juk;-12,13 ,ize;j fzpjk;

rl;lg;gly;

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

rl;lg;gly;

,Nyrhd Nfhy; f is xg; g khf %l; L tjd; %yk; cUthf; f g; g Lk; tpiwg; g hd rl; l g; g lq; f s;
rkepiyapy; cs;sNghJ. mk; %l;L f;fspy; jhf;Fk; tpirfis gUkl; lhd tpirg;g lk; tiue;J
jpupNfhz fzpj mwptpd; cjtpAld; mtw; i wf; f zpf; F k; Kiwfs; ,g; gFjpapy; Mu-

rl;lg;gly; (Frame Work)

,uz; b w; F Nkw; g l; l Nfhy; f is mtw; w pd; Kidfspy; %l; L tjhy; ngwg; g Lk; %ba cU
rl;lg;glyhFk;.
,g;ghl myfpy; cs;s gpurpdq;fis jPu;f;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

rl;lg;glypy; cs;s Nfhy;fs; ahTk; ,Nyrhdit NkYk; mit Kidfspy; xg;gkhf

01
%l;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

rl;lg;gly;fs; tpiwg;ghdit mjhtJ Gwtpirfspdhy; mjd; tbtk; khwhJ.

02 rl; l g; g lypy; cs; s %l; L f; f spd; vz; z pf; i f n Mapd; rl; l g; g liy tpiwg; g hfg;
NgZtjw;F 2n-3 vz;zpf;ifahd Nfhy;fs; %l;lg;glNtz;Lk;.

rl;lg;glypy; cs;s Gwtpirfs; %l;Lf;fspy; kl;Lk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

03

,Nyrhd Nfhy; f s; %l; l g; g lbUg; g jhy; %l; L f; f spy; jhf; F k; kWjhf; f q; f s; Nfhy; f s;
topNa fhzg;gLk;. mit ,OitahfNth my;yJ cijg;ghfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.

04

,Oit cijg;G

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

05 rl;lg;gly; epiyf;Fj;Jj;jsj;jpy; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. mjpy; jhf;Fk; vy;yh tpirfSk;

xU js tpirahFk;.

Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPL (Bow’s Notation)

tpirfSf;F ngaupLk; xU KiwahFk; ,k; Kiwapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis gpd;gw;Wjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

%l; Lf; fspy; jhf; Fk; Gwtpirfis rl; lg; g lypw;F ntspNa Fwpj;jy;
01 Ntz;Lk;.

tpirfSf;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s ntspfspy;

02 ,yf;fq;fis my;yJ rpwpa Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fis vOJtjd; %yk;
ngauplg;gLk;.

C W
C

2
W 3

4
o o
60 60 30o
A 30o B A B
R S R 1 S

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

jifg;G tupg;glk; (Stress Diagram)

jifg;G tupg;glk; tiuAk; NghJ %l;Lf;fs; Fwpj;J ,lQ;Ropg; Nghf;if my;yJ

tyQ;Ropg;Nghf;if gad;gLj;j KbAk; Mdhy; ,UNghf;FfisAk; khwpkhwpg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

,lQ;Ropg; Nghf;if gpd;gw;WNthkhapd; %l;L A ,y; jhf;Fk; tpir R 3 1 I ,dhy; Fwpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. 1 3 ,dhy; Fwpf;f KbahJ. ,t;thNw %l;L B ,y; jhf;Fk; tpir S I 1 22

,dhYk; %l;L C ,y; jhf;Fk; epiw W I 2 3 ,dhYk; Fwpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

%l;L A ,y; jhf;Fk; tpirfis tiuNthk;

1 4
60o

Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;by; 3 1 ,dhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; tpir R Nky;Nehf;fp ,Ug;gjhy; ,yf;f

xOe;F tpirapd; Nghf;if fhl;lf; $bathW ,yf;fk; 3 fPNoAk; ,yf;fk; 1 NkNyAk;
mikAkhW tiujy; Ntz;Lk;.

%l;L A ,y; Nfhy; AB topNaahd tpir fpilahf ,Uf;Fk; mjd;Nghf;if %l;L A ,y; AC
topNa jhf;Fk; tpirapd; rha;itf; nfhz;L ,dq;fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;

%l;L A rkepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; mjpy; jhf;Fk; %d;W tpirfSk; xU Kf;Nfhzpahf (%ba

gy;Nfhzp) mikAk;

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

mNj tupg;glj;jpy; %l;L B ,Yk; %l;L C ,Yk; jhf;Fk; tpirfis tiuNthk;.

30o
4
1 60o

30o

W 2 3 cos30o
C 3 4 =

=
3 2

4 2 = 2 3 sin30o
4

A 60o 30o B
R S
1 1 4 = 3 4 cos60o

%l; L A ,y; AB topNa jhf; Fk; tpir 1 4 MFk; . jifg; G tupg; g lj; j py; 1 4
MdJ vd;wthW mikfpwJ. ,J ,t;tpirapd; Nghf;fhFk;.

,t;thNw tpir 4 3 ,d; Nghf;if 34 3 I jifg;G tupg;glj;jpy;

mtjhdpj;J vd mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Vida %l;Lf;fspy; jhf;Fk; tpirfspd;

Nghf;FfisAk; ,t;thW mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

Nfhy; ,Oit cijg;G

AB 1 4 -

BC 4 2 -

CA 3 4 -

Fwpg;G :-

Kjypy; ,U njupahj fzpaq;fs; cs;s %l;bd; rkepiyia fUjp tpirg;gy;Nfhzp tiujy;

Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; mLj;Js;s %l;Lf;fSf;F tpirg;gy;Nfhzpia tiujy; Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzk; 01

D
glj; j py; fhl; bathW Ie; J ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f shy; A
xg;gkhd %l;lg;gl;l rl;lg;glyhdJ %l;L A cld; 30o
RahjPdkhfg;gpizf;fg;gl;Lk; %l;L D ,y; W
fl;bj;njhq;ftplg;gl;l epiwapd; fPOk; %l;L B ,y;
gpuNahfpf; f pd; w fpiltpirapd; fP Ok; rkepiyapy; 60o C
cs; s J. Nghtpd; FwpaP l ; i lg; gad; g Lj; j p xU
jifg;G tupg;g lj;i j tiuf. ,jpypUe; J Nfhy;fs;
xt;nthd;wpYKs;s jifg;igf; fz;L>
mit ,Oitah> cijg;gh vdf; Fwpg;gpLf. P B
NkYk; P ,d; ngWkhdj;ijAk; %l;L A ,Ys;s kWjhf;fj;jpd; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; fhz;f.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

A 2 D
Ɵ
30o 30o
o
60 4
W
5
3
C
o
60 1

P B

Kjypy; %l;L D ,Ys;s tpirfSf;F tpirg;gy;Nfhzp tiuNthk;. mLj;jjhf %l;L C ,w;F

tiuNthk; gpd;du; %l;Lf;fs; B,A vd;gtw;iw tiuNthk;.

1
3

60o
W

30o Ɵ
5 ≡ 4 2

tpirfs; 1 vd;gd rkhe;jukhfTk; tpir 4

4 , 1 5 5 MdJ ,t;tpirfSld;
o
60 ,Yk; mika KbahJ. vdNt 4 ≡ 5 mjhtJ tpir 4
g+r;rpakhf ,Uj;jy;
5
Ntz;Lk;

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

Nfhy; ,Oit cijg;G

AB 3 5 W --
BC 1 5 -- 2W

CD 1 4 -- 2W

DA 2 4
-
AC 5 4 - -

2 4

1 4

P≡ 3 1

R≡ 2 3

Ɵ = 30o

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

cjhuzk; 02

ehd;F ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fs; RahjPdkhf %l;lg;gl;L> D

60 C
epiyf;Fj;jhd Rtupy; A apYk; B apYk;
RahjP d khfg; gpizf; f g; g l; l Jkhd rl; l g; g ly; 30o
xd; i wg; glk; fhl; L fpwJ> C apy; 2W epiw
njhq; f tplg; g l; L s; s J. Nghtpd; FwpaP ; l ; i lg;
gad; g Lj; j p xU jifg; G tupg; g l; j ; i j tiuf. 30o
,jpypUe;J vy;yhf; Nfhy;fspYk; cs;s
2W
jifg; i gf; fz; L > mit ,Oitah> cijg; g h
vdf; Fwpg;gpLf. A ,Yk; B apYk; cs;s B
kWjhf; f q; f isAk; jifg; G tiuglj; j pd; %yk;
fhz;f.

A
gpizapy; A ,Ys;s GwtpirahdJ AD
60 o D 2 C to pNa cs; s tpi ri ar; rk g ; g Lj ; j
o N t z ; b a p g ; g j h y ; m J AD a p w ; F r ;
30
3 4 rkhe;jukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

30o
30o 1
2W
Ɵ
B
S

Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;by; tpirfSf;Fk; Nfhy;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s ntspfspy;

kl;LNk ,yf;fkply; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt epiyf;Fj;jhd Rtiu glj;jpy; fhl;lNtz;bajpy;iy.
Kjypy; %l;L C ,Ys;s tpirfSf;F tpirg;gy;Nfhzp tiuNthk;. mLj;jjhf %l;L D ,w;Fk;
gpd; du; %l; L B ,w; Fk; tiuNthk; . %l; L B ,Ys; s tpir S ,d; gUkd; > jpir> BD topNa
jhf;Fk; tpirapd; gUkd; Mfpa %d;W fzpaq; fs; njupahjitahf ,Ug;gjhy; ,uz;lhtjhf
%l;L B I tiua KbahJ.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

S
60o
3
2W

30o
o 60o
30
4 2

Nfhy; ,Oit cijg;G

AD 3 2 3W --
BD 3 4 -
BC 1 4 -- 4W

CD 2 4
-
2 4 = 1 2

1 4

3 4 = 2 4

2 3 = 2 4

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

2
2 3 2 3

P≡ 2 3

R≡ 3 1

2 3

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

cjhuzk; 03

rk ePsKs;s AB, BC, CD, DE, EA, EB, BD vd;Dk;

VO ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f s; cUtpy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w thW xU E D
rl; l g; g liy Mf; F khW mtw; w pd; Kidfspy; xg; g khf P
%l;gg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lg;gly; C apy; xg;gkhfg;
gpizf;fg;gl;L> A apy; epa+w;wd; vd;Dk; xU epiwiaf;
f h T f p d ; w J .AC fpilahf ,Uf;f E apy; cs;s
A B C
xU fpil tpir P apdhy; rl; l g; g ly; xU epiyf; Fj; Jj;
jsj;jpy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.

(i) E apy; cs;s tpir P apd; gUkidg; ngWkhdq; fzpf;f

(ii) C apy; cs;s kWjhf;fj;jpd; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; fhz;f.
(iii) Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpr; rl;lg;glYf;fhd xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiue;J>
vy;yhf; Nfhy;fspYk; cs;s jifg;Gfisf; fz;L> ,OitfSf;fk; cijg;GfSf;FkpilNa
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

E 2 D
P Nfhypd; ePsk; 2a vd;f
3 5
o 4 6
o o
60 o
60 60 60
A Ɵ
B C
1
R

(i) njhFjp C

(ii)

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

(iii) Kjypy; %l;L A ,w;Fk; mLj;jjhf %l;L E ,w;Fk; gpd;du; vida %l;Lf;fSf;Fk;
tpirg;gy;Nfhzpfis xNu tupg;glj;jpy; tiuNthk;.

jifg;Gfs; Nfhy;fs; topNa ,Ug;gjhy; mit Nfhy;fSf;F rkhe;jukhf mika

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ,yf;fq;fspd; miktplq;fisf; jPu;khdpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
fzpj;jy;fSf;F mtrpakw;w Gwtpirfis jifg;g tupg;glj;jpy; jtpf;f Kbak;
Gwtpir R ≡ 1 2 jtpu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2 5 3
o
60
30o

60o 60o 60o

6 4 1

Nfhy; ,Oit cijg;G

-
AB 1 4 - 10N

BC 1 6
-- 20N

CD 2 6 -- 20N

DE 2 5 - 20N

EA 3 4 20N -
BD 5 6 20N -
BE 5 4 - 20N

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

1 4

3 4

rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpfshf miktjhy; Vidait vy;yhk; 20N MFk;.

cjhuzk; 04

W
cUtpy; fhzg; g Lk; ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f shyhd rl; l g; g lypy; B
fpilf; N fhy; f Sk; epiyf; F j; J f; Nfhy; f Sk; eP s j; j py; D
P
rkkhfTk; vy;yhf; Nfhzq;fSk; 90o my;yJ 45o ck; MFk;.
mJ A a py; xg; gk hfr; Roi yaplg; g l; Lk ; AB apw; F r;
W
nrq;Fj;jhd xU tpir P apdhy; B apy; jhq;fg;gl;Lk; xU
E
epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpy; cs;sJ. mJ C,D,E Mfpatw;wpy; W C
epa+w;wd; epiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. P apd; ngWkhdj;ij W
W
tp d; rhu; g py ; f hz ; f . Nf hy ; CD apy; cs; s j i fg; G
g + r; r pa n k d Nk Y k ; j ug ; g l; L s ; s J. BD,BC,DE M f pa
Nfhy; f spy; cs; s jifg; G f; f isf; fhz; g jw; F g; Nghtpd;
A
FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiuf.
,j;jifg;Gfisf; fz;L ,j;jifg;Gfs; ,Oitah>
cijg;Gfsh vdf; $Wf.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

2 B AE=a vd;f
D
P
3
4

W 4 1
o 45o
45
E C

W
45o

Ɵ
A
R

njhFjpf;F A

BD,BC,DE Mfpa Nfhy;fspy; cs;s jifg;Gfis kl;Lk; fzpf;fNtz;bapUg;gjhy; %l;Lf;fs;

B,D Mfpatw; w py; cs; s tpirfSf; F kl; L k; ,yf; f kplg; g l; L s; s J. NkYk; Nfhy;
CD ,Ys; s jifg; G G+r; r pak; vd; g jhy; CD ,d; ,U gf; f q; f spYk; xNu ,yf; f k;
,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kjypy; %l;L B IAk; mLj;jjhf %l;L D IAk; kl;Lk; tiuNthk;. NkYk; 3 4 , 4 1

vd; D k; tpirfs; rkhe; j ukhf ,Ug; g jhy; 3 , 1 , 4 Mfpa ,yf;fq;fs; xNu
Neu;Nfhl;by; mikAk;.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

2
45o 45o 4
2 4

W
1 4 1

45o 3 4

Nfhy; ,Oit cijg;G

-
W
BD 3 4
-
BC 4 1 -
DE 3 4 --

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

cjhuzk; 05

P
E D
AB,AE,BC,CD,DB,BE,ED v d ; D k ;
V O , Ny rh d N f h y ; f i s f ; n f hz ; l x U
rl;lg;gly; gpd;tUk; tupg;glj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. %l;L A xU epiyj;j a a
Gs; s pAld; xg; g khfr; Roiyaplg; g l; b Uf; f r;
rl; lg; g ly; x U epiy f; F j; Jj; js j; j pNy
ehg; g j; j py; cs; s J. %l; L C MdJ 400 60o 45o C
epa+w;wd; Rikiaf; fhTfpd;wJ. A B
400N

ABC fpilahf ,Uf;FkhW %l;L E apNy P epa+w;wd; vd;Dk; tpir xd;W jpir
topNa jhf; Ffpd;w J. AE,BD Mfpad a kP w;wu; vd;Dk; rkeP sj;ij cilait. mNjhL>
Nfhzq;fs; tupg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW mike;Js;sd. P apd; ngWkhdj;ijAk; Roiy
A apy; cs;s kWjhf;fj;jpd; fpilf; $iwAk; epiyf;Fj;Jf; $iwAk; fhz;f.
,jpypUe; J AB,AE Mfpa Nfhy; f s; xt; n thd; w pYk; cs; s jifg; i g mJ ,Oitah>
cijg;gh vdf; fhl;bf; fzpf;f.
%l;L C apw;F khj;jpuk; xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ijg; Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp tiue;J>
mjidg; gad; g Lj; j p BC,CD Mfpa Nfhy; fs; xt; nthd; w pYk; cs; s jifg; i gj; Jzpf.
mNjhL> mJ ,Oitah> cijg;gh vdf; fhl;Lf.

E D

a a 2

3
60o 45o C
A B
X
1 400N
Y

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

njhFjpf;F A

gpizay; A ,y; AB topNa jhf;Fk; tpirahdJ fpilf;$W X IAk; AE topNa jhf;Fk;

tpirahdJ epiyf;Fj;Jf;$W Y IAk; rkd;nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

AB cijg;G

AE ,Oit

3 1
45o

400N

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

Nfhy; ,Oit cijg;G

-
BC 1 3 - 400N

CD 2 3 -

1 3

2 3

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

gapw;rpfs;

mUfpy; jug;gl;Ls;s cUtpy; ABC vd;gJ AB, BC, CA

01
01 vd; Dk; xg; g khf %l; lg; g l; l %d; W ,Nyrhd Nfhy; fisf; A B
nfhz; l xU Kf; N fhzpr; rl; l g; g lyhFk; . ,q; F AB=AC,
. ,r; r l; l g; g lyhdJ AB fpilahf ,Uf; f xU C 100N
epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpy; cs;sJ. mJ Xu; xg;gkhd Kisap-
dhy; A ,y; jhq; fg; gl; L > B apy; 100 epAw; w d; > C apy; W
epA+l;ld; vd;Dk; Rikfisf; fhTfpd;wJ. Nghtpd; W
Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiue;J
mjpypUe; J ,OitfisAk; cijg; GfisAk; NtWgLj;j pf;
fhl;b> Nfhy;fspy; cs;s jifg;GfisAk; W ,d;
ngWkhdj;ijAk; fzpf;f.

02 AB, BC, CA vd; Dk; %d;W ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fs; cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w thW xU
02 Kf; Nfhzpr; rl; lg;g liy Mf; FkhW mtw; wpd; Kidfspy; xg; gkhf %l; lg;g l;L s; sd.
rl;lg;gly; A apy; xg;gkhfg; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis B apy; xU 50 epA+w;wd;
epiwiaf; fhTfpd;wJ. CB fpilahf ,Uf;FkhW rl;lg;gly; C apy; cs;s P epA+w;wd;
vd;Dk; xU fpil tpirapdhy; xU epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

(i) P apd; gUkidf; fhz;f. C B

P
(ii) A apy; cs;s kWjhf;fj;jpd; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk;
fhz;f. 50N
(iii) Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp> rl;lg;glypw;fhd xU
450
ji fg; G tupg; g lj; i j tiue; J> ,Oi tfisAk;
cijg; G fisAk; NtWgLj; j p vy; y hf; Nfhy; f spYk; A
cs;s jifg;Gfisf; fhz;f.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

C
03
03
03 cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;l epiyf;Fj;jhd rl;lg;glyhdJ A, B, C,
D apy; xg;gkhfg; gpizf;fg;g l;l Ie;J ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fs; D 300
W
AB, BC, CD, DA, BD If; nfhz;Ls;sJ. C apy; xU epiw 0
120
W njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lg;gly; xNu fpilkl;lj;jpYs;s
A,B vd;Dk; Gs;spfspy; jhf;Fk; epiyf;Fj;J tpirfspdhy;
jhq; f g; g LfpwJ. jifg; G tupg; g lj; i j tiutjd; %yk;
Nfhy;fspy; cs;s jifg;Gf;fisf; fhz;f. ,OitfisAk;
cijg;GfisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf. 450
A B

AB, BC, CD, DA, AC vd;Dk; Ie;J ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fs; cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wthW xU
04
04
rl;lg;gliy Mf;FkhW mtw;wpd; Kidfspy; xg;gkhf %l;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
rl;lg;gly; D apy; xg;gkhfg;
MFk;.
gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis
B apy; xU epA+l; l d; epiwiaf; fhT- f p d ; w J . AB
fpilahf ,Uf; F khW rl; l g; g ly; A apy; cs; s P epA+l; l d; vd; D k; xU fpilt-

(i) P apd; gUkidf; fhz;f.

A B
(ii) A a p y ; c s ; s k W j h f ; f j ; j p d ; g U k i d A k ; P
600 300
jpiriaAk; fhz;f.
300
(iii) Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp> rl;lg;glypw;fhd xU 100√3N
ji fg; G tupg; g lj; i j tiue; J> ,Oi tfisAk; C
cijg; G fisAk; NtWgLj; j p vy; y hf; Nfhy; f spYk; 300
cs;s jifg;Gf;fisf; fhz;f.
D

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

05
05 AB, BC, CD, AC, AD vd;Dk; Ie;J ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fis
mtw; w pd; Kidfspy; xg; g khf %l; b cUtpw; fhzg; g Lk; D
rl;lg;gly; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. AC=CB, vdj;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lg;gly; D ,y; xg;gkhfg;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %l;L B ,y; xU epiw W 300
njhq; ftplg; g l; L A ,y; jhf; Fk; gUkd; X I cila xU
fpil tpirapdhy; AB fpilahfTk; AD epiyf; Fj;j hfTk;
,Uf;fr; rl;lg;gly; xU epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpNy ehg;gj;jpy;
Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; C
B, C, A Mfpa %l;Lf;fSf;Fj; jifg;G tupg;glq;fis xNu B
300
cUtpy; tiuf.
A
,jpypUe;J X ,d; ngWkhdj; i jAk; vy; y hf; Nfhy; fspYk; X
W
cs;s jifg;Gf;fisAk; ,OitfisAk; cijg;Gf;fisAk;
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;b> fhz;f. (AL 2016)

06
06 jug;gl;Ls;s cU Kidfspy; xg;gkhf %l;lg;gl;l AB, AD, BC, BD, CD vd;Dk;
Ie; J ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f isf; nfhz; l xU rl; l g; g liy tifFwpf; f pd; w J.
rl;lg;gly; A, B Mfpatw;wpy; KiwNa 60N, 120N vd;Dk; Rikfisf; fhTk;
mNjNtis C, D Mfpatw;wpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; KiwNa PN, QN vd;Dk; ,U
epiyf;Fj;J tpirfspdhy; AB, CD Mfpa Nfhy;fs; fpilahf ,Uf;f ehg;gj;jpy;
Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiuf.
,jpypUe; J > Ie; J Nfhy; f spYk; cs; s jifg; G f; f is mit ,Oitfsh>
cijg;Gfsh vdf;$wpf; fhz;f.

PN QN

C
D
600 300
300

B A

120N 60N

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

VO tpiwj;j ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fis mtw;wpd; Kidfspy; RahjPdkhf % l;br;

07
07 nra;ag;gl;l xU rkr;rPu; rl;lg;gly; cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. AB, BC, DE Mfpa

Nfhy;fs; fpilahdit. rl;lg;gly;

glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW A, B, C Mfpa % l;Lf;fspy; RikNaw;wg;gl;L> D

apYk; E apYk; cs;s P vd;Dk; rk epiyf;Fj;J tpirfspdhy; jhq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

P apd; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.

Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp A,D %l;Lf;fSf;Fj; jifg;G tupg;glq;fis xNu

cUtpy; tiuf. ,jpypUe;J AD, AB, DE, DB Mfpa Nfhy;fspy; cs;s

jifg;Gf;fis fz;L> mit ,Oitfsh> cijg;Gfsh vdf;$Wf.

20N 30N 20N

A C
B

D E
P
P

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

08
E D
r k e P s K s ; s AB,BC,CD,DE,EA,EB,BD vd;Dk; P
VO ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f s; cUtpy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w thW xU
rl; l g; g liy Mf; F khW mtw; w pd; Kidfspy; xg; g khf
%l;lg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lg;gly; C apy; xg;gkhfg;
gpizf;fg;gl;L> A apy; epa+w;wd; vd;Dk; xU A B C
epiwiaf; fhTfpd;wJ. AC fpilahf ,Uf; f E apy;
cs;s xU fpil tpir P apdhy; rl;lg;gly; xU
epiyf;Fj;jj; jsj;jpy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ

(i) E apy; cs;s tpir P apd; gUkidg; ngWkhdq;fzpf;f.

(ii) C apy; cs;s kWjhf;fj;jpd; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; fhz;f.
(iii) Nghtpd; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpr; rl;lg;glYf;fhd xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiue;J.
vy;yhf; Nfhy;fspYk; cs;s jifg;Gf;fisf; fz;L ,OitfSf;Fk;
cijg;gfSf;FkpilNa NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf

09

W
N k N y A s ; s g l k ; A,B,C,D a p y ; R a h j P d k h f g ; D
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s AB, BC, CD, DA, BD vd;Dk;
Ie; J ,Nyrhd Nfhy;f spd; epiyf;f j;j hd rl;lg;g liyf; o
fhl; L fpw J. D apy; epiyf; F j; J r; Rik W gpuNah- 30 30
fpf; f g; g LfpwJ. rl; l g; g ly; > xNu fpilkl; l j; j pYs; s > A
apYk; C apYKs;s epiyf;Fj;J tpirfshy;
jhq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpirg;glnkhd;iw tiutjd; %
yk; > ,OitfisAk; > neUf; f q; f isAk; NtWgLj; j pf;
fhl;b> Nfhy;fspYs;s jifg;Gf;fisf; fhz;f. 30o B 30o

A C

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

10

D
glj;jpy; fhl;bathW Ie;J ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fshy; xg;gkhf A
30o W
%l; l g; gl; l rl; lg; g lyhdJ %l; L A cld; RahjP dkhfg;
gpizf; f g; g l; L k; %l; L D ,y; fl; b j; njhq; f tplg; g l; l
epiwapd; fP O k; %l; L B ,y; gpuNahfpf; f g; g Lfpd; w 60o
fpiltpirapd; fPOk; rkepiyapy; cs;sJ. C

Nghtpd; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij

tiuf. ,jpypUe; J > Nfhy; f s; xt; n thd; w pYk; cs; s P B
jifg;igf; fz;L mit ,Oit> cijg;gh vdf;
Fwpg;gPLf

11

glj; j py; fhl; bathW 7 ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f shy; xg;g khf 200N
%l;lg;gl;l rl;lg;gly; A, C ,y; epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghtpd; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp xU E
jifg; G tupg; g lj; i j tiuf. ,jpypUe; J > Nfhy; f s; 160N
xt;nthd;wpYk; cs;s jifg;igf; fz;L
D
mit ,Oitah> cijg;gh vdf; Fwpg;gPLf
C
A B

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

12
P
AB, AE, BC, CD, DB, BE, ED vd;Dk; VO ,Nyrhd E D
Nfhy;fisf; nfhz;l xU rl;lg;gly; gpd;tUk; tupg;glj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. %l;L A xU epiyj;j Gs;spAld; xg;gkhfr;
Roi ya plg; g l; b Uf; f r; rl; lg; g ly; xU epi yf; F j; J j;
jsj;jpNy ehg;gj;jpy; cs;sJ. %l;L C MdJ 400 epa+w;wd; a a
Rikiaf; fhTfpd;wJ. ABC fpilahf ,Uf;FkhW %l;L E
apNy P epa+w; w d; vd; Dk; tpir xd; W jpir topNa
jhf;Ffpd;wJ. AE, BD Mfpad a kPw;wu; vd;Dk; C
60o 45o
rkeP sj;i j cilait. mNjhL> Nfhzq; fs; tupg; g lj; j py; A
B
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW mike;Js;sd.
400N
P apd; ngWkhdj;ijAk; Roiy A apy; cs;s kWgf;fj;jpd; fpilf; $iwAk; epiyf;Fj;Jf;
$iwAk; fhz; f . ,jpypUe; J AB, AE Mfpa Nfhy; f s; xt; nthd; w pYk; cs; s jifg; i g
mJ ,Oitah> cijg;gh vdf; fhl;bf; fzpf;f.
%l;L C apw;F khj;jpuk; xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ijg; Nghtpd; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp tiue;J>
mjidg; gad;gLj;jp BC, CD Mfpa Nfhy;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; cs; s jifg;igj; Jzpf.
mNjhL> mJ ,Oitah> cijg;gh vdf; fhl;Lf.

13

C
RahjPdkhf %l;lg;gl;l AB, BC, CD, BD vd;Dk; B
ehd; F ,Nyrhd Nf hy; f shyhd x U f pNud; cUtpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhy; BD epiyf;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk; mNj 45o
Ntis Nfhy; BC fpilahdJ. fpNudhdJ A apYk; D 1000N
o
apYk; fpil epyj; j py; epiyg; g Lj; j g; g l; b Uf; F k; mNj 60
N t i s C a p y ; x U 1 0 0 0N R i k n j h q ; F f p d ; w J . A
D
,OitfisAk; cijg; G fisAk; NtWgLj; j pf; fhl; b >
Nghtpd; Fwpg; g P l ilg; gad; g Lj; j pf; Nfhy; f spy; cs; s
tpirfisf; fhz;f.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

14

W
cUtpy; fhzg; g Lk; ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f shyhd rl; l g; g lypy; B
f pi lf; Nf hy; fS k; epi y f; fj; Jf; Nf hy; f Sk; eP sj; j py; D
P
rkkhfTk; vy;yhf; Nfhzq;fSk; 90o my;yJ 45o ck; MFk;.
m J A a p y ; x g ; g k h f r ; R o i y a p l g ; g L k ; AB a p w ; F r ;
W
nrq; F j; j hd xU tpir P apdhy; B apy; jhq; f g; g Lk; xU E
C
epiyf;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpy; cs;sJ. mJ C,D,E Mfpatw;wpy; W
epa+w;wd; epiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. P apd; ngWkhdj;ij W
W
t p d ; r h u ; g p y ; f h z ; f . N f h y ; CD a p y ; c s ; s j i f g ; G
g+r; r pankd NkYk; jug; g l; L s; s J. BD ,BC,DE Mfpa
Nfhy; f spy; cs; s jifg; G f; f isf; fhz; g jw; F g; Nghtpd; A
FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiuf.
,j;jifg;Gf;fisf; fz;L ,j;jifg;Gfs; ,Oitah>
cijg;Gfsh vdf; $Wf.

15

R a h j P d k h f % l ; l g ; g l ; l , N y r h d N f h y ; f i s f;
W
nfhz; l Jk; B apy; xU Rik W it cilaJkhd
xU rl; l g; g ly; cUtpy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. xNu fpil B
kl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; A apYk; C apYk; mJ
epiyf;Fj;jhfj; jhq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MdJ xU
nrq; N fhzk; Mf ,Uf; fk; mNj Ntis mJ
BD apdhYk; BE apdhYk; Kf;$wplg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mfpa xt; n thd; W k; 30o ck; BA=BC
ck; MFk;.
D E
Nghtpd; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp xU jifg;G A
tupg;glj;ij tiuf. C
,jpypUe; J > AD, AB, DE, DB Mfpa Nfhy; f s;
xt;nthd;wpYk; cs;s jifg;igf; fz;L>
mit ,Oitah> cijg;gh vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

16
50N

20N E
B
C D

tupg;glj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rl;lg;gly; AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, CD, DE VD;Dk; VO ,Nyrhd
Nfhy;fis cilaJ AB, AE Mfpad jtpu;e;j Vida Nfhy;fs; ahTk; rkePsKs;sit. xNu
fpil kl;lj;jpy; B apYk; E apYk; ,Uf;Fk; ,U Mjhuq;fSld; rl;lg;gly; xU epiyf;Fj;Jj;
jsj;jpNy ehg;gj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. A, D Mfpa %l;Lf;fspy; KiwNa 50 epa+w;wd;> 20 epa+w;wd;
Rikfs; cs;sd. Nghtpd; FwpaPl;bidg; gad;gLj;jp xU jifg;G tupg;glj;ij tiue;J AB,
AE Mfpatw; w py; cs; s jifg; G f; f isj; Jzpe; J > xt; n thU jifg; G k; ,Oitah>
cijg;ghntdf; fhl;Lf

17

AB=BC=BD=AE=ED=a kPw;wu; MfTk; BE=CD= kP w ; w u; P A B C

M f T k ; c s ; s AB,BC,CD,DE,EA,EB,BD v d ; d k ;
VO ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f s; cUtpy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w thW xU
rl; l g; g liy Mf; F khW mtw; w pd; Kidfspy; xg; g khf 10 N
%l;lg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lg;gly; E apy; xg;gkhfg;
gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mNj Ntis C apy; xU 10 epa+w;wd;
epiwiaf; fhTfpd; wJ. AC fpilahf ,Uf;FkhW A apy; D
cs;s P epa+w;wd; vd;Dk; fpil tpirapdhy; rl;lg;gly; E
xU epiyf;fj;Jj; jsj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) P apd; gUkidf; fhz;f.

(ii) E apy; cs;s kWjhf;fj;jpd; gUkizAk; jpiriaAk; fhz;f.
(iii) Ng htpd; Fw paP l ; i lg; gad; g L j; j p rl; lg; g lY f; f hd xU ji fg; G tupg; g lj; i j
tiue; J ,OitfisAk; cijg; G f; f isAk; fhl; b vy; y hf; Nfhy; f spYk; cs; s
jifg;Gf;fisf; fhz;f.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)
juk;-12,13

18
D

30o
30o

30o C
o
60
B

A 500 N

AB, BC, CD, BD vd; Dk; ehd; F ,Nyrhd Nfhy; f shyhd rl; lg; g ly; xd; W cUtpy;
fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. mJ A apYk; D apYk; epiyf; F j; J r; Rtu; xd; W ld; RahjP d khfg;
gpidf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %l;L C apypUe;J 500 N Rik xd;W njhq;ftplg;gl;bUf;Fk; mNj Ntis
BC fpilahdJ. Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpr; rl;lg;glYf;fhfj; jifg;G tupg;glk; xd;iw
tiuf. ,jpypUe;J ,OitfisAk; cijg;GfisAk; NtWgLj;jp vy;yhf; Nfhy;fspYk; cs;s
jifg;Gf;fisf; fhz;f.

njhFg;G :- jpU g.tpkyehjd;> Mrpupau;> ,ize;jfzpjk;> (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;)

fzpdp tbtikg;G :- jpU.Nah.nre;J}ud;;> Mrpupah;-j.njh.njh> (ah/kPrhiy tPurpq;fk; kj;jpa fy;Y}up, kPrhiy)