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Power Series - Part 2
Power Series - Part 2
• Series σ∞
𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 converges (menumpu) to a number L means:
(−1)𝑘+1 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 + ⋯
𝑘=1
∞
(−1)𝑘 𝑎𝑘 = −𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 + ⋯
𝑘=1
CONDITION 1 CONDITION 2
0 < 𝑎𝑛+1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞ for all n greater than
some n > 0
Example
Use the alternating series test to show that the following series
converge.
∞
(−1)𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛3 + 1
𝑛=1
1. lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞
𝑛 ∞
3
= 3 =0
𝑛 +1 ∞ +1
2. Decreasing?
1 2 3
𝑛 = 1; 𝑛 = 2; − 𝑛 = 3;
2 9 28
P-SERIES
∞ 1 1 1 1
σ𝑛=1 𝑝 =1+ + + + …
𝑛 2𝑝 3𝑝 4 𝑝
p>1 p≤1
CONVERGES DIVERGES
Example
1 1 1 1
1+3 +3 +3 + ⋯+ 3
2 3 4 𝑘
1
𝑝=
3
The series is diverges
GEOMETRIC SERIES
|r| ≥ 1
0 < |r| < 1
CONVERGES DIVERGES
𝑎
If the series converges, it converges to
1−𝑟
∞ 𝑛 𝑎
This is usually written σ𝑛=1 𝑎𝑟 = , 0 < |r| <1.
1−𝑟
Example
𝑎𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑘−1
𝑛=1
1 1 1 1 1 1
The series − + − is a geometric series with 𝑎 = and 𝑟 = −
2 4 8 16 2 2
Since 𝑟 < 1 it is convergent
Its sum is
𝑎 1/2 1
𝑆∞ = = =
1
1 − 𝑟 1 − (− ) 3
2
Group work
1. Determine whether it converges or diverges using the alternating
series test, if possible.
(1) n1
n 0 n!
2. Determine whether the series converges or diverges. If converges,
find the sum (p-series)
1 1 1
1+ 3 + 3 + 3 +⋯
2 2 3 3 4 4
3. Determine whether the series converges or diverges. If converges,
find the sum (geometric-series)
∞
𝑛−1
9 𝑛
5 ( )
10
𝑛=2