same time as taking samples, performing the lab, or within the route of calculations.
Conclusion:

This experiment was based on three terms (Diffusion coefficient for NaCL, Effect of
concentration on diffusivity coefficient, ficks law). Although we learn that concentration is
inversely proportional to diffusivity coefficient, learned about ficks law of diffusivity and
experimentally derived diffusion coefficient for NaCL but we came to know that. The diffusion
coefficient from
𝒎
literature is discovered to be 𝟐. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝟐 whereas our experimental derived diffusion
𝒔
𝒎
coefficient value is−𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟐
𝒔 so there are some errors. Although perhaps those values
can also vary due to required situations or equipment that we may additionally lack including
their can be distinction in capillary duration or dia etc.