 Okay, first we will discuss about what are all the inputs required for design of the substation

earthing?
 So, the first and fore most input required for doing the substation ear thing system design is the
dimensions of the substation.
 That means what is the length of the substation, what is the width of the substation and the total area
of the substation.
 These are the basic details that we need and this input data is called as the substation area.
 So the first Input is the substation area.
 I.e. length, width and the total area of the substation.
 The next Input that we need is the soil resistivity. That means the natural soil resistivity of the
substation and the resistivity we need in terms of Ohm-meter.
 And the third Input that we need is What is the fault current level of the substation?
 Why this is required, because we are designing the earthing system in order to limit the potential rise
when the desired fault current is flowing in the substation.
 And this input we will consider as System data.
 So, in system data we need the amount of fault current and the fault duration both are needed.
 And the size of the earthing conductor whatever we are selecting that depends on these two
parameters i.e. the amount of fault current not the leakage current and the duration of the fault.
 And the Fourth Input that we need is the material that we are going to use for the earthing conductor.
 Because cost will vary depending upon the earthing material that we are going to use.
 So, these 4 inputs are the minimum required inputs for designing of earthing system for a substation
and these are the prerequisite inputs for doing the earthing calculations.
 Now from where these inputs arte available? R form where we got these inputs?
 So, for the first input i.e. substation area, for that we have to get the plot plan from the client and
generally client will provide the plot plan in the tendering drawings itself.
 Coming to the second input i.e. soil resistivity and this report will also be provided by the client in
general or sometimes we may have to conduct the soil resistivity measurements as per the bidding
documents.
 Next is the system data. And this data also we can get from the client that means the substation fault
level and duration of the fault all these parameters we will generally get from the bidding documents
only.
 After getting all these inputs, next is approach. What will be our approach for the earthing system
design?
 The approach has been clearly mentioned in the IEEE 80 standards.
 If you see the IEEE 80 document, that is of around 200 pages.
 I will explain what we need in that IEEE 80 document?
 Please note down Fig:32 in IEEE document.
 Whatever the calculations that we do we will follow this design matrix only.
 Please try to understand this flow diagram.
 Then I will explain.
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 Okay, tell me what are the main objectives of doing the earthing calculations?
 First objective to decide the ground conductor size.
 As all of you know earthing will provide the path for flow of the fault current.
 So for that what will be the size of the conductor that we need to consider to allow the fault
current for the given fault duration?
 50 X 12, or 50 X 6 or 75 x 12 these are different sizes and which size we have to consider?
 This is one objective of doing the earthing calculations.
 And the second objective is to find out the ground grid resistance.
 As all of you know current will flow in the least resistance path and ground grid resistance is one
of the important factor that we need to consider in earthing calculations.
 So in our calculations we will verify that ground grid resistance whether it is less than 1 ohm or
not that we will verify.
 This is the second objective.
 And the third objective is what will be the total length of conductor required for our grid?
 Means we need to find out what will be the total length of conductor and the spacing between the
conductors.
 So whenever we are forming the grid we will keep some spacing between the conductors like
10mtr or 15 mtr etc.
 That we need to optimize using the earthing calculations and we will justify that spacing with the
calculations.
 And the Fourth objective is the calculation of GPR i.e. Ground potential rise.
 So whenever a fault current flows through the grid, potential of the grid will rise and that is called
Ground potential rise.
 And the next objective is to calculate the step and touch potentials and we will verify whether they
are within the acceptable ranges or not?
 So, these are the five main objectives in doing the earthing calculations.
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