Direct Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

Under Combined Bending, Shear and Torsion

1
Abdel Wahid Hago, 2El Hussein A.E. Elarabi
3
Ali Zarroug and 3Muddathir Sulieman

ABSTRACT
In this paper, a direct design method for the design of reinforced concrete beams under
combined bending, shear and torsion is proposed. The stress distribution in the beam was
obtained using a three dimensional finite element program. A sandwich approach was
adopted, in which all components of stress resultants from different combinations of
loading on the beam were lumped into four plates at its edges. This was done to facilitate
the application of the "Direct Design Method (DDM)" to beams subjected to combined
bending, shear and torsion. The stress resultants in these plates were computed as inplane
forces on the plates, and the reinforcement was obtained as to satisfy the yield conditions
on the plates. The approach was verified by comparison with beams designed by BS8110
(1985) and ACI31883 (1983) Codes, in terms of economy in use of steel, and conclusions
were drawn in favour of the proposed design procedure.

Keywords: Torsion, elastic analysis, direct design method, combined loading.

reinforcement with modes of failure. The

1. INTRODUCTION
In reinforced concrete structures, torsion often
appears with bending and/or shear as in
spandrel beams or in curved girders. The
effect of the simultaneous application of
bending, shear and torsion may easily be
examined by means of interaction surfaces.
Although there had been many studies on the
interaction between bending and torsion
(Goode and Helmy [1], Collins et al. [2],
Lampert et al. [3, 4], Lampert and Collins [5],
and Muller [6]), it does not seem that they
agree on one interaction criterion. Zia [7,8] has
summarized much of the available information
on this respect. The shear bending theory and
the space truss analogy as developed by
Lampert et al. [3,4] are in general agreement
on the interaction behaviour. Lampert and
Collins [5] deduced that the two theories were
in close agreement and could predict the same
torsion-bending interaction behaviour. Collins
et al. [3] correlated the regions of the failure
surface for members with transverse
theory stated that for beams in which the area
of tension steel exceeded that of compression
steel, the torsion capacity increased in
presence of flexure up to some optimum value.
On the other hand, for beams with equal
tension and compression reinforcement, the
presence of bending caused a decrease in the
torsion capacity of the beam. However, the
question still needs further investigation. The
general procedure adopted by the codes of
practice in design for combined torsion,
bending and shear acting simultaneously is to
treat each type of loading individually.
This may result in overestimating the amount
of reinforcement required for the beam. In the
present paper, a more rational approach is
proposed, in which an elastic stress field under
the applied loads is obtained by a three
dimensional finite element program, using a
20nodded isoparametric brick element for
plain concrete. The cross section of the beam
is visualized as two vertical and horizontal

1
Department of Civil Eng., College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
2
Building Research Institute, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture,University of Khartoum.

Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45 7

sandwiches with a concrete filling in the Fy Mx
σy = +
middle, and each sandwich plate can be shB d1hB …………………… (5)
designed for the combined stress state
resulting from the external loading. For plate 2:
2. SANDWICH PLATE ELEMENT Stresses on surface xz:
Assuming elastic uncracked properties for the Fyx M yx
τ yx = −
beam, an elastic analysis under the combined 2hB d1hB ……………………… (6)
loading of bending, shear and torsion was
obtained using a three dimensional finite Stresses on surface yz:
element program. Details of the 20 nodded My
Fx
numerically integrated brick element and the σx = −
standard finite element procedure used in this 2hL d1hL ……………………… (7)
research can be found elsewhere (El Hussein
[9], Smith [10]). In obtaining the stress Fxy M xy
τ xy = −
distribution in the beam, a 3x3x3 Gauss 2hL d1hL ……………………… (8)
quadrature rule was used. As the proposed
design method was originally developed for For plate 3:
plates (Hago [11]), the first step in its Stresses on surface xz:
application to beams was to divide the cross
− Mz
section of the beam into four plates at its σy =
boundaries as shown in Figure 1. The stresses b1hD …………………………… (9)
at the gauss points within the element, which
were obtained from the finite element Fyz M yz
τ yx = −
program, were integrated into stress resultants 2hD b1hD …………………… (10)
using a 2x2 Gauss quadrature rule.
− My
The stress resultants were further converted to σz =
stresses on the surfaces of the sandwich plates b1hL …………………………. (11)
according to the following equations (see
Figure 2), which were derived by considering Stresses on surface xy:
equilibrium of the individual plates; (Note that Fzy M zy
the numerals in Figure 2 refer to plates τ zy = −
2hL b1hL ……………………. (12)
numbers 1 to 4):
For plate 1: For plate 4:
Stresses on xz surface: Stresses on surface xz:
Mz
σy = −
Fy
Mx σy =
2hB d1hB ……………………… (1) d1hB ………………………… (13)
Fyz M yz
τ yx =
Fyx
−
M yx τ yz = +
2hB d1hB ……………………… (2) 2hD b1hD …………………… (14)

Stresses on surface yz: Stresses on surface xy:

My
σx =
Fy
−
My σz =
2hL d1hL b1hL ………………………… (15)
……………………. (3)
Fxy M xy
τ xy = − Fzy M zy
2hL d1hL …………………… (4) τ zy = +
2hL b1hL ………………… (16)
8 Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45
In this manner, the beam has been converted
into a set of four plates, each one became
under the action of in-plane (membrane)
stresses only. The direct design method
(DDM) could then be applied to obtain the
required reinforcement in these plates. For this
purpose, equations derived by Nielsen [12] for
plates and modified further by Clark [13] were
used. These equations were derived using the
theory of plasticity, and assuming unlimited
plastic action in concrete. The method was
originally proposed for plates, and full account
on its application to reinforced concrete slabs
can be found in Hago [11], and Abdel Hafiz
[14]. A brief account of the DDM will be
given below.
3. THE DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
(DDM)
The direct design method is an application of
the plasticity theory for proportioning the
reinforcement required to resist a combination
of torsion, bending and shear on reinforced
concrete members. The method depends on the
stress-resultants only and is independent of the
type of loading. Clark's equations [13] used in
this study depends on the inplane forces acting
on plates. An outline of these equations is
briefly described below.
Given the stress resultants triad (Nx, Ny, Nxy)
at any point in the plate, it is required to design
reinforcement according to the lower bound
theory of plasticity. A general case of
providing reinforcement per unit length Ax and
Aα in two directions x and α will be
considered. Associated steel stress in these
steel areas will be fx and fα. With reference to
Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, the following
equations may be written:
Fx = Ax f x + Aα fα cos 2 α + σ 1h cos 2 θ + σ 2 h sin 2 θ
Fy = Aα fα sin 2 α + σ 1h sin 2 θ + σ 2 h cos 2 θ
Fxy = − Aα fα sin α cos α − σ 1h sin θ cos θ + σ 2 h sin θ cos θ
………………………….……………..(17)
On dividing through by h and defining the
normal and shear stresses by:
Fx Fy Fxy
σx = ; σy = ; τ xy=
h h h …….….(18)
Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45
and putting the steel ratios as
Ax A
ρx = and ρ y = y
h h ………………. (19)
Hence, the following relations can be
obtained:
σ x = ρ x f x + ρα fα cos 2 α + σ 1 cos 2 θ + σ 2 sin 2 θ
σ y = ρα fα sin 2 α + σ 1 sin 2 θ + σ 2 cos 2 θ
τ xy = − ρα fα sin α cos α − (σ 1 − σ 2 ) sin θ cos θ
……………….……………… (20)
The solution of these equations is possible by
considering a fourth equation obtained by
minimization of steel with respect to angle θ,
i.e.
∂ ( ρ x + ρα )
=0 ………………… (21)
∂ tan θ
If the stress σx, σy, τxy are known, the
equations can be solved for the steel areas ρx
and ρα. In the present research, the stress triad
is obtained using a finite element program, and
the angle α is taken as 90o i.e. orthogonal
arrangement of steel. A flowchart for the
program incorporating the above design
equations used in this research is given in
Figure 12.
4. EFFECT OF THE THICKNESS OF
THE SHELL OF THE SANDWICH
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
REINFORCEMENT
It can be seen from the above description of
the DDM, that a basic parameter to be
determined in the development of the method
is the thickness of the sandwich plates. An
investigation was carried out to study its effect
on the distribution of the reinforcement. A
bending moment of 90 kNm was applied at the
end of a 2 meters long cantilever 450mm
depth x 250mm width, and the corresponding
reinforcement was obtained firstly for a
constant width and varying depth, and
secondly for a constant depth and varying
width. In each case the thickness of the plate
was varied from 1.0 mm to its maximum value
of half the width of the beam (125 mm) at
increments of 1.0 mm. The above analysis was
repeated for the case of pure torsion (T = 40
9
kNm), and the case of combined torsion and
bending moment (T = 40 kNm, M = 90 kNm).
The amount of reinforcement needed for each
case was plotted for different thicknesses of
the shell, as shown in Figures 4 to 9. From
these figures, the minimum amount
reinforcement corresponding to shell thickness
was obtained.
The thickness which gave minimum
reinforcement was plotted against the
corresponding depth of the shell, while the
width was kept constant, as shown in Figure
10. The best equation which simulates this
relationship can be put in the form:
β
y1 = α1 x1 …………………………… (22)
By transforming this equation into a linear
equation using logarithmic linear regression,
the constants α1 and β for each problem was
obtained. The results are shown in Table 2.
Similar results were also obtained for the case
of pure bending, in which, the depth was kept
constant while the width was varied. The
results for all these cases are shown in Table 2.
Figures 10 and 11 show the relationship
between the thicknesses that gives the
minimum volume of reinforcement and the
depth and the width respectively. These
relationships can also be represented by
equation 22.
However, it is important to note that the
thickness of the sandwich plate is also
governed by further two factors:
1. The condition of minimum cover, and
2. Practicality of placing the reinforcement.
To satisfy the condition of minimum cover, it
was suggested that the thickness of the shell
obtained from equation 22 (or Figures 10 or
11), should not be less than twice the thickness
of the nominal cover specified by the code for
durability and fire resistance, in order to
satisfy condition 2 above.
5. VERIFICATION OF THE
DEVELOPED DIRECT DESIGN
METHOD
In this section the developed design software
was tested. The same cantilever beam was
10 Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45
used. The results obtained for the case of
combined torsion and bending showed that the
values of shear stresses in plates (4) and (2),
(Figure 2) are simply the sum of that obtained
for pure torsion to that obtained for pure
bending. It follows that the reinforcement is
approximately the sum of the reinforcement
for the two individual pure cases.
Considering plate (3), it can be seen that the
values of shear stresses in case of combined
torsion and bending are equal to the algebraic
sum of these values for each individual pure
case. The values of the percentages of
reinforcement in this plate were approximately
equal to the difference between the percentage
of reinforcement in the case of pure bending
and that in the case of pure torsion. For plate
(1) the reinforcement in the case of combined
torsion and bending was less than that in the
case of pure torsion. This was because in this
plate there was only a normal compressive
stress obtained from bending in addition to the
shear stress obtained from torsion. The
compressive stress in this plate tended to
reduce the effect of the shear stress.
6. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE
DIRECT DESIGN METHOD AND
OTHER CODES OF PRACTICE
A comparison was conducted between the
results obtained by the direct design method
(DDM), the British Standard Code of practice
BS8110-1985 [15] and the American Code of
practice ACI 318-83 [16] for different
moment/torque ratios. Seven cantilever beams
with the same cross sectional dimensions (450
x 250 mm) and subjected to pure and
combined loading cases were designed
according to the specifications of BS8110,
ACI 318, and the direct design method
(DDM). All safety factors in the two codes of
practice and in DDM were taken as unity, so
as to have the same grounds for comparison.
Table (3) shows the amount of longitudinal
and transverse reinforcement for various
moment/torque ratios. It also contains the
percentage difference (Dif1) between the
longitudinal reinforcement computed by the
direct design method (DDM) and the two
Codes of Practice, and the percentage
difference (Dif2) between the transverse
reinforcement computed by the direct design
method and the two Codes of Practice. From
the table, it can be seen that, in the case of
pure torsion the direct design method gives
less reinforcement than the two codes of
practice. BS8110 gives an amount of
longitudinal and transverse reinforcements
which are 1.47 and 1.83 times the respective
value obtained by the direct design method.
The corresponding ratios for the ACI are 1.62
and 1.42 respectively. In the case of combined
torsion and bending, it can be seen that in
general the difference in the longitudinal
reinforcement between the direct design
method and both Codes of Practice decreases
as the moment/torque ratio increases. The
difference in transverse reinforcement
obtained by ACI and BS8110-1985 from that
obtained by the direct design method (DDM)
is high, and it is almost constant for
Moment/Torque ratios less than 6, then it
reduces for values of Moment/Torque ratios
higher than 6. From Table (3), it can be seen
that the total volume of reinforcement in the
beam obtained by the direct design method
(DDM) is always less than that obtained by the
two Codes of Practice. Thus, it can be said
that the proposed direct design method gives
less steel than the ACI-318 and BS8110 Codes
of Practice, bearing in mind the fact that no
safety factors were involved in each case.
However, ultimate and service behavior of
beams designed by this method still needs to
be investigated.
7. CONCLUSION
1. The Direct Design Method (DDM)
suggested in this paper can be applied to
solid beams under different combinations
of torsion, bending and shear, by
adopting a sandwich approach in which
all components of stress resultants are
lumped as inplane stresses in four plates
at the edges of the cross section.
2. The thickness of the sandwich plates to
give minimum reinforcement can be
obtained from equation 22 or by use of
Figures. 10 and 11. It is recommended
that the thickness should not be less than
twice the cover for durability
requirements.
Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45
3. It is anticipated that, by applying DDM
to beams under combined states of
loading, an upper bound to the minimum
reinforcement will be obtained.
4. Designs based on the proposed DDM
yield more saving in steel than that
provided by the present codes of practice
of BS8110 and ACI 318.
5. Further investigation into the ultimate
and service behaviour of beams designed
by this method is currently underway.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Professor Dr.
Ing. E. H. Dudeck, Director of Institut fur
Statik of West Germany, and his staff, for the
facilities made available to the second author
during his stay in Germany.
REFERENCES
1. Goode, C. D. And Helmy M. A.
"Ultimate Strength of Reinforced
Concrete Beams in Bending and
Torsion". Torsion of Structural Concrete,
SP No. 18, American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, 1968, pp. 357377.
2. Collins, M. P., Walsh, P. F., Archer, F. E.,
And Hall, A. S."Ultimate Strength Of
Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to
Combined Torsion and Bending". Torsion
of Structural Concrete, SP18, American
Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1968, pp. 279-
402.
3. Lampert, P. And Thurliamann, B.
"Torsionsversuche an Stahlbetonbalken
(Torsion Tests of Reinforced Concrete
Beams)". Bericht Nr. 6506, June 1968;
Torsion-Biege-Versuche an
Stahlbetonbalken (Torsion Tests of
Reinforced Concrete Beams)". Bericht Nr.
6503, Jan 1969, Institut fur Baustatik,
ETH, Zurich (In German).
4. Lampert, Paul And Thurliamann, Bruno
"Ultimate strength and design of
reinforced concrete beams in torsion and
bending". Publications of the International
Association for Bridge and Structural
Engineering (Zurich), vol. 31I, 1969, pp.
107131.
11
5. Lampert, P., Collins, M.P. "Torsion,
Bending and Confusion. An attempt to
establish the facts". Journal of the
American Concrete Institute (ACI),
August 1972, pp. 500504.
6. Muller, P., "Failure Mechanisms for
Reinforced Concrete Beams in Torsion
and Bending". Publications of the
International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering, Vol. 36II, 1976,
pp. 147163.
7. Zia, P., "What Do We Know About
Torsion in Concrete Members".
Proceedings of the American Society of
Civil Engineers, Volume 96, No. ST6,
June 1970, pp. 11851199.
14. Abdel Hafiz, L. H., "Direct Design of
reinforced Concrete Skew Slabs". Thesis
submitted for the degree of Ph.D.,
University of Glasgow, Scotland, 1986.
15. BS8110-1985, British Standard-
Structural Use of Concrete. Part 2, Code
of Practice for Special Circumstances,
British Standards Institute, London 1985.
16. ACI-318-83, Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete".
American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
1983.
Z
L

8. Zia, P., "Torsion Theories for Concrete

Members". Torsion of Structural h
d1 D
Concrete, SP18-4, American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, 1968.
Y
9. El Hussein Ahmad El Hussein Al Arabi, b1 B

"Finite Element and Direct Design

Method In Combined Torsion, Bending X

and Shear of Reinforced Concrete". A

Figure 1: Dividing a beam element into
thesis submitted for the degree of Master
shells
of Science in Civil Engineering. Z
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Khartoum, Jan 1990.
10. Smith, G. N., “An Introduction to Matrix
and Finite Element Methods in Civil σy
PLATE 2 τyx
Engineering”. Applied Science Publishers
τxy
Ltd, London 1971. Y
σx
11. Hago, A. W., "Direct Design of σy

Reinforced Concrete Slabs". Thesis PLATE 1 τyx

submitted for the degree of Ph.D., τxy

University of Glasgow, Scotland, 1982. σx

X
12. Nielsen, M. P., "On the Strength of Z
Reinforced Concrete Slabs". Alborg, Den σz

mark, Ingenioor akademi τzy

Bygeninsafdelingen 1971, Bulletin No. σz

PLATE 3

B2. Reprinted from Acta Polytechnica τzy σy

Scandinavica, Civil Engineering And PLATE 4 τyz
Construction Series, No. 70, 1969, pp Y
254. σy

τyz
13. Clark, L. A., "The Provision of Tension
and Compression Reinforcement to resist
inplane forces". Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol 28, No. 94, March 1976, pp Figure 2: Stresses on the shell plates
312.

12 Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45

 Z
3000
Surface 1 -XZ
2500
Fyz

Longitudinal Steel (mm2)

Depth=250
Depth=300
Mz 2000
Depth=350
Myz Depth=400
Fy Depth=450
Y 1500
Myx Depth=500
Depth=550
Mx
Fyx 1000 Depth=600

500
X 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Thickness (mm)

Figure 4: Thickness of the shell plates

versus longitudinal steel (case of pure
bending with width=250mm)
Z
Surface 2 -YZ

Fxz Mxz
Mxy
Mz
Fxy 1800
Y Width=125
1700
My Width=150
1600 Width=175
Fx
Longitudinal Steel (mm )
2

Width=200
1500
Width=250
Width=275
X 1400
Width=300
1300
Width=225
1200

1100

1000

900
Z 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Surface 3 -XY Thickness (mm)

Fz Figure 5: Thickness of the shell plates

versus longitudinal steel (case of pure
My bending with depth=450mm)
Fzy
Y
Mx
Fzx Mzy
Mzx

Figure 3: Sign convention for forces and

moments

Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45 13

 1800 4500
Depth=300
Depth=350 Width=150
1700
Depth=400 4000 Width=175
1600 Width=200
Longitudinal Steel (mm )

Depth=450
2

Longitudinal Steel (mm )

2
Depth=500 3500 Width=225
1500
Depth=550 Width=250
1400 Depth=600 3000 Width=275
Width=300
1300
2500 Width=325
1200 Width=350

1100
2000

1000 1500
900
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Thickness (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Figure 6: Thickness of the shell plates Figure 9: Thickness of the shell plates
versus longitudinal steel (case of pure versus longitudinal steel (case of
torsion with width=250mm) combined bending and torsion with
depth=450mm)
4250
Width=150
3750 Width=175 600 PURE BENDING

Width=200
Longitudinal Steel (mm )
2

PURE TORQUE
3250 Width=225
Width=250 500 BENDING+TORQUE
Width=275
Depth (mm)

2750
Width=300
2250 Width=325
400

1750

300
1250

750
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Thickness (mm)
Thickness (mm)

Figure 7: Thickness of the shell plates Figure 10: Thickness of the shell plates
versus longitudinal steel (case of pure versus longitudinal steel for various beam
torsion with depth=450mm) depth values

4500 400
PURE BENDING

4000 PURE TORQUE

Longitudinal Steel (mm )
2

300 BENDING+TORQUE
Depth=250
3500 Depth=300
Width (mm)

Depth=350
3000 Depth=400 200
Depth=450
Depth=500
2500
Depth=550 100
Depth=600
2000

0
1500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Thickness (mm)
Thickness (mm)

Figure 8: Thickness of shell plates versus Figure 11: Thickness of the shell plates
longitudinal steel (case of combined versus longitudinal steel for various
bending and torsion with width=250mm) beam width values
14 Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45
 OBTAIN STRESS
RESULTANTS ON THE
START
ELEMENT BY NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION

CONVERT STRESS RESULTANTS

INTO INPLANE DIRECT AND SHEAR
STRESSES IN THE FOUR FACES OF
READ & FORM MAJOR DATA THE SECTION (EQUATIONS 1 TO 16)

APPLY DESIGN EQUATIONS TO

FORM GLOBAL STIFFNESS OBTAIN STEEL QUANTITIES IN
MATRIX ASSUMING EACH FACE REQUIRED TO RESIST
CONCRETE PROPERTIES INPLANE FORCES (EQUATIONS 18
ONLY TO 21)

FORM DESIGN LOAD

VECTOR, INCLUDING
SHEAR, MOMENT AND PRINT STEEL QUANTITY IN
TORSION EACH ELEMENT

SOLVE FOR DISPLACEMENTS,

STRAINS AND STRESSES AT
THE GAUSS POINTS
STOP

Figure 12: Flow chart of the program used in designing reinforcement in beams

Table 1: The thickness of the sandwich plate which gives minimum reinforcement for
a cantilever under different load combinations
LOAD TYPE LOAD VALUE (KNm) THICKNESS (mm)
Pure Moment 90 40
Pure Torque 40 20
Moment & Torque M=90 , T=40 50

Table 2: Values of the constants α1 and β in equation 22, for the loading cases
considered

LOAD TYPE α1 β REMARKS

Pure Moment 65.67x103 -1.210 constant width
Pure Torque 12.26 x103 -1.052 constant width
Combined Moment and Torque 134.08 x103 -1.313 constant width
Pure Moment 22.63 x103 -1.148 constant depth
Pure Torque 19.63 x103 -1.249 constant depth
Combined Moment and Torque 15.67 x103 -1.313 constant depth

Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45 15

Table 3: Reinforcement obtained by using BS8110(1985), ACI-318-83 and DDM
BS8810
M T MAIN LINKS DIF1 DIF2
M/T
KNm KNm STEEL A/S % %
0 30 0 1228.0 2.193 46.7 83.3
30 30 1 1532.5 2.193 55.5 83.3
60 30 2 1836.8 2.193 43.1 83.3
120 30 4 2500.3 2.193 7.9 83.3
120 20 6 2090.9 1.462 1.1 83.3
240 20 12 3742.2 1.462 -36.0 19.0
240 0 2923.5 0.0 -37.4 -100

ACI DDM
MAIN LINKS DIF1 DIF2 MAIN LINKS
M/T
STEEL A/S % % STEEL A/S
0 1351.7 1.705 61.5 42.3 837.0 1.197
1 1557.4 1.803 60.0 50.7 985.6 1.197
2 1817.3 1.904 41.6 59.1 1283.5 1.197
4 2340.7 2.117 1.1 76.9 2316.2 1.196
6 2246.9 1.186 8.6 48.6 2068.2 0.798
12 3448.0 1.661 -41.3 35.2 5872.6 1.228
2644.4 0.264 -43.4 -75.8 4670.7 1.088

16 Sudan Engineering Society JOURNAL, January 2006, Volume 52 No.45