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Lecture Guide in Language Research (PONAYO)
Lecture Guide in Language Research (PONAYO)
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Republic of the Philippines
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Sipocot
Sipocot, Camarines Sur
Second Semester SY 2019-2020
2. Figure. A figure can be in the form of a chart, graph, drawing or picture which is
used to best illustrate interactions, non-linear relations, and general comparisons.
Characteristics of a Good Figure
a. It augments rather than duplicates the text.
b. It conveys only essential facts.
c. It omits visually distracting details.
d. It is easy to read-its elements are large enough to be read with ease.
e. It is easy to understand-its purpose is readily apparent.
f. It is consistent with and is drawn in the same style/similar figure in the same
article, that is, lettering is of the same size and typeface, and lines are of the same
weight.
g. It is carefully planned and prepared.
Types of Figures
a. Graph- It shows relations comparisons and distributions in a set of data like
absolute values, percentages, or index numbers.
Line graph- it is used to show relations between two quantitative
variables. The independent variable is plotted on the horizontal (x)
axis while the dependent variable is on the vertical (y) axis.
Bar graph- it is used when the independent variable is categorical.
Each of the solid horizontal or vertical bars represents one kind of
datum.
Circle or pie graph- also called a 100% graph; it is used to show
percentages and proportions. The number of items compared should be
limited to five or less than five and the data should be ordered fom
large to small beginning with the largest segment at 12 o’clock.
Scatter graph- this graph is composed of single dots plotted to
represent the values of single events on the two variables scaled on the
abscissa and ordinates.
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Republic of the Philippines
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Sipocot
Sipocot, Camarines Sur
Second Semester SY 2019-2020
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Republic of the Philippines
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Sipocot
Sipocot, Camarines Sur
Second Semester SY 2019-2020
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Republic of the Philippines
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Sipocot
Sipocot, Camarines Sur
Second Semester SY 2019-2020
1. The flow of discussion of the results is based on how the problems are stated.
2. The sequence of discussion of points includes:
a. Introduction of the table.
b. Analysis of data.
c. Interpretation of the average or the final statistical results.
d. Discussion of findings.
e. Implications, inferences, and other important information.
E. INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The following are the levels of interpretation to be considered in organizing the
discussion of the results (Ducut & Pangilinan, 2006):
Level 1. Data collected are compared and contrasted.
Level 2. The researcher should explain the internal validity of the results as well
as their consistency or reliability.
Level 3. The researcher should explain the external validity of the results, that is,
their generality or applicability to external conditions.
Level 4. The researcher should relate or connect the interpretation of data with
theoretical research or with the reviewed literature.
Interpretation of Data Example (Cristobal, 2003)
Table 16 shows the distribution of the educational attainment of the school
managers from their bachelor’s degree to the highest educational attainment.
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Republic of the Philippines
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Sipocot
Sipocot, Camarines Sur
Second Semester SY 2019-2020
and the remaining respondents have M.A. degrees and higher academic degrees.
Given that a master’s degree is the minimum educational qualification for a
secondary school principal, this result indicates the value the institution place on
the relevance of educational attainment in school leadership. Clearly, the table
also shows that the respondents who have degrees lower than a master’s degree
are head teachers.
The data reveal that a higher educational degree makes an individual
improve himself/herself, and gain competencies. A graduate or post-graduate
degree enables an individual to be in a better position to make decisions probably
because he/she understand the institutional problems. Also, a higher educational
attainment helps a school manager to be abreast in the different changes in
education; Villamor (1992) found that the higher the educational attainment of the
individual, the more refined are his/her skills, habits and attitudes, and values and
ideals.
As stipulated in Article I, Section 3 of the Code of Ethics for Public
School Teachers and Officials, one should pursue studies that will improve his/her
efficiency and enhance his/her profession.
IV. References
Cristobal, A.P and Cristobal M.C. (2013). Research made easier: A step-by-step
process.839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Prepared by:
RONA B. PONAYO
BSEd-3English
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