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Sheep and Goat Production

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Volume 3 Issue 3
March 2018

FARMER REFORMER
A monthly e-magazine about Agriculture and Livestock
Editor in chief: Ibn Hussain

ISSN 2519-7835

SOCIETY OF CROP & ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Volume 3, Issue 3 www.farmerreformer.com Page |1

FARMER REFORMER
Index
Serial # Title Page #
01 Sheep and goat production 2
02 Thermoregulation in felines 6
03 Use of chemicals as growth promoters 8
04 Use of hormones and probiotics as growth promoters 9

Editor in chief: Ibn Hussain, PhD

Editorial Board
Muhammad Ayyub Sohail Ahmad Khan
TC Ecevit Eyduran Muqarrab Ali Khan
Muhammad Saeed Tanveer Ahmad
Muhammad Tariq Muhammad Binyameen
Abdul Waheed Sarfraz Ali Shad
Muhammad Masood Tariq Amir Hamza
Maqsood Shah Mohammad Wali Muhammad
Muhammad Mudasser Nazir Riaz Hussain Mirza
Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq Muhammad Saif ur Rehman

Send articles at: ibnehussain1941@gmail.com

Published by SCAP Publishers Faisalabad
For Donations: HBL Account # 01427900413601

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Volume 3, Issue 3
Sheep and goat production
Dr Asim Faraz and Dr Abdul Waheed
Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, FVS, BZU Multan
Corresponding Author’s Email: drasimfaraz@bzu.edu.pk
Sheep and goats are some
of the most widely reared
livestock around the world.
Their low feed input and
labor requirements make
them a desirable choice for
millions of smallholders
globally. Sheep and goats
are easily integrated into
different farming systems.
The importance of sheep
and goats in fulfilling the
role once played by cattle
for meat, milk and manure
production is being
increasingly recognized
because of shrinkage of
available grazing lands,
increased climate variability,
and increasing conflict with
crop farmers. Sheep and
goats have different but
complementary feeding
habits. Sheep are grazers
and amenable to herding,
hence a species of choice in
mixed cropping areas where
cereal production
dominates. Goats are
browsers and highly
selective feeders - a strategy
that enables them to thrive
and produce even when
feed resources, except
bushes and shrubs, appear
to be non-existent.
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Being small-sized animals,
sheep and goats require a
small initial investment.
Sheep and goats are
relatively cheap and are
often the first asset
acquired, through purchase
or customary means, by a
young family or by a poor
family recovering from a
disaster such as drought or
war. Their small size,
together with early maturity,
makes them suitable for
meeting subsistence needs
for meat and milk. Sheep
and goats, once acquired,
become a valuable asset
providing financial security
to the family as well as milk
and dairy products to the
household.
Sheep and goats will eat
many different plants
including plants with
relatively low nutritional
value; making them easier
to feed through the year.
Besides fuel, droppings are
used as manure for organic
farming; good to use
because they are browsers,
goats good at keeping bush
under control by slowing
down (i.e. eating) shrub
growth.
Page |2
Sheep and goat
production constraints
Sheep and goat production
and productivity in rural
household are constrained
by many factors. These
constraints are not as great
as the challenges associated
with cattle rearing. These
following constraints can be
managed.
1- Feed scarcity: The
feed resource base
for sheep and goat
production in the
rural area is natural
grazing and crop
residues. Depending
on the season, the
quality and quantity
of supply varies.
Grazing resources
in the highlands are
diminishing due to
increases in
cropping land,
recurrent drought,
invasive weeds and
overgrazing. Poor
feed inputs will
reduce reproductive
rates and/or infant
mortality.
2- Below average
reproductive rate:
Typical reproductive
rates average as low
Volume 3, Issue 3
as 55 lambs and 56
kids born per 100
mature females per
year in the central
highlands.
Reproduction in sheep
and goats
Reproduction determines
several aspects of sheep and
goat production and an
understanding of
reproduction is crucial in
reproductive management.
A high rate of reproductive
efficiency is important for:
herd expansion and
replacement, production of
meat, milk, skin and fiber,
replacement of breeding
stock.
Puberty in females and
males
Puberty is generally defined
as the point of sexual
development at which the
animal becomes capable of
reproduction (becoming
pregnant and bearing
offspring) but animals may
not be fully sexually mature
at this stage and may not
actually conceive. Sexual
maturity is the time when
the animal expresses its full
reproductive capacity. In
both the male and female
sheep and goats, puberty
may often be reached
without adequate physical
growth to support
reproduction. In females,
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the first ovulation may not
necessarily coincide with
first estrus. Female goats
and sheep reach puberty as
early as four months
although they will not reach
sexual maturity until 12
months of age. Issues such
as weight, breed, genetics,
and the season effect the
female’s age of maturity. In
males, puberty is the time
when complete separation
of the prepuce. In the penis
in immature rams and
bucks, the penis has
adhesions that prevent it
from being fully extended.
At puberty, these adhesions
dissolve under the influence
of testosterone and the
penis can be fully extended.
This may occur as early as 5
months. However, full
reproductive competence
may not occur until 15
months of age.
The estrus cycle in ewes
and does
Once puberty is reached,
large domestic animals such
as sheep and goats display
repeated reproductive cycles
until conception. The estrus
cycle, defined as the
number of days between
two consecutive periods of
estrus (heat), is on average
17 days in ewes and 21 days
in does.
Page |3
Inbreeding
When any two animals are
related by blood (i.e.
siblings, cousins, etc.) are
mated this is called
inbreeding. Inbreeding
should be avoided as much
as possible. Inbreeding
results in weak offspring,
decreased productivity e.g.
milk, birth defects, and even
death. Bucks should be
rotated or moved from their
stations after one and half
years. Farmers should keep
good records to help know
which animals are related
and which ones are not.
Gestation
Gestation is the period
from fertilization to delivery
of the fetus. The average
duration of gestation
periods in ewes and does is
constant. To some extent,
the gestation period is
influenced by:
Age of the doe: younger
ewes and does have shorter
gestation than older ones
Litter size: does carrying
twins have shorter gestation
than those carrying singles
Nutrition of the pregnant
ewe or doe: low level of
feeding on range shortens
gestation
Breeds: small and dwarf
breeds have shorter
gestation periods
Volume 3, Issue 3
Parturition (birthing)
Parturition is the birth of
young goats and sheep, kids
and lambs respectively. The
gestation period is 5 months
for goats and 6 months for
sheep. During this time,
female animals should have
adequate nutrition including
water so as not to cause
harm to the fetus and to
make sure the mother has
the best health possible in
preparation for delivery and
lactation.
Signs of parturition
 Restlessness of the
doe/ewe
 Doe/ewe seeks a
quiet place away
from other flock
 Udder is enlarged,
full and firm
 Muscles either side
of tail will become
sunken and on
either side of tail a
hollow appears
 Often stand or lie
down and stretch
her neck pointing
her head skyward.
 Enlarged vulva; will
have a clear
discharge from the
vulva
Care and management of
nursing/lactating ewes
and does
Nursing ewes and does,
especially those nursing
twins or triplets, need
special attention. Lactating
animals and those
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recovering from giving birth
need to be fed sufficient
quantities of hay and
concentrate (if available) to
meet the high nutritional
and energy requirements
during early lactation. The
quality of feed offered and
particularly that of the
roughage is important.
There is also a need to
provide plenty of clean,
fresh drinking water.
Lactating ewes and does
require double the amount
of water as non-lactating
animals.
Managing young goats
and sheep
Tail docking
A Burdizzo instrument is
used to crush the tail
between the vertebrate
joints before 2 days of age.
The tail is then cut off with
a knife. Spraying the wound
with antiseptic powder is
recommended to prevent
infection. Docking has the
following purposes:
 Even distribution of
fat on the carcass
 Easier ewe
mating/breeding
 Prevention of fecal
matter from
accumulating on the
tail and hindquarters
of sheep and lambs
 Reduced fly strike
(wool maggots)
Page |4
Castration
Castration is done to
control mating by
preventing inbreeding and
inferior males from
breeding, or for production
of fattened carcass. Male
goats that will not be bred
should be castrated early in
life (in the first 2 months)
and kept for meat. The
main effect of castration is
on the composition of the
carcass and weight
development. In general,
the following effects are
noted:
 Carcasses from
castrated
sheep/goats have
more fat tissue
 Castration could
retard growth and
reduce the quantity
of lean meat if done
late (after 6 months)
 In the case of goats,
meat from castrated
males has no “goaty
smell‟ as does the
meat from entire
bucks
Managing milking/dairy
sheep and goats
The majority of smallholder
farmers milk their animals
(goats, sheep, cattle, camel)
by hand. Good milking is
done by the squeeze
method. This technique
mimics the nursing
technique used by young
animals and, if done
correctly, can hygienically
express the majority of the
Volume 3, Issue 3 www.farmerreformer.com Page |5

milk. Avoid the pulling important to keep a  Birth dates

technique as it hurts the consistent twice-daily  Birth weights
udder and the teat and milking schedule. To
udder will get a mastitis  Sire and doe
prevent mastitis, full
infection. Following  Milk records
measures for healthy draining of the teat is
 Treatment records
milking should be taken: recommended. The kid
should be allowed to suck  Service dates
 Wash hands and
teats/udder with the milked teat after milking Good record on service
clean water for proper emptying of teat date will help you calculate
 Take hold and canal. After milking use a the expected date of birth.
squeeze the base of teat-dip containing a
teat with the thumb You can know the expected
suitable antiseptic e.g. date by counting 5 months
and forefinger to
tincture of iodine. and 6 months from the date
trap the milk in the
teat Record keeping of service and take off three
 Close the other days for goat and sheep
Farmers around the world
three fingers in a date of birth, respectively.
downwards motion are encouraged to keep
with the topmost records. Often it is not Housing for sheep and
finger, grasping understood why a farmer goats
around the teat should keep records and Importance of building
followed by the what records they should sheep and goat house:
second and then the keep. The advantages to  Animals do not get
third
record keeping include: sick very often
 The milk in the teats
 Helps you to know  You can make sure
is squeezed
your goats that only the
downwards and not
animals you want to
pulled  Recording increases
breed do so
 Squeezing slowly animal values and  Make it very easy to
downward makes therefore sales feed
the milk come out income  Stop wasting feed
 Repeat this in a
 Recording promotes  Save the sheep and
rhythm and quickly;
using the full hand increased milk yields goats wasting energy
to avoid finger and  Recording promotes and increase the
thumb striping amount of milk you
improved genetic
get
 This should take merit
 Keep goat’s feet dry
about 7 minutes, so  Helps you to and clean all the
be quick so that you manage your time
get as much milk as animals well
possible Housing site selection
Which records to keep? A Due consideration should
Irregular milking can lead to farmer should keep simple be given to the following
low yields and increased records of points in site selection for a
chance of mastitis. It is sheep and goat house:
SCAP Publishers Faisalabad
Volume 3, Issue 3
Drainage: The area should
be slightly sloped for
effective drainage
Wind direction: Animal
houses should be partially
or totally protected from
the direction of strong wind
depending on the wind
intensity of the area
Climatic factors: Such as
temperature and rainfall
Environmental factors:
Livestock housing should
not be placed within 10
meters of springs,
rivers/streams or other
water bodies
Nutritional requirements
Sheep and goats do not
require specific feedstuffs.
They require energy,
protein, vitamins, minerals,
fiber, and water. Energy
makes up the largest
portion of the diet and is
usually the most limiting
nutrient in sheep diets.
Carbohydrates, fat, and
excess protein in the diet all
contribute towards fulfilling
the energy requirements of
Thermoregulation in felines
Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, FVS, BZU Multan
Corresponding Author’s Email: drasimfaraz@bzu.edu.pk
Normal body temperatures
in cats range between 100 -
102.5°F (37.7 - infectious organism, this is
39.1°C). When an infection
occurs, the body often
increases the internal
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sheep. Carbohydrates are
the major sources of energy.
Concentrates (grain) contain
starch, which is a rich
source of energy. Forages
contain fiber or cellulose,
which is not as rich in
energy as starch. The major
sources of energy in a goat
sheep's diet are pasture and
browse, hay, silage, and
grains. Energy is quantified
in the ration in many ways.
The simplest measure is
TDN or total digestible
nutrients. Metabolizable
energy (ME) and net energy
(NE) values are more
accurate measures of energy
in a sheep's diet. TDN is
usually used to formulate
rations for breeding
animals, while the net
energy system is usually
used to calculate diets for
growing lambs.
Protein is usually the most
expensive part of the diet.
Since the rumen
Dr Asim Faraz
temperature as a way to
fight off and kill the
known as pyrexia.
Thermoregulation refers to
Page |6
manufactures protein from
amino acids, the quantity of
protein is more important
than the quality of protein
in a goat or sheep's diet.
Protein requirements are
highest for young, growing
kids/lambs that are building
muscle and lactating
does/ewes that are
producing milk proteins.
Though levels vary, grains
are usually low in protein.
Urea is the most
inexpensive source of
protein or dietary nitrogen.
Other sources of protein
include soybean meal,
sunflower meal, cottonseed
meal, whole cottonseed,
whole soybeans, peanut
meal, canola meal, fishmeal,
and alfalfa pellets. Legume
hays, when they are
harvested in the early to
mid-bloom stage are
intermediate sources of
protein.
the control of the body
temperature as a result of
external factors such as an
increase or decrease in
temperature. This occurs by
following means:
Volume 3, Issue 3 www.farmerreformer.com
 Change in humans. They do
location - Moving to sweat a little through
a shady spot if it's their paws.
hot, moving to a
Causes of a high
sheltered spot, or
temperature in felines
into the sun if it's
cold. There are two causes of a
 Vasoconstriction or high temperature in felines.
vasodilation - Fever (pyrexia) or
Narrowing or hyperthermia.
widening of the
blood vessels to Fever (pyrexia) is usually the
restrict or increase result of an infection. The
blood flow. Blood body increases the internal
carries heat, which is temperature in order to
then when it reaches fight off the infection.
the surface of the
Hyperthermia occurs when
skin. So on hot days, the external temperature is
the blood vessels higher than your pet's body
dilate to increase temperature and he/she is
blood flow to the unable to bring the
skin, on cold days temperature down by
they constrict to thermoregulation. For
reduce heat loss. example, a pet locked in a
 Hairs - Hairs stand car on a warm day is at
on end when the great risk of developing
temperature falls, hyperthermia. This is a life-
this improves the threatening condition and
insulating properties
requires urgent veterinary
of the skin and coat. attention.
 Shivering - When
Cat has low temperature
the temperature
drops and the above
This is known as
methods are no
hypothermia and may be
longer effective, your
caused by the external
cat will shiver. This
temperature being too low
occurs when muscles
and once again,
begin to shiver
thermoregulation being
slightly in order to
unable to maintain the body
produce warmth by
temperature at safe levels. It
expending energy.
can occur if your pet is in
Shivering can also
the cold for a period of
occur in response to
time.
fever.
 Sweating - This isn't Kittens and body
as important in temperature
felines as it is in
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Page |7
Young kittens are very poor
at maintaining
body temperature,
therefore, it is important for
the pet owner to be aware
of this and maintain a
steady temperature for
them.
How to take your cat's
temperature
To take the temperature
with a mercury
thermometer you will need:
1. Mercury thermometer
2. Petroleum jelly
Have your cat on a firm
surface such as a dining
table and have your helper
hold him by the scruff of
the neck so that he can't run
away.
Shake the thermometer
firmly until it drops to 96°F
(35.5C).
Lubricate the bulb tip with
a little petroleum jelly, lift
the base of the tail and
gently slide it into your cat's
rectum until half of it is
inside. Keep it in for three
minutes, withdraw and
check the reading.
You should seek veterinary
attention if your cat's
temperature is under 99°F
(37.2°C) or over 104°F
(40°C).
How to reduce a fever in
a cat
If your pet only has a
moderate temperature and
Volume 3, Issue 3 www.farmerreformer.com Page |8

seems otherwise well, you in the coat, which acts as veterinary attention
can try to reduce it by using insulation. immediately. Do not
fans to cool them off attempt to treat at home
and/or offering them cool How to treat
water. hyperthermia (heat
stroke)
Don't give your pet a bath;
this will make the situation If you suspect your cat has
worse by trapping the water hyperthermia, seek

Use of chemicals as growth promoters

Dr Asim Faraz
Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, FVS, BZU Multan
Corresponding Author’s Email: drasimfaraz@bzu.edu.pk

The term “Growth
promoter” is performance
enhancer and digestive
enhancer; include a diverse
range of products ranging
from simple chemicals.
Growth promoting effects
is a systemic effect within
the body. They are used to
increase daily weight gain
and to improve feed
conversion ratio. Regarding
growth and development of
beef animals, application of
growth promoters by means
of implantation or
supplementation to the
diets has been routine
practice in beef cattle
industry for better
performance in growth and
feed efficiency. Growth
promoting effects is a
systemic effect within the
body. Different types of
chemicals used in beef
industry as growth
promoters like zinc, copper,
copper sulphate, chelated
copper, estrogenic
substances like zeranol etc.
Zinc and copper have
structural and catalytic roles
in many mettalo-proteins
that function as enzyme.
Zinc is particular and
participates that function as
enzyme, which is of great
importance for growth and
development. It is deeply
involved in the metabolism
of DNA and protein and as
such is very important in
cell differentiation and cell
replication. Zinc
requirement is greatest in
fast growing animals and
the effects of zinc
deficiency are most harmful
in fetuses and young
animals, where cell
differentiation and
replication are highest. It is
important for the
functioning of the immune
system. Inclusion of high
amounts of zinc (about
2500 ppm zinc as zinc
oxide) in diets fed to beef
animals for two weeks after
weaning has an inhibitory
effect on the incidence and
severity of unspecific post
weaning scouring or daily
weight gain. Decrease in
plasma zinc is seen in beef
animals when challenged
with endotoxin. Zinc
retention is reduced in
young beef animals with
intestinal infections. Beef
animals with too little
dietary zinc may be more
susceptible to infection. In
beef animals failure of
thrive is one of the first
symptoms of zinc
deficiency, diarrhea is also
recorded. The labile zinc
pool in beef animals is

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Volume 3, Issue 3
small, and thus a constant
dietary supply is necessary.
Copper is substantially
involved in processes
concerning iron utilization
and synthesis of connective
tissue. Inclusion of large
amount of copper results in
an increase in daily weight
gain and feed conversion
ratio. Similar growth
promoting effect was
obtained when copper
histidine solution was
administrated by I/V
injection and thus bypassed
the gastro intestinal tract.
Addition of dietary copper
increased protein utilization,
probably through activation
of pepsin. Copper
supplementation exerts an
effect on the villus structure
and thus decrease turnover
the cells, results in more
Use of hormones and probiotics as growth promoters
Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, FVS, BZU Multan
Corresponding Author’s Email: drasimfaraz@bzu.edu.pk
Growth promoters are
substances that are added to
feed as supplement or
injection to improve feed
utilization and growth of
farm Animals. Most
extensive are feed additives,
anabolic implants (both
estrogen and androgenic),
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nutrients becoming
available for absorption.
High level of copper
sulphate is typically used in
beef industry as growth
promoter and its benefits
on weight gain and feed
efficiency. Copper sulphate
acts as an anti-bacterial
agent by shifting the
microbial population within
the gastrointestinal tract by
quantitatively modifying
some gram positive
bacterial populations in the
gut. Copper sulphate
improved daily weight gain
8.1% and feed efficiency on
average 5.4%. Optimum
dose of copper sulphate as
growth promoter in beef
animals is around about
252mg/kg and 125mg/kg
of Cu was approximately
75% as effective.
Dr Asim Faraz
bovine somatotropin,
repartitioning agents (beta-
agonists) and probiotics.
Hormonal growth
promoters (zeranol,
melengestrol trenbolone
acetate, and estradiol) have
generated positive effects in
cattle production. But may
Page |9
Using chelated copper
could be an alternative to
pharmaceutical Cu to
maintain growth promoting
effects and reduce Cu
excretion to the
environment. The growth
advantage of chelated
copper is perhaps due to
the fact that it is more
available for absorption and
less antagonism in the
lumen as indicated by
increased liver Cu storage
and better anti-bacterial
function. Zeranol
implantation in general
improved average daily gain,
feed conversion, dressing
percentage, and yield grade
of cattle and also results in
increased dry matter intake.
cause carcinogenic effect to
the consumer.
Currently wide spread in
beef cattle industry for
better performance and
growth. It may enhance
growth during suckling,
growing and finishing stages
Volume 3, Issue 3 www.farmerreformer.com P a g e | 10

of meat production. metabolites by most tissue because of lower scores on

Implanted under skin of in body to improve growth tenderness.
animal in form of depot rate of animals. Trenbolone
capsules, where they release acetate (TBA) is a synthetic Public Health Impact:
a specific dose of hormone steroid with an anabolic Hormone residues adversely
over a defined period of potency that may exceed affect immune system can
time. Most widely used in that of testosterone. It lead to cancer, affect
cattle production are converts into active forms development and
estradiol, testosterone, 17β-trenbolone reproduction. Progesterone
progesterone and synthetic increase incidence of
isomerizes
  17 d-
are trenbolone acetate and ovarian, uterine and
trenbolone in muscle tissue
zeranol. Estradiol has mammary tumors. Zeranol
majorly. Zeranol forms
estrogenic property (action) stimulates estrogen
naturally occurring myco-
e-g responsible for female receptors dependent cell
estrogen-zeralenone and it
characteristics. Testosterone proliferation in mammary
is a potent estrogen
has androgenic action glands.
receptor agonist in vivo and
responsible for male vitro use alone or in Probiotics: Growth
characteristics, while combination with TBA. promoting substances
progesterone for produced by a ciliate
maintaining pregnancy. Growth Hormones: GH
protozoan that stimulate the
Trenbolone acetate mimics or Somatotropin (ST)
growth of other ciliate.
the action of testosterone increase weight gain by
“Probiotics are organisms
while zeranol mimics stimulating metabolism and
or substance which
estradiol. protein acceration
contributes to intestinal
concurrent with a reduction
Estradiol promotes growth microbial balance including
in fat deposition. Bovine
by stimulating appetite and both living and non-living
Somatotropin (BST) is a
improving FCE. substances that confers a
bovine growth hormone,
Testosterone alone or in health benefit on host.
protein like insulin, not a
combination with other steroid produced by Bacterial Vs. Non-
hormonally active pituitary. During lactation, bacterial Probiotics: With
substances, used primarily BST mobilizes body fat for exception of certain yeast
to improve the rate of use as energy and diverts and fungal probiotics,
weight gain and feed feed energy toward milk mostly used are bacteria e.g.
efficiency by anabolic action production (10-15%), its several species lactobacilli’s,
of androgens. Progesterone effect on beef cattle are enterococcus candida,
not only serve as precursor increased growth rates, clostridium, escherichia,
of steroid hormone improved feed conversion streptococcus. Non-
(androgen, estrogen, and carcass lean while bacterial are (yeast or
corticosteroids) in gonads decreasing carcass fat → fungal) aspergillus oryzae,
and adrenals, but also that reduce acceptability
covert into one or more

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 Volume 3, Issue 3 www.farmerreformer.com P a g e | 11

candida pintolopecii,  lactobacillus spp. for eight weeks,

saccharomyces. Produces commencing at 15 days of
antimicrobial lactic age, results in improvement
Spore forming Vs. Non- in average body weight by
acid and
spore forming: Those are 9% in goats. Probiotics
bacteriocins
lactobacillus and improve productivity,
 (Antibacterial
bifidobacterium strains increased milk yield, induce
Peptide) such as
while spore forming are better nutrient digestion and
acidophilin, acidolin,
bacillus subtilis and bacillus enhance growth rate in
lactolin etc.
amylolique-faciens. ruminants. Probiotics are
They are being used widely believed to prevent or treat
Multi Species/strains Vs.
in both grazing (Grass ted) ruminal acidosis or ruminal
Single Strain:
industry and the intensive pH stabilization by
Enterococcus faecium,
feedlot industry of cattle. In modulating rumen
lactobacillus reuteri are
grass ted system of beef, microbes. Lactate utilizing
multi species while Single
economic benefits for using bacteria (e.g. Megasphera
Specie are saccharomyces.
growth promoters can come elsdenii) could be used to
Commonly administered to from higher growth rate per prevent accumulation of
animals orally either day, sold at heavier weight lactic acid in rumen.
through the feed or at same age as sold in early Probiotics can improve
drinking water. Recently use age. In feed lot, benefit is digestibility of low quality
of lactate utilizing bacteria mainly from a higher feed roughage by ruminants.
bacterium Megasphera conversion efficiency and
elsdenii result in acidosis greater as animals reach Public health hazard /
prevention and target weight more quickly. Risks: 1) Release of
performance enhancement Probiotics increase the infections + hoxious
that’s why 2nd more adopted population at beneficial microorganisms to
practice in beef cattle after microorganisms including environment from animal
Ionophores. Mode of lactobacilli and bifido production system. 2)
Action of Probiotics bacteria which then inhibit Hyper stimulation of
includes pathogenic bacteria growth of harmful immune system in
such as (E.coli, Salmonella microorganisms by susceptible hosts. 3)
spp) immune modulation producing inhibiting Transfer of antibiotic
producing antibiotic substances (bacteriocins and resistance from probiotic to
substances, decrease organic acids) by other pathogenic
intestinal pH, stimulate competitive exclusion. microorganisms.
synthesis of vitamin B Probiotics can increase the
Nowadays a wave has been
groups, providing digestive weight gain of ruminants
generated regarding awareness the
enzymes and increasing of e.g. a probiotic containing
side effects of these hormones
VFA’s production. mixture of microorganisms
particularly when such mea is
isolated from healthy one,
consumed by young girls.
when fed to other animals

SCAP Publishers Faisalabad

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