Part 1: Homogenous equation

general form
𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

Homogenous Non-Homogenous
𝑓 𝑥 =0 𝑓 𝑥 ≠0
 Solved by obtaining the characteristics equation. Characteristics
equation is obtain by substituting
𝑦 ′′ → 𝑚2
𝑦′ → 𝑚
𝑦→1
 3 steps
1. Obtain the characteristics equation
2. Determine the type of characteristics equation roots
3. Find the solution of the equation by referring the table
Type of Roots Solution Methods
Distinct and Real roots 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 Factorization
𝑚1 = 𝑟1 𝑚±𝑎 𝑚±𝑏 =0
𝑚2 = 𝑟2 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2
𝑏2 > 4𝑎𝑐
Real and Equal roots 𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 𝑚𝑥 Factorization
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚 𝑚±𝑎 𝑚±𝑏 =0
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝑏2 = 4𝑎𝑐
Complex Roots 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥) 𝑏2 < 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑖 −𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
Find the general solution for
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
Solution
𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 2 = 0
𝑚+2 𝑚−1 =0
𝑚1 = −2
𝑚2 = 1
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
1. Solve
2. Solve
𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
Where 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0

𝑦 0 =1 𝑦′ 0 = 0 Where
y 0 =2
𝑦′ 0 = 2