რელიგიები საქ.ში

nugzar papuaSvili
msoflio
religiebi
saqarTveloSi
Tavisuflebis
instituti
Tbilisi 2002
am wignis mizania, rom mkiTxvelTa farTo wres im
religiebis analizi miewodos, romlebsac Cveni
qveynis warsuli da dRevandeloba icnobs; romlebmac
saqarTvelos istoriaSi, zepirsa Tu werilobiT
sityvierebaSi da eTnografiul yofaSi kvali datoves
an toveben. gansakuTrebuli adgili qristianuli
moZRvrebisa da RvTismsaxurebis, maTi
pirvelwyaroebis: bibliisa da eklesiis mamaTa
memkvidreobis zogad mimoxilvas eTmoba. yuradReba im
Teoriebze, aRmsareblobebsa da tradiciebzec
maxvildeba, romlebic TvalsaCinoa rogorc
TavisTavad, ise saqarTvelos realiebTan mimarTebaSi.
aqve laparakia araqristianul religiebze da
religiaTmcodneobis zogad sakiTxebze. avtori
cdilobs, saRvTismetyvelo da spiritualuri
Semecnebis esa Tu is sistema miukerZoebuli
analitikosis TvaliT dainaxos da warmoaCinos, Tumca
sakuTari poziciebis gamoxatvisa da sxvaTa
Tvalsazrisebis gadmocemasac ar aridebs Tavs.
redaqtori:
sozar subari
`wmidahyaviT qriste, rogorc ufali, Tqvens gulSi da
mudam mzad iyaviT, rom simSvidiT da mowiwebiT upasuxoT
yvelas, vinc Tqveni imedis gamo axsna-ganmartebas mogTxovT~.
1 petre 3:15
Sesavali
`religia~
Religio laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs yuradRebas, mowiwebas, Tayvaniscemas, sin-
disianobas, RvTismosaobas, morwmuneobas, mowmindarobas da imas, rasac reli-
gias veZaxiT.
religiis warmomavlobisa da Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ramdenime
Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. cnobili romaeli oratori, mwerali da politikuri
moRvawe ciceroni (106-43) am termins etimologiurad laTinur zmnasTan Relegere
akavSirebda, romelic Sekrebad, Semokrebad iTargmneba, xolo gadataniT krZa-
lulebas, raimes an vinmes mimarT gansakuTrebuli ridis gamoCenas niSnavs. igi
religiurobis arsebiT niSnad idumalebiT mosil da umaRles ZalTa, e.i. RvTaebaTa
Tayvaniscemis wesTa mcodneobas asaxelebs. misi sityvebia: `vinc gulmodgined
daamuSavebs da Semokrebs yvelafers, rac RmerTebis Tayvaniscemas (`kults~)
ganekuTvneba, iwodeba rogorc religiosus (religiuri)~.
meore laTinurenovani mwerali da qristiani Teologi laqtanciusi (+330)
miiCnevda, rom sityva `religia~ warmodgeba laTinuri zmnidan Religare rac niSnavs
`dakavSirebas~, `SeerTebas~. amdenad, religiis arseba, misi ganmartebiT, aris
adamianis RmerTTan kavSiri. igi ambobs: Cven, qristianebi, `RvTismosaobis sabeliT
dakavSirebulni varT RmerTTan da amgvar urTierTobas religia ewodeba...
religia niSnavs RvTismosaobas da RmerTTan kavSirs~. am sityvaSi religiis arseba
srulyofiladaa warmoCenili _ adamianis cocxali kavSiri RmerTTan, romelic
morwmunis gulis siRrmeSi aResruleba.
religiis ganmartebas netar avgustinesTanac (+ 430) vxvdebiT. am sityvas igi
akavSirebs zmnasTan Reeligere, xelaxali kavSiri, kvlavSeerTeba, gaerTianeba,
rac migvaniSnebs, rom religia adamiansa da RmerTs Soris odesRac arsebuli da
aw darRveuli kavSiris ganaxleba, kvaladgebaa. igi wers: `Cven veswrafviT, rom
siyvaruliT aRvadginoT kavSiri RmerTTan da, rogorc Cans, aqedan warmodgeba
saxelwodeba religia, raTa RmerTSi vpovoT mSvidoba~.
|68 VYBIDYTKJDFYB CFRBS{T<B
ase rom, sityva `religia~ etimologiurad laTinur zmnebs ukavSirdeba _ re-
ligere, religare, reeligere, romlebic erTmaneTs formiTac da mniSvnelobi-
Tac enaTesavebian _ Semokreba, dakavSireba, xelaxla dakavSireba, xolo gadataniT,
meoreuli azriT _ RvTismosaoba, Tayvaniscema (kultmsaxureba), krZaluleba.
aRniSnuli etimologia da semantika religiis or elements, or ZiriTad Sinaarss
usvams xazs _ kavSirs da krZalulebas, RvTis xmobas da misdami Tayvaniscemas,
rac metad Tu naklebad, ase Tu ise nebismier religias axasiaTebs. isini urTierT-
Semavsebeli elementebia. krZalulebis gareSe religiuroba farisevlobad, mliqv-
nelobad, pirmoTneobad da cariel moweseobad gadaiqceva, xolo rwmena mSral,
usulgulo doqtrinas daemsgavseba.
SegviZlia vTqvaT: Religio rTuli sityvaa da Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: winsar-
Tisagan Re, rac ganmeorebiTobas aRniSnavs, da Zirisagan Ligo (dakavSireba).
religias ori mxare aqvs: igi aris 1) adamianis cnobierebis garkveuli mdgoma-
reoba. _ aRmatebuli da zebunebrivi realobis gancda, uxilavisa da dafarulis
rwmena, yovelgvari RvTismsaxureba anu saidumlo, mistiuri, sakraluri qmedebani
da 2) siwminde, riskenac iswrafis adamiani da rasac Tayvans scems. meore mxaris
gareSe religia religia araa. igi aris ubralo mistika anu saidumloebrioba,
rogoricaa Samanizmi, okultizmi, satanizmi da sxva. maT religias ver davarqmevT.
isini fsevdoreligiebs warmoadgenen, romlebic religiis calkeul elementebs
Seicaven: swamT sulebi da zebunebrivi Zalebi, magram sinamdvileSi isini religiis
dacemis, degradaciis, gaukuRmarTebis Sedegia.
im dargis aRmniSvnelad, rasac religias veZaxiT, sxva sityvebic gamoiyeneba:
konfesia, rac laTinuri sityvaa da aRmsareblobas niSnavs; kulti (kultmsa-
xureba); sarwmunoeba (berZ. `pistis~, laT. `fides~), magram sityva religia moce-
muli dargis Sinaarss yvelaze marjved da srulyofilad gamoxatavs. `xelaxali
kavSiri~ anu adamiansa da RmerTs Soris urTerTobis aRdgena wuTisoflis idealia.
`religia~ qveynierebis Tavgadasavalze migvaniSnebs, maradiuli cxovrebis wuTi-
soflad gadaqcevaze, adamianis danaSaulsa da pasuxismgeblobaze, codvasa da si-
nanulze, gamomsyidveli msxverplis aucileblobaze da am gziT zecieri mamis sa-
mkvidrebelSi _ WeSmarit samSobloSi _ dabrunebis SesaZleblobaze. am sityvis enaSi
arseboba cxadyofs, rom adamianis mexsierebaSi arasdros waSlila xsovna odesRac
RmerTTan erTad cxovrebaze, masTan uSualo kavSirze, samoTxeze. dRes ki,
wuTisofelSi, aRniSnuli kavSiri darRveulia, amqveyanasa da imqveyanas, RmerTsa
da adamians Soris bzaria gaCenili, xidia Catexili, rasac cnobierad Tu qvecnobi-
erad yoveli adamiani grZnobs da ganicdis da eZiebs `tivs~ xidis gasamTeleblad,
kavSiris aRsadgenad. swored am Ziebis, umaRlesi idealis srulyofis gzad da
malamod gvevlineba religia, romelmac unda gardaqmnas, gaasxivosnos pirovneba,
gaxados Rirsi RvTis saufloSi dabrunebisa, ganaaxlos cisa da miwis kavSiri.
4 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

religia rogorc cxovrebis, azrovnebisa da Semecnebis forma, zogadad ase
ganimarteba: igi aris adamianis gareT arsebuli Zalebis anu miRmieri,
zebunebrivi, zecnobieri realobis rwmena. imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria es rwmena:
ra swamT da rogoria is samyaro, romelic swamT; rogoria formebi, riTac am
samyarosTan urTierToba myardeba, an vin amyarebs am urTierTobas, _ religiis
garegani mxare, e.i. religiuri praqtika, _ kultmsaxureba (igive RvTismsaxureba)
ganisazRvreba. ase iqmneba religiuri dogmatika (Teoria, moZRvreba), religiuri
kulti, religiuri Temi da religiuri ierarqia.
rwmena
religiis safuZveli aris rwmena. religias xalxis (sociumis) rwmena warmoSobs.
amis gamo rwmena, morwmuneoba da sarwmunoeba religiisa da religiurobis
sinonimebia.
rwmenas Rrma anTropologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. es is Tvisebaa, romelsac imeds
da ndobas vuwodebT. igi adamianis Sinagani bunebis nawilia da ara SeZenili,
meoreuli, garedan Semosuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rwmena bazisia da ara zednaSeni.
es niSnavs, rom rwmena anu rwmenis unari adamianis specifikuri niSania, _ iseTive
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli anu ganzomileba, rogorc azrovneba, iaraRis keTeba, mo-
raluroba, politikuroba (moqalaqeobrioba). am xuTi ZiriTadi niSnis gareSe (az-
rovneba, viTarebasTan adaptacia anu iaraRis keTeba, zneoba, sazogadoebrioba da
religiuroba) orfexa, vertikalurad mavali da metyveli arseba adamianad ver
CaiTvleba. TiToeuli maxasiaTebeli yofierebis gansazRvrul dargs qmnis: azrov-
neba _ mecnierebas (farTo gagebiT), iaraRis mkeTebloba anu, gnebavT, Tavis dacvis
impulsi _ strategiasa da taqtikas, politikuroba _ pirovnebaTa, koleqtivTa,
erTa da saxelmwifoTa urTierTobis nairferovnebas, morali _ eTikas, e.i. qcevis
normebs, rwmena _ religias.
CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebidan ama Tu im pirovnebisaTvis zogi metadaa niSan-
doblivi, zogi naklebad, magram ar arsebobs adamiani, miT ufro _ sazogadoeba,
maTgan erTic rom akldes. es niSnebi erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. isini erTmaneTs
avseben, erTmaneTs apirobeben da xels uwyoben erTimeoris ganviTarebas, daxvewas,
urTierTprogress. iaraRis keTeba anu nebismieri SemoqmedebiTi aqti (Tavdacvi-
saTvis iqneba gankuTvnili, Tu TavdasxmisaTvis, igulisxmeba nebismieri Sroma)
TavisTavad da uciloblad gulisxmobs azrovnebas, morals, sazogadoebriobas
(zogadad _ garesamyarosTan damokidebulebas) da msoflmxedvelobas, msofl-
gancdas, religiurobas. aqedan cxadia, rom religiuri gancdebi da ocneba-
warmodgenebi cxovrebis organuli nawilia. adamiani religiuria mudam da yvelgan.
eTnografia ar icnobs iseT sazogadoebas, Tavisufali rom iyos rwmenis ama Tu
Sesavali 5
im, Tundac umartivesi, formisagan. da es arcaa gasakviri, radgan rwmenis impulsi
pirovnebis sulSia Canergili da vlindeba yofierebis nebismier ubanze. swored
am impulsis Sedegia adamianis unari, gaseros miwieri garsi, gaaRwios xiluli
samyaros farglebs, ixilos da ganicados miRmieri samyaro anu aRmoaCinos
religiuri faseuloba da WeSmaritebani.
imedi da ndoba, rogorc rwmenis sawyisi safexurebi, azrovnebisa da cxovrebis,
gnebavT, mecnierebis nebismier dargs, TviT ukiduresad zustsa da racionalursac
ki, udevs safuZvlad. amis saukeTeso nimuSia amosaval debulebaTa anu aqsiomaTa
simravle da TiToeuli Cvenganis damokidebuleba maTdami. moazrovne arseba, ra
zomiTac ar unda iyos igi religiisaken midrekili, ndobas ucxadebs maT, viTarca
TavisTavad cxad da udavo WeSmaritebas, radgan mxolod amgvari ndobis
safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli nebismieri logikuri procesis gaRrmaveba, problemebis
gadaWra da ama Tu im Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba.
pavle mociquli ambobs: `sasoebiT vcxondebiT~ (rom. 8:25), riTac igi rwmenis
mniSvnelobas usvams xazs. esaa momavlis, xvalindeli dRis udrtvinveli da uSfoT-
veli lodini. Cven ar viciT, ra moxdeba xval, ras gvimzadebs ulmobeli bedi, magram
gvjera da gvwams misi. da vinc metad sZlevs eWvsa da undoblobas, metadaa igi
homo religiosus (rwmenis kaci, religiuri adamiani).
pavles zemoxmobili sityvebi ieso qristes Segonebasa da mowodebazea dafuZ-
nebuli: Seni sarwmunoeba gacxovnebs anu gadagarCens Sen! am sityvebiT mac-
xovarma mimarTa widovan dedakacs (luka 8:48), sinagogis winamZRvars (luka 8:50),
samariel keTrovans (luka 17:19), SobiTgan brmas (markozi 10:52; luka 18:52), romael
asisTavs (luka 7:9) da bevr sxvas, romlebic masTan rwmeniT movidnen da rwmena ar
gamtyunebiaT. maTgan zogi iudeveli iyo, zogi samarieli, zogi warmarTi (elini).
aq, cneba `sarwmunoebis~ qveS, religiur-dogmaturi sistema, e.i. konkretuli
sarwmunoeba (religia) ar igulisxmeba. ra dogmatur-Teologiuri rwmena, gnebavT
mcodneobiTi, gnebavT mWvretelobiTi, unda hqonoda an widovan dedakacs, an
samariel keTrovans, an romael asisTavs? cxadia, aq igulisxmeba da laparakia
ndobaze, mindobaze, erTgulebaze, erTi sityviT, _ Seuorgulebel sarwmunoebaze,
romelic macxovarma mdogvis marcvals Seadara da gviTxra: `Tu geqnebaT mdogvis
marcvlis odena rwmena, ubrZaneT am mTas: gadaadgildio, da isic gadaadgildeba,
da araferi iqneba SeuZlebeli TqvenTvis~ (maTe 17:20). ase rom, rodesac saxarebaSi
rwmenis meSveobiT adamianTa gadarCenazea laparaki, mindobis, erTgulebisa da
sasoebis simtkice, ueWveloba, gaubzaravi da uxinjo imedi igulisxmeba.

suli
religiis ganuyofeli nawili sulisa da suleTis rwmenaa. cnobilia iseTi
religiebi (mag. budizmi, konfucis moZRvreba), sadac Semoqmedi RmerTis idea araa,
magram sulis aRiarebisa da sulTa samyaros gancdis gareSe religia ar arsebobs.
rwmena, rom materialuri samyaros yvela elements (mcenares, cxovelsa Tu
nivTs) Tav-Tavisi suli da Zala aqvs, keTili an boroti, angelozuri an demonuri,
ZiriTadad warmarTobas anu bunebiT religias axasiaTebs. religia, rasac religias
vuwodebT, aseT rwmenebs (fexebis, Tvalebisa da jadoebis `Zalas~) crurwmenebs
uwodebs.
rodesac sulis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, unda gavmijnoT, erTis mxriv, stiqiuri da
primitiuli warmodgenebi, rac religiis veluri, TviTnabadi formebis sakuTrebaa
da, meores mxriv, Teologiuri da filosofiuri Teoriebi, romlebic ganviTare-
buli da sistemaSi moyvanili religiebis rwmena-warmodgenebs eyrdnoba.
religiis pirvelyofili formebisaTvis, rogoricaa fetiSizmi, animizmi, tote-
mizmi da magia, zogadad _ warmarToba, niSandoblivia materialuri samyarosa da
sulis, sulisa da nivTis, sulisa da sxeulis ganuyofloba. am movlenas, panTeizmis
analogiiT (ix. qv. gv. 9), panpnevmatizmi unda vuwodoT, suli yvelaferSia da sulia
yvelaferi. rodesac Tayvans vcemT, magaliTad, samariis Tu ierusalimis mTaTa
sulebs, Tayvans vcemT samariisa da ierusalimis mTebs. ase fiqrobdnen samari-
elebic da iudevelebic (ioane 4:20), rac maT religiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi
warmarTul elementTa siWarbeze miuTiTebs. rwmena, rom suli mTaSia da mTa sulSi,
sulis Sesaxeb warmarTuli rwmenaa. am rwmenas upirispirdeba religiuri rwmena,
Camoyalibebuli ieso qristes mier (iqve: 21-23), romlis Tanaxmad WeSmariti
Tayvaniscemis sagani arc erTi mTaa da arc meore, aramed TviTTavadi suli, ze-
ciuri mama, romelic aris RmerTi _ yoveli sulisa da yoveli arsebis maarsebeli.
suli da sxeuli
adamiani sami elementisagan Sedgeba: sxeulisagan (berZ. soma, rus. telo),
samSvinvelisagan (fsixe, duSa) da sulisagan (pnevma, dux). amdenad, igi erTdro-
ulad aris somaturi, fsiqiuri da pnevmaturi.
sulis arsebiTi niSani azrovneba da zneobriobaa, e.i. sikeTis Segnebulad da
gaazrebulad qmna. samSvinveli is realobaa, rasac xasiaTs, emocias, znes, instin-
qtebs vuwodebT, sxeuli ki mxolod materiaa, e.i. arsebaTa uqvemoesi safexuri.
suli adamians ciur arsebebTan, RmerTTan da angelozebTan anaTesavebs, samSvi-
nveli _ cxovelebTan, sxeuli _ yvelaferTan, rasac garemomcvel samyaroSi
vxedavT. adamians adamianobas da pirovnebas (individualobas) suli aniWebs da
igi mas am niSniT (pirovnulobiT) cxovelTa samyarosagan gamoarCevs. cxovelebsac
Sesavali 7
aqvT samSvinveli da, maSasadame, ician, adamianebis msgavsad, siyvaruli, siZulvili,
SfoTi, simSvide, laquci da sxv. magram ar gaaCniaT cnobiereba, Sesabamisad _
TviTkontrolis unari.
azrovneba (SemoqmedebiToba) aris elementi, romelsac zogjer, garkveuli
azriT, RvTis naperwkals (RvTiur elements) uwodeben. amis safuZvels iZleva
biblia, sadac aRniSnulia: `gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma kaci _ adami _ miwis mtveri-
sagan da STabera mis nestoebs sicocxlis sunTqva da iqca adami cocxal arsebad~
(dab. 2:7). sulis RvTiuri warmomavloba (oRond ara im azriT, TiTqos suli RvTis
nawilia) aris misi, e.i. adamianis, ukvdavebisa da xorcieli sikvdilis Semdegac ki
pirovnebis dauSlelobis, individualobis SenarCunebis rwmenis safuZveli. es
rwmena, Tavis mxriv, saiqios rwmenas, metic, _ mkvdarTa sxeuliT aRdgomis da sa-
ukuno cxovrebis rwmenas ganapirobebs.
RmerTi
sulisa da RmerTis ideebi rogorc religiur, ise arareligiur samyaros msWva-
lavs. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom religiuri msoflmxedvelobis Tanaxmad
isini realurad arseboben, aTeisturi cnobiereba ki maT mxolod Teoriulad
warmosaxavs, _ gonebis, ocnebisa da imedis produqtad miiCnevs.
Teologiuri ganmartebis Tanaxmad, RmerTi aris uzenaesi saxeli, aRmatebulTa
Soris uaRmatebulesi sityva da cneba, romelsac ukavSirdeba adamis tomis naTeli
da wmida sasoeba. igi `yovelTa arsTa maarsebeli~, mfarveli da patronia. misi
meSveobiT poulobs qveyana axsnas da gamarTlebas, yofiereba _ sazriss. igi gve-
gulvis Semoqmedad, xiluli da araxiluli samyaros mwed, sanukvar miznad da
idealad.
RvTismetyveleba (Teologia) farTo gagebiT anu `swavla RvTaebisaTvis da pati-
viscemisaTvis misisa~ (n. CubinaSvili) aris am ganmartebis ganvrcoba da mecnieruli
dasabuTebis mcdeloba.
mecniereba enisa da eTnosis Sesaxeb (lingvistika da eTnografia) gvarwmunebs,
rom uzenaesi cneba RmerTi da misi aRmniSvneli sityvebi damkvidrebulia yvelgan,
nebismieri xalxis cnobierebasa da metyvelebaSi. es faqti migvaniSnebs, rom
uzenaesi arsis cneba da am cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva cnobierebis iseTive orga-
nuli elementia, rogorc religia (`RmerT~-is etimologia SedarebiT vrclad ix.
Cvens wignSi `religiis karibWe~, gv. 22-23).
safiqrebelia, rom bunebis mravalsaxeobam da adamianis swrafvam mravalmxri-
vobisaken pirvelyofili sazogadoebis SegnebaSi RvTaebis erTiani, mTliani saxe
daanawevra da bunebis TiToeul movlenas, cxovrebis yovel ubans sakuTari sawyisi
da mfarveli ganuCina. ase Camoyalibda poliTeizmi (mravalRmerTianoba) da pan-

Teizmi (RmerTisa da bunebis erTianoba, igiveoba). maT sapirispirod aRmocenda
monoTeizmi (erTRmerTianoba), dualizmi (ormagoba, ori dausabamo sawyisis, keTi-
lisa da borotis, rwmena) da deizmi (bunebisagan RvTis srulad gamijnuloba,
absoluturad transcendentuloba). am moZRvrebaTa mixedviT, romelTagan zogi
religiur-filosofiur sistemad warmogvidgeba, RmerTi an absoluturad imanen-
turia, e.i. bunebisagan ganuyofelia (aseTia, magaliTad, induizmi), an absolutu-
rad transcendenturi, e.i. samyarosagan iseve gamijnuli da Sors mdgomi, rogorc,
magaliTad, xelovani naxelavisagan. maT Soris, rogorc zomiereba, dgas Teizmi,
romlis Tanaxmad RmerTma ara marto Seqmna yovelive xiluli da araxiluli, aramed
uyvars Tavisi qmnileba, zrunavs masze da gzadagza ecxadeba kidec. Teisturi
religiebi gamocxadebis religiebia. RmerTi samyaros mimarT imanenturicaa da
transcendenturic, ris gamoc igi adamians Tavisuflebasac aniWebs da, mzrunveli
mamis msgavsad, wvrTnis da sjis kidec. Teizmis, ufro zustad, _ monoTeizmis
srulyofili saxe aris triada (erTarseba-samebis dogmati, triadologia), rac
qristianuli religiis ganuyofeli nawilia.
RvTis arsebobis logikur mtkicebas pirvelad vxvdebiT sokrates (469-399) naaz-
revSi. igi aRniSnavs, rom sulier arsebaTa Semoqmedi gacilebiT maRla dgas po-
emebisa da qandakebebis avtorebze. misi azriT, adamianis organizmis mizanSewoni-
loba da harmoniuloba SeeZlo Seeqmna mxolod umaRles gonebas, radgan SemTxveva
mizanSewonilobas ver warmoqmnida.
platoni (427-347) amtkicebs, rom realuri samyaro TavisTavad ar arsebobs. mas
myofobas idealuri, uzenaesi samyaro aniWebs. iq ideebi ierarqiul sistemas qmnian.
am sistemis saTaveSi dgas sikeTis idea, romelic RmerTis ideis identuria. Cvens
garemomcvel samyaroSi SedarebiTi sikeTis arseboba absoluturi sikeTis realur
arsebobaze migvaniSnebs. SedarebiTi silamaze, romelsac miwaze vxvdebiT, gvafiq-
rebinebs, rom arsebobs absoluturi mSveniereba, romelic sruliad Tavisufalia
xorcielisa da grZnobadisagan. es aris mSveniereba TavisTavad, romlisagan iRebs
dasabams yovelgvari silamaze, mSveniereba, romelic ucvleli da maradiulia.
platonis mowafis, aristoteles (384-322) Sromebi erTi RmerTis arsebobis pir-
dapir mtkicebas Seicavs. misi azriT, wminda materia mxolod potenciaa da meti
araferi. materia realuri xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moZraobs da formas
iZens. garSemo yvelaferi moZravia da amave dros mamoZravebelic. verafers vxe-
davT iseTs, rom mxolod mamoZravebeli iyos. mizezTa rigs sxva mizezTa rigi mih-
yveba ukan, rac ar SeiZleba dausrulebeli iyos. aucileblad unda arsebobdes
Zala, romelic amoZravebs da Tavad ar moZraobs. esaa wmida forma, sruli realoba,
romelic absoluturad Tavisufalia materiisagan. esaa yovelTa mamoZravebeli
da Tavad uZravi Zala _ RmerTi (pirvelmamoZravebeli).
berZnuli filosofiis miRwevebi aiTvises da ganaviTares romaelebma. maTi
Sesavali 9
skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma, ciceronma, e.w. istoriuli argumenti
SeimuSava. yvela drois yvela xalxs swamda da swams RmerTis arseboba. saidan
gaCnda adamianebis SegnebaSi ganuzomlad aRmatebuli realobis idea? am argument-
Tan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli RvTis arsebobis fsiqologiuri da zneobrivi
argumentebi.
RvTis arsebobis racionalur mtkicebulebebs religiur teqstebSic vxvdebiT.
yvelaze Zlier argumentad qveynierebis sidiadesa da silamazes miiCnevdnen: `cani
uTxroben didebasa RmrTisasa da qmnulTa xelTa misTasa mouTxrobs samyaro; dRe
dResa auwyebs sityvasa da Rame Ramesa mouTxrobs mecnierebasa... yovelsa qveyanasa
ganxda xma maTi da kideTa soflisaTa sityvani maTi~ (fs. 18:2-5). `... uTxres caTa
simarTle misi, di ixilon yovelTa erTa dideba misi~ (iqve, 96:6). ase rom, winaswar-
metyvel daviTis TqmiT, samyaro anu kosmosi, rogorc erTiani da mTliani orga-
nizmi, Tavad RaRadebs Semoqmedze. `Sesaqmis didmSvenierebiT cnaurdeba mizezi
qveynierebis arsebobisa~ _ ambobs Zveli aRTqmis epoqis ucnobi sasuliero mwerali
da mianiSnebs, rom samyaros hyavs mama, romelmac sicocxle yovlisSemZle siyvaru-
lis ZaliT Seqmna. amitomac adamianis Tavisufali swrafva sulis uzenaesi moTxov-
nilebebisaken _ WeSmaritebis Semecneba, sikeTis aRsruleba, dedamiwaze mSvidobis
gamefeba da sxva _ yovelgvar Semweobasa da Tanamoqmedebas povebs zecieri
mamisagan. egeve azri cxadadaa gamoTqmuli axal aRTqmaSi. pavle mociquli ase
mimarTavs kerpTayvanismcemlebs: `kacno, ras sCadiT? Cvenc Tqvenive msgavsi kacni
varT da gaxarebT Tqven, raTa am cru RvTaebaTagan cocxali RmerTis mimarT mo-
iqceT, romelmac Seqmna ca da miwa, zRva da yvelaferi, rac aris maTSi, da romelmac
gardasul TaobebSi neba uboZa yvela xalxs, evloT TavianTi gziT. Tumc umowmeb-
lad arasodes dautovebia Tavisi Tavi, qvelmoqmedebda, da gaZlevdaT zecis wvi-
mebsa da uxvnayofian alosTavT, da sazrdoTi da sixaruliT givsebdaT gulebs~
(saqm. moc. 14:15-17). amave azrs igive mociquli sxvagan ase ayalibebs: RmerTi `sam-
yaros Seqmnidan missav qmnilebebSi cnaurdeba da xiluli xdeba~ (rom. 1:20).
empiriuli Semecnebis gziT RvTis arsebobis dasabuTeba filosofiis problema
da prerogativaa (morwmuneTa winaSe es amocana ar dgas). amitom racionaluri fi-
losofiis aRorZinebis Jams RvTis arsebobis mtkicebulebis sasargeblod dasav-
leT evropis bevrma moazrovnem sayuradRebo sityvebi Tqva. maTgan aRsaniSnavia:
anselm kenterberieli (1033-1109), Toma aqvineli (1225-1274), dekarte (1596-1650),
paskali (1623-1662), bossueti (1627-1694), feneloni (1651-1715), laibnici (1646-
1716), niutoni (1643-1727), kanti (1724-1808), hegeli (1770-1831), men de birani (1756-
1824) da sxva. amjerad yuradRebas mxolod ramdenimeze SevaCerebT.
anselm kenterberieli, aviTarebda ra netari avgustines arguments, aRniSnavda:
rogorc madlis sxvadasxva xarisxi gvafiqrebinebs uzenaesi, absoluturi madlis
arsebobas, aseve sidideTa sxvadasxva safexurebs usazRvro sididis cnebamde

mivyavarT da bolos, kontigentur da cvalebad qmnilebaTa arseboba gvaiZulebs
davuSvaT uzenaesis, ucvlelis, maradiulis arseboba. igi usazRvro sididecaa
da usazRvro madlic. esaa RmerTi.
dekarte ase msjelobs: me arasrulqmnili arseba var, magram CemSi vitev srul-
yofilis arsebobis ideas da amdenad iZulebuli var vaRiaro, rom es idea momaniWa
arsebam, romelic srulyofilebas flobs da romelsac RmerTi ewodeba. filoso-
fosis fiqriT, adamiani, Tavad sasruli arseba, TavisTavad ver Seqmnida srulyo-
filebis ideas. verc sasruli samyaros kanonebi STaagonebdnen amas. mxolod usas-
rulo arsebas SeeZlo STaenerga misTvis es idea.
niutoni ase msjelobda: planetebis moZraoba mxolod mzis mizidulobis ZaliT
rom iyos ganpirobebuli, isini mzeze daecemodnen. maT brunviTi moZraobis Sesas-
ruleblad RvTis xeli sWirdebaT, romelic biZgs aZlevs planetebis moZraobas
orbitis tangensze.
aRniSnuli debulebebis arasrulyofileba SeumCneveli ar darCenila. isini
kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatares mistikosebma da zogierTma morwmune filosofos-
mac ki. me-18 s-is evropeli moazrovnis ariste hemsterhuis TqmiT, `momavalze,
amaRlebulsa da srulyofilze fiqris dros erTi sulismieri amooxvra ufro
mZafri damtkicebaa RvTis arsebobisa, vidre geometriuli dasabuTeba~.
paskalma Seqmna albaTobis originaluri Teoria: adamiani, Tavisi SezRuduli
bunebis gamo, verasdros ityvis dabejiTebiT, arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi, magram man
aucileblad unda miiRos romelime varianti. umjobesia dauSvas, rom arsebobs
RmerTi. Tu asea, mas sanukvari netareba moelis, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki faqti-
urad arafers kargavs. `Tuki Cven vcdebiT kidec imaSi, rom qristianobas WeSma-
ritebad aRviqvamT, TiTqmis arafers vkargavT. ubedureba is iqneba, rom igi sicru-
ed miviCnioT da amaSi SevcdeT~. misi TqmiT, RvTis arsebobas yvelaze ukeT saswa-
ulebi, biblia da qristianobis istoria asabuTebs.
kantma daundoblad gaanadgura yvela manamde arsebuli koncefcia, magram,
misive TqmiT, Tu ver davamtkicebT (da verc uarvyofT) RmerTis arsebobas, unda
vaRiaroT da virwmunoT igi. kanti zneobriv debulebas gvTavazobs: adamiani srul-
yofisaken iswrafvis da aqvs bunebrivi moTxovnileba, rom srulyofa bedniere-
basTan Seazavos. marTlac, gonieri arseba bednieri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba,
Tu yvelaferi mis garSemo missave nebasa da survilTanaa SeTanxmebuli. zneobrivad
ganviTarebuli adamiani ubedurebisa da siRatakis garemocvaSi verafriT iqneba
bednieri. bednierebis, srulyofisa da harmoniis warmoqmna mxolod RmerTs Za-
luZs. mxolod RvTis rwmena warmarTavs sworad adamianis ltolvas srulyofisa-
ken.
`RvTis Ziebis~ gzaze cnobilia sxva argumentebic. SinaarsTa mixedviT isini daj-
gufebulia Semdegi saxelwodebebis qveS: kosmologiuri, teleologiuri, onto-
Sesavali 11
logiuri, istoriuli, zneobrivi, religiuri gamocdilebismieri (ix. Cvens wignSi
`religiis karibWe~, gv. 28-29. ufro vrclad _ a.i. osipovis wignSi `ZiriTadi
RvTismetyveleba~, gv. 29-60).
religiis warmoSoba
religiisa da RvTis ideis warmoSobis sakiTxSi Teisturi da aTeisturi Tval-
sazrisebi erTmaneTs mkveTrad upirispirdeba. aTeistebi uaryofen religiuri
ideebisa da RvTis cnebis adamianSi imanenturad arsebobas. l. foierbaxis (XIX)
mtkicebiT, RmerTma ki ar Seqmna adamiani, aramed adamianma Seqmna RmerTi. homo
sapienss (moazrovne cxovels) Tavidan araviTari religia ar hqonda. es instituti
Tavisi martivi da rTuli formebiT, aTeistebis mtkicebiT, gvian, 30-40 aTasi wlis
winaT, Camoyalibda. adamiani ki cxovelTa samyaros milioni wlis winaT gamoeyo.
religiisa da RvTis ideis warmoSobis Sesaxeb ramdenime hipoTeza arsebobs:
1) naturalisturi, romelic religiuri cnobierebis aRmocenebis mizezad bunebis
damTrgunvel movlenaTa winaSe adamianis SiSs asaxelebs; 2) animisturi, romlis
Tanaxmadac sxva (zebunebrivi) samyaros rwmena adamians iseTma fsiqiurma movle-
nebma gauCina, rogoricaa sizmari da halucinaciebi; 3) socialuri, rom religiuri
idealebi, sanatreli samyaros rwmena, TiTqos wuTisoflisagan gawamebuli xalxis
mxolod primitiuli ocnebebis nayofia.
amdenad, xsenebuli hipoTezebis Tanaxmad, Svebismomgvrel da mwyalobel RmerT-
ze rwmenis aRmocenebis mizezi uZvelesi epoqis adamianebis ganviTarebis dabal
doneSi unda veZioT.
es Teoriebi, romlebsac ùaryofiT kritikas~ uwodeben, dasabams antikuri epo-
qidan iRebs (magaliTad, lukreciusi). religiis uaryofiTi kritika sazogado-
ebaSi yovelTvis arsebobda, magram maT gansakuTrebiT XVI I I -XIX ss-is dasavleT ev-
ropelma da rusma e.w. ganmanaTleblebma gauwies propaganda. marTalia, aRniSnul
saukuneebSi da SemdegSic aTeizmi da nihilizmi farTod gavrcelda, magram am faq-
tma Teologebsa da idealisturi filosofiis warmomadgenlebs kontargumente-
bis moZiebisa da damuSavebisaken ubiZga da stimuli apologetikis ganviTarebas
misca. ase rom, ùaryofiTma kritikam~ `dadebiTi kritikis~ aqtivizacia gamoiwvia;
zemomoyvanili Teoriebi kritikis qarcecxlSi iqna gatarebuli. mTavari argu-
menti im WeSmaritebis aRiareba gaxlavT, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani, miT ufro
dabal safexurze mdgomi, ganuzomlad aRmatebul sferos ver warmoidgenda, ver
ganicdida da ver gaiazrebda. veluris SezRuduli goneba, romelic cnebebiT az-
rovnebasac ver axerxebs, srulyofilebis ideas rogor Seqmnida? adamians, rac
aSinebs, gaurbis kidec. primitiuli xalxebi aRmerTeben ara mtaceblebs, aramed
Sinaur cxovelebs (Zroxas, spilos).

religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb dadebiTi Teoria aseTia:
arsebobs RmerTi, romelic adamianze gansakuTrebuli formiT zemoqmedebs.
adamians garkveuli pirobebis wyalobiT masTan kontaqtSi Sesvla ZaluZs. cnobili
rusi filososofisa da RvTismetyvelis dek. sergei bulgakovis (1871-1944) TqmiT,
`religia RvTis gancdis Sedegad warmoiSva~ da es imis gamo gaxda SesaZlebeli,
rom religiuroba adamianis ganuyofeli nawilia, rom adamiani rwmenis kacia, rom
RvTis sityvis mosmenisa da aRqmis unari mas momadlebuli aqvs. sxvadasxva sistemis
religiebisa da religiis istoriis arseboba cxadyofs, rom es unari sxvadasxva
adamianSi da sxvadasxva koleqtivSi sxvadasxva xarisxiTa da doziTaa mocemuli -
ise rogorc sxva unarebi: azrovneba, iaraRis mkeTebloba, socialuroba, mora-
luroba. es sxvadasxvaoba anu am unaris aqtivizaciis xarisxi gansazRvruli faqto-
rebiTaa gapirobebuli. adami samoTxeSi RmerTs manam umzerda, sanam sulierad
sufTa iyo. misi STamomavalnic uzenaess zneobrivi da sulieri janmrTelobis
kvalobaze Seimecnebdnen. RvTis idea Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema,
magram misi cxovelmyofeloba konkretul adamiansa da sazogadoebazea damoki-
debuli, kerZod, _ aRzrdaze, ganaTlebaze, garemoebaze da sxva. adamiani maSin
xdeba religiuri, rodesac uCndeba survili da piradad mimarTavs RmerTs (Sdr.
maTe 7:7-8).
religiis genezisi saidumloebiT aris moculi, iseve rogorc warmoSoba enisa,
romelic adamianSia, ekuTvnis adamians, iyenebs adamiani, magram mis SeqmnaSi Tavad
ar an ver monawileobs. istoria ar icnobs periods, romelime xanas, an adgils,
Tundac yvelaze miuval da velur mxareSi, enisa da religiis gareSe. unda
vaRiaroT, rom religia arsebobda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel etapze,
yovel formaciaSi, socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis nebismier doneze.
religiaTa klasifikacia
religiebis, e.i. zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmenisa da Sesabamisi wes-gangebebis siste-
maTa ricxvi specialur literaturaSi mkacrad gansazRvruli araa. magaliTad,
daismis kiTxva: marTlmadidebloba, kaTolikoba da protestantoba Tav-TavianTi
ganStoebebiT msoflio religiaTa nusxaSi cal-calke unda iqnan warmodgenili
Tu erT erTeulad? religiaTmcodneTa, TeologTa, anTropologTa da sociolog-
Ta poziciebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. marTlmadidebeli da kaTolike Teologebi
TavianTi aRmsareblobebis paralelurad iehovas mowmeebis, adventistebis Tu
mormonebis moxseniebas ver eguebian da aprotesteben. ris safuZvelze davayenoT
erTmaneTis gverdiT, Tundac, induizmi da budizmi? erTi panTeizmia, meore _
misticizmi, romelic Semoqmedi RmerTis ideas ar icnobs. egeve iTqmis, vTqvaT,
Samanizmisa da islamis, qristianobisa da kriSnaizmis erTsa da imave grafaSi
Sesavali 13
moTavsebis Sesaxeb. ramdenad esadageba maT erTi da igive termini? es Teologebis
pretenziebia. religiaTmcodneebisaTvis ki zebunebrivi realobis yovelgvari
rwmena religiaa.
religiaTa dajgufebis sxvadasxva tradicia da kriteriumi arsebobs. pavle
mociquli ambobs: `warmarTebi, romelTac rjuli ar gaaCniaT, bunebiT rjulis-
miers akeTeben~ (rom. 2:14). amiT igi xazs usvams, rom arsebobs 1) bunebiTi rjuli
anu bunebiTi religia da 2) gamocxadebuli rjuli anu gamocxadebuli religia.
`gamocxadebuli rjulis~ qveS mociquli Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas gulisxmobs,
magram mocemul kriteriums Tu ganvazogadebT, aseT paralels miviRebT: 1) bu-
nebrivi, TviTnabadi, impulsuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, rasac mociquli TviT-
rjuls eZaxis, da 2) sistemaSi moyvanili, e.i. civilizebuli, kulturuli rwme-
na-warmodgenebi, romelTac, rogorc wesi, àvtori~ hyavT.
bunebiTi religia, rogorc saxelwodeba migvaniSnebs, sarevela balaxs hgavs,
romelsac daTesva ar sWirdeba. esaa religiis dabali safexuri, religiurobis
pirvelyofili anu veluri formebi, rac met-naklebad yvela eTnoss da nebismier
sazogadoebas axasiaTebs. esenia:
1) animizmi (laT. anima `suli~) _ rwmena, rom yvela sagans aqvs suli;
2) fetiSizmi _ usulo sagnebis Tayvaniscema, nivTebis gaidealeba, kerpTayva-
nismcemloba. `fetiSi~ portugaliuri sityvaa da `gakeTebuls~ niSnavs. ase uwodeb-
dnen portugalieli mogzaurebi sagnebs, romelTac afrikeli aborigenebi Tayvans
scemdnen;
3) totemizmi _ gvarisa Tu tomis winaprad romelime cxovelis an mcenaris
aRiareba (`totemi~ indielTa erT-erTi tomis enaze gvars niSnavs);
4) magia _ keTili an boroti Zalebis momadliereba sanacvlos mozRvevis mizniT.
magiis ori saxe arsebobs: TeTri da Savi. pirveli keTilia (Selocvebi keTilwar-
matebisaTvis), meore _ boroti (Selocvebi gzaTa gamrudebisaTvis).
warmarToba (mravalRmerTianoba da kerpTayvanismcemloba) religiurobis, uf-
ro sworad _ spiritualobis CamoTvlil formebs efuZneba. radgan igi bunebiT
ìkvebeba~, xolo bunebis arsebiTi niSani cvalebadobaa, warmarTobis Sinagani da
garegani samyaroc cvalebadia. amis saukeTeso magaliTia warmarToba saqarTve-
loSi, ufro _ qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni, romlis Sesaxebac Cvens mateaneSi
naTqvamia: movida azo, moitana kerpni RmrTad gaci da ga; dadga farnavaz, _ aRmarTa
kerpi armaz; dadga saurmag _ aRmarTa kerpi _ ainina; mefobda mirvan _ aRmarTa
danina; mefobda farnajor _ aRmarTa zaden...
religiebis klasifikaciis sxvadasxva sistema arsebobs. yvelaze gavrcelebuli
is sistemaa, romelsac safuZvlad qronologiisa da evoluciis principi udevs
(primitiulidan Tanamedrove rjulmoZRvrebebamde). am princips emyareba, maga-
liTad, me-20 s-is amerikeli sociologisa da religiaTmcodnis robert belaxis

sistema, romelSic religiaTa xuTi istoriuli stadiaa gamoyofili: primitiuli,
arqauli, istoriuli, adremodernistuli da modernistuli. pirveli moicavs
avstraliis aborigenTa misticizms, meore _ polinezielTa da afrikelTa poli-
Teizms, mesame _ ZvelebraelTa monoTeizms, meoTxe _ reformaciis epoqis protes-
tantobas, mexuTe _ Tanamedrove religiebs.
meore sistema, romelic Tanamedrove religiaTmcodneobaSi aseve gavrcele-
bulia, ekuTvnis maqs vebers. misTvis amosavalia ori kiTxva: 1) ra aris saWiro
sikvdilis Semdeg sulis netarebisaTvis? da 2) WeSmarit netarebas amqveynad ezi-
areba suli Tu imqveynad; xorcSesxmuli kacis Sinagan samyaroSi Tu xorcieli
sikvdilis Semdeg? pasuxebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva religiaSi vipoviT, oramde
daiyvaneba: cxonebisaTvis saWiroa: a) pasiuri mWvreteloba (misticizmi) da
b) nebisyofis aqtiuri marTva (asketizmi); adamiani cxondeba a) amqveynad da
b) imqveynad. sakiTxis ase dasmis Sedegad religiebi or nawilad iyofa: aRmosav-
luri (induizmi, budizmi, konfucianeloba, sintoizmi da sxva) da dasavluri
(zoroastrizmi da bibliuri religiebi). magaliTad, aRmosavleTis religiaTa
umravlesobis Tanaxmad sulis xsna misticizmis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. ami-
saTvis indusebi meditacias an iogas mimarTaven, budistebi _ gasxivosnebas. dasav-
leTis religiebSi wamyvani roli asketizms uWiravs, romelic umaRlesi idealis
misaRwevad TviTSewirvas da TviTkontrols miiCnevs.
religiuri sistemebis dayofa, cxadia, sxva niSnebiTac SeiZleba. ase magaliTad
_ Teisturi da aTeisturi, rogoricaa budizmi. zogierTi specialisti, kerZod,
gerhard lenki komunizms, socializms, sabWoTa humanizmsa da, albaT, faSizmsac,
religiaTa siaSi aTavsebs (ix. neil smelzeris wigni `sociologia~, gv. 461-476).
mTavari kriteriumi, riTac religiaTa klasifikacia xdeba, aris werili, wigni.
werilis armqone religiebi igive bunebiTi anu warmarTuli religiebia, romel-
Tac Cveulebriv adgilobrivi kultebi ewodebaT. maT upirispirdeba gamocxa-
debis, werilis, wignis religiebi, romelTac msoflio religiebs vuwodebT.
religiuri organizaciebi
religiuri organizaciebis kvalifikaciis myari kriteriumi moZebnili araa.
Sefasebebi subieqturia da Semfaseblis piradi poziciiT gapirobebuli. saxelm-
wifos ena da Teologiis ena aq erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. Tanamedrove demokratiuli
sistema da iurisprudencia termins `seqta~ (gaukuRmarTebuli mrwamsisa da ritu-
alis mniSvnelobiT) ar icnobs. misTvis yvela religiuri organizacia eklesiaa.
magaliTad: sakonstitucio frazaSi èklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosagan~ èk-
lesiis~ qveS nebismieri religiuri organizacia moiazreba _ qristianuli, musli-
manuri Tu, vTqvaT, warmarTuli.
Sesavali 15
Tanamedrove sociologi neil smelzeri religiur organizaciebs oTx jgufad
yofs: eklesia, seqta, denominacia da kulti.
eklesia berZnuli sityvaa da ori mniSvneloba aqvs: Zireuli, pirveladi da
meoreuli, gadaazrebiTi. Tavdapirveli da Cveulebrivi azriT igi nebismieri
rwmenisa da socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa krebuls (sazogadoebas) aRniSnavs.
meoreuli SinaarsiT, e.i. qristianuli Teologiis enaze, eklesia gulisxmobs
morwmuneTa da (da mxolod morwmuneTa) krebuls, sazogadoebas, gaerTianebas. Cven
swored meore Sinaarsi gvainteresebs. eklesiis wevrebi arian rogorc marTali,
ise codvili morwmuneebi. maSasadame, eklesia faqtobrivad da realurad Sesaba-
misi qveynisa da sazogadoebis yvela ubans moicavs. eklesia is religiuri orga-
nizaciaa, romelsac mWidro kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan da mis
wiaRSi moqmedebs. eklesiis arsebiTi niSani aris harmoniuli urTierToba saxel-
mwifos kulturasTan da tradiciebTan. mniSvneloba ara aqvs, oficialurad ra
statusi eqneba mas miniWebuli. eklesia, rogorc wesi, ama Tu im mxaris, erisa Tu
eTnosis ZiriTadi sarwmunoebrivi gaerTianebaa.
seqta laTinuri sityvaa da Zireuli SinaarsiT gamoyofas, CamoWras, mokveTas
niSnavs, meoreuli azriT _ skolas, mimdinareobas. antikur epoqaSi seqtebs uwo-
debdnen filosofiur skolebs, romelTa Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeboda sayovel-
Taod aRiarebuli da gaziarebuli moZRvrebisagan. Teologiuri da eklesiolo-
giuri poziciiTac, seqta ewodeba eklesiasTan dapirispirebul organizacias,
romelic ugulvebelyofs danarCeni sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs da konfliq-
tSia qveynis kulturasa da tradiciebTan.
seqtantobis safuZveli aris eresi (mwvalebloba) da sqizma (raskoli). pirveli
eklesiis erTian moZRvrebasTan (dogmatTan) dapirispirebas, e.i. axal Teorias,
axal Tvalsazriss, wvalebas niSnavs, meore _ kanonikisa da liturgikis, e.i. sarwmu-
noebrivi cxovrebis (praqtikis) wes-gangebaTa safuZvelze aRmocenebul uTanx-
moebas, romelic eklesiis gayofiT mTavrdeba (ix. qvemoT `didi sqizma~). seqta,
rogorc wesi, eresis niSnebsac Seicavs da sqizmisasac anu eklesiasTan moZRvre-
biTac dapirispirebulia da organizaciiTac. radgan seqta winaaRmdegobaSia im
sazogadoebasTan, sadac eklesia batonobs, misi wevrebi sazogadoebriv saqmiano-
baSi metwilad ar monawileoben; emijnebian ganaTlebis sistemas (saxelmwifo sas-
wavleblebs), zurgs aqceven kulturul RonisZiebebs, uars amboben Teatrze, mu-
sikaze, sportze da a.S. ase yalibdeba seqtanturi cnobiereba, rac, cxadia, mxo-
lod konkretuli seqtebis problema ar aris. aseTi cnobiereba eklesiaSic advi-
lad ikidebs fexs da mis wiaRSi seqtantur jgufebs ayalibebs, _ seqtantur cno-
bierebas nergavs. n. smelzeri seqtis klasikur nimuSad ìehovas mowmeebs~ asaxe-
lebs, agreTve _ mormonebs.
denominacia laTinuri sityvaa da `gadarqmevas~ niSnavs, meoreuli (religiaT-

mcodneobiTi) azriT ki _ im organizacias, romelic eklesiisa da seqtis Suale-
dur rgols, e.i. gardamaval safexurs warmoadgens. denominaciebis arsebiTi
niSani aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweobaa, riTac isini erTmaneTs da eklesias
konkurencias uweven. amis miuxedavad denominaciebi sazogadoebasTan da saxel-
mwifosTan normalur urTierTobas inarCuneben, Tumca saxelmwifo religiebs ar
warmoadgenen. isini qveynis kulturasa da tradiciebTan ise gaSinaurebuli ar
arian, rogorc eklesiebi, magram, seqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar upirispirdebian
maT. magaliTad: Cvens sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos qristian mosaxleobaSi, miRe-
buli normaa qelexi, dabadebis dReebi, sadRegrZeloebi RviniT, naTesavebis
(meSvide Taobamde) uqorwinebloba da a.S. denominaciebi am normebs icaven, seqtebi
_ ugulvebelyofen. n. smelzeris sqemiT, protestantuli denominaciebia: baptis-
tebi, presbiterianelebi, episkopaluri eklesiis wevrebi, meTodistebi, kong-
regacionalistebi da sxva. marTlmadideblur denominaciad staroverebi (Zvel-
marTlmadideblebi wvril-wvrili ganStoebebiT) unda CaiTvalon.
kulti aseve laTinuri sityvaa da religiur samsaxurs niSnavs. religiaTmcod-
neobaSi ki am terminiT seqtis is saxeoba aRiniSneba, romelic eqstremizmiT da
radikalurobiT gamoirCeva da romelsac xSirad totalitaruls eZaxian. misi
arsebiTi niSani pirovnebis STanTqmis, individualobis warxocvis da koleqtiur
cnobierebaSi gaTqvefis mcdelobaa. amerikaSi aseT seqtebs miekuTvnebian munitebi
(èrTobis eklesia~), `qristianuli mecniereba~, `RvTiuri ganaTlebis misia~ da
sxva. isini axali wevrebis mozidvisa da SenarCunebis mizniT arazneobriv meTodebs
mimarTaven, ris gamoc sazogadoebasTan, saxelmwifosTan, eklesiebTan, denomina-
ciebTan da Cveulebriv seqtebTan konfliqti aqvT; hyavT qarizmatuli (`suliwmi-
diT molaparake~) liderebi da TavianT Tavs qarizmatebs eZaxian.
religiuri organizaciebi rogorc struqturiT, ise garemosTan mimarTebis
TvalsazrisiT cvalebadobis kanons emorCilebian. es niSnavs, rom TiToeul maT-
gans mocemuli kategoriidan sxvaSi gadasvlis Sansi da SesaZlebloba aqvs. asec
xdeboda da xdeba. eklesia, romelic qristem da misma mociqulebma daafuZnes,
iudevelTa TvalsawieriT seqta iyo da Tavdapirvelad asec aRiqmeboda. VII s-is
20-30-ian wlebSi islamsac seqtad icnobdnen, magram male igi mTeli rigi qveynebisa
da samefoebis ZiriTad sarwmunoebad iqca. eklesia, romelic 1517 wels luTeris
Tezisebis safuZvelze Seiqmna (ix. qv. gv. 157), imxanad demoninaciad gamoiyureboda,
magram dRes luTeruli eklesia germaniasa da skandinaviis qveynebSi saxelmwifo
religiaa.
religiur gaerTianebaTa aRniSnuli tipebi yvela msoflio religiaSi dastur-
deba.
Sesavali 17
saqarTvelo religiebis gzaTSesayarze
saqarTveloSi, misi geopolitikuri realobis gamo, ZvelTaganve erTmaneTs
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis kultura da religia xvdeboda; adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
bunebiTi rwmena-warmodgenebis, _ qvaTa, xeTa, tyeTa Tu mTaTa mistikis parale-
lurad berZnul-romauli da qanaanur-mesopotamiuri poliTeizmi, e. i. mezobeli
qveynebis kerpebi da ritualebi ikafavda gzas. XX s-is vanis, noqalaqevis, mcxeTa-
armazisa da sxva arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma qarTlisa da kolxeTis teritoriebze
rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri kultebis arseboba daadastura. Cveni wi-
naprebis nawili qristesSobamde monoTeistur da dualistur Teologiasac eziara
iudaizmisa da zoroastrizmis saxiT. savaraudebelia, rom mosaxleobis garkveuli
raodenoba, elitaruli sazogadoeba mainc, induizmsa da budizmsac icnobda.
sakuTriv qarTuli kultura, rogorc sakacobrio kulturis individi, Ziri-
Tadad qristianuli rwmenisa da tradiciis nayofia. marTlmadidebelma sarwmu-
noebam ara marto Cveni qveynis saeklesio warsuli, aramed samoqalaqo istoriac
ganmsWvala. ver davupirispirdebiT azrs, rom qarTuli eTosis (xasiaTis) da erov-
nuli cnobierebis arteria jvrisa da xatis Tayvanismcemeli religiaa. am saganze
mkvlevrebi ar davoben, magram Secdoma iqneba imis Tqma, rom Cveni qveynis kul-
turis, qarTuli eTnosisa da eTosis Seqmnasa da formirebaSi mxolod da mxolod
qristes moZRvreba da misi eklesia monawileobda. saqarTvelos istoria da, metic,
qarTuli literatura, folklori da eTnografia aseTi daskvnis saSualebas ar
iZleva. saqarTveloSi, rogorc Zvel droSi, ise axal droSi sxvadasxva religiuri
organizaciebi moqmedebda da moqmedebs, romlebmac kvali cxovrebis ama Tu im
ubanze datoves da amJamadac toveben. aq pirvel rigSi zoroastrizmi da islami
igulisxmeba. istoria mowmobs, rom maTi mimdevrebi qarTulenovan Semoqmedebasac
misdevdnen. Tanamedrove eTnografebi bevrs laparakoben zoroastrizmis naSTebze
rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, ise barSi. qarTul mwerlobasa da folklorSi
islamis adgili ufro TvalsaCinoa, rasac qvemoT SedarebiT vrclad SevexebiT.
saerTo qarTuli kulturis qmnadobaSi wvlili ebraul sinagogebsac SehqondaT.
Cveni winaprebi rom indur-tibetur samyarosac icnobdnen, amis Taobaze Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis rogorc naTargmni, ise originaluri Zeglebic metyvelebs.
amis nimuSad `balavarianis~ dasaxelebac ikmarebs.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT: qarTuli kultura qristianuli kulturaa, magram qarT-
veli xalxis kulturul-SemoqmedebiT procesSi araqristianuli religiebic mona-
wileobdnen. mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom araqristiani qarTvelebis, ufro sworad,
_ rogorc eTniur qarTvelTa, ise eTniurad araqarTvelTa, magram saqarTvelos
mkvidrTa, kulturac farTo masStabiT moazrebuli qarTuli kulturis ganuyo-
feli nawilia.

religia dRevandel saqarTveloSi
msoflio religiebi, romelTac warsulSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze umoqme-
diaT, ama Tu im formiT dResac ganagrZoben moqmedebas. esenia: qristianoba, islami
da iudaizmi. maT Sorisaa zoroastrizmi, romlis Soreuli memkvidreni iezidebi
arian. maSasadame, saqarTvelo ara marto mravalerovani, aramed mravalkonfesiuri
qveyanacaa.
viTareba zogadad aseTia: eTniuri qarTvelebis umravlesoba marTlmadideb-
lebi arian. marTlmadideblebi arian osebi, rusebi, berZnebi, agreTve afxazebis,
somxebis nawili, udiebi. rogorc qarTvelebis, ise aRniSnul erovnebaTa umcire-
soba kaTolike, protestanti an marginalia. somxebis umravlesoba `somxur samo-
ciqulo eklesias~ ekuTvnis, romelsac CvenSi xSirad `grigorianuls~ uwodeben.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis, rogorc eTniuri qarTvelebis, ise eTniurad araqar-
Tvelebis anu erovnul umciresobaTa didi ricxvi islams aRiarebs. bolo aTwle-
ulebSi mcirericxovani mrevli sxva religiurma mimdinareobebmac gaiCines _
kriSnaitebma da bahaitebma.
qvemoT yvela xsenebuli religiisa da maTi ganStoebebis Sesaxeb visaubrebT;
warmovaCenT TiToeulis dogmatikisa da praqtikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs. yvelaze
did adgils qristianobas davuTmobT, romlis wili, vimeorebT, saqarTvelos war-
sulsa da TanamedroveobaSi ganuzomelia.
qristianul aRmsareblobebs, romelTac Cveni qveynis warsuli da dRevandeloba
icnobs, qvemoT qronologiur-istoriuli TanmimdevrobiT warmovadgenT. jer
marTlmadideblobasa da eklesiaTa erTianobis xanaSi aRmocenebul denominaci-
ebze visaubrebT, Semdeg _ kaTolikobaze, Semdeg _ protestantul eklesiebsa da
denominaciebze da bolos _ marginalur (mindorgare) qristianobaze, raSic, Cve-
ulebriv, seqtebad monaTluli religiuri organizaciebi moiazreba.
Sesavali 19
Tavi 1
qristianoba
zogadi mimoxilva
qristianoba msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da yvelaze gavleniani sarw-
munoebaa. misi mimdevrebis saerTo ricxvma 2000 wels 2 miliards gadaaWarba. maT
nebismier rasaSi, ersa Tu saxelmwifoSi naxavT (zogan bevrs, zogan cotas). qristi-
anul moZRvrebasa da RvTismsaxurebas, romelic sxvadasxva Sinaarssa da formas
atarebs, Tanabrad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli sxvadasxva fenasa Tu klasSi, sxvadasxva
inteleqtis, azrovnebis, stilisa da profesiis xalxSi, sxvadasxva kulturisa da
civilizaciis sazogadoebebSi. es bunebrivicaa, radgan qristianoba arsebiT ka-
Tolike, e.i. sayovelTao, universaluri da zenacionaluri aRmsareblobaa.
RvTis gamocxadebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis srulyofilad gaazreba sazoga-
doebis inteleqtualuri nawilisagan SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gaaqtiurebas
moiTxovs. ase iyo adre da asea dResac. berZnul, laTinur da sxva kulturosan
xalxTa enebze Seqmnilia umdidresi mwerloba, romelSic asaxulia sulieri Semec-
nebis miRwevebi RvTismetyvelebis (dogmatikis), asketikis (zneobis), liturgikis
Tu kanonikis sferoebSi. qristianuli eklesiis wiaRSi aRizardnen msoflio masS-
tabis moazrovneebi da kalmosnebi rogorc sasuliero, ise saero mimarTulebisa,
ramac qristianul sarwmunoebas avtoriteti sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa, nihi-
listTa da aTeistTa TvalSic SesZina. nebsiT Tu uneblieT mas yvela angariSs
uwevs.
qriste mcire aziis erT araprestiJul provinciaSi daibada da gaizarda. iq
iqadaga axali moZRvreba _ axali aRTqma, romelsac misi jvarcmis, sikvdilisa da
aRdgomis Semdeg mociqulebi da samociqulo kacebi avrcelebdnen. maT romis
imperiasa da mis sazRvrebs gareTac morwmuneTa gaerTianebebi, _ sazogadoebebi
Seqmnes, romelTac Zveli berZnuli (elinuri) tradiciis kvaldakval eklesiebi
ewoda.
pirveli eklesia ierusalimSi dafuZnda aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dRes, ro-
desac mociqulebze suliwmida gadmovida da maT qadagebis gansakuTrebuli unari
SeiZines. im dRes sami aTasma kacma iwama ieso qriste da moinaTla (saq. 2:41). ieru-
salimis eklesia uZvelesi eklesiaa da qristianoba mTel msoflioSi ierusali-
midan gavrcelda.

qristes mcnebebis aRmsruleblebi da eklesiis wevrebi sul adre, ierusalimSi,
ùflis mowafeebad~ iwodebodnen (saq. 9:1). rodesac maTi devna daiwyo, nawili
ierusalimidan gaixizna da Tavi finikias, kviprossa da antioqias Seafara. swored
antioqiaSi ewodaT mowafeebs pirvelad qristianebi (saq. 11:26) da isini am saxeliT
moevlinen kacobriobas.
qristianoba, iudevelTa da warmarTTa winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, triumfiT
gavrcelda. cecxlma da maxvilma, romelmac morwmuneTa uamravi suli Seiwira da
wmindanis SaravandediT Semosa, eklesia ganamtkica da gaamdidra rogorc Teori-
uli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. misi kanonikuri wyoba da Teologiuri sistema
ZiriTadad da arsobrivad devnilebis Jams Camoyalibda da imdenad moixveWa
avtoriteti, romis imperiaSi imdenad angariSgasawev Zalad iqca, rom saxelmwifos
misi ugulebelyofa aRar SeeZlo da 313 wels imperatorma konstantine didma mi-
lanis ediqtiT igi oficialuradac aRiara. analogiur viTarebas adgili sxva qvey-
nebSic hqonda.
qristianebi TavianT Tavs axal xalxs, axal ers, axali aRTqmis Svilebs uwodebd-
nen da uaryofdnen tomTa da enaTa Soris ufros-umcrosobis, ukeTesoba-uareso-
bis rwmenas, ufro sworad, aseT rwmenas, romelsac ebraelTa da elinTa Soris
Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli, crurwmenad racxdnen.
pirvelqristianTa cxovrebis wesi demokratia, e.i. xelmZRvanel pirTa arCevi-
Toba (saq. 1:23-26; 6:3-6 da sxv.), nebis Tavisufleba, e.i. saerTo-saeklesio cxovre-
baSi nebayoflobiT monawileoba (Sdr. saq. 5:4) da koleqtiuroba, e.i. sarCo-saba-
deblis urTierTganawileba (saq. 2:44-47) gaxldaT. es principebi qristianTa rwme-
nis, qristianTa eklesiis amosavali principebi da maxasiaTeblebia. isini qristes
moZRvrebis fundamentSia. amis gamo maTken, rogorc idealebisaken, iltvis wuTi-
soflis mtvriT damZimebuli da Seviwroebuli eklesia, romlis mizani wuTisoflis
daZleva da wuTisofelze gamarjvebaa. es principebi _ qristianuli principebi _
kvebavs Tanamedrove civilizacias, romlis upirveles monapovrad pirovnebisa
da misi nebis xelSeuxebloba, sindisis, sityvisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba iTvleba.
`demokratia~, ìndividualizmi~ da `samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba~ qristianuli
cnebebia. maT sayrden punqtebs RvTisa da adamianis urTierTobis qristianul kon-
cefciaSi unda veZebdeT, rac warmoCenili, ganmartebuli, gaanalizebuli da Ca-
moyalibebulia bibliis, bibleistikisa da Teologiis mier.
pirvelwyaro
qristianTa rwmenisa da cxovrebis, e.i. Teoriisa da praqtikis anu, rac igivea,
farTo gagebiT dogmatikisa da asketikis wyaro aris saRvTo werili (biblia) da
saRvTo gadmocema (saeklesio moZRvreba, saeklesio tradicia).
Tavi I. qristianoba 21
tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT erTic da meorec suliwmindis STagonebis nayofia da,
amdenad, saxelmZRvanelo pirvelwyaro; orive uflisagan momdinareobs, dasabams RvTis
sityvisagan iRebs. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirveli gasrulebulia
winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa kalmiT, romlebmac RvTis sityva uSualod moismines,
ganicades da Caiweres. maT Caiweres is, risi Cawerac im etapze aucilebeli iyo, magram
bevri ram, rac macxovarma ieso qristem moimoqmeda, ar dawerila, radgan `rom
daweriliyo, ... qveynierebac ver daitevda daweril wignebs~ (ioane 21:25). am dauwerels
(magram WeSmarits) mociqulebi da maxareblebi eklesias gzadagza auwyebdnen da
uqadagebdnen. maTi naambobi, rac legendis saxeliT iyo cnobili, Taobidan Taobas
zepirad gadaecemoda. mogvianebiT sxvadasxva mizezis gamo dRis wesrigSi WeSmariti
da saRvTo legendebis Caweris, garkveulwilad Sevsebis da literaturulad formi-
rebis sakiTxic dadga, rac codniT da madliT gasxivosnebulma adamianebma ganaxor-
cieles. maT Txzulebebs safuZvlad saRvTo gadmocema udevs. misgan STagonebuli li-
teratura moculobiT didi da mravalferovania; moicavs (aerTianebs) sasuliero mwer-
lobis yvela Janris wignebs _ dogmaturs anu rjulmoZRvrebiTs, liturgiuls anu
sxvadasxva locva-galobebsa da Jamiswirvis teqstebs, kanonikas anu saeklesio samar-
Tlis kodeqsebs, agiografiasa da himnografias, e.i. wmindanTa cxovrebebsa da sasu-
liero poezias, romlebSic qristianuli sarwmunoebis arseba Camoyalibebulia mkafiod
da, eklesiis rwmeniT, ucdomlad.
saRvTo gadmocemas meorenairad samociqulo gadmocemasac uwodeben, radgan
masSi mociqulTa sarwmunoeba da suliskveTebaa areklili. es sarwmunoeba da su-
liskveTeba eklesiis sarwmunoeba da suliskveTebaa. eklesiaSi ki bevri iseTi
Txzuleba Seiqmna, romlebsac samociqulo memkvidreobis pretenzia aqvT, magram
mociqulTa moZRvrebas ar Tanxvdebian, e.i. isini ar Seicaven (an naklebad Seicaven)
WeSmaritebas da, amdenad, ar arian wmida sulis STagonebis nayofni.
suliwmidiT STagonebul anu beWeddasmul wignebs kanonikuri da dabeWdili
wignebi (Txzulebebi) ewodebaT, sxvebs ki _ arakanonikuri, daubeWdavi, apokri-
fuli, xolo cruT da mavnebeli azrebis Semcvelebs _ natyuari, nayalbevi.
rogor gairCeva kanonikuri arakanonikurisagan? IV-VII ss-Si eklesiisaTvis es
seriozuli problema iyo, magram misi gadaWris sarwmuno gzebi da meTodebic Se-
muSavda. kanonikurobis, mociqulebriobis da WeSmaritebis dadgenis ZiriTadi kri-
teriumi eklesiis erTsulovani mowmoba gaxlavT. WeSmarit samociqulo gadmoce-
mad iTvleba mxolod is, rac eklesiis saerTo SegnebiT, misi saerTo TanxmobiT
aris aRiarebuli. ase rom, mxolod is gadmocema, mxolod is teqsti da is nawar-
moebi iTvleba saRvTod da saTnod, rac eklesiisa da, konkretulad, saeklesio
krebebis mier aris damowmebuli, aRiarebuli.
amrigad, rwmenis sferoSi tradiciuli eklesia or avtoritets aRiarebs _
saRvTo werils da saRvTo gadmocemas. is Tvalsazrisi da Teoria, romelic verc

saRvTo werilsa da verc kanonikur wignebSi ver hpovebs sayrdens da safuZvels,
WeSmaritebad ver CaiTvleba.
tradiciuli eklesiis am rwmenas evropaSi (romis eklesiaSi, kaTolikur samya-
roSi) oponentebi gamouCndnen. saRvTo gadmocemis avtoriteti eWvqveS pirvelad
germanelma berma martin luTerma daayena. am faqts adgili XV-XVI saukuneebSi
hqonda, ramac saTave daudo protestantobas anu rwmenis (dogmatikis) da RvTis-
msaxurebis sferoSi tradiciuli Sexedulebebis gadasinjvas, gaprotestebas da
gadafasebas. protestantebma rwmenis erTaderT avtoritetad da pirvelwyarod
saRvTo werili aRiares. maT uaryves saeklesio (e.i. saRvTo) gadmocemis avtori-
teti, riTac gza gaexsna saRvTo werilis sxvadasxvanair (axlebur da mravalfe-
rovan) ganmartebas (interpretacias), amis gamo ki _ nairgvari mimdinareobebis
(denominaciebis), aRmsareblobebis warmoqmnas.
saRvTo werili
sayovelTao interesi
biblia msoflioSi yvelaze popularuli da dafasebuli wignia.
SekiTxvaze, _ samudamo patimroba rom mogisajon da erTaderTi wignis waRebis
ufleba dagrTon, romels airCevdiT? mwignobarTa umravlesoba (filosofosebi,
aTeistebi da araqristianebic ki) iZleva pasuxs _ biblias!
bibliisa Tu misi calkeuli wignebis gamocemaTa raodenoba da saerTo tiraJi
nebismieri sxva wignis gamocemaTa raodenobas da tariJs Seudareblad aRemateba.
dReisaTvis Znelad moiZebneba kulturasa da civilizacias ase Tu ise naziarebi
xalxi, romlis enazec bibliis erT-erTi wigni mainc rom ar iyos naTargmni. bib-
liologiis sakiTxebs samecniero-kvleviT centrebSi yovelTvis sapatio adgili
eTmoba. TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, moqmedebs bibliuri
sazogadoebebi, romlebic kulturul-saganmanaTleblo miznebs isaxaven da
bibliis teqsts yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdian.
saxelwodeba
biblia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs wignebs (`biblon~ _ wigni). igulisxmeba ara
nebismieri, aramed RvTivSTagonebuli da suliwmidis madliT aRvsili wignebis
krebuli.
etimologiurad `biblon~ ukavSirdeba egvipturi mcenaris `papirusis~ (qar-
Tulad `Wilis~) berZnul Sesatyviss _ `biblos~, romelic, garda mcenarisa _ papi-
rusisa anu Wilisa, ewodeboda imave mcenarisagan damzadebul sawer masalas, tyavis
(etratis anu pergamentis), anda qaRaldis magier rom gamoiyeneboda. am sityvam
(`biblos~) Semdeg wignis mniSvneloba SeiZina.
biblias, `saRvTo werilisa~ da `wmida werilis~ garda, SeiZleba vuwodoT `wign-
Tawigni~, `TviTwigni~, martivad _ `wigni~, ~werili~. rodesac ityvian: `wigni
gvauwyebs~, `werili gvauwyebs~, `wignis~ qveS biblia igulisxmeba.
biblia Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignTa saerTo saxelwodebaa. es termini daam-
kvidres IV s-is didma mamebma _ ioane oqropirma da epifane kviprelma.
wignebi, romlebsac bibliurs uwodeben, jgufdeba or kategoriad: kanonikuri
anu dabeWdili (e.i. beWeddasmuli) da arakanonikuri anu daubeWdavi. ukanasknelT
xSirad apokrifulsac eZaxian (àpokrifi~ berZnuli sityvaa da `dafaruls~ niS-
navs). kanonikuri anu wmida sulis madliT dabeWdili wignebis erToblioba spe-
cialur literaturaSi cnobilia kanonis saxeliT. `kanoni~ xSirad bibliis mniS-
vnelobiT ixmareba.
Semadgenloba, Sinaarsi, avtorebi

biblia or nawilad iyofa _ Zveli aRTqma da axali aRTqma. pirvels miekuTvneba
wignebi, romlebic dawerilia qristes Sobamde da romelTa RvTiuroba aRiarebu-
lia rogorc ebraelebis, ise qristianebis mier. meore aerTianebs wignebs, romle-
bic mociqulebisa da maxareblebis kalmiTaa gansrulebuli.
RvTivSTagonebuli wignebis raodenoba sxvadasxva tradiciaSi sxvadasxvagvaria.
es niSnavs, rom zogierTi bibliuri wignis avtoritets anu siwmides yvela erTnairi
TvaliT ar uyurebs.
bibliis kanonikuri wignebis ricxvi, Zveli tradiciis Tanaxmad, udris 49-s. aqedan
22 ganekuTvneba Zvel aRTqmas, 27 _ axals (SedarebiT vrclad qvemoT visaubrebT).
ra aris àRTqma?~
qarTuli àRTqmis~ Sesatyvisebia: ebr. `beriT~, berZn. `diaTeke~, laT. `testa-
mentum~, rus. `zavet~. maTi mniSvnelobebia _ anderZi, dapireba, kavSiri, xelSek-
ruleba. `Zveli aRTqma~ gulisxmobs im dapirebas, im kavSirs, im xelSekrulebas da
im anderZs, romelic qristes Sobamde aRuTqva RmerTma adamians. faqtobrivad,
esaa xelSekruleba or subieqts _ RmerTsa da adamians _ Soris. istoriis konkre-
tul Jams RmerTi gankacda qriste iesoSi, romelmac aRTqma ganaaxla da misi Sina-
arsi srulyo. mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom orive aRTqma arsebiT erTi da igivea. aq
saqme erTi mTelis sxvadasxva safexurebTan gvaqvs. adamianisa da RvTis urTier-
Tobis istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara aRTqmis Sinaarsis etapobrivad gacxadeba
da dazusteba, am Sinaarsis gaRrmaveba. kiTxvaze _ ra aucilebeli iyo droSi aseTi
gangrZobiToba _ pasuxs gzadagza gavcemT.
uzenaesi RmerTi _ yovladwmida sameba _ erTiani nebiT da madliT istoriis
konkretul Jamsa da alags ecxadeboda saTno da marTal adamianebs, rCeul pirov-
nebebs da auwyebda sibrZnes da mecnierebas. es adamianebi cnobili arian winaswar-
metyvelebad da mociqulebad.

winaswarmetyvelni Zveli aRTqmis avtorebi arian, mociqulni _ axlisa. aqve unda
iTqvas, rom Zveli aRTqmis yvela epizodi, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo detalic ki,
aris miniSneba axal aRTqmaze. netari avgustines TqmiT: `Zvel aRTqmaSi dafarulia
axali aRTqma da axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebulia Zveli~.
bibliis pirvel xuT wigns _ xuTwigneuls _ ebraulad, dednis enaze, ewodeba
Tora (kanoni). maT avtorad anu Camwerad iTvleba RmerTTanmetyveli mose, romel-
mac mamebis rjuli aRadgina, monobis qveynidan gamoiyvana eri da auwya zeciuri
gangeba: mcneba da kanoni. maSasadame, moses miewereba xuTi wigni, sadac moTxro-
bilia qveynis Seqmnisa da adamianis gaCenis ambavi, pirveli codva da misi Sedegi,
samoTxidan gamosvla da kacobriobis gamravleba, rCeuli eris _ israelis _
Tavgadasavali aRTqmul qveyanaSi misvlamde.
Zveli aRTqmis danarCen wignebSi asaxulia ebraeli eris TviTdamkvidrebisa da
TviTaRSenebis procesi; 12 tomis monoliTur saxelmwifod gaerTianebisa da am
saxelmwifos daSlis ambavi; omebi gareSe Tu Sinaur mtrebTan; kvlav monoba, kvlav
gafantva da mainc _ xsnis imedi da molodini. aq aris sibrZne, aq aris Segoneba, aq
aris poezia. maTi avtorebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, aRweren cxovrebis avsac da karg-
sac, daufaravad da principulad amxileben didsa Tu mcires, TavianT Tavsac da
ucxo Zalasac. winaswarmetyvelTagan, romlebic bibliuri wignebis avtorebad,
ufro zustad, RvTis kalmebad arian cnobilni, gamorCeuli adgili uWiravT: isu
naves Zes, daviT mefes, romlis wigns (sagalobelTa krebuls) qarTulad `fsal-
munni~ an `daviTni~ ewodeba, solomon mefes _ brZens, romelsac miewereba sami
kanonikuri wigni (igavni, eklesiaste, qeba-qebaTa) da erTi arakanonikuri (sibrZne).
maT mohyvebian winaswarmetyvelebi didni (esaia, ieremia, ezekieli da danieli) da
mcireni ricxviT 12 (osia, ioveli, amosi, abdia, iona, miqia, naumi, ambakum, sofonia,
angia, zaqaria, malaqia).
Tanamedrove ebrauli tradiciis mixedviT, romelsac masoretuls uwodeben,
Zveli aRTqma dayofilia 39 wignad. maT ajgufeben sam nawilad. pirvels ewodeba
kanoni anu rjuli (Tora) da Seicavs moses xuTwigneuls: dabadeba, gamosvla,
levianni, ricxvni, meore rjuli. meore nawils ki _ winaswarmetyvelni da Seicavs
wignebs: iso naves Ze, msajulni, pirveli da meore mefeTa anu samoelis wignebi (iT-
vleba erT wignad), mesame da meoTxe mefeTa (iTvleba erT wignad), esaia, ieremia, ezeki-
eli, Tormeti mcire winaswarmetyveli (iTvleba erT wignad). mesame nawils ewodeba
werilni da Seicavs Semdeg wignebs: iobi, ruTi, fsalmunni, igavni, qebaTa-qeba,
eklesiaste, danieli, ieremias godeba, ezra da neemia (iTvleba erT wignad), pirveli
da meore neStTa (iTvleba erT wignad) da esTeri. Tu ruTisa da msajulTa wignebs
gavaerTianebT erT wignad da, aseve, ieremias godebasa da ieremias winaswar-
metyvelebas erT wignad CavTvliT, miviRebT 22 wigns. ioseb flabiosis mowmobiTac
Zvelad ebraelebi swored 22 wigns Tvlidnen maTi anbanis 22 aso-niSnis Sesabamisad.
Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi
bibliis berZnul TargmanSi, romelic septuagintas (`samocdaaTiseuli~) saxe-
liTaa cnobili, Sesulia Zveli aRTqmis sxva wignebic: epistole ieremiasi da baru-
qi, tobiTi, ivdiTi, sibrZne solomonisa, sibrZne ziraqisa, me-2 da me-3 ezra, maka-
belTa sami wigni da kidev: zogierTi nawyveti, CarTuli kanonikur wignebSi, ro-
goricaa:
1. esTeris wignis is monakveTi, romelic araa danomrili muxlobrivad
berZnul da slavur bibliaSi;
2. manases locva me-2 neStTas boloSi;
3. sami yrmis simRera danielis wignSi (me-13 Tavi);
4. moTxroba susanaze (iqve) da
5. belsa da gveleSapze (iqve, T. 14).
es wignebi da nawyvetebi ebraul bibliaSi ar aris. isini gamoCndnen berZnul
enaze da sxvadasxva dros Seitanes bibliaSi. eklesia ar aRiarebs maT kanonikur
wignebad, magram miiCnevs aRmzrdelobiTad da sulis margeblad.
axali aRTqma
axali aRTqmis wignebis is Tanmimdevroba, romelic qarTul gamocemebSia, uZve-
lesia. amas adasturebs bibliis aleqsandriuli da vatikanuri xelnawerebi (IV s.),
mociqulTa kanonebi, laodikiisa da karTagenis krebaTa aqtebi da sxva, magram
yvelgan ase araa. magaliTad, vulgataSi (laTinurSi) da axali aRTqmis amJamindel
berZnul gamocemebSi kaTolike epistoleebi moTavsebulia pavles epistoleTa
Semdeg, apokalifsamde.
pavles epistoleebis ganlagebis principi aseTia: jer warmodgenilia episto-
leebi, mimarTuli mTliani eklesiebisadmi, Semdeg _ is epistoleebi, romlebic
calkeuli pirebisadmia gagzavnili.
rodis Seiqmna kanoni?

Zveli aRTqmis wignebis erT krebulad Camoyalibeba xdeboda TandaTanobiT, am
wignebis gamoCenasTan erTad.
miTiTebas rjulis Semadgenlobisa da Zveli aRTqmis wignebis sam nawilad ga-
yofis Sesaxeb Cven vxvdebiT ieso ziraqis ZesTan (220 w. qristes Sobamde). septu-
aginta (270 w. qristes Sobamde) imis dasturia, rom Zveli aRTqmis yvela kanonikuri
da arakanonikuri wigni Sedioda erT krebulSi, radgan isini erT TargmanSi arian
warmodgenilni.
rodis Camoyalibda kanoni anu rjuli, e.i. Zveli aRTqma mTlianad? zustad ver
vityviT. miTiTebas `rjulis~ TandaTanobiT Sedgenis Sesaxeb Cven vxvdebiT TviTon
wminda wignebSi: rodesac mosem rjulis yvela sityva Cawera wignSi da Sesanaxad

gadasca levianebs, brZana, daedoT igi aRTqmis kidobnis gverdiT (2 rjuli 31:24-
26). iso naves Zem RvTis sityvebi da gamocxadebebi saRvTo rjulis wignSi Cawera
anu SeuerTa moses xuTwigneuls (ieso 24:26). samuelma gamoucxada xalxs mefis
uflebani, wignSi Cawera da uflis winaSe dado (1 mef. 10:25).
samuelis mier daarsebul winaswarmetyvelTa skolebidan gamovidnen Semdeg-
droindel movlenaTa aRmwerni _ winaswarmetyvelebi: naTani, gadi da sxvebi, rom-
lebic iTvlebian wmida mwerlebad da wmida werilis mcvelebad.
wmida wignebi inaxeboda wmidaTa wmidaSi, aRTqmis kidobnis gverdiT. isini cno-
bilni iyvnen levianTa da mRvdelTaTvis; ivsebodnen axali CanawerebiT Zveli aRT-
qmis mamebis mier da inusxebodnen xolme saeklesio Tu saero miznebisaTvis.
saRvTo wignebis krebulad gaerTianeba dasrulda babilonis tyveobis Semdeg
ezras, neemias da ukanasknel winaswarmetyvelTa mier.
axali aRTqmis kanonic TandaTan iqmneboda ama Tu im wignis samociqulo warmo-
mavlobis dadgenis an uaryofis kvaldakval, sakiTxis gulmodgined Seswavlis
safuZvelze.
wigni, romelsac pirveli qristianebi kiTxulobdnen, iyo Zveli aRTqma. male,
pirvelsave saukuneSi, gamoCnda saxarebebi da mociqulTa epistoleebi, masTan erTad
_ nayalbevi Txzulebebic ieso qristes cxovrebisa da moZRvrebis Sesaxeb. I-I I
saukuneebSi daiwera im mamaTa Txzulebebi, romlebic eklesiaSi cnobilni da
pativcemulni iyvnen rogorc mociqulTa uSualo mowafeebi da mowafeTa mowafe-
ebi: klimenti, polikarpe, egnate da sxvani, romlebic samociqulo kacebad iwode-
bian. amdenad, eklesias hqonda zusti gansazRvris SesaZlebloba, Tu romeli weri-
li CaeTvala WeSmaritad samociqulod, wmindad da RvTivSTagonebulad da gaemij-
na aseTi werilebi anu wignebi rogorc yalbi da arajansaRi moZRvrebis Semcveli
Txzulebebisagan, ise im Txzulebebisagan, romlebic ekuTvnodnen ara uSualod
mociqulebs, aramed _ mociqulTa mociqulebs. ukanasknelTa Txzulebebi, ra Tqma
unda, Seicavda jansaR da swor moZRvrebas, magram isini mainc adamianuri warmomav-
lobis iyo da mniSvnelobiT ver Seedreboda RvTaebriv da gamocxadebul werils.
I I s-Si eklesiaSi eWvis qveS aravin ayenebda oTxi saxarebis, mociqulTa saqmeebis,
pavles cameti epistolis, petres pirveli epistolis da mociqul ioanes pirveli
epistolis WeSmaritebas da originalurobas. im droisaTvis es wignebi Seadgendnen
saerTo-sayovelTao kanons. axali aRTqmis danarCenma nawilma sayovelTao aRi-
areba gvian moipova. magaliTad: origene I I I s-Si jer kidev ar iyo darwmunebuli,
rom epistole ebraelTa mimarT, epistoleebi iakobisa, iudasi, meore petresi,
meore da mesame ioanesi iyo namdvili da WeSmariti. dasavleTSi didxans yoymanob-
dnen ebraelTa mimarT epistolesTan dakavSirebiT, aRmosavleTSi _ apokalifsTan
dakavSirebiT.
mociqulTa werilebTan erTad didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda da IV s-mde
eklesiaSi liturgikuli daniSnulebac hqonda zogierT epistoles. pirvel rigSi
unda davasaxeloT papi klimentisa da barnabas epistoleebi da ermiasis `mwyemsi~.
saeklesio istorikosi evsevi (IV) axali aRTqmis wignebs sam kategoriad yofs:
1. eklesiis erTsulovani azriT da dasturiT mociqulTa xelidan gamosuli
Txzulebani _ oTxi saxareba, saqmeni mociqulTa, pavles ToTxmeti epistole, pir-
veli ioanesi da pirveli petresi.
2. sayovelTaod araRiarebulni da sadavoni. maTgan zogierTni: epistole
iakobisa, iudasi, 2 petresi, 2-e da 3-e ioanesi da apokalifsi eklesiam sabolood
mainc aRiara da Seitana kanonSi. sxvani ki, rogoricaa: saqmeni pavlesi, ermiasis
`mwyemsi~, petres apokalifsi, barnabas epistole, mociqulTa swavlani (`didaqe~)
da saxareba ebraelTa mimarT, maTi aramociqulebrivi warmomavlobis gamo, ar Se-
itanes kanonSi;
3. ueWvelad aramociqulebrivi da udavod eretikulic ki.
kanonis saboloo varianti SeimuSaves laodikiis, hiponiis, karTagenisa da romis
krebebma IV-V ss-Si. am mxriv didia papi inokenti I-isa da, gansakuTrebiT, papi gelasis
Rvawli. ukanasknelma daaxloebiT 493 wels gamoaqveyna dekreti, riTac sabolood
ganisazRvra kanoni. amis Semdeg iq Setanili wignebis winaaRmdeg aqa-iq calkeuli
gaubedavi xmebi Tu ismoda. mxolod germanulma reformaciam daayena eWvis qveS axali
aRTqmis zogierTi wignis kanonikuri Rirseba. luTerma gabeda da apokrifuli uwoda
apokalifssa da epistoles ebraelTa mimarT. mis kvaldakval sxva luTereli
RvTismetyvelebic meorexarisxovans uwodebdnen im wignebs, romlebic Zvelad davas
iwvevdnen (2 petre, 2 da 3 ioane, iakobi, iuda, ebraelTa mimarT epistole da
apokalifsi), Tumca kanonSi mainc tovebdnen meorexarisxovani wignebis uflebiT da,
maSasadame, RirsebiT saRmrTo werilis danarCen nawilTan ar aTanabrebdnen.
XVI I I s-is Sua wlebidan dasavleT evropaSi aRorZinda racionalizmi, romelmac
uaryo rwmena da werilis RvTivSTagonebuloba; man laSqroba daiwyo da Tavi
mouyara argumentebs ara mxolod calkeuli wignebis, aramed mTeli werilis wi-
naaRmdeg. Tumca es mimdinareoba kaTolikeebisa da orTodoqsi protestantebis
erTsulovan da safuZvlian winaaRmdegobas waawyda.
bibliologiis sakvanZo sakiTxebi

biblia iwereboda 13 saukunis ganmavlobaSi (X I I I -I). uZvelesia moses `xuTwigne-
uli~, ugvianesi _ ioanes `gamocxadeba~.
moses rjuli gankuTvnili iyo `rCeuli erisaTvis~, ebraelebisaTvis da, buneb-
rivia, Zveli aRTqma daiwera maTsave enaze. uZveles teqsts Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.
SemorCenilia mxolod IX-X ss-is xelnawerebi. esenia: peterburgis saltikov-SCed-
rinis sax. biblioTekis, britaneTis muzeumis da kidev ramdenime, romelTa gver-
diT dgas e.w. lailaSis biblia, romelic daculia Tbilisis k.kekeliZis sax. xelna-

werTa institutSi. uZvelesi xelnawerebis fragmentebi 1948 wels mkvdari zRvis
auzSi aRmoCnda. isini cnobilia yumranis xelnawerebis saxeliT, romelTa mec-
nieruli Seswavla dResac grZeldeba.
qristianulma samyarom Zveli aRTqma umTavresad berZnulenovani TargmaniT
gaicno. Zv.w. VI s-Si israelis samefo nabuqodonosorma, babilonis mefem, daipyro
da `rCeuli eris~ didi raodenoba msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gafanta. nawili
mcxeTis sanaxebs moadga da Cvens miwa-wyalze hpova TavSesafari. nawili _ aRmosav-
leTSi, nawilic dasavleTSi gaixizna. maT TandaTan daiviwyes dedaena. amis gamo
rabinTa winaSe dadga sakiTxi saRmrTo werilis morwmuneTaTvis gasageb enaze
Targmnisa. es idea momwifda aleqsandriis ebraul diasporaSi, romlis saurTier-
To da saazrovno ena berZnuli iyo. gamoikveTa am enaze Zveli aRTqmis Targmnis
aucilebloba, ramac xorci ptolemeos filadelfosis dros Seisxa. Semonaxulia
gadmocema: 270 w-s aleqsandriaSi 70 (ufro zustad, 72) mTargmneli Sekribes da
or-orad daajgufes. mTargmnelebi dasxdnen cal-calke oTaxebSi da muSaobdnen
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. maTi Targmanebi (gamovida 35) identuri aRmoCnda,
rac RvTis madlisa da nebis mauwyeblobad CaiTvala. aRniSnul Targmans berZnulad
hebdomekonta, laTinurad septuaginta anu septanta (samocdaaTiseuli) uwodes.
igi gavrcelda berZnulenovan samyaroSi da safuZvlad daedo axal, sxvaenovan
Targmanebs, garda laTinurisa. uSualod ebraeli dednidan biblia am enaze IV s-is
saeklesio moRvawem netarma ieronimem 386-406 wlebs Soris Targmna.
Zv.w. I I -I I I ss-Si berZnul enaze Zveli aRTqmis kidev sami Targmani aRmocenda.
esenia: akvilas, svimaxosisa da Teodotionis. maTi mizani iyo warmoedginaT eb-
rauli teqstis sruli Sesatyvisi, moecaT zedmiwevniTi Targmani. miuxedavad amisa,
am Targmanebma sayovelTao aRiareba ver hpoves, Tumca RvTismetyvelebi yovel-
Tvis uwevdnen angariSs da maT monacemebs iTvaliswinebdnen. septantis xelnawe-
rebis arSiebze, ama Tu im adgilis gaswvriv, xSirad vxvdebiT minawerebs imis Sesa-
xeb, Tu rogor ikiTxeba mocemuli muxli aRniSnul TargmanebSi. aseT Sromas, ka-
tenis saxeliT romaa cnobili, mecnieruli mizani hqonda. samRvdelmsaxuro (li-
turgikul) praqtikaSi yovelTvis da yvelgan 70-Ta Targmans iyenebdnen.
septuagintas pirvandel variants Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. is dayofilia sam
umTavres redaqciad. akademikos korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, `bibliologiis yurad-
Reba axla miqceulia iqiTken, rom es Targmani rogorme aRdgenil iqnes. amas ki
SesaZleblad cnoben sxvadasxva enaze naTargmn teqstTa meoxebiT, romelTac,
ueWvelia, safuZvlad daedo erT-erTi qvemodasaxelebul sam redaqciaTagan. es
redaqciebia: origenis hegzaplebi, romelic palestinaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, luki-
anes, antioqeli mRvdelmowamisa meoTxe saukuneSi, romelsac ewodeba koine da
miRebuli iyo antioqiisa da konstantinopolis sapatriarqoebSi da ivsiqi aleq-
sandrielisa, romelic aleqsandriaSi iyo miRebuli~.
xelnawerebi. aRmoCenebi. daskvnebi
bibliologiis erT-erTi sapatio ubania bibliuri kodikologia anu bibliis
xelnawerTmcodneoba. es iTqmis rogorc septuagintas da axali aRTqmis berZnuli
teqstis, ise sxvaenovan TargmanTa mimarT. aRniSnuli dargi gvexmareba, pasuxi
gavceT kiTxvaze, Tu rodis Seiqmna kanoni, e.i. rodis gaiazres Zveli da axali
aRTqma erT wignad anu erTi mTelis or nawilad. es problema aqtualuri iyo XIX-
XX ss-is mijnaze, aTeizmisa da, kerZod, saRmrTo werilis kritikis mZvinvarebis
xanaSi. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom I-I I I ss-Si eklesiis mamebs jer kidev ar
hqondaT gaazrebuli Zveli da axali aRTqmebis mTlianoba. ambobdnen: bibliuri
wignebi, romlebic sxvadasxva drosa da garemoSi aRmocendnen, Semdeg gaaerTianes
SemuSavebuli gegmisa da miznis mixedviTo. am Teoriis warmomadgenelni xelze
ixvevdnen im faqts, rom maSin, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, ar iyo mikvleuli bib-
liis (sruli kanonis) uZvelesi nusxebi; ar egonaT Tu aRmoCndeboda IV s-is xelna-
werebis _ bibliis sinuri da vatikanuri kodeqsebis _ uadresi egzemplarebi. es
bedniereba wilad xvda inglisel mogzaurs Cester-bits. man 1931 wels egvipteSi
felaxebisagan iyida 12 papirusis anu Wilis xelnaweri wigni. isini faiumSi unaxavT,
romeliRac qristianuli monastrisa Tu eklesiis nangrevebSi. mogzaurma es
xelnawerebi gadasca britaneTis muzeums, sadac cnobilma arqeograf-papirolo-
gebma da Teologebma Seiswavles isini. gairkva, rom 12 xelnaweri wigni anu kodeqsi
warmoadgenda erTi mTelis 12 toms da moicavda bibliis (Zveli da axali aRTqmis)
teqsts. mecnierebi darwmundnen, rom es iyo septuagintas uZvelesi nusxa Cvenamde
moRweulTagan. igi daaTariRes I I -I I I ss-iT, ramac Suqi mohfina bevr sakiTxs.
gairkva, rom biblia aris Cvenamde moRweul ydaSi Casmul wignebs Soris uZve-
lesi. am azriTac igi WeSmaritad wignTawignia: ramdenadac mecnierebas Tvali miuw-
vdeba, bibliam misca dasabami furcelTa ydaSi Casmis tradicias anu, SeiZleba
iTqvas, bibliiT iwyeba wignis (kodeqsis) istoria.
garda amisa: am foliantebs Soris aRmoCnda apokalifsi da danielis wigni. es
faqti migvaniSnebs, rom ZvelTaganve, I I I ss-Si mainc, arsebobda ioane RvTismet-
yvelis `gamocxadebis~ kanonad Seracxvis tradicia da Semdeg gamoiTqva eWvi misi
avtoritetis Taobaze. danielis wigni berZnul enaze imxanad (1931 w-mde) mxolod
Teodotionis TargmaniTa da XI s-is xelnaweriT iyo cnobili. Cester-bitis aRmo-
Cenam daadastura misi kuTvnili adgili 70-Ta TargmanSi. amasTanave: meti damaje-
rebloba SeiZina irineos lionelis (II) sityvebma: ~oTxive saxareba qristianebisaT-
vis aris RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba~. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom qristianebisaTvis
imTaviTve ara marto oTxive saxareba, aramed mTeli biblia, Zveli da axali aRTqma,
erT ~RvTaebriv gamocxadebad~ moiazreboda.
bibliurma kodikologiam laxvari Casca Teorias, romelic qadagebda: biblia
aris `TeTri ZafiT akinZuli da SeerTebuli romelime gauwafavi redaqtoris xe-

liT~. ase mofiqralni gvarwmunebdnen: moses xuTwigneuli winaswarmetyvelis
gardacvalebidan oTxi saukunis Semdeg (IX s-Si Zv.w.) Seiqmna, saxarebebi _ I I I s-Si
da a.S. istoriul-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad aseTi Tvalsazrisebi
gaqarwylda. ai ras wers Cveni saukunis udidesi germaneli Teologi da filologi
a. harnaki: `samoci wlis winaT daviT Strausma warmoidgina, TiTqos daamtkica
pirveli sami saxarebis lamis mTliani araistoriuloba. magram Semdegi wlebis
istoriulma kritikam kvlav daamtkica maTi istoriuloba~. arc Tu didi xnis winaT
sabWoTa kavSiris skolebSic aswavlidnen, ieso qriste miTiuri pirovnebaao,
istoriulad ararsebuli, xolo qristianuli religia _ maSvralTa da davrdo-
milTa ocneba-survilebis nayofi. dReisaTvis mecnierebis xelTaa uamravi isto-
riuli wyaro, dokumenti da argumenti iesos istoriulobis damadastureblad.
ase rom, Tavad wyaroTmcodneoba, romelic aris mecnierebis àrsobis puri~,
fantavs skepsiss da amyarebs kaTolike da samociqulo eklesiis tradiciul Tval-
sazrisebs.
bibliis qarTuli Targmani

bibliis (Zveli da axali aRTqmis) Zvel TargmanTa Soris qarTuli Targmani erT-
erTi uZvelesi Targmania. igi qarTlis gaqristianebis (IV s-is 20-30-iani wlebi)
axlo xans unda aRmocenebuliyo, rasac uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi (ZiriTadad
_ palimfsestebi) cxadyofs. isini V-VI ss-iT TariRdeba da maT furclebze (palim-
fsestebis qveda fenaSi) bibliis qarTuli Targmanis nimuSebia Semonaxuli.
irkveva, rom Cvens winaprebs bibliis sxvadasxva wigni sxvadasxva dros da
sxvadasxva pirobebSi uTargmniaT. maT dednad berZnuli originali gamouyenebiaT
(Tumca am Temaze mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa). Semdgomi epoqis
(gansakuTrebiT _ X-XI ss.) swavlulebs pirvelTargmanebisaTvis revizia Cautare-
biaT da gauumjobesebiaT; dednebTan maqsimalurad dauaxlovebiaT da stilis-
turad gauSalaSinebiaT.
xelnaweri wignebi (kodeqsebi), romlebic IX-X I I ss-iT TariRdebian da Cvens siZve-
leTsacavebSi arian daculi, am TvalsazrisiT mdidar masalas Seicaven. bevri
bibliuri wignis Zveli qarTuli Targmani ramdenime redaqciiTaa cnobili. am
redaqciaTagan kanonikuri teqstis ufleba upiratesad giorgi mTawmindelis (XI s.)
Targman-redaqciebma moipova da qarTulenovani marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
RvTismsaxurebaSi dResac isini gamoiyeneba.
XX s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi biblia axal qarTul enazec iTargmna. ZiriTadad ori
Targmani Sesrulda _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqoseuli da stokholmis bibliis
Targmnis institutiseuli. orive gamocemulia. maT gasaumjobeseblad da axali
Targmanebis Sesaqmnelad muSaoba grZeldeba. qvemoT Zveli aRTqmiseuli adgilebi
umetesad amoRebulia sapatriarqos gamocemidan (1989 w.).
bibliis ena
ebraelebs hqondaT sakmarisi saSualeba da swrafva, raTa daecvaT wminda wignebi
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebisagan ara mxolod Sinaarsis, aramed formis da enis mxri-
vac. babilonelTa tyveobis droidan sametyvelo ena gaemijna samwerlo enas. kla-
sikuri ebrauli xalxSi aRar ismoda da gaugebar gaxda. ebraelebma arameulad
daiwyes laparaki. am enaze umartavdnen xalxs kanons, romlis Sinaarsi maT
mSobliur enaze ukve aRar esmodaT (neemia 8:1-8. Sdr. 13:23-25). Zvelebrauli ena
darCa religiis, wminda wignebisa da literaturis enad.
tyveobis xanidan ebraelebi gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen yovelgvar nacionalurs
da gamowvlilviT icavdnen TavianT adaTebs. ierusalimis dangrevis Semdeg (I s.
Cv.w.) swavluli ebraelebi gadasaxldnen tiberiaSi, sadac daaarses cnobili ra-
binTa akademia. I I s-Si Cv.w. iqve Seiqmna TalmudistTa sazogadoeba, romelic aer-
Tianebda wm. werilis Semswavlelebs da ganmmarteblebs. isini erTmaneTs udareb-
dnen xelnawerebs, asufTavebdnen teqsts Secdomebisagan, romlebic ezras dro-
idan Separuliyo da adgendnen wm. werilis erTian saxes gragnilebisaTvis. maT
daTvales sityvebis da asoebis ricxvic ki TiToeul wmida wignSi. magaliTad, Se-
saqmis wignSi aRmoCnda 2078 sityva da 78100 aso. aseTi samuSao, ra Tqma unda, xels
uwyobda teqstis dacvas damaxinjebisa da gadawerismieri Secdomebisagan.
esaa mizezi, rom Talmudistebis xelT arsebuli teqsti I I -I I I ss-isa axlos dgas
Tanamedrove teqstTan. yvela imdroindel ikiTxvisSi Cven vxvdebiT mxolod 220
variants. amasTanave _ umniSvnelosa da araarsebiTs.
rodesac ebrauli cocxali ena iyo, mas tradicia icavda, magram axla, rodesac
eri sxva enaze metyvelebda, dRis wesrigSi dadga xelnawerebis sworad amokiTxvis
problema. amisaTvis ki saWiro iyo mecnierul-arqeografiuli muSaobis Catareba.
es misia ikisres swavlulma rabinebma, romelTac saqmianobis mixedviT masoretebi
anu tradiciis Semnaxvelni (masora _ tradicia) ewodaT. maT yvela sityvas dausves
xmovnebi, Sekribes da erTmaneTs Seudares Zveli xelnawerebi da ganmartebebi.
daadgines muxlebis zoma da punqtuacia. teqstze muSaobis aseT kombinacias
ewodeba didi masora, xolo calkeul saqmes _ mcire masora. es samuSaoebi ebraul
teqstebze, romelic V s-Si daiwyo, Semdegac aseTive gulmodginebiT gagrZelda.
ebraelebma gaakeTes yvelaferi, raTa wmida teqstebi SeenarCunebinaT ucvlelad
da daumaxinjeblad. Cvenamde moRweul teqstTa erTnairoba seriozuli sabuTia imisa,
rom Zveli aRTqmis wignebi mTavarSi da arsebiTSi mainc ucvlelad arian Semonaxulni.
axali aRTqmis yvela wigni berZnul enaze daiwera. gamonaklisi unda iyos maTes
saxareba, romelic, SesaZlebelia, arameulad daiwera da Semdeg iTargmna berZnulad.
berZnuli enis romel dialeqtze daiwera bibliis es monakveTi?
_ ZiriTadad koineze. esaa saerTo-saxalxo, yvelasaTvis gasagebi da xelmisawv-
domi metyveleba.

enisa da stilis ubraloeba Seesabameba saxarebisa da zogadad qristes moZRv-
rebis arsebas, _ mis xalxurobas, sayovelTaobas.
biblia da stamba
biblia iohan gutenbergis gamogonebis pirmSoa. 1445 wels daistamba saRmrTo
werilis fragmentebi germanul enaze, rasac mohyva laTinuri vulgata, romelic
dRemde poligrafiis Sedevrad rCeba.
ama Tu im qveynis stambis istoria saRvTo wignis gamocemiT iwyeba. gamonaklisi
arc Cven varT. pirveli qarTuli wignebi, romlebic daistamba, saRvTo werilisa
iyo (Tumca qarTuli anbani ufro adre eziara stambas, romSi). es wignebia: `daviTni~
(moskovi, 1705) da `saxareba~ (Tbilisi, 1709). sruli biblia ki 1743 wels daistamba
moskovSi.
saRvTo istoria
yvelaferi, rac arsebobs _ xiluli Tu araxiluli, amqveyniuri Tu imqveyniuri,
Seqmnilia, _ qmnilebaa. Semoqmedi aris RmerTi, romelmac ineba da Seqmna.
wuTisofeli, mociqulis sityvis Tanaxmad, `borotsa zeda dgas~ (1 ioane 5:19).
aq yvelaferi miedineba, iJangeba, ixrwneba, lpeba da kvdeba. erTni ampartavneben,
meoreni iCagrebian; cbiereba da muxanaToba laRobs, simarTle da patiosneba
iTrguneba; aris gvalvebi, gadauRebeli wvimebi, mewyerebi da miwisZvrebi; omebi
da katastrofebi. eseni wuTisoflis moucilebeli niSnebia. daismis kiTxva:
RmerTma aseTi sofeli Seqmna?
am kiTxvas biblia da bibliuri Teologia uaryofiT pasuxs scems.
Tu ara wuTisofeli, ra aris `yovelive xiluli~, romelic RmerTma Seqmna?
borotebas amqveynad saTave vin daudo?
_ pasuxismgebloba adamianis kiserzea!
Zveli aRTqma
`Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa~ _ ase iwyeba biblia. aq igulisxmeba
rogorc angelozuri, ise materialuri samyaro. `ca~ moicavs zecis uxorco da
gonier Zalebs, e.i. angelozebs, `miwa~ ki yovelives cisqveSeTSi. Tu rogor Seiqmna
angelozTa dasebi, biblia konkretulad arafers gveubneba, rac gasagebia: igi da-
werilia adamianisaTvis adamianisave enaze da yuradRebas ama qveynis bedze, mis
Tavgadasavalze amaxvilebs.
sityva `Seqmna~ (`RmerTma Seqmna...~), migvaniSnebs RvTis SemoqmedebiT procesze,
nebayoflobiT aqtze, mis Tavisufal nebaze. RmerTi aris yovelives ara iZulebiTi,
ara bunebiTi, ara aucileblobiTi, aramed nebayoflobiTi da SemoqmedebiTi
mizezi. Semoqmedeba ki yovlis uwinares gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas da ZirSive gamo-
ricxavs iZulebas. ase rom, Tavisuflebis idea bibliis pirvel striqonSia Camar-
xuli.
es striqoni imazec migvaniSnebs, rom RmerTma Tavdapirvelad samyaros modeli
Seqmna da es modeli erTbaSad, myisierad Seqmna. esaa potencia, romlis realizacia
momavalSi unda momxdariyo da moxda kidec. xiluli, materialuri, nivTieri
samyaro droSi gangrZobiT, etapobrivad, _ eqvs dReSi Seiqmna. aq igulisxmeba ara
astronomiuli, aramed mistiuri dRe. ufro sworad _ eqvsi droiTi periodi.
maSasadame, kosmosis srulqmnas eqvsi droiTi monakveTi dasWirda. Tumca, vime-
orebT, es araa Cveneuli dro, drois Cveneuli ganzomileba. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
mze, dedamiwa da maTi traeqtoria (anu dRe-Ramisa da weliwadis sazomi) Sesaqmis
pirvel dReebSi ar arsebobda. fsalmunSi naTqvamia: àTasi weli, viTarca guSin-
deli dRe~ (89:4), rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Sesaqmiseuli dRe astronomiul Sina-
arss ar Seicavs.
pirvel dRes RmerTma naTeli Seqmna; meore dRes _ ca; mesame dRes _ miwa; meoTxe
dRes _ manaTobelni cisa da qveyanisa: mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi. ase daedo
saTave wuTisofelSi naTelisa da bnelis monacvleobas.
mexuTe dRes RmerTma Seqmna suldgmulTa samyaro _ wylis binadarni da cis
frinvelebi. ase rom, sicocxles amasofluri dasabami wylisa da haeris wiaRSi mieca.
meeqvse dRes RmerTma cxovelTa samyaro da adamiani Seqmna. am dRiT dagvir-
gvinda yovelive zemoTqmuli, radgan Seiqmna cisa da miwis mSveneba, Sesaqmis
udiadesi nayofi da gvirgvini, qveynis patroni da ufali _ adamiani.
`Tqva RmerTma: warmoSvas miwam suldgmuli Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT _
pirutyvi, qvemZromi da miwis mxecebi Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT. da iqmna ase.
gaaCina RmerTma nadiri Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT, saqoneli Tav-Tavisi gvaris-
da mixedviT da qvemZromi Tav-Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT. dainaxa RmerTma, rom
kargi iyo.
Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi
Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze
daxoxavs.
Seqmna RmerTma kaci. Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.
akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, da-
eufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki deda-
miwaze daxoxavs.
Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac ki
dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni
sazrdo. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicoc-
xlis suli udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase. dainaxa RmerTma

yovelive, rac gaaCina da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo dila _ meeqvse dRe~
(dab. 1: 24-31).
meSvide dRes _ SabaTs _ RmerTs araferi Seuqmnia (ebr. SabaT `Sewyveta~, `gan-
sruleba~). man mxolod akurTxa da wmidahyo igi da `daisvena meSvide dRes yoveli
saqmisagan, rac gaakeTa~ (dab. 2:2).
rogorc vxedavT, saRvTo werilis yuradReba meeqvse dRis Sesaqmezea koncen-
trirebuli. yoveli dRis Sesaqmes amkobs fraza: `dainaxa RmerTma, rom kargi iyo~.
xuTgzis aRiniSneba, rom kargia, xolo meeqvsed, Sesaqmis bolo dRes, Seqmnilis
mTlianobaSi moxilvis Semdeg, rogorc Sejameba SemoqmedebiTi aqtebisa, aRmate-
biT xarisxSia naTqvami: `dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac Seqmna, da, aha, Zalian kargi
iyo~. `kargs~ ebraulad Seesatyviseba `tob~, rac niSnavs `keTilsac~ da `mSvenier-
sac~. qarTuli `kargi~ moicavs orive mniSvnelobas. marTlac, pirvelqmnili samya-
ro keTili da mSvenieri iyo.
RmerTma rac Seqmna, keTilad qmna. mis mier qmnili samyaro srulyofili, umwik-
vlo da mSvenieri iyo. iq sufevda sruli harmonia da simfonia, absoluturi Tanx-
moba da wesrigi. materia, romelic RmerTma Seqmna, aris sulieri materia. misTvis
ucxoa avadmyofoba, e.i. korozia _ Jangva anu xrwna. am materias ara aqvs simyife,
zoma da wona. es kategoriebi mxolod mis potenciaSia da gamovlindeba garkveuli
mizezis Sedegad. mizezi aris codva, ris gamoc sulieri materia gardaisaxeba
xrwnadad da mokvdavad, _ maradiulobidan wuTisoflad, sulierebidan mSvinvi-
erad, umwikvloebidan mwikvlovanad.
maSasadame, pirvelqmnili buneba da misi binadarni, mTeli galaqtika: ca da miwa
_ xmeleTi, zRva da atmosfero, mineraluri samyaro, mcenareuloba, cxovelebi
da adamiani dasabamier yofaSi, Sesaqmiseul droSi, yovliTurT keTilni iyvnen.
maT Soris siyvaruli, mSveniereba, netareba da bedniereba sufevda. mokled _ Txa
da mgeli erTad Zovda. sulier arsebebs arc sciodaT da arc scxelodaT, ar
SiodaT, ar hqondaT vneba _ seqsualuri swrafva, ar icodnen tkivili. cxovrobdnen
rogorc umanko bavSvebi, angelozTa msgavsni.
ram gaauxeSa RvTis qmnileba? vin gadaaqcia ukvdavi da uxrwneli materia mokv-
davad da xrwnadad? vin Seqmna wuTisofeli anu samyaro, romelsac Cven vgrZnobT,
aRviqvamT da vxedavT; sadac Tanaarsebobs harmonia da, drodadro, disharmonia,
sikeTe da boroteba, siyvaruli da siZulvili, silamaze da simaxinje? erTi sity-
viT _ vin aris mizezi ukeTurebis da umsgavsobis?
gavixsenoT, rom RmerTma Sesaqmis gvirgvinad adamiani Seqmna da ganuzomeli Rir-
sebiT _ sakuTari xatebiTa da msgavsebiT daajildova. RmerTma martoden adamians
mimadla is, rac mas, da mxolod mas, _ cisa da qveynis Semoqmeds, amkobs _ azrovneba,
nebisyofa, arCevanis Tavisufleba da SemoqmedebiToba. RmerTma gamorCeul alagas
daasaxla adami: ~ufalma RmerTma baRi gaaSena edemSi, aRmosavleTSi, da dasva iq
adami, romelic gamosaxa~ (dab. 2:8). edemis baRi anu samoTxe, rogorc momdevno
aRwerilobidan Cans, qveynis Suagulia. RvTisgan qmnili samyaro imTavad Tumca
mTlianad samoTxe iyo, magram aRniSnuli saxeli amSvenebda im mxares _ walkots,
sadac saxlobda RvTis xati da msgavsi. es mxare ara marto qveynis Suaguli, aramed
yvelaze maRali adgilic iyo, rac erTxel kidev usvams xazs adamianis umaRles
adgils qmnilebaTa Soris da mis pasuxismgeblobas sulier da usulo arsebaTa, cisa
da miwis, mTeli galaqtikis winaSe. adamians unda gaegrZelebina Semoqmedisagan
dawyebuli saqme, e.i. unda eSroma da eRvawa, oRond ara lukmapurisaTvis (rogorc
wuTisofelSi), aramed sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, raTa
aRsrulebuliyo RvTis locva-kurTxeva: aRorZindiT da gamravldiT (axali
TargmaniT _ inayofiereT da imravleT)! ra Tqma unda, isini unda aRorZinebuliyvnen,
maT unda enayofieraT da emravlaT, magram ara ise, rogorc dRes _ xrwnilebiT,
aramed sulierad, wmidad da umankod (msgavsad qalwuli mariamisa).
biblia gvamcnobs:
`gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami, uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi.
mxolod keTilis da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan rogorc ki
SeWam, mokvdebio.
Tqva ufalma RmerTma:. ar varga adamis martod yofna. gavuCen Semwes, mis Sesa-
fers. gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma miwisagan velis yvela cxoveli da cis yvela frin-
veli da mihgvara adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda. romel suldgmuls rasac daarq-
mevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda. daarqva adamma saxeli yvela pirutyvs, cis
frinvels da velis yvela cxovels. magram adams ar gamouCnda Semwe, misi Sesaferi.
ufalma RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvara adams da ra daeZina, gamouRo erTi nekni da
mis adgilas xorci Caudo. neknisagan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma
RmerTma da adams miuyvana.
Tqva adamma: es ki marTlac Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagani,
dedakaci erqvas mas, raki kacisagan aris gamoRebuli. amitomac miatovebs kaci
ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis dedakacs, raTa erTxorcad iqcnen.
SiSvelni iyvnen orTaveni, adami da misi dedakaci, da ar rcxvenodaT~ (dab. 2:16-24).
adamiani avtonomiuri, TavisTavadi, TviTmyofadi da Tavisufali arsebaa. Rmer-
Ti ar ereva mis SemoqmedebiT aqtSi, ar zRudavs mis nebas sagnebisa da movlenebis
saxeldebis Jams. es ki niSnavs, rom uzenaesma moazrovnesa da metyvel arsebas
mimadla yvela suldgmulisagan gamorCeuli niWi anu talanti _ Tavisufleba. da
radgan Tavisufleba mimadla, misca arCevanis gakeTebis, orientaciis damoukideb-
lad aRebis, nabijis SemoqmedebiTad gadadgmis saSualebac. amis niSani iyo edemis
SuagulSi aRmocenebuli ori xe: xe sicocxlisa da xe keTilisa da borotis Sec-
nobisa. pirvelis nayofi ganamtkicebda ukvdavebasa da uxrwnelebas, meorisa _
piriqiT, sofels avadmyofobasa da sikvdils uqadda. ori xe ori gzis simbolo

iyo: keTilisa da borotisa. arCevani ki adamians unda gaekeTebina: saiTac gadad-
gamda nabijs, iqiT warimarTeboda misi bedi. RmerTi kacis neba-survilSi ver
Caereoda. Tu Caereoda, Tavis Tavs daupirispirdeboda, adamianSi ki adamians mok-
lavda, radgan Zexorcieli mxolod TavisuflebiT, pirovnulobiTa da nebis una-
riT ganirCeva araadamianTagan. samive cneba _ azrovneba, neba da Tavisufleba _
erTi mTlianobaa, romlis CaxSoba da Cakvla niSnavs pirovnebis _ RvTis naperwk-
lis, `sicocxlis sunTqvis~, `RvTis sulis~ _ xelyofas, rac miutevebeli codva
da danaSaulia. wm. ioane oqropiri ambobs: RmerTi yovlis SemZlebelia, magram ar
SeuZlia adamianis cxoneba, Tu ukanaskneli TviTon ar inebebs cxonebas. amis gamo
RmerTma edemSi mxolod mcneba misca adams; aukrZala keTilisa da borotis Semec-
nebis nayofis Wama, magram nebisyofisaTvis gza ar dauxSvia.
bibliis komentatorTa TqmiT, boroteba xilul samyaroSi araxilulidan Semo-
iWra (Tu saidan da ra mizeziT aRmocenda boroteba iq, visaubrebT qvemoT). amqvey-
nad es aqti gvelis meSveobiT ganxorcielda. eSmaki Sevida qvemZromis sxeulSi,
eaxla adamis cols _ evas, daainteresa igi keTilisa da borotis Semecnebis xis
nayofiT; acduna igi: ùTxra gvelma dedakacs: ar mokvdebiT. magram icis RmerTma,
rom rogorc ki SeWamT, Tvali agexilebaT da SeiqnebiT RmerTiviT keTilisa da
borotis Semcnobelni. roca dainaxa dedakacma, rom kargi iyo saWmelad is xe, rom
Tvalwarmtaci da saamuri sanaxavi iyo, mowyvita nayofi da SeWama. misca Tavis
kacs da kacmac SeWama~.
ai, dasabami codvisa, sabediswero nabijisa, romelic gadadga adamianma, moaz-
rovnem, Tavis Tavze kontrolis unarmqone arsebam. codva saRvTo ganawesis anu
mcnebis darRvevaSi gamoixata. am faqts pirvelcodva ewodeba. misi masStabi da
Sinaarsi globaluri, kosmiuri, yovlismomcveli iyo. man myisierad, erTbaSad da
Tvisobrivad Secvala kacis sxeulic da xasiaTic. codvis Sedegad dairRva gvamisa
da sulis simrTele: sxeuli xrwnadad da mokvdavad iqca, _ daavadda, dasneulda.
codvis Sedegi imavdroulad gavrcelda garemomcvel samyaroze: usulo da
sulier sagnebze _ mineralebze, florasa da faunaze, kosmosze, mTels galaqti-
kaze, nebismier kuTxesa da kunWulze. materialuri samyaro ganemsgavsa pirvelsa-
xes da SeiZina is qimiuri Semadgenloba, forma da Tvisebebi, rasac dRes vxedavT,
aRviqvamT da vswavlobT. ase rom, Cveni TvalTaxedvis win myofi samyaro _ WuWyiani
da codvili _ Seiqmna adamianis mizeziT, pirvelcodvis gamo, erTbaSad, myisierad,
codvisa da risxvis erTjeradi afeTqebis Sedegad.
wamoiWreba kiTxva: ratom iyo danaSauli keTilisa da borotis Semecnebis xis
nayofis Wama? es kiTxva pirvel rigSi pedagogs unda daebados: gana kacobriobis
ideali ganaTleba, codnis dausruleblad mzardi mwvervalebis daufleba araa?
_ ra Tqma unda, magram amisaTvis aucilebelia pirovnebis zrdisa da ganviTarebis
mravalwaxnagovani gzis gavla, e.i. codnis kibeze asvlisaTvis momzadeba, rom Sua
gzaze ar daveceT da ar daviRupoT. magaliTad, cximiani saWmeli, Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, miswrebaa energiis gasamtkiceblad, magram warmoidgineT, ra mouva To-
To bavSvs misgan? anda: ra Sedegs movimkiT: balRebs umaRlesi saswavleblebis
programiT rom vaswavloT? yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs. ziarebis saidumlos
Sesaxeb eklesiis moZRvrebas Tu gavixsenebT, bibliis es epizodi SegviZlia asec
gaviazroT: es xe igive vazia da misi nayofis Wama _ ziareba. ziareba sulisa da
xorcis kurnebaa, magram suliT da xorciT moumzadebelTaTvis _ sasjeli da
ubedureba.
kosmiuri tragediis pirvelSedegi werilSi gadmocemulia ase: ~aexilaT Tvali
orives da mixvdnen, rom SiSvelni iyvnen. gadaakeres leRvis foTlebi da ardagebi
gaikeTes.
moesmaT xma ufali RmerTisa, romelic saRamo xans baRSi mimodioda da daemal-
nen ufal RmerTs adami da misi dedakaci baRis xeebs Soris. dauZaxa ufalma Rmer-
Tma adams da uTxra: adam, sada xar? miugo: Seni xma momesma baRSi da SemeSinda,
SiSveli rom var, da davimale. uTxra: vin giTxra SiSveli rom xar? im xis nayofi
xom ar giWamia, me rom agikrZale? uTxra adamma: Sen rom dedakaci momiyvane, man
momca im xis nayofi da mec SevWame. uTxra ufalma RmerTma dedakacs: es ra Caidine?
Tqva dedakacma: gvelma Semacdina da mec SevWame.
uTxra ufalma RmerTma gvels: raki es Caidine, wyeulimc iyav yvela pirutyvs
Soris, yvela gareul cxovels Soris! mucliT ixoxe da mtveri Wame mTeli sicoc-
xle. mtrobas Camovagdeb Sensa da dedakacs Soris, Sens Teslsa da dedakacis Tesls
Soris: is Tavs giWeWyavdes, Sen ki qusls ugeslavde!
dedakacs uTxra: satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb orsulobas. tanjviT
Sob Svilebs. qmrisken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze.
adams uTxra: raki Sens dedakacs daujere da SeWame xis nayofi, romlis Wama
akrZaluli mqonda SenTvis, miwa daiwyevlos Sens gamo: tanjviT miiRebde misgan
sazrdos mTeli sicocxle. ZeZvi da ekali aRmogicenos da mindvris balaxi iyos
Seni sazrdo. pirofliani Wamde purs, vidre miwad miiqceode, radgan misgana xar
aRebuli, radgan mtveri xar da mtvradve miiqcevi.
uwoda adamma Tavis dedakacs eva, radgan igi gaxda yoveli sicocxlis deda.
gaukeTa ufalma adams da mis dedakacs tyavis samoseli da Semosa...~ (dab. 3:7-21).
codvis gamo adamianis ara mxolod fsiqika da cnobiereba Seicvala, aramed xor-
cic. adams emosa naTlis sxeuli, romelic aexada akrZaluli nayofis gemos xilvis
Semdeg da SeeZina uxeSi sxeuli _ `tyavis samosi~, romelic yovel wuTs ganicdis
molekulaTa cvalebadobas, rasac Tan sdevs sicive, sicxe da avadmyofoba, ukanas-
knels ki _ sikvdili. amitomacaa saWiro sakvebi dakarguli molekulebis aRsadge-
nad, samoseli sicivisa Tu sicxisagan Tavis dasacavad, medikamentebi sakurnebelad
da a.S. `miwis dawyevla~ simbolurad aRniSnavs garemomcveli samyaros (da ara

marto dedamiwis) nirSecvlas sulieridan fizikurisaken, uxrwnelebidan xrwnado-
bisaken, lpobisa da aRxocvisaken.
ase rom, wuTisofeli adamianis codvisa da danaSaulis Sedegia.
codvas da danaSauls, aucileblobis principiT, sasjeli mohyva. sasjelma
cisqveSeTSi yvelaferi moicva. dairRva harmonia, Tanxmoba adamianisa RmerTTan
da garemomcvel samyarosTan, mcenareebTan da cxovelebTan. zogierTi cxoveli
gaxda mtacebeli da mavnebeli, mcenare ki _ Sxamiani da momwamvleli. yvela da
yovelive daimona codvis marwuxma, romlis mizezi aris adamiani _ xiluli samyaros
patroni, mefe da pasuxismgebeli. amitomac yoveli dabadebuli, pavle mociqulis
sityvis Tanaxmad, adamis gamo `Tanaelmis da Tanakvnesis moaqamomde~ (rom. 8:23).
codvis Sedegebi qristian TeologTa mier asea gaazrebuli: `gvwams, rom pirveli
adamiani, Seqmnili RvTisagan, daeca samoTxeSi maSin, odes eurCa RvTis mcnebas da
aRasrula gvelis mzakvruli rCeva. swored iqidan gavrcelda memkvidreobiT
winaparTa codva Semdgom Taobebze. ase rom, ar arsebobs dabadebulTagan Zexor-
cieli, Tavisufali rom iyos am tvirTisagan da dRevandel cxovrebaSi ar aCndes
pirvelcodvis daRi. amgvar tvirTad anu dacemis Sedegad Cven migvaCnia ara TviT
codva, rogoricaa: upatiosneba, RvTis gmoba, mkvleloba, mZulvareba da sxva
amgvari, rac momdinareobs, RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, adamianis boroti gulidan
da ara bunebidan (radgan bevri mamaTmTavari, winaswarmetyveli da sxva uamravi
wmindani Zveli da axali aRTqmisa, agreTve RvTis winamorbedi da, upiratesad,
sityvisa RvTisa mSobeli da yovladwmida mariami ar iyvnen monawileni am da msgavs
codvaTa). es tvirTi anu dacemis Sedegi aris midrekileba codvisaken da is
ubedurebani, rac RvTis marTlmsajulebam ganuCina adamians misive urCobis gamo.
esenia: momqancveli Sroma, mwuxareba, fizikuri uZlureba, salmobani Sobisa,
gansazRvrul dromde amqveynad cxovreba-xetiali. bolos ki xorcieli sikvdili~
(msoflio patriarqebis epistole, `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1988, #3, gv.61-62).
nuTu RmerTma dawyevla yovelive da ar daindo ZuZuTa bavSvic? pasuxi cxadia
da erTaderTi: adamianma TviTon daiwyevla Tavi; daitexa codvis logikuri Sedegi
_ sasjeli; Tavisive mizeziT, gaukuRmarTebuli nebiT daiavada sxeuli da daasne-
ula sxvac. bibliaSi vkiTxulobT, rom RmerTma gandevna adami da eva samoTxidan,
rac TargmanebiT (komentariT) niSnavs Semdegs: adamma Tavad ganidevna Tavi samoT-
xidan, radgan ganemsgavsa mas. umwikvlo da mwikvlovani erTmaneTis gverdiT ver
Tavsdebian. samoTxeSi ki mxolod sikeTe da siwmide xarobs, borotebis nafrcq-
venic araa iq. miTumetes: iq hyvaoda da hyvavis cxovrebis anu ukvdavebis xe, romlis
nayofi gaaukvdavebda dacemul adams _ mis SebRalul xorcsa da sisxls, mas-
Tan erTad _ yovelives cisqveSeTSi, ukve lpobisa da xrwnisaken midrekils. es
ki aRuwereli tragedia iqneboda, radgan yvelaferi gaxdeboda ukvdavi, magram ma-
rad lpobadi da marad xrwnadi. avadmyofoba, sibere da mixrwnileba ganigrZo-
boda ukuniTi ukunisamde; simyrale da Smori moicavda yvelafers (Sdr. dab. 3:22-
24).
ase dakarga adamianma samoTxe da mis arsebaSi RvTis xateba dakninda, magram ar
aRxocila. mas kvlav SerCa is Zala da buneba, riTac RmerTma Semosa. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi adamiani gardaiqmneboda ugono arsebad, e.i. araadamianad. amis sapi-
rispirod vxedavT, rom adamians SerCa Semoqmedebis da madlis momuSakebis unari.
kacobriobam Semoinaxa agreTve xsovna samoTxisa, RmerTTan uSualo kavSirisa,
netari cxovrebisa; viciT, rom Cveni WeSmariti samSoblo, sadac dagvasaxla zeci-
erma mamam, aris edemi. wuTisofeli ki mdgmurobisa da msxemobis qveyanaa. amitomac
kacTa modgmis narekliani istoria savsea nostalgiiT, samSobloze moTqmiTa da
vaebiT, iq dabrunebis dauokebeli swrafviT, dakarguli samoTxis gancdiT.
am idealis srulyofa ki saTanado gzaTa da saSualebaTa Ziebas gulisxmobs,
rac kacobriobis pirvelive Taobam aRmoaCina. esaa sasjelis moxda anu msxverplis
gaReba danaSaulis gamosyidvis mizniT.
adamsa da evas, ukve dacemulT, SeeZinaT Svilebi _ abeli da kaeni. pirveli mwyemsi
iyo, meore _ miwismuSa. orivem miarTva ufals Sesawiravad Tav-Tavisi Sromis
nayofi. moxeda ufalma abelis ZRvens, kaenisa ki uaryo... `Zalze gamwarda kaeni da
Tavi CaRuna. uTxra ufalma kaens: rad gamwardi, rad CaRune Tavi? Tu sikeTis
mqneli xar, gana Tavaweuli ar unda iyo? Tu sikeTis mqneli ara xar, codva Casaf-
rebulia karTan, Sensken aqvs mas ltolva, Sen ki ibatone masze~ (4:5-7). gafrTxi-
lebis miuxedavad, kaenma Zma velad gaixmo da mokla.
amrigad, samoTxeSi Cadenili codva gaRrmavda: Suris safuZvelze Zmam daRvara
Zmis sisxli. adamiani ara marto mokvdavia, aramed potenciuri mkvlelicaa.
mizanSewonilia daisvas kiTxva: ratom ar Seiwira RmerTma kaenis msxverpli?
martivi pasuxi aseTia: igi orgulebiT da angarebiT iyo gaRebuli, misi Zmisa _
wrfeli guliT da sarwmunoebiT. arsebobs sxvagvari interpretaciac. aq msxverpl-
Sewirvis ori saxea warmodgenili _ sisxliani da usisxlo, da mocemulia winaswar-
metyveleba momavali, WeSmariti da gamomsyidveli msxverplis ragvarobis Sesaxeb.
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba mieniWa sisxlian msxverpls, rac, unda
vifiqroT, gamomsyidveli msxverplis simbolod daisaxa. davakvirdeT da gavixse-
noT, rom abeli iyo mwyemsi. mravali wlisa da Jamis Semdeg mxsneli da macxovari
swored mwyemsTa garemocvaSi moevlina samyaros; boselma da bagam umaspinZla mas;
man daRvara sisxli da am sisxlma gamogvisyida.
ùTxra ufalma kaens: sad aris Seni Zma abeli? miugo: ar vici. Cemi Zmis daraji
xom ara var? uTxra RmerTma: es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli miwidan SemomRaRadebs.
amieridan dawyevlili xar miwisagan, romelmac gaxsna piri, raTa mieRo Seni Zmis
sisxli Seni xelidan. daamuSaveb miwas, magram aRar mogcems igi Tavis Zalas; dev-
nili da miusafari Seiqnebi am qveyanaze. uTxra kaenma ufals: mZime asatania Cemi

sasjeli. aha, magdeb dRes miwis pirisagan da unda mivefaro Sens saxes; devnili da
miusafari viqnebi amqveynad da yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi mokvla. uTxra ufal-
ma: amitomac Svidwilad miezRveba kaenis mkvlels. daado ufalma niSani kaens, rom
ver moekla igi yovel Semxvdurs~ (4:10-15).
ukanaskneli muxli gvinergavs imeds: miuxedavad codvis morevSi CaZirvisa,
adamiani Semoqmeds bedis anabarad ar dautovebia, _ SeunarCuna naperwkali, rome-
lic samoTxeSi mimadla, _ Tavisi xateba da msgavseba. adamiani darCa RvTis
mzrunvelobis qveS. CavuRrmavdeT uflis naTqvams: Svidjer meti sasjeli miezR-
veba kaenis mdgomareobaSi myofTa mkvlels, _ devnilebisa da upatronoebis, qvri-
vebisa da oblebis, sustebisa da xeibrebis damTrgunvelebs. RmerTi yuradRebis
gareSe ar tovebs urC Svilebsac ki da gzadagza, keTili mSoblisa da pedagogis
msgavsad, sjis, rom gazardos da gaakeTilSobilos isini. STaunergos maT sibra-
luli, sinanuli da Tanalmoba. RmerTi drodadro, ama Tu im sabediswero viTare-
bis Jams, roca aucilebelia, ereva kacTa saqmesa da cxovrebaSi, oRond Cvens nebas
ar Trgunavs da xeluxleblad tovebs; pasuxismgeblobis uflebas adamians arc
erT SemTxvevaSi ar arTmevs.
gamosyidva
SeeZlo Tu ara adamians sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT gamoesyida danaSauli da
aRexoca pirvelcodva?
xsna arsaidan Canda, arc pirvelyofil da da arc teqnikis saukuneSi, rasac sa-
Tave lameqis vaJma, Tubal-kaenma, `rvalisa da rkinis yovelgvar saWurvelTa
mWedelma~ (dab. 4:22), daudo. marTalia, RvTis Tanadgomisa da daxmarebis niSani
male gamorCnda, _ abelis nacvlad kvlav moemadla adams Ze _ saxelad SeTi anu
seiTi, romelmac keTili STamomavloba Sva da `daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab.
4:26), magram es ar iyo sakmarisi pirvelcodvis gavlenis gasaqarwyleblad. jer
erTi, rogorc aRvniSneT, wuTisofelSi codvisagan daxsnili aravinaa da, meore _
seiTis STamomavloba male aRiria kaenisaSi da ukeTureba gamravlda. samoTxeSi
Cadenili danaSaulis Sedegebi mxolod maSin ganqardeboda, Tu sasjeli imave
danaSaulis Sesabamisi, tolfasi iqneboda. pirvelcodvis rezonansi globa-
luri, yovlismomcveli iyo. amave masStabis unda yofiliyo sasjeli anu, rac
igivea, msxverpli, gamomsyidveli msxverpli.
ra aris msxverpli anu sasjeli?
rodesac adamiani kanonis sawinaaRmdegod iqceva da Cadis danaSauls, agebineben
pasuxs. sasamarTlo awesebs sasjels danaSaulis simZimis kvalobaze. administraci-
uli sasjelis saboloo da uzenaesi mizania TviTsasjeli, e.i. sasamarTlo valmox-
dilia, Tuki damnaSave gaacnobierebs codvas, miecema sinanuls da nebayoflobiT
itvirTavs sasjels anu Seecdeba mis gamosyidvas. srulyofili gamosyidvis
erTaderTi saSualeba danaSaulis tolfasi sikeTis qmnaa. jarima, patimroba
da, Tundac, sikvdili WeSmariti sasjelis mxolod garegani mxarea da, maSasadame,
gamosyidvis aqtisaTvis arasakmarisi. am aqts agvirgvinebs zneobrivi sasjeli anu
nebayoflobiTi msxverpli. ase rom, religiuri msxverpli anu Sesawiravi igive
TviTsasjelia. misi garegani formebi, samoqalaqo samarTals rom SevadaroT, aris
Semdegi: nivTieri ZRveni, asketizmi anu sulier-zneobrivi gmiroba da, bolos _
Tavis gawirva (Sewirva).
msxverpli SeiZleba iyos sisxliani an usisxlo, riTac morwmuneni moelian
madls, wyalobas da kurTxevas. msxverplSewirva cnobilia yvela sazogadoebaSi,
civilizaciis nebismier safexurze. misi umaRlesi saxea zneobrivi sikeTe, e.i. ara
nivTi, aramed (da pirvel rigSi) wrfeli guli da misi nayofi _ qvelmoqmedeba da,
rac ufro ganviTarebulia pirovneba, miT axlobeli da Sinagania misTvis msxver-
plSewirvis es umaRlesi rangi _ kacisa da RvTis saTno cxovreba.
msxverplSewirvis safuZvelia adamianis mier RvTis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis
Segneba da misi gamosyidvis survili. amdenad, msxverplis gaReba danaSaulis
gamosyidvis gza da saSualebaa. XIX-XX ss-is rusi Teologi pavle svetlovi ase
msjelobs: religiuri pirovnebis Sinagani samyarosaTvis niSandoblivia molodini
1) sasjelisa da 2) Sendobisa. amis gamo mis winaSe urTierTsawinaaRmdego xmebi
RaRadeben, romelTagan erTi uqadis sikvdils, meore hpirdeba sicocxles. warmo-
iqmneba antinomia _ Tanaarseboba sasjelisa da patiebisa. swored amgvari wina-
aRmdegobis mospobasa da mogvarebas isaxavs miznad msxverpli, romelic, Tavisi
arsiT, aris yvelaze Zvirfasi ram, sicocxlis sadari da misi tolfasi. adamiani
eZebda sakuTari sicocxlis Semcvlels. am azriT yovelgvari `zvaraki~ miiCneoda
adamianuri sicocxlis Canacvlebad anu umaRlesi sikeTis eqvivalentad. amgvari
Canacvleba iyo ori saxis: 1) pirdapiri, _ sakuTaris nacvlad sxvisi sicocxlis
Sewirva (mag. abraamis mier isakisa. am mizniT uZveles droSi, da axlac, veluri
tomebi samxedro tyveebs iyenebdnen) da 2) iribi, _ adamianis sicocxlis Secvla
cxovelebiT an usulo sagnebiT.
zvaraks, Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, ori mizani aqvs: a) man RmerTTan kavSiri unda
aRadginos da b) WeSmaritad gamomsyidvel msxverplze mianiSnos, e.i. adamianebs
ganumtkicos rwmena, rom aseTi msxverpli momavalSi usaTuod Seiwireba.
Zveli aRTqmis msxverpli WeSmariti msxverplis simbolo iyo da mas gamosyidvis
aqtis Sesruleba ori mizezis gamo ar SeeZlo: 1) adamis STamomavals, ukve dace-
mulsa da naklovans, aRar ZaluZda absoluturi da yovlismomcveli (pirvelcod-
vis masStabis) sikeTis qmna, _ yovlad umwikvlo anu RvTis didebis Sesaferisi
msxverplis gaReba da 2) TiToeuli adamiani aris damoukidebeli pirovneba da
pasuxismgebeli sakuTar saqcielze _ avsa Tu kargze. madli, romelsac igi moimu-
Sakebs, masve adiadebs. amitom: romc davuSvaT yovlad ucodveli kacis dedamiwaze

arseboba, miseuli sikeTe Seamkobs mxolod mis pirovnebas. ra bedena iqneba es
sxvisaTvis?! arsebiTad _ araviTari. Sesabamisad, mis mier gaRebuli msxverpli
ver iqneba yovelTa da yovlisaTvis. imave p. svetlovis TqmiT, `gamomsyidvel
Senacvlebad anu msxverplad SeiZleba vigulvoT mxolod erTi romelime sicoc-
xle, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT tolfasi rom iqneba SesaZlebel sicocxleTa dausru-
lebeli rigisa, warsulsa da myofadSi amqveynad movlinebul adamianTa simravlisa.
igi unda iyos universaluri, zogadadamianuri sicocxle, msoflio msxverpli~.
gamomsyidveli msxverplis misia mxolod da mxolod universalurma pirovne-
bam unda itvirTos, _ ara romelime adamianis Zem, aramed kacobriobis Zem _ kacis
Zem. magram Ze kacisa, naSobi Cvennairi xorciT (mokvdaviTa da xrwnadiT), srulyo-
fili ver iqneba. srulyofili mxolod da mxolod RvTis Svili _ RvTis Ze iqneba,
_ absoluturi siwmide da simarTle. mxsnelis pirovnebaSi unda gaerTiandes sru-
li kaci da sruli RmerTi, unda moxdes mokvdavisa da ukvdavis, xrwnadi da uxr-
wneli sxeulis sinTezi. maSasadame, unda gankacdes RmerTi, romelic sakuTar
kiserze aiRebs kacTa codvebs, gawiravs Tavs, mokvdeba, aRdgeba, amaRldeba da
Tan waritans amaqveynis yvela mwikvlsa da ukeTurebas.
ikiTxavs gamomeZiebeli goneba: ar SeeZlo cisa da qveyis Semoqmeds gankacebis
gareSe, imTaviTve, meyseulad exsna adami da misi STamomavloba? pasuxi erTader-
Tia: ar SeeZlo! radgan am SemTxvevaSi SeibRaleboda adamianis avtonomia. es iqne-
boda Tavsmoxveva da Zaladoba pirovnebis sulze, mis sindisze; es iqneboda misi
Tavisufali nebis daTrgunva. mxsneli Tavad adamiani unda iyos, _ yovliTurT
Cvennairi, Tvinier codvisa.
kvlav wamoiWreba kiTxva: aucilebeli iyo mxsnelis anu, Zveli qarTuliT, _
macxovris sikvdili? pasuxi aqac erTia: diax! yoveli organizmi, rasac sicocxlis
suli udgas, unda mokvdes, rom warmoiqmnas axali sicocxle. Tesli anu marcvali
unda gaixrwnas da ganqardes, rom aRmocendes nergi, rogorc ukvdavebis wyaro,
sicocxlis jaWvis erT-erTi rgoli (Sdr. ioane 12:24). aseTia wuTisoflis kanoni.
mokvdavi da xrwnadi sxeuli, qveynis mxsnelsa da macxovars rom emosa, unda
momkvdariyo, axali _ ukvdavi da uxrwneli sxeuli rom warmoqmniliyo. imave azriT,
yoveli xiluli da materialuri, rac arsebobs, unda mokvdes. sikvdili aucile-
belia axali kosmosis, axali cisa da axali miwis warmosaqmnelad, ufro sworad _
mokvdavi xorcis gaukvdavebisaTvis, dakarguli samoTxisa da sicocxlis xisaken
misasvleli gzis povnisaTvis.
da radgan adamians, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo (rom igi SobiTgan codvi-
lia), ar ZaluZs am idealis srulyofa, Tavad RmerTi exmareba mas. oRond: exmareba
ise, rom ar daiTrgunos pirovnebis neba. RmerTi adamianTan xelSekrulebas debs,
rac niSnavs kavSiris gabmas Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze. RmerTi adamians
udgens religiuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis konstitucias, _ aZlevs rCeva-
darigebebs, Segonebebs; uCvenebs magaliTebs. Tuki ukanaskneli gahyveba TviTgan-
wmendisa da aRorZinebis anu inteleqtualuri da sulieri ganviTarebis gzas, ze-
cieri mama aRasrulebs danapirebs, aRTqmas, anderZs. aRTqmis ideali ki aris gamos-
yidva anu xsna, _ mxsnelis movlineba.
aRTqma moicavs or etaps _ Zvelsa da axals. pirveli aRgviTqvams mxsnels,
meore _ caTa sasufevels.
kidev ibadeba kiTxva: ratom erTbaSad ar gaando RmerTma adamianebs saTqmeli,
anu ratom imTaviTve sisavsiT ar warmoaCina aRTqmis Sinaarsi?
_ albaT imave mizeziT, ra mizeziTac adamiani samoTxeSi daeca. mas zrdisa da
ganviTarebis safexurebi unda gaevlo, rom aRorZinebuliyo, e.i. ganviTarebuliyo
sulierad, inteleqtualurad da fizikurad. igi mzad unda yofiliyo codnis im
donis SesaTviseblad da Sesargebad, rasac moicavda keTilisa da borotis
Semecnebis xe. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi bednierebis nacvlad ubedurebas daimkvid-
rebda... maSasadame, saWiro iyo pedagogiuri principis dacva. adamians zrdisa da
ganviTarebis dro da saSualeba unda miscemoda. mas unda eazrovna, efiqra da
emsjela TavisTavze da garemomcvel samyaroze; unda gamdidrebuliyo codniT da
gamocdilebiT; WeSmaritebasTan miaxlebis Rirsi unda gamxdariyo.
mociquli gvauwyebs: RmerTs vinc uyvars, kidec sjis (ebr. 12:6) anu mouvlens
gansacdels, gamoatarebs qartexilebs, Seagonebs, waaxalisebs da drodadro kidec
dasjis, raTa gamoibrZmedos da gamagrdes, gamdidrdes codniT, praqtikuli, cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebiT, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes masTan axali kavSiris, axali
mcnebis, axali aRTqmis dadeba, kontaqtis gaRrmaveba.
aRTqmis kvaldakval
pirveli aRTqma wuTisoflis pirveli globaluri sasjelis Semdeg daido.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sayovelTao anu msoflio warRvna (dab. 6-8), rac ukeTurebaTa
gamrevlebas mohyva. es bibliis erT-erTi STambeWdavi epizodia. uzenaesi bedis
anabarad ar tovebs adamians. mas da mis angelozebs axarebT kacis warmateba, aRo-
nebT da amwuxarebT damarcxeba, dacema. kacobrioba, amave monaTxrobis mixedviT,
zneobrivi Waobisaken mieqaneboda. masTan erTad Seilaxa yoveli suldgmulis zne
da Tviseba; SeibRala, daeca da gadagvarda materiis yoveli molekula da atomi,
mTeli fizikuri samyaro, romlis patronad da mefed RmerTma adami ganaCina. qvey-
nis bedi da ubedoba adamianzea damokidebuli: rogori zneca aqvs Zexorciels
dedamiwaze, iseTive saxe eqneba miwas. gadagvarebisa da ryvnis procesi rom ar
gaRrmavebuliyo, RmerTma sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana miwas da yvelafers, rac
mas avsebs. sikvdili iyo erTaderTi gamosavali, rom axali ca da axali miwa, axali
sicocxle, axali kacobrioba aRmocenebuliyo, Zveli gardaqmniliyo da ganaxle-
buliyo, _ sikvdiliT sikvdili daTrgunuliyo.

es misia erTaderT kacs daevala. `mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi...
marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe~ . ormocdRiani
kokispiruli wvimebis Semdeg dedamiwaze warRvna daiwyo, rac as ormocdaaT dRes
gagrZelda . gadarCa mxolod noe, misi ojaxi da yvela suldgmulis TiTo-TiTo
wyvili, romlebic kidobanSi iyvnen. kidobani araratis mTas miadga da, aha, mtredma
zeTisxilis rto moitana qveynis gadarCenis niSnad.
noem RmerTs sakurTxeveli augo da msxverpli Seswira.
ufalma keTilsurneleba iynosa, msxverpli Seiwira da aRTqva: amieridan aRar
davwyevli miwas adamianis gamo; metad aRar gavanadgureb cocxal arsebas, rogorc
moviqeci. `vidre qveyana iqneba _ arc Tesva da mka, arc yinva da sicxe, arc zafxuli
da zamTari, arc dRe da Rame ar gauqmdeba~ (dab. 8:22).
am dapirebis `saswaulad~ anu saxilvel niSnad RmerTma cisartyela dasaxa,
cisartyelaze ukeT ras unda gamoexata uflis msasoebeli aRTqma? pirveli
aRTqma sayovelTao sasjels mohyva, radgan sasjelma ramdenadme Seamsubuqa
codva. marTalma kacma kacTa modgma gadagvarebisagan ixsna da axali civilizacia
daasaZirkvla.
warRvna arsebiTad axal aRTqmasa da mis ideals _ wuTisoflis ukanasknel dRes,
samoTxisa da sasufevlis ganaxlebas moaswavebda. sasufevelSi ki mxolod naTelRe-
buli, zeciuri wyliT ganwmendili da ganbanili daisadgurebs. rogorc qaosisagan
RmerTma Tavdapirvelad Seqmna kosmosi, aseve ganaxlda sicocxle warRvnis Semdeg
da misi wyalobiT. warRvna Sesaqmemdeli qaosis, xolo warRvnis dasasruli da
cisartyela samyaros Seqmnis, kurTxevisa da RvTismieri aRTqmis simboluri saxea.
warRvna istoriuli faqtia. amas adasturebs rogorc arqeologia da Zveli
literatura, ise folklori. Cvenamde moRweul literaturul ZeglTa Soris
uZvelesi `gilgameSis eposi~ iwyeba ase: `romelman siRrme ixila xmeleTis kidegan...
saunjes miagno, gaxsna dafaruli, mcneba mogvitana warRvnamdel dReTa~. platoni
gviambobs: mas, Turme, egvipteli qurumebisagan smenia, rom èrT bnelsa da avbediT
Rames~ dairRva kanonzomiereba; cTomilebma traeqtoria icvales da moxda katas-
trofa _ CaiZira da wyliT daifara kontinenti, romelsac atlantisi ewodeboda...
prof. aleqsandre lopuxini Tavs uyris gadmocemebs warRvnis Sesaxeb da ambobs,
rom isini mTel dedamiwazea gavrcelebuli. yoveli maTganisaTvis saerToa xsovna
sayovelTao warRvnis Sesaxeb, _ Tu rogor aRxoca RmerTma kacTa modgma erTi
keTilSobili ojaxis gamoklebiT. yvelaze did msgavsebas bibliur TxrobasTan
avlens meqsikaSi gavrcelebuli gadmocema: iqauri noe, koqs-koqsi, colTan erTad
Tavs Seafarebs gems. qveyana wyliT daifareba. ramdenime dRis Semdeg col-qmari
gemidan gamouSveben Zeras, raTa Seityon, iklo Tu ara wyalma. frinveli ar
dabrundeba. magram Semdegi mociquli, patara Citi _ kolibri, niskartiT ayvavebul
rtos moitans da amiT warRvnis damTavrebas amcnobs patrons...
axali istoria msxverplSewirviT daiwyo: moxeda ufalma noes sakurTxevels da
Seiwira samadlobeli msxverpli, radgan marTali kacisagan iyo gaRebuli. Tumca
es ar iyo WeSmariti da kacTa modgmis gamomsyidveli msxverpli, radgan noesac
adamianuri sisusteebi gaaCnda. srulyofil msxverplamde vrceli gza iyo gasav-
leli.
dRevandeli kacobrioba noes Svilebisagan _ semis, qamisa da iafetisagan _
warmoiSva. qamma saTave daudo aziisa da afrikis mkvidr tomebs, semma _ semitebs,
e.i. ebraelebsa da ebraelebis monaTesave erebs, iafetma _ danarCen xalxebs.
noem Svilebidan semi daloca, rac imaze mianiSnebda, rom momavalSi semis STamo-
mavalTa Soris gamoikveTeboda rCeuli eri, romlis wiaRSic Seisxamda frTas
gamosyidvis idea.
kacobriobis rasebad, erebad da enebad dayofa, Tumca es araa RvTis saTno da
mosawoni saqme, gardauvali da bunebrivi procesi iyo, rac noes STamomavalTa
gamravlebisTanave daiwyo. am procesis SeCerebis cda, rac qalaqisa da godolis
mSeneblobaSi gamoixata (dab. 11:1-9), ar moxerxda. ufalma erTpir da erT enaze
molaparake xalxs ena auria da isinic daifantnen.
gana cisa da miwis kavSiri wuTisoflis ideali da religiis qvakuTxedi araa?
maS, ratom SeuSala ufalma xeli erTianobisaken swrafvas? erTianoba im SemTxve-
vaSia sasurveli, rodesac saqme marTali da patiosani adamianebis erTianobasTan
gvaqvs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi uaryofiTi movlenaa. udidesi qalaqisa da giganturi
godolis (babilonis) mSeneblebs ampartavneba amoqmedebdaT. isini RvTis locva-
kurTxevis, misi Semweobisa da sasoebis gareSe ikafavdnen gzas cisaken; isini im
angelozebs hgavdnen, romlebic gaampartavdnen da moindomes ufalTan gaTanab-
reba. amis gamo maT myisve aeyaraT uxorco da gonier ZalTa pativi. asea amjeradac:
urCobasa da janys RmerTma dasturi ar dasca da ZirSive aRkveTa im kulturis
gezi, romelic adamianur siamayes efuZneboda.
rCeuli eris pativi israelianebs (ebraelebs) ergoT. aRTqmis Sinaarsi RmerTs
maTTan urTierTobaSi unda gaecxadebina. es xalxi RvTis gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Rebis qveS moeqca, magram ara imitom, rom uzenaesTan TiTqos mikerZoebas, Tval-
Rebas aqvs adgili. ara, es araa RvTis buneba (saq. 10:34-35). israelma Tavad gamoir-
Cia Tavisi Tavi, radgan misma mamaTmTavrebma da winamZRvrebma gamoamJRavnes mosme-
nisa da morCilebis kultura. RmerTmac am ers azidina aRTqmis tvirTi. da radgan
mZime iyo es tvirTi, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, ufalma igi neba-nebad daadga mis mxrebs.
amgvari ~datvirTva~ sxva ara aris, Tu ara Zveli aRTqmis warmoCinebis istoria,
rac ebraelTa Tavgadasavlis ganuyofel nawils Seadgens. biblia sisavsiT gviam-
bobs am Tavgadasavals. Tvals ar xuWavs araferze, ar Cqmalavs arc erT samarcx-
vino faqts, fardas xdis msajulTa da winaswarmetyvelTa cxovrebasac ki, sadac
uxvad poulobs biwsa da talaxs. Tumca RvTis gangeba ucvalebelia; aRnaTqvami

unda aRsruldes, _ israelianTa modgmam unda gamoiaros tanjvisa da gansacdelis
okeane, iwvnios sasjeli, gamoicados, aRiWurvos codniT da madliT, raTa gaizar-
dos, davaJkacdes, rom swored mis wiaRSi Seisxas xorci aRTqmam da gamosyidvis
aqti aRsruldes.
aRTqmis cxadCenis gza sami etapisagan Sedgeba.
1. aRTqma abraamisa, isakisa da iakobisa (Zv.w. XIX-XVII ss.)

abraami semis STamomavali iyo, im semisa, romelic mamam (noem) akurTxa da es
kurTxeva mis STamomavlobasac gadaswvda.
abraami daemorCila uflis sityvas, datova mamiseuli kera SuamdinareTSi (meso-
potamiaSi) da qanaanis qveyanaSi gadasaxlda. am faqts simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs
_ abraami zurgs aqcevs Zvel tradicias da safuZvels uyris axals. qaldea da
SuamdinareTi cis mnaTobTa sakulto qveynebi iyo. savaraudebelia, rom Tarexi
(abraamis mama) da misi ojaxi mTvares scemda Tayvans (`Tarex~ ebraulad mTvares
niSnavs). amitom, abraams unda gamoecvala adgilsamyofeli, rom axali xalxisa da
religiisaTvis, axali cnobierebisaTvis daedo saTave. abraami àRTqmul miwaze~
mdgmuris uflebiT dasaxlda. `mdgmurobis qveyana~ qanaani, sadac dasaxlda
abraami, aris wuTisoflis saxe. wuTisofelSi ki adamianebi mdgmurebi da stumrebi
arian. oRond adamianma wuTisoflis daZlevaze, mis gamaradisebaze unda izrunos.
RmerTma aRuTqva abraams, rom misi STamomavalni `mdgmurobis qveyanas~ daimkvid-
reben. uzenaesi samgzis gamoecxada mas (dab. 12:7; 13:14-17; 15). magram abraams
memkvidre ar hyavda, radgan berwi iyo misi kanonieri coli sara. ufalma axara
abraams _ mas, asi wlis moxucs, SeeZineba vaJi, romelic gaamravlebs ers.
ase dado xelSekruleba RmerTma rCeuli eris _ israelis _ mamamTavarTan. ai,
am xelSekrulebis prezentacia:
òTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, roca gamoecxada ufali da uTxra: me var Rmer-
Ti Zlieri. iare Cems winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da
didad, didad gagamravleb.
pirqve daemxo abrami da ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: es me var, da, aha, Cemi aRTqmac:
uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqnebi! aRar gerqvas amieridan saxelad abrami, radgan uricxv
xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gagamravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni
gamovlen Sengan. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens STamomavalTa Soris
Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi
viqnebi~ (dab. 17:1-7).
ase iqca abrami abraamad (abraham `mama mravlisa~) anu `mravali xalxis~ mamad. kur-
Txeva, romelic abraams miemadla, ganivrco mTels erze. am kurTxevis garegani niSani
anu ~aRTqmis saswauli~ winadacveTa iyo; abraamis ojaxis wevrebs da maT STamomavalT,
yvela mamakacs, dabadebidan rva dRis Semdeg CuCa unda moeWra (dab. 17:10-11). am aqts
simboluri azri hqonda: rogorc cisartyela, pirveli aRTqmis saswauli anu niSani,
STaagonebda adamianebs RvTis mSvidobismyofel nebas, winadacveTa ama qveynis biwsa
da ukeTurebaze uaris Tqmas mianiSnebda. igi saxeobrivad moaswavebda WeSmarit
naTlisRebas, rogorc axali aRTqmisa da axali rjulis sawindars. maSasadame,
winadacveTa iyo Zveli aRTqmis da Zveli rjulis beWedi da ar gauqmdeboda manam,
sanam Tavad Zveli aRTqma da Zveli rjuli ar aResruleboda. es wesi TaobaTa yofaSi
damkvidrda da dRemde SemorCenilia ebraelTa da muslimanTa Soris.
abraams vaJi SeeZina _ isaki. Tumca mas meore vaJic hyavda _ ismaeli, romelic
mosamsaxure qalisagan _ agarisagan _ gauCnda. ismaili ~mxevlis Svili~ iyo, isaki
_ aRTqmis. amitom memkvidreoba ukanasknels unda rgeboda, mas rCeuli eris erT-
erTi mamaTmTavris misia unda etvirTa. ismaelisagan arabTa tomebi warmodgnen,
romlebsac agarianebi an ismaitelebi ewodaT.
RmerTma gamoscada abraami _ isakis msxverplad Sewirva mosTxova... da, ai, ro-
desac abraamma Svilis dasaklavad dana aiRo, mouxmo mas uflis angelozma da
uTxra: nu aRmarTav xels am ymawvilze, radgan mivxvdi, rom RvTismoSiSi yofilxar
_ mxolodSobili Svili gamoimete CemTvis. abraamma verZi dainaxa, romelic buC-
qebSi rqebiT gaxlarTuliyo. aiyvana verZi da Seswira msxverplad Svilis magier.
es epizodi, aRwerili gasaocari ostatobiT (dab. 22:1-19), migvaniSnebs, rom xsna
rwmenas, siyvarulsa da erTgulebaSia. TiToeuli moiTxovs msxverpls. msxverpli
ki sanukvari sagnis daTmobas niSnavs. abraami swored amgvari `mTmobelis~ saxea.
man uflas ZRvnad miarTva sakuTari mze _ aRTqmisa da siberis Svili. aq aris
winaswarmetyveleba _ kacobriobas ixsnis msxverpli, siyvarulismieri msxverpli,
rac realurad dakargvas ki ara, SeZenas niSnavs. Tuki erTgulebiT gavscemT, ab-
raamis msgavsad, RvTis madliTa da kurTxeviT aRvsili dagvibrundeba ukan! am
winaswarmetyvelebam maSin Seisxa xorci, rodesac RmerTma kacTa cxovrebisaTvis
wuTisofelSi mxolodSobili Ze moavlina.
isaks tyupiscalebi SeeZina _ esavi da iakobi. esavma pirvelad gamoaRo saSos
kari. igi banjgvliani iyo, iakobi _ sruli kaci. esavi monadire gamovida, velebis
kaci, iakobi _ karvebSi mcxovrebi (dab. 25:27). isini, cxadia, sxvadasxva stilis
adamianebi iyvnen. memkvidreoba, tradiciisamebr, pirmSoze, esavze, unda gadasu-
liyo, rac progresisa da civilizaciis gzidan gadaxveva iqneboda, radgan kultu-
ra tyeebsa da nadirTa Soris, sadac, faqtobrivad bina daedo esavs, ver Seiqmneba.
aq ki TiTqos gangebis xeli Caeria... iakobma esavs pirmSoebac dastyua da mamis
kurTxevac (dab. 25:29-34; 27). kurTxeva aseTi iyo: `mogces RmerTma cvari cisa,
sinoyivre miwisa, uxvi xorbali da Rvino; gemsaxuron xalxebi da Tayvani gcen
tomebma! gaxdi batoni Seni Zmebisa da Tayvani gcen dedaSenis Svilebma. wyeulimc
iyos mawyevari Seni, kurTxeul iyos makurTxeveli Seni~.

aq TiTqos gamosworda `bunebis Secdoma~. kurTxeva da rCeuleba iakobis naSi-
erebze gadavida da sityvebi _ `gemsaxuron xalxebi da Tayvani gcen tomebma!~
naTqvamia mxsnelis misamarTiT, romelic potenciurad mkvidrobda iakobis genSi.
iakobma cxovrebis didi nawili msxemobas, mdgmurobasa da sxvis samsaxurSi
gaatara, magram mamisa da papis kurTxeva ukafavda gansacdeliT savse bilikebs.
...da, aha, `marto darCa iakobi da erkineboda mas kaci vinme gaTenebamde. roca
Seatyo, rom ver ereoda, Seexo igi mis TeZos saxsars; da eRrZo iakobs TeZos saxsari
masTan Serkinebisas. uTxra: gamiSvi, ukve Tendeba. uTxra: ar gagiSveb, sanam ar
makurTxeb. uTxra: ra gqvia? miugo: iakobi. uTxra: amieridan aRar iTqvas Sens
saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli, radgan RmerTsa da adamianebs SeebrZole da sZlie.
hkiTxa iakobma: miTxari Seni saxeli. uTxra: risTvis mekiTxebi saxels? da iqve
akurTxa. uwoda iakobma im adgils saxelad fenueli, radgan Tqva: pirispir vixile
RmerTi da gadavrCi~ (dab. 32:24-30).
`RmerTTan Serkinebis~ epizodSi gacxadebulia bibliuri koncefcia RvTisa da
adamianis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. uzenaesi TiTqos `Tavs uyadrebs~ adamians da Ser-
kinebis uflebasac aZlevs. amaze miuTiTebs saxeli, _ israeli (kurTxevasTan erTad
rom eboZa iakobs), rac niSnavs _ RmerTTan mebrZoli. es saxeli iakobis STamomav-
lobazec ganivrco, im STamomavlobaze, romelmac mravali wlisa da Jamis Semdeg
aramc Tu brZola gamoucxada gankacebul RmerTs, aramed jvars acva igi. amdenad,
`RmerTTan Serkinebis~ epizodi samomavlo ambavzec metyvelebs.
iakobs Tormeti Svili SeeZina: reubeni, simoni, levi, iuda, zabuloni, isaqari,
dani, gadi, aSeri, nafTali, iosebi, beniamini. maT warmoSves ebraelTa Tormeti
tomi, romelic gaerTianda erTi eris ganuyofel da Tanac danawilebul sxeulad.
ase Seiqmna ìsraelis saxli~ Tormeti Zis, Tormeti gvaris, Tormeti Stos Semadgen-
lobiT. maTgan TiToeuls individualuri saxe, sakuTari bedi da misia ganesazRvra.
Tormetive TavTavianTi kurTxeviT akurTxa mamam _ israelianTa winaparma (dab.
49:1-28). mamis kurTxevam frTa Seisxa: iakobis saxli erad iqca. paradoqsia, magram
faqti, rom es moxda ara aRTqmul miwaze, aramed monobis qveyanaSi _ egvipteSi.
mamas gamorCeulad uyvarda umcrosi Svili iosebi, ris gamoc Zmebma SeiZules
igi. am siZulvils aZlierebda sizmrebi, romelTac iosebi xedavda da romlebic
mis amaRlebasa da ZmaTa damdablebas winaswarmetyvelebda. amitomac Zmebma
Tavidan moiSores igi. jer WaSi Caagdes. Semdeg ki oc vercxlad egvipteSi mimaval
vaWrebs miyides. iosebma mravali gansacdeli gamoiara, magram gadarCa da faqtob-
rivad egviptis paton-patroni gaxda. rodesac msoflioSi mousavlianobam, SimSi-
lobam da sikvdilma ifeTqa, misi niWisa da sizmarTmcodneobis wyalobiT (dab. 39)
mxolod egvipteSi ipoveboda puri da beRelsac iosebi ganagebda. miswvda iakobis
yurs egviptis simdidris ambavi da gagzavna Svilebi egvipteSi. aRsrulda
winaswarTqmuli: Zmebma Tayvani sces iosebs, Tumca ver icnes. `dabadebis~ 41-46
TavebSi es ambavi moTxrobilia STambeWdavad, didi xibliTa da ostatobiT;
naTqvamia, rom didsulovnad Seundo iosebma saxlikacebs; RvarZlis namcecic ar
dautovebia gulSi. piriqiT, _ aRiara, rom yvelaferi moxda gangebiT: aq RmerTma
Tqveni sicocxlis gadasarCenad gamomgzavnao; ~Tqven boroti ganizraxeT CemTvis,
xolo RmerTma sikeTed CaTvala, raTa ise momxdariyo, rogorc moxda: mravali
xalxis sicocxle exsna~ (dab. 50:20).
iakobi da mTeli misi jalaboba egvipteSi gadasaxlda. faraonma isini saukeTeso
miwebze daasaxla... gamoxda xani, iakobma Svilebi `TavTavianTi kurTxeviT~ akurTxa
da `SeerTo igi Tavis ers~ (dab. 49:29-33).
wuTisofelma araerTi paradoqsi icis. israelisaTvis egvipte erTdroulad
xsnac aris da monobac. egviptelTa momdevno Taobebma daiviwyes iosebi da misi
Rvawli. maT daimones ebraelebi da daCagres. `magram rac ufro Cagravdnen, miT
ufro mravalricxovani xdeboda da vrceldeboda xalxi. SiSma moicva egviptelebi
israelianTa winaSe. uwyalod amuSavebdnen israelianebs egviptelebi. sicocxle
gaumwares mZime SromiT...~ (gam. 1:22-14). magram, rac metad amwarebdnen, miT metad
erTiandeboda eri. ukidures gasaWirSi xalxs aRmoxda kvnesa da am kvnesas imedi
mohyva.
`gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda
RmerTma israelianebs, icno isini RmerTma~ (gam. 2:24-25) da gamoaCina winamZRoli.
2. moses rjuli (Zv.w. XIII s.)

faraonma brZaneba gasca, gaewyvitaT ebraeli axalSobilebi. asec moxda. mxolod
mose gadarCa, radgan dedam gafisul kalaTSi Caawvina da nilosis talRebs gaatana.
mdinarem ki lelianSi gariya, sadac faraonis asuli banaobda. ufliswulma igi
iSvila da gazarda. rodesac davaJkacda, moses Tavisianebisken gauwia gulma, mag-
ram Tavisianebma igi ar miiRes da aiZules ucxo mxareSi gadakarguliyo.
`gamosvlis~ me-3 TavSi aRwerilia sakvirveli xilva:
`mwyemsavda mose Tavisi simamris, midianeli mRvdlis, iTros, cxvars da gamo-
ecxada mas uflis angelozi cecxlis alSi Suagul mayvalSi. da dainaxa: aha, mayvals
cecxli ukidia, magram mayvali ar iwvis. dainaxa ufalma, rom modis mose sanaxavad
da dauZaxa ufalma Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose! mose! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: axlos
nu moxval! gaiZvre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen dgexar, wmida miwaa.
uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi, abraamis RmerTi, isakis RmerTi, iakobis RmerTi.
saxe daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. Tqva ufalma: vixile Cagvra
Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma zedamxedvelebisagan gamwarebulTa RaRadi. raki
gavige misi gasaWiri, Camovedi rom vixsna igi egviptelTagan da waviyvano mag

qveynidan madliansa da vrcel qveyanaSi, sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe...
axla gaggzavni faraonTan, rom gamoiyvano egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi...
uTxra mosem RmerTs: kargi, mivedi israelianebTan da vuTxari: Tqveni mama-papis
RmerTma gamomgzavna-meTqi. Tu mkiTxes misi saxeli, ra vupasuxo? uTxra RmerTma
moses: me var, romeli var...~
`me var, romeli var~ ebraulad gamoiTqmis _ ehie aSeT ehie. mas ukavSireben
RvTis saxels, romelic daaxloebiT ase JRers _ iahve (damaxinjebulad _ ìeRova~)
pirvelad aq, mayvlis buCqTan, gacxadda RvTis erT-erTi saxeli, _ iahve.
mose Tavisianebs Soris ar gazrdila. SesaZlebelia, igi dedaenasac ver flobda
srulyofilad. amis miuxedavad, eris mxsnelis misia mas daekisra. mosem itvirTa
es misia da col-SvilTan erTad egvipteSi Cavida.
bibliaSi vrclad da dramatuladaa moTxrobili faraonisa da moses anu egvip-
telTa da ebraelTa brZola, rac aris satanisa da RmerTis, wuTisoflisa da zeSTa-
soflis urTierTobis saxe. mosem daamarcxa faraonis karze qurumebi da grZne-
ulebi; cxadyo, rom WeSmariti RmerTi ebraelTa RmerTia, romelic uxmobs Tavis
xalxs aRTqmuli qveynisaken. gausastikda guli faraons da manam ar gauSva isra-
elis STamomavloba, sanam iZulebuli ar gaxda.
ase `gamoglija xelidan~ mosem rCeuli eri monaTmflobels da waiyvana aRTq-
muli qveynisaken, magram ara saqaravno gziT (riTac iosebi da misi Zmebi Cavidnen),
aramed udabnos gavliT. es gza gansacdeliT iyo savse, magram israelma monobas
Tavi mainc daaRwia; ufals sagalobeli aRuvlina da dResaswauli daawesa _ paseqi,
rac `gamosvlas~, `gadasvlas~, am SemTxvevaSi _ egviptis sazRvris gadalaxvas niS-
navs. igi yovel weliwads, gazafxulis buniobidan (dRisa da Ramis sworebidan)
savse mTvaris pirvel dRes aRiniSneba.
udabnoSi ormocwlian xetials mistiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. israelma ixetiala
ara umiznod, rogorc mawanwalam, aramed gamoiwrTo da daRvinda. man gamoscada
SimSili, wyurvili, sicive Tu papanaqeba, moTareSe tomebis Tavdasxmebi; dacemac
da amaRlebac. ebraeli tomebi monoliTur erad swored udabnoSi Camoyalibdnen.
udabno bermonazvnuri asketizmis winasaxea. rogorc egviptis udabnom Camo-
ayaliba israelianTa modgma rCeul erad da maTi goneba RvTis sityvis mosasmenad
moamzada, ùmanko Casaxvis savanenic~ (monastrebi) aseve srulyofen RvTis Ziebis
gzaze mavalTa sulebs da maT axal erad gardaqmnian _ rCeulad da naTelRebulad.
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Zveli aRTqmis `rCeuli eri~ axali aRTqmiseuli eris wina-
saxea. esaa eklesia, visTvisac nacionaluri upiratesoba absoluturad ucxoa.
da, ai, imave mTaze, sadac adre mayvlis buCqi iwvoda da arc iwvoda, ufalma
ganaaxla da metad gaacxada abraamTan, isaksa da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma. aq
israels msxverplis Sewirvis wesebi da aTi mcneba anu zneobrivi da religiuri
cxovrebis konstitucia, rjuli, e. i. kanoni eboZa (gam. 19-34).
1.me var ufali RmerTi Seni da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni ucxoni Cemsa gareSe.
2.ara qmnne Tavisa Senisa kerpni, arca yovladve msgavsi, raodeni ars caTa
Sina ze da raodeni ars qveyanasa zeda qve, da raodeni ars wyalTa Sina da
qveSe qveyanisa. ara Tayvanisce maT, arca msaxurebde maT.
3. ara moiRo saxeli uflisa RvTisa Senisa amaosa zeda.
4. moixsene dRe igi SabaTi da wmidayav igi: eqvs dRe iqmode da hqmen yoveli
saqme Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide, SabaTi, aris uflisa _ RvTisa Senisa.
5. pativec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZeli
iyo qveyanasa zeda.
6. ara kac kla.
7. ara imruSo.
8. ara iparo.
9. ara ciliswamo moyvassa Sensa wamebiTa cruiTa.
10. ara guli giTqmides colisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, ara guli giTqmides
saxlisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, arca yanisa misisa, arca monisa misisa, arca
mxevlisa misisa, arca xarisa misisa, arca karaulisa misisa, arca yovlisa
sacxovrisa misisa, arca yovlisa misTvis, raica iyos moyvasisa Senisa.
abraamis, isaakis da iakobis STamomavloba sinas mTaze religiur erad Camoya-
libda. es eri genetikur-sisxlismieri erTianobis, safuZvelze ar Seqmnila. gaviT-
valiswinoT, rom abraamma winadacviTa rogorc sisxliT naTesavebi, ise ucxo
qveynebSi nayidi mosamsaxureebi (dab. 17:27). amasTanave: RmerTi romelmac isra-
elianTa modgma monobis qveynidan gamoiyvana, warmarTTa mama da sixarulicaa,
rac Zvel aRTqmaSivea gacxadebuli iona winaswarmetyvelis magaliTze. bibliur
`mamobasa~ da `STamomavlobas~ Teslismier-genetikur gagebaze maRali registric
aqvs da es registri axali aRTqmis Suqze cxaddeba, ris Tanaxmadac rCeuli eri
WeSmaritebasTan wilnayar xalxs niSnavs gvaris, tomisa da kanis feris ganusxva-
veblad. rCeuli eris sxvagvari gageba araqristianuli da, zogadad, aracivilize-
buli cnobierebaa.
mosem `gagzavna israelianTagan ymawvili kacebi da maTac miitanes aRsavleni
da Seswires ufals xarebi samadlobel msxverplad. aiRo mosem naxevari sisxli da
TasebSi Caasxa, xolo naxevari samsxverplos asxura. aiRo aRTqmis wigni da waukiTxa
xalxs. Tqva xalxma: yvelafers aRvasrulebT da SevismenT, rac ubrZanebia ufals.
aiRo mosem sisxli da moasxura xalxs. Tqva: aha, sisxli aRTqmisa, romelic dagidoT
ufalma yvela am saqmeze~(gam. 24:5-8).
aRTqma amjerad sisxliT ganmtkicda. cxadi gaxda, rom kacobriobas sisxli
gamoisyidis, rac niSnavs: mxsneli, romelic moevlineba qveyanas, Seiwireba CvenT-
vis. is zvarakad miitans sakuTar Tavs da daRvris sisxls, romelic gagvwmends.
amis Taobaze ioane oqropiri ambobs: `miTxar, ris gamo apkura mosem aRTqmis wignsa

da ers? uTuod imitom, rom es sisxli saxe iyo patiosani sisxlisa... es aris sisxli,
ityvis macxovari, axali aRTqmisa TqvenTvis daTxeuli~. aqedan cxadia, rom Zveli
aRTqmis msxverpls, romelic didis krZalviT iwireboda yovel dRe, simboluri
da winaswarmetyveluri mniSvneloba hqonda.
vin moevlineboda qveynierebas macxovrad?
sanam pasuxs miiRebda, israels cxovrebis gzaze kvlav TvalsaCino monakveTi
unda gaevlo; unda Sesuliyo aRTqmul qveyanaSi, damkvidrebuliyo iq da Seeqmna
erTiani, Zlieri saxelmwifo.
winaswarmetyveleba axda: israeli qanaanis sanaxebs miadga. gamoecxada ufali
moses nebos mTaze da auwya: Senma Tvalebma ixiles aRTqmuli qveyana, Sen ki ver
Sexval iq. da winamZRvari gardaicvala. misi samare cnobili araa. es moxda 1220-
1200 wlebs Soris.
3. mefe da winaswarmetyveli daviTi (1010-970)

israeli aRTqmul qveyanaSi damkvidrda da Caeba cxovrebis oromtrialSi. gan-
vlo wlebma da saukuneebma. `rCeulma xalxma~ bevri kargi da bevric avi moimoqmeda.
xSirad iviwyebdnen ufals. ufali ki maT wvrTnida; arc sasjels da arc wyalobas
ar aklebda da Zveli aRTqmis sisavsiT gacxadebisaTvis safuZvels amzadebda. es
misia wilad xvdaT saulsa da daviTs, romlebic winaswarmetyvelma samuelma RvTis
miTiTebiT gamoarCia.
erTiani israelis pirveli mefe sauli beniaminis tomidan iyo, daviTi ki _ iudas
STamomavali, ieses vaJi, sofel beTlemidan. es mxare aRTqmul qveyanaSi yvelaze
CamorCenil provinciad iTvleboda; misi wiaRidan aravin eloda xsnas. moxda
piriqiT: uflis TvalSi madli swored iudevelma mwyemsma, tanmorCilma Wabukma
daviTma ipova, filistimeli goliaTi daamarcxa da ebraeli eri sircxvilisagan
ixsna. es faqti umniSvnelovanes winaswarmetyvelebas Seicavs, rac komentarsac
ar saWiroebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, _ mkiTxvelisaTvis male gaxdeba cxadi.
saulma gadauxvia rjulis kanonidan, _ sakuTari xeliT dakla saklavi (I mef.
13). mas umalve waerTva madli anu qarizma da miemadla daviTs. pirad-piradi cod-
vebisagan arc daviTi iyo Tavisufali, magram pirvelcxebuli da RvTivkurTxeuli
mefis saxeli mas mainc SerCa. misi qarizma umcros Svils _ solomon brZens gadaeca
da, amdenad, samefo dinastias dasabami daviTma misca.
daviTma daafuZna da ganamtkica erTiani israelis samefo. dedaqalaqad ieru-
salimi gamoacxada. gadmoitana iq eris udidesi siwmide _ rjulis kidobani, sadac
inaxeboda mcnebaTa ori dafa anu ficari da igi im borcvze daamkvidra, sadac
abraamma, isakis nacvlad, verZi Seswira. aq Semdeg solomonma didi taZari aago.
daviTisa da misi Svilis mefoba (1010-979, 970-931) israelis istoriaSi òqros
xanadaa~ cnobili. samoTxisdarma cxovrebam daisadgura da israelianni `Wamdnen,
svamdnen da mxiarulobdnen~ (me-3 mef. 4:20); ùSiSrad isxdnen... danidan vidre
berSebamde~. iyo wyaloba da iyo xilvebi. ecxadeboda ufali daviTs da auwyebda
sibrZnes, rasac winaswarmetyveli gamoTqvamda leqsad da amRerebda qnarze anu
ebraulad _ fsalmunze. ase Seiqmna da wignTawignSi waruSlelad daido bina `fsal-
munnma~, romelTa ricxvi udris as ergass (as ormocdaaTs). maT krebuls qarTuli
tradiciiT ewodeba `daviTni~, romelic sasuliero Tu saero poeziis WeSmariti
wyaroa.
RvTis Zis gankaceba pirvelad fsalmunTmgalobelma iwinaswarmetyvela. misi
meSveobiT ukve srulyofilad gacxadda Zveli aRTqma anu saRmrTo anderZi;
gamoikveTa sisxliani msxverplSewirvisa da, zogadad, moses rjulis saboloo
mizani _ uwyeba gamomsyidveli, gamomxsneli da macxovnebeli msxverplis Sesaxeb.
zvarakad Tavs Tavad ufali miitans. istoriis konkretul monakveTSi RmerTi
Seisxams xorcs, romelic samyaros konkretuli pirovnebis anu Cveulebrivi ada-
mianis saxiT moevlineba. igi nebayoflobiT daRvris sisxls Cveni codvebis war-
xocvisa da samyaros gapatiosnebisaTvis.
88-e fsalmunSi vkiTxulobT: `vyav aRTqma rCeulTa CemTa Tana da vefuce daviTs,
monasa Cemsa: ukunisamde ganvhmzado naTesavi Seni da aRvaSeno TesliTi-Teslamde
saydari Seni~ (ax. TargmaniT _ `davde piroba Cems rCeulTan, Sevfice daviTs, Cems
morCils: ukunisamde gavamagreb Sens STamomavlobas da Taobidan Taobamde dava-
fuZneb Sens taxts~) (4-5). laparakia uflis aRTqmaze, romelic miemadla rCeuli
eris rCeul Svilebs: abraams, isaks, iakobsa da moses, rom qveyanas maTi Teslisagan
moevlineba xsna. es aRTqma ukve ficiT ganmtkicda, rac samgzis Cenili aRTqmis
beWdiT dadasturebas, dabeWdvas udris da winaswarmetyvelebis dvritas mTeli
arsebiT asaCinoebs. amis Taobaze ufalma daviTs naTan brZenisa da winaswarmet-
yvelis piriT ufro cxadad auwya: `me aRvadgen Sens Semdgomad Sens Tesls, romelic
iqneba Seni ZeTagani, da mis mefobas ganvamtkiceb. is amiSenebs saxls da me gavam-
tkiceb mis taxts samaradisod. me mama viqnebi misTvis, is ki Svili iqneba CemTvis.
wyalobas ar wavarTmev, rogorc Sens winamorbeds wavarTvi. davayeneb mas Cems sax-
lSi da Cems samefoSi samaradisod. myari iqneba misi taxti samaradisod~ (I neSt.
17:11-14).
aq TiTqmis yvelaferia Tqmuli: konkretuli pirovneba, visi saxiTac mova cisa
da qveynis macocxlebeli, aRmocendeba cxebuli mefis, ieses Zis, daviTis Tesli-
sagan da mefobis madliT dedis saSoSive Seimoseba; daibadeba WeSmarit mefed da
daerqmeva `mesia~ (ebrauli gamoTqmiT _ `maSiax~), rac berZnulad `xristosad~,
`qristed~ iTargmneba, qarTulad _ `cxebuli~. swored mesia, e.i. qriste anu cxe-
buli, viTarca yovladsruli da sayovelTao mefe, aRasrulebs xiluli da araxi-
luli samyaros ideals, _ aRadgens dacemul adams da ganaaxlebs cisa da miwis

kavSirs. ase rom, pirovneba, visac ugalobda daviTis qnari, iqneba ara mxolod
cxebuli, aramed _ mxsnelic. `mxsnels~ ebraulad ewodeba ìeSua~, berZnuli tran-
skrifciiT _ ìesu~, ìeso~, romelic amave enaze iTargmneba `soterad~, laTinurad
_ `salvator~, rusulad _ `spasitel~, Zveli qarTuli tradiciiT _ macxovari.
maSasadame, gankacebuli RmerTi, viT sanukvari mefe, warmomdgari iudas tomisagan,
saxeldobr _ daviTis STamomavali, iqneba cxebuli mxsneli anu qriste ieso.
kacobriobas mxsneli rCeuli eris wiaRidan moevlineba. erTsa da imave dros
igi RmerTic iqneba da kacic. igi samsxverploze miitans Tavis Tavs, riTac Seari-
gebs kacTa modgmas RmerTTan da, uSualo winapris daviTis msgavsad, daTrgunavs
goliaTs anu wuTisoflis sacTurs, e.i. eSmaks da mis samefos _ jojoxeTs.
ra bedi ewia erTiansa da Zlevamosil israels?
misma Tavkacebma gadauxvies WeSmaritebis gzidan. brZenma da cxebulma mefe so-
lomonma, colebis zegavleniT, ucxo RmerTebs sca Tayvani (me-3 mef. 11:4-8) da
garyvnilebis morevs mieca. mis kvals daadgnen Svilebi, SviliSvilebi da SvilTaS-
vilebi. maT Soris daisadgura Surma da mtrobam. solomonis Semdeg, 929 wels,
israelis samefo orad daiyo. tomebs Soris Camovarda qiSpi da uTanxmoeba, ris
gamoc ufalma dasaja sayvareli (magram urCi) eri. vinaidan maT ar Seismines
winaswarmetyvelTa da rjulis mecnierTa sityvebi da ar gamoswordnen, xelaxla
amoyves Tavi tyveobaSi: 597 wels ierusalimi babilonis mefe nabuqodonosorma
aiklo, iavaryo solomonis taZari da misi wmidaTawmida _ rjulis kidobani
mcnebaTa ficrebiTurT.
monobis uReli israelianebs mZime tvirTad daawva. maT dedaqalaqSi Sesvla auk-
rZales. isini midiodnen ierusalimis maxloblad, dadgebodnen erTi kedlis win
da moTqvamdnen. es kedeli SemorCenilia dRemde da `godebis kedels~ uwodeben.
tyveobisa da msxemobis Jams ebrael ers kvlav aRmoxda kvnesa da mieca sinanuls.
kvlav moxeda ufalma SeWirvebul xalxs da winaswarmetyvelebi gamougzavna. isini
qadagebdnen da mesias gzas ukafavdnen. maTgan gamorCeulni arian: osia, amosi,
elia Tezbiteli, esaia, ieremia, iezekieli, danieli, iona, zaqaria, angia da sxvani.
isini iuwyebodnen, rom mova Jami, rodesac RmerTi gankacdeba da daibadeba qal-
wulis mier beTlemis qvabSi, boselSi. is iqneba ìeses ylorti~, romlis Sobas
mohyveba CvilTa arwyveta, ris gamoc mas mouwevs xiznoba egvipteSi da, amdenad,
rCeuli eris Tavgadasavlis gameoreba. igi daisjeba usamarTlo kacTa gularZni-
lobis gamo; nebayoflobiT itvirTavs sasjels TiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad da
dasaxavs gzas, romelic adamis Svilebs caTa sasufevelSi miiyvans. bedniereba ara
mxolod ebraelobas, aramed yvelas miemadleba. amasTanave, rac arsebiTia,
uZleveli da udiadesi mefe _ qveynis mxsneli da macxovari _ dedamiwas Seuracx
kacad Seuracxi provinciidan moevlineba.
amqveyniuri faseulobani gadafasda. wuTisofels ixsnis morCili, mdabali da
yvelasagan dawunebuli adamiani, romelic sxvaTa codvebs nebiT itvirTavs. qris-
tes movlinebis zedmiwevniTi winaswarmetyveleba mocemulia esaias wignis 53-e
TavSi, romelic, netari ieronimes TqmiT, maxareblis sityvebs ufro hgavs, vidre
winaswarmetyvelisas. amis gamo am Tavs me-5 saxarebas uwodeben da marTlac, igi
Zveli aRTqmis gvirgvinia:
`... arc Rirseba hqonia da arc mSveneba, rom zed Segexeda; arc ieri, rom mivezi-
deT. saZulveli iyo, kacTagan aTvalwunebuli, gatanjuli da snebamoreuli, erTi
imaTgani, visac pirs arideben. saZulveli iyo da arad vagdebdiT. namdvilad ki man
ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli; Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo
nacem-nagvemi da damcirebuli, magram is Cveni codvebisTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni
ukeTurobebisTvis dalewili; masze iyo sasjeli Cveni simrTelisaTvis da misi
wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT. yvelani cxvrebiviT davexetebodiT. TiToeuli Cven-
Cven gzas vadeqiT, ufalma ki mas Sehyara yoveli Cvenganis ukeTureba. evno da ewama,
magram ar dauZravs bage; kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da, rogorc cxvari dums
mparsvelTa winaSe, masac ar dauZravs bage. sapyrobiledan da samsjavrodan iqna
wayvanili da vin ifiqrebda mis modgmaze, roca cocxalTa miwidan moikveTa; Cemi
xalxis codvebisaTvis daisaja. mieca samarxi boroteulTa gverdiT da mdidarTan
erTad Tavis sikvdilSi, radgan siave ar Caudenia da mis bageSi sicrue ar yofila~.
axali aRTqma
Zvelma aRTqmam da winaswarmetyvelebam xorci Cveni welTaRricxvis
gariJraJze Seisxa. RmerTma kacTa naTesavis gamosaxsnelad dedamiwaze mxolod-
Sobili Ze moavlina. maradiuli, dausabamo da uJamo RmerTi gankacda.
ebrael qalwul mariams, daviTis STamomavals, mTavarangelozi gabrieli gamo-
ecxada da axara, rom daorsuldeba da SeeZineba vaJi. xarebas Soba mohyva, Sobas ki
yvelaferi, rasac winaswarmetyvelebi ambobdnen.
ieso qriste, saTno gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 30 wlis asakSi moinaTla ioane winas-
warmetyvelis, winamorbedisa da naTlismcemlis mier. am faqtiT Zveli aRTqma da
rjuli dasrulda. ioane naTlismcemeli dgas gzaTgasayarze da iTvleba Zveli
aRTqmis ukanasknel winaswarmetyvelad da axlis winamorbedad. misi qadageba _
SeinaneT, rameTu moaxloebul ars sasufeveli caTa! niSnavda RmerTsa da adamians
Soris axal urTierTobaTa, axal xelSekrulebaTa dasabams. aq aris miniSneba axali
aRTqmis umTavres idealze _ caTa sasufevelze da misi miRwevis pirobaze _
sinanulze. qristianuli sinanulis arss asaCinoebs berZnuli Sesatyvisi `metano-
ia~, rac niSnavs: xelaxali goneba, gonebis gardaqmna, ganaxleba, zeaRzidva. igulis-
xmeba pirovnebis gakeTilSobileba, Secvla, ganaxleba. axal aRTqmaSi monawileobis
winapirobaa sinanuli anu codvaTa gacnobiereba, ramac unda gamsWvalos individi
da Secvalos sasikeTod.

Zveli aRTqmis garegani niSani winadacveTa iyo. axali aRTqmis xiluli niSani
ki naTlisReba da ziarebaa. naTlisReba aris axali aRTqmis kari, winabWe, ziareba
ki _ misi gvirgvini. naTlisRebis meSveobiT morwmune qristes eklesiis wevri xdeba,
ziarebis meSveobiT ki igi qristes sisxlsa da xorcs eziareba. erTic da meorec
eklesiis mier gaazrebulia saidumlod (sakramentad), romelTagan meore (ziareba)
Tavad ufalma daadgina. man mociqulebi pirvelad sapaseqo sufraze aziara. puri
sakuTar xorcad, Rvino ki sakuTar sisxlad dasaxa da amiT msxverplSewirvis
ebrauli wesi gaauqma. saxarebis am epizods, romelsac oTxive maxarebeli aRwers
(maTe 26:17-30; markozi 14:12-26; luka 22:14-71; ioane 13:1-35) saeklesio tradicia
saidumlo serobas uwodebs. saidumlo seroba, SeiZleba iTqvas, axali aRTqmis
prezentaciaa.
axali aRTqmis ideali aris caTa sasufeveli. pavle mociqulis TqmiT, moses
rjuli droebiTi movlenaa. sibrZnis saboloo gacxadeba xdeba iesos pirovnebaSi,
romelmac aRasrula da gaauqma rjuli (rom. 10:4), romelic ebraelebs xsnisa da
gamarTlebis saSualeba egonaT. amieridan adamianma ara rjulis anu kanonis, ara-
med rwmenis Sesabamisad unda icxovros. qristianuli sarwmunoebis safuZvelia
siyvaruli da, pavles moZRvrebiT, Tu adamians moyvasi uyvars, rjulis yvela moT-
xovna Sesrulebulia. amas gulisxmobs macxovari, roca or mTavar mcnebaze lapa-
rakobs: erTia, giyvardes RmerTi Seni, meorea _ giyvardes moyvasi Seni. es ori
mcneba mTel rjuls moicavs. kacisaTvis, romelic ar mrisxanebs, fuWia Sexseneba
mcnebisa àra kac kla~. netari avgustine amgvarad gamoxatavs am ori mcnebis arss:
`giyvardes ufali da gaakeTe, rac ginda~ (igulisxmeba, rom uflis siyvaruli mxo-
lod sikeTes gagakeTebinebs). axali aRTqmis rjuli aris siyvarulis rjuli da
Tu siyvaruli arsebobs adamianTa Soris, rjulic dasrulebulia.
ras niSnavs `rjulis dasruleba~, anda `gauqmeba~? rjulis qveS aq rwmena ar
igulisxmeba (rwmena, imave pavles TqmiT, gadarCenis mTavari pirobaa: rom. 1:17).
qristem wes-gangebis, msxverplSewirvis ritualisa da, zogadad, kanonis arsobrivi
mniSvneloba uaryo. axalma religiam kanons pirvelxarisxovneba CamoaSora. man
gaauqma, azrmoklebulad, ufro zustad _ yavlgasulad gamoacxada winadacveTa
da sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva. yuradReba sulier mxareze, individis Sinagan
rwmenasa da qvelmoqmedebaze gadaitana. qristianoba aris siyvarulis, sibralu-
lis, sinanulis, TanagrZnobisa da Tanalmobis religia, romlis birTvi Tavad ieso
qriste, _ misi cxovreba, piradi magaliTi da mis bageTagan gamoTqmuli moZRvrebaa.
qriste am moZRvrebis kacTa Soris dasanergad movida. Tanamosagreebad Tormeti
mociquli gamoirCia (maTe 10:2-4). mociqulebma da mociqulTa mociqulebma,
ricxviT samocdaaTma, axali moZRvreba _ qristianoba _ msoflios mohfines.
qristianoba aris xsnisa da gamosyidvis religia. es misia, saboloo jamSi, yvela
religias akisria, magram qristes moZRvrebas specifikuri niSnebi aqvs. es, pirvel
rigSi, jvrisa da jvarcmis, rogorc gamosyidvis saSualebis, mimarT iTqmis. lapa-
rakia ara sakuTriv jvarze, rogorc grafikul gamosaxulebaze, arc jvarcmaze _
dasjis formaze, aramed Sinaarsze, rasac moicavs cnebebi: jvari da, misgan ganuyo-
feli, gamosyidvis dogmati. ieso qristem adamiani da, masTan erTad, wuTisofeli
gamoisyida jvarcmamde damdablebis gziT. man miatova `Tavisi mamuli~, Seimosa monis
xati da jvars ecva rogorc damnaSave, ganwiruli da miusafari. axali aRTqmis
mTavari niSani anu saswauli Tavmdablobis Sedegad daRvrili da Sewiruli sisxlia.
misi moZRvrebisaTvis niSandoblivia Zveli faseulobebis gadafaseba da axali
zneobrivi kriteriumebis damkvidreba. magaliTad, simdidre, silaRe, Tvaltanadoba,
rasac eltvoda warmarTTa cnobiereba, qristianTa mier CaTvlilia araarsebiT
kategoriebad. gamoclili aqvs safuZveli princips _ jansaR sxeulSi jansaRi sulia.
amqveyniuri dideba, rac ebraelTa rjulSic TvalsaCinod figurirebda, saxarebis
Tanaxmad sanukvari faqti araa. adamians adiadebs ara Zlieri mklavi, anda savse
qisa, aramed umanko guli da sindisi. qristianuli eTikisa da moralis specifikuri
niSania Sendoba, mterTaTvis locva da borotebis sikeTiT gadaxda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom yovelive es Zvel aRTqmaSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli pirdapir Tu alegoriulad,
macxovarma ieso qristem simdablis, moTminebisa da mitevebis piradi magaliTi
gviCvena. ra Tqma unda, zneobis am rangamde asvla advili araa da es unda moxdes
bunebrivad, zrda-ganviTarebis garkveuli etapebis gavlis Semdeg. xelovnuroba am
sferoSi damRupvelia. ar SeiZleba, Tvalnaklulebs vuxmobdeT sanadirod,
smenadaxSulebs _ sasimRerod, ZalaayrilT _ saasparezod. isini jer unda
ganikurnon (Tuki eqvemdebarebian mkurnalobas). aseve, sindisisagan daSretilni
(Tuki mkvdarni ar arian am TvalsazrisiT), jer unda gamovafxizloT, vaziaroT
zneobis saerTaSoriso normebs _ elinurs, ebrauls, vedurs (e.i. Zvel indurs),
Tundac _ aTeisturs da Semdeg movTxovoT umaRlesi eTika _ mterTaTvis locva.
sazogadoebam, ase vTqvaT, jer unda Seasrulos Zveli aRTqmis normativi, rom axali
aRTqmis samanebs eziaros, gausworos Tvali qristes moZRvrebas ara mxolod
gonebiT da codniT, aramed cxovrebiT _ suliT da guliT. es niSnavs Semdegs: jer
aT mcnebas unda daveufloT da aRvasruloT, rom miveaxloT saxarebis cxra
netarebas; jer kanonis winaSe unda viyoT marTalni, rom gavTavisufldeT misi
marwuxebisagan. dabalganviTarebulni vera da ver gaTavisufldebian kanonis
zegavlenisagan. Tu daapireben, gacilebiT mZime sasjels daitexen Tavs...
axali aRTqmis siRrme da sidiade, qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis, misi piradi
magaliTis garda, aRbeWdilia SegonebebSi, locvebSi, saswaulebsa da igavebSi.
esenia, magaliTad, cxra netareba (maTe 5:4-12), mamao Cveno (maTe 6:9-13; luka 11:2-4),
igavi Secdomil Zeze anu, Zveli qarTuli tradiciiT, uZReb Svilze (luka 15:11-
32), aT qalwulze (maTe 25:1-13), lazares aRdginebaze (ioane 11:1-45) da sxva.
esqatologiuri anu wuTisoflis ukanaskneli dRis raobis TvalsazrisiT yvela-

ze sayuradRebo lazares magaliTia.
qristem gvaniSna: vinc uflis megobaria, sikvdili verafers daaklebs, _ gvami
gaxrwnili da ganqarvebulic rom hqondes, lazares msgavsad gacocxldeba da sa-
kuTari sxeuliT aRdgeba. es qveynierebis dasasruls anu `meoTxe dRes~ moxdeba.
im faqts, rom lazare ufalma me-4 dRes aRadgina, simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs.
qriste mesame dRes aRdga, lazare _ meoTxe dRes, rac sayovelTao gankiTxvisa da
ganaxlebis Jamze mianiSnebs. im dRes yvela marTali ukvdavebas eziareba.
Tuki kvlav daismeba kiTxva, ra aris qristianobis specifika, rasac analogi
sxva religiebSi ar moepoveba, vupasuxebT _ Tavad qristes pirovneba, vneba da
aRdgoma. man yoveli kacis codva itvirTa da sakuTari Tavi gawira TiToeuli
Cvenganis nacvlad. mas miayenes ganuzomeli tanjva da gvema, nerwyva da yvrima-
liscema, maTraxi da eklis gvirgvini, Seuracxyves da jvars acves huriastanis
prefeqtis pontoeli pilates dasturiT ierusalimis gareubanSi, golgoTas
borcvze, axali welTaRricxvis 33-e wels.
magram aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba: kviras, sikvdilidan mesame dRes, ciskar-
ze, mkvdreTiT aRdga is, vinc daamcires da jvars acves.
qriste amqveynad mokvdavi da xrwnadi sxeuliT movida, magram jvarcmisa da
damarxvis Semdeg, imis gamo, rom igi bunebiT RmerTi iyo, ukvdavi da uxrwneli
sxeuliT aRdga. qristianebs swamT, rom sayovelTao gankiTxvis Jams Cveni xorcic
aseve ganaxldeba. qristes aRdgoma moaswavebs dakarguli samoTxis povnas da misken
dasabrunebel gzas gvisaxavs.
RvTismetyveleba da RvTismsaxureba
RvTismetyveleba da RvTismsaxureba urTierTganuyofeli dargebia. pirveli
Teoriaa, meore _ praqtika. Teoria STaagonebs da msWvalavs praqtikas da mis
tiposs, mis saxes, mis struqturas. orives erTi da igive mizani aqvs _ RvTisSemec-
neba. marTalia, saRvTismsaxuro wes-gangebani da, zogadad, tipikoni cvalebadobis
kanons eqvemdebareba, magram RvTismsaxurebis arseba ucvlelia da qristes
moZRvrebis dedaazrs misadagebuli.
rogorc RvTismetyvelebis, ise RvTismsaxurebis safuZveli saRvTo werili da
saRvTo gadmocemaa.
RvTismetyveleba
RvTismetyveleba da, zogadad, qristianuli moZRvreba arsobrivad Camoyali-
bebulia bibliasa da axali aRTqmis saRvTo gadmocemaSi. RvTismetyvelebis isto-
ria, faqtobrivad, bibliisa da mociqulTa moZRvrebis meti da meti gamomxatvelo-
biTi saSualebebiT aTvisebisa da warmoCenis procesia.
RvTismetyvelebis mizani saRmrTo werilSi davanebuli sibrZnis gamomzeveba
da sxvaTa gonebamde misi mitanaa. moazrovne, ragind religiuri paTosiT metyve-
lebdes, Teologad ver CaiTvleba, Tu ar eyrdnoba saRvTo avtoritets da mis
safuZvelze ar gamohyavs debuleba.
qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTadi debulebebi _ dogmatebi _ SemuSavda
saRvTo werilis komentirebis safuZvelze.
bibliuri teqstebis axsna-ganmartebas saxeldeben orgvarad: hermenevtika da
egzegetika. orive berZnulia: `hermeneia~ niSnavs ganmartebas, Targmnas; èqsege-
sis~ ki _ gadmocemas, uwyebas. ufro popularulia meore etermini _ egzegetika.
saRmrTo werilis muxlobrivi da Tematuri ganmartebis anu Targmanebis tra-
dicia ebraelTa Soris Caisaxa, magram qristianebma am dargs gansakuTrebuli yu-
radReba miaqcies. maT, pirvel rigSi, Zveli aRTqma axali aRTqmis TvaliT unda
daenaxaT da waekiTxaT.
qristianuli egzegetikis wyaro macxovaria. Zveli aRTqmis ama Tu im pasaJs,
winaswarmetyvelebebsa da sakuTari bagiT warmoTqmul igavebs, alegoriebsa Tu
sentenciebs igi TviTonve ganmartavda. drodadro, eklesiaSi sakamaTo sakiTxebis
warmoCenasTan erTad, bibliuri egzegezis aucilebloba mwvaved iCenda Tavs da
gasakviri araa, rom am dargSi sityva TiTqmis yvela mamam da RvTismetyvelma Tqva,
maT Soris _ romis papma klimentim, wm. barnabam, egnate antioqielma, klimenti
aleqsandrielma, Teofile antioqielma, origenem, ipolite romaelma da bevrma
sxvam. Camoyalibda ori skola _ aleqsandriisa da antioqiis. pirveli, romelsac
saTave klimenti aleqsandrielma daudo, ufro filosofiuri, mistiur-alego-
riuli iyo. igi Sesaqmis TiTqmis yovel muxls simbolurad iazrebda. meore ki,
mRvdelmowame lukiane antioqielis (I I I -IV ss.) dafuZnebuli, umTavresad damoZRv-
riTi da katexizmuri xasiaTis gaxldaT. antioqiuri skolis yvelaze didi warmo-
madgeneli ioane oqropiria. aleqsandriuli da antioqiuri skolebis miRwevebi
ganaviTara kabadokiurma skolam, romlis korifeni arian: basili didi, grigol
RvTismetyveli (nazianzeli) da grigol noseli. maT SromebSi qristianulma egze-
getikam umaRles safexurs miaRwia.
egzegetikis daxmarebiT qristianuli moZRvreba werilobiTad da gamoTqmiTad
Camoyalibda. am moZRvrebis, rogorc Teologiuri sistemis fundamenti dogma-
tikaa.
dogma berZnuli sityvaa da aRniSnavs `Tvalsazriss~, `Sexedulebas~, `moZRvre-
bas~, Tavad dargi _ dogmatika _ moicavs eklesiis mier dadgenil, ucvalebel,
zedmiwevniT mtkice moZRvrebas RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTad sakiTxebze _ RmerTsa
da mis Sesaqmeze, eklesiaze, mermis saukuneze da a.S.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis poziciiT, ZiriTadi saRvTismetyvelo dogmatebi
TviT saRvTo werilsa da saRvTo gadmocemaSivea kodirebuli. isini hgvanan mdog-

vis marcvals, romelic yovelgvar Teslze mcirea, magram `rodesac izrdeba, yovel
mwvanilze didia da xed iqceva~ (maTe 13:32). dogmatebi werilsa da gadmocemaSi
marcvlebis msgavsadaa warmodgenili, romlebic garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad
ixareben da nayofs iZlevian (luka 8:11-15). dogmatebs TavianTi saTqmeli srul-
yofilad da yvelasaTvis gasagebad rom gaecxadebinaT, RvTismetyvelebs isini un-
da gamoeTqvaT da werilobiT CamoeyalibebinaT, simboloebsa da formulebSi ga-
moexataT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi individualuri saRvTismetyvelo msjelobani
farTo asparezs ipovida, rac axali da axali eresebis aRmocenebas waaxalisebda.
asec moxda, magram am faqtma dogmatikis ganviTarebas anu, eklesiis enaze rom
vTqvaT, WeSmaritebis mecnieruli kategoriebiT gamoxatvas Seuwyo xeli.
amdenad, dogmatebis ZiriTadi nawili axali epoqis adreul safexurze Camoya-
libda, magram gamocxadebuli da ucvalebeli sibrZnis (codnis) statusi maT IV-V I I I ss-
Si Svidi msoflio da ramdenime adgilobrivi krebis dasturiT mieniWa. dogma-
tebs, eklesiis rwmeniT, mfarvelobs suliwmida da yovelgvari cdomilebisagan
icavs. TiToeuli dogmati efuZneba saRmrTo werils da gadmoscems gamocxadebu-
li sibrZnis ama Tu im mxares formulebad, e.i. dadgenilebaTa Tu ganawesTa saxiT.
maTi wyalobiT unda ailagmos rjulis sxvadasxva sakiTxis TviTneburi gaazreba.
mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom dogmatebi yalibdeboda da ixveweboda eretikul Sexe-
dulebaTa mxilebis kvalze. misi mizani iyo kaTolike, e.i. sayovelTao moZRvrebis
sistemaSi moyvana da srulyofa. did ~mesjuleebad~ (~doRmatikosebad~) iTvlebian:
aTanase aleqsandrieli (+ 373), basili didi (+ 379), grigol RvTismetyveli (+ 390),
ioane oqropiri (+ 470), kirile aleqsandrieli (+ 444), maqsime aRmsarebeli (+ 662),
ioane damaskeli (+ 749), Teodore studieli (+ 826), svimeon axali RvTismetyveli
(+ 1032), grigol palama (XIV s.) da sxva.
dogmatebi erTmaneTTan SeaTavsa da marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba Sejamebuli
saxiT gadmosca ioane damaskelma SromaSi ~wyaro codnisa~ (pege gnoseos), rasac
zogjer ~Teologiis jams~ uwodeben. igi Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: 1. safilosofo-
soni Tavni anu dialeqtika, sadac warmodgenilia saRvTismetyvelo terminebis
definicia (gansazRvreba) da Teologiuri kvleva-Ziebis meTodi; I I . wvalebaTa
winaaRmdeg. iq CamoTvlili, ganxiluli da uaryofilia umTavresi eretikuli
mimdinareobani; I I I . zusti anu ucdomeli gadmocema marTlmadidebluri sarwmu-
noebisa. esaa Sromis yvelaze vrceli da faseuli nawili, sadac Tematurad da
TanmimdevrobiT ganxilulia saeklesio moZRvrebis calkeuli sakiTxebi, kerZod
_ dogmatebi RvTis Sesaxeb, erTarsebisa da samgvamovnebis Sesaxeb, RvTismSoblis,
angelozebis, wmindanebis, xatebisa da sxvaTa Soris. am Sromis gamo iwodeba ioane
damaskeli patristikis anu mamaTa moZRvrebis srulmyofelad. samive nawili Tar-
gmnilia qarTulad. maTgan mesame ~marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi
gadmocema~ _ axal qarTul enaze e. WeliZis mier (Tb., 2000).
qristianuli moZRvrebis dogmatebis saxiT warmoCenis yvelaze TvalsaCino
nimuSia `mrwamsi~. `mrwamss~ meorenairad `sarwmunoebis simbolo~ ewodeba. `simbo-
lo~ berZnuli sityvaa da qarTulad niSnavs `niSans~. Zvelad igi ewodeboda sarwmu-
noebriv formulebs, riTac qristiani gamoxatavda sakuTar religiur kredos.
`mrwamsSi~ qristianuli religiis arsi areklili da warmoCenilia reziumes saxiT.
esaa sarwmunoebis konspeqti, _ erTob lakoniuri da, amasTanave, yovlismTqmeli.
igi qristianuli moZRvrebis dogmatur, myar, ucvalebel debulebaTa zusti da
amomwuravi Sejamebaa. igi naTlisRebisa da liturgiis drosac warmoiTqmis. IV s-
mde, sanam mrwamsis saboloo redaqcia SemuSavdeboda, misi ramdenime varianti
arsebobda. maT Soris mociqulTa simbolo (SemorCenilia da dRemde ikiTxeba romis
kaTolikur eklesiaSi). qristianTa Soris erTsulovneba rom yofiliyo, eklesiis
winamZRvrebma gadawyvites mrwamsis erTi kanonikuri teqsti SeedginaT. es misia Tavs
ido SvidTagan pirvelma orma _ nikeisa (325) da konstantinopolis (381) msoflio
saeklesio krebebma. aRniSnul forumebs friad ganswavluli mamebi xelmZRvanelob-
dnen _ evstaTi antioqieli, nikoloz mirolukiis mTavarepiskoposi, aTanase
aleqsandrieli, grigol RvTismetyveli da sxvani. maT daakanones Tormetmuxliani
anu wevriani reziume _ simbolo, romlis TiToeul asos oqros fasi aqvs da iTvleba
sakacobrio azrovnebis, sulieri da inteleqtualuri Semecnebis mwvervalad. igi
naxevar gverdze itevs bibliis umTavres saTqmels.
saeklesio tradicia TiToeuli wevris pirvelavtorad Tormet mociqulTagan
erT-erTs asaxelebs: pirveli miewereba petres, meore _ iakob dids, mesame _ ioanes,
meoTxe _ andrias, mexuTe _ filipes, meeqvse _ Tomas, meSvide _ barTlomes, merve
_ maTes, mecxre _ iakob umcross, meaTe _ svimeons, meTerTmete _ iudas (qristes
xorciel Zmas), meTormete _ mataTas (iuda iskariotelis magier rom airCies). nikea-
konstantinepolis krebebma, morwmuneTa SexedulebiT, mxolod Seavses da daazus-
tes mociqulTa piriT namcnebi debulebebi. nebismieri Teologiuri msjeloba da
Teoria gamomdinareobs, anda _ unda gamomdinareobdes, `mrwamsidan~ misive ganv-
rcobis, ganmartebisa da gacxadebis mizniT.

sarwmunoebis simbolo anu mrwamsi
1. mrwams erTi RmerTi, mama yovlisa mpyrobeli, Semoqmedi caTa da qveyanisa,
xilulTa yovelTa da araxilulTa;
2. da erTi ufali ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa, mxolodSobili, mamisagan Sobili
uwinares yovelTa saukuneTa, naTeli naTlisagan, RmerTi WeSmariti
RvTisagan WeSmaritisa, Sobili da ara qmnili, Tanaarsi mamisa, romlisagan
yoveli Seiqmna;
3. romeli CvenTvis, kacTaTvis, da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardamoxda zeciT
da xorcni Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qalwulisa, da gankacna;
4. da jvarsecva CvenTvis pontoelisa pilates ze, da ivno da daefla;
5. da aRdga mesamesa dResa msgavsad werilisa;
6. da amaRlda zecad da mjdomare ars marjveniT mamisa;
7. da kvalad momaval ars didebiT gansjad cxovelTa da mkvdarTa, romlisa
sufevisa ara ars dasasrul;
8. da suliwmida, ufali da cxovelsmyofeli, romeli mamisagan gamovals, mamisa
Tana da Zisa Tana Tayvanisicemebis da ididebis, romeli ityoda
winaswarmetyvelTa mier;
9. erTi wmida kaTolike da samociqulo eklesia;
10. aRviareb erTsa naTlisRebasa mosatevebelad codvaTa;
11. moveli aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT;
12. da cxovrebasa mermissa mis saukunisasa. amin.
marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia moZRvreba erTi

sampirovani RmerTis anu erTarseba-samebis Sesaxeb. esaa ZiriTadi RvTismet-
yveleba, _ codna RmerTze, mis bunebasa da Tvisebebze, mismier Sesaqmeze, wuTiso-
felze da uzenaesis masTan damokidebulebaze. RvTismetyveleba, farTo gagebiT,
RvTisa da RvTismieri Sesaqmis garda sxva sferoebsac moicavs. esenia: moZRvreba
angelozebze, _ angelologia; borotebis aRmocenebaze _ demonologia; adamianze
_ anTropologia; eklesiaze _ eklesiologia; qveynierebis saboloo dReze _
esqatologia. warmovaCenT TiToeuls mokled sami qveTavis farglebSi: ZiriTadi
RvTismetyveleba (Teologia), eklesiologia, esqatologia.
RvTismetyveleba. mrwamsis pirveli sityvebi, rom RmerTi aris erTi, uaryofs
warmarTTa mravalRmerTianobas. marTalia, antikuri filosofiis saukeTeso war-
momadgenlebi _ sokrate, platoni, aristotele da sxva _ uaxlovdebodnen
monoTeizms, magram elinuri samyaro _ misi religiuri moZRvrebani da nairgvari
kulti, romlis garemocvaSic fuZndeboda qristianuli msoflgageba, yovlisSe-
moqmedi RmerTis ideamde ver amaRlda. amitomac gancxadeba _ `mrwams erTi
RmerTi~ _ imdroisaTvis axali da gabeduli sityva iyo.
RmerTi aris suli usxeulo, maradiuli da ucvalebeli, yovlismcodne da yov-
ladZlieri, saxieri anu keTili da, rac mTavaria, `RmerTi aris siyvaruli~ (maTe
19:17; I ioane 4:8). mravalricxovan epiTetTa Soris RvTis arss da bunebas yvelaze
metad siyvaruli acnaurebs. siyvaruli aris imis mizezi, rom RmerTi aris sampi-
rovani (samsaxovani, samhipostasovani, samgvamovani).
RvTis srulyofil gonebas ganuzomeli siyvaruli eTanasworeba. siyvaruli ki
iTxovs obieqts, _ trfobis sagans, rom hpovos kmayofileba da netareba. adamiani
ver kmayofildeba garemomcveli bunebis: mcenareTa Tu cxovelTa, verc sakuTari
profesiis siyvaruliT da eZebs Tavis msgavss alersisaTvis, _ Svils. uzenaesis
tolswori, cxadia, qveynierebis verc erTi elementi ver iqneba. misi siyvaruli,
erTi da erTgvamovani rom iyos (anu marto), dauokebeli darCeba. qristianuli
Teologia am sakiTxs sampirovnulobiT wyvets: maradmoyvarul mamas hyavs marad-
sayvareli arseba _ mxolodSobili Ze, xolo mamas da Zes Tavsevleba wmida suli,
romelic aris mamis naTeli da siwmide, misi elvareba, misi sinaTle. amrigad, ar-
sebiT mTliani da erTiani absoluti gasamgvamovnebulia da atributebi, rac Camov-
TvaleT, samebis TiToeul wevrs miekuTvneba. ase rom, erTarseba-samebis faqti
anu RvTis samobiT arseboba gapirobebulia siyvarulis dauwereli da gardauvali
kanoniT. aqedan gasagebia netari avgustines sityvaTa arsi _ `vWvret samebas, Tu
siyvaruls vxedav~. siyvaruli gulisxmobs kavSirs da saRvTo wiaRSi, uzenaes
erTarsebaSi, maradiul mTlianobas mamisas, Zisas da suliwmidisas.
samebis wevrebs Soris amgvari urTierTmimarTebaa: mama siyvaruliT Sobs Tavis
tolsa da swors _ Zes. esaa bunebiT Soba, rac araa SemosazRvruli droiTa da
sivrciT; igi yovelTvis aResruleboda da aResruleba. mamis wiaRidan miwyiv `sxi-
vosndeba~ anu iSoba Ze. `mrwamsi~ gvamcnobs, rom ieso qriste aris mamisagan Sobil-
di ùwinares yovelTa saukuneTa~. samive hipostass _ mamas, Zes da suls _ aqvT
erTi Rirseba, erTi sisrule. amitom SehferiT erTnairi pativi da Tayvaniscema.
amasTanave: erTarseba _ sameba `ganuyoflad ganyofilia~. es niSnavs, rom samebis
pirebi ganirCevian piriseuli TvisebebiT: mama RmerTi aris uSobeli, _ arc iSoba
da arc gamomdinareobs aravisgan. igi Tavadaa mSobeli da gamomavlinebeli; Ze
RmerTi aris Sobili; suliwmida ki _ gamomavali. am ukanaskneli dogmis Sesaxeb
gvauwyebs ~mrwamsis~ me-8 wevri: `...romeli mamisagan gamovals~. dasavleTis eklesi-
aSi, romis sapatriarqoSi, es azri TiTqos daazustes da gaaformes ase: `... romeli
mamisagan da Zisagan gamovals~, e.i. romis kaTolikuri eklesiis TvalsazrisiT, su-
liwmida gamomdinareobs rogorc mamisagan, ise Zisagan, rac ar Seiwynara aRmosav-
leTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam.
samebis arsebas vizualurad mzis, siTbosa da sinaTlis urTierTmimarTeba asa-
Cinoebs. ar arsebobs mze siTbosa da sinaTlis gareSe, rogorc ukanasknelni _
pirvelwyaros, mzis diskos gareSe: sadacaa mze, aris siTboc da sinaTlec. aseve:

sadac mamaa, aris Ze, aris suliwmida da _ piruku. RmerTi yvelganaa. maSasadame,
wmida sameba madliTa da didebiT sufevs yvelgan da yovelTvis. Tu riT ganirCeva
Zis Soba wmida sulis gamosvlisagan, gonebiT amas ver mivwvdebiT.
saRmrTo werilSi, ZvelSic da axal aRTqmaSic, araerTgzisaa miniSnebuli RvTis
samobiT arseboba. bibliis komentatorebi Tvlian, rom abraamis sami stumari (dab.
18) samebis alegoriuli saxea. daviT winaswarmetyvelis sityvebSi: `sityviTa
uflisaTa cani daemtkicnes da suliTa pirisa misisaTa yoveli Zali maTi~ (ax.
Targm. ùflis sityviT Seiqmna zeca da misi bageebis qariT _ mTeli misi sakre-
bulo~) (fs. 32:6) `sityva~ Ze RmerTs udris, `suli~ (`qari~) _ wmida suls, ùfali~
_ mamaRmerTs. ufro mkafiod samebis saidumlo gamoTqmulia axal aRTqmaSi (maTe
28:19; 2 kor. 13:13), gansakuTrebiT _ ioane RvTismetyvelis mier: `samni mowmoben
zecad: mama, sityva da suliwmida; da es samni erTi arian~ (I ioane 5:7).
xiluli da araxiluli samyaro erTarseba-samebis Semoqmedebaa. marTalia, sameba
erTi nebiT, erTi ganzraxviT qmnis samyaros, magram calkeul pirTa roli Sesaqmis
procesSi sxvadasxvagvaria. Sesaqmis iniciatori aris mama, romelic Zis meSveobiT
qmnis samyaros suliwmidaSi. amis gamo Ze `Zalad~, anda `sityvad~ ixsenieba, rac
Cans ioanes Tavis pirvel muxlSi: `pirveliTgan iyo sityva da sityva igi iyo
RmrTisa Tana, da RmerTi iyo sityva igi~.
ase rom, cisa da qveynis Seqmnis iniciatori aris mamaRmerTi, uSualo aRmsru-
lebeli anu misi nebis moqmedi _ Ze, xolo srulmyofeli da madliT aRmavsebeli
_ wmida suli.
bibliuri kosmogoniis (samyaros Seqmnis) Tanaxmad qveyana samebis erTiani da
Tavisufali nebis Sedegad ararsobidan Seiqmna. Tu Ze mamisagan iSva bunebiTad,
umizezod, samyaro RmerTma ganzraxvis, survilis Sesabamisad daasaZirkvla.
ram ganapiroba es survili? _ siyvarulma, trfobisa da zrunvis sagnis wyur-
vilma. RmerTma aseT sagnad samyaro gamosaxa.
daismis kiTxva: Tuki RmerTi aris sikeTe da mxolod sikeTe, rogor aRmocenda
samyaroSi boroteba?
borotebas safuZveli anu wyaro ar gaaCnia. igi arasubstanciuri Zalaa da,
amdenad, warmavali, droebiTi. ukeTurebis simboloa bneleTi, sikeTisa ki sxivi
anu naTeli. sibneles anu Rames, gansxvavebiT dRisagan, wyaro, e.i. obieqturi mizezi
ar aqvs. igi maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac sxivi gardatydeba mrude gzis gamo anu
mzes (sinaTlis pirvelwyaros) myife sxeuli Camoefareba. ase Camowveba xolme jan-
Ri da yiameTi, rac iZleva da imusreba ciskris mier. dRe da naTeli uZlevelia,
radgan aqvT wyaro _ TvalSeudgami mze. Rame da ukuneTi ki moklebulia safuZvels,
radgan obieqturad ar arsebobs `sibnelis bude~ da pirvelmizezi. amgvarive ur-
TierTobaa sikeTesa da borotebas Soris. pirveli substanciuri da maradiulia,
meore _ droebiTi. sikeTes afrqvevs RmerTi, romelmac Seqmna yovelive. borotebas
Tesavs eSmaki anu satana, romelic RmerTs pirvelad eurCa da daadga ukeTurebis
gzas, Tumca keTil arsebad iyo Seqmnili.
RmerTma yvelaze adre cani anu araxiluli samyaro Seqmna. esaa gonier da uxor-
co ZalTa dasebi, romelTac angelozebs vuwodebT. àngelozi~ (àngelosi~) berZ-
nuli sityvaa da niSnavs `macnes~, `mauwyebels~. isini ecxadebian adamianebs da
amcnoben RvTis nebas, xels umarTaven da winamZRvroben keTil saqmeSi. maT auwyes
qveyanas macxovris Soba, misi aRdgoma, meored mosvlis gardauvaloba da a.S. ange-
lozTa ricxvi uTvalavia da iyofa dasebad. amaze pirvelad pavle mociqulma migva-
niSna, rodesac Tqva: `... masSi Seiqmna yoveli: miwieric da zecieric; xiluli Tu
uxilavi, saydarni Tu uflebani, mTavrobani Tu xelmwifebani. yvelaferi mis mier
da misTvis Seiqmna~ (kolas. 1:16). es codna ufro daazusta da gaacxada aRniSnuli
mociqulis mowafem dionise areopagelma, romelic Teologiis mamad iwodeba. mis
traqtatSi `ciuri ierarqiis Sesaxeb~ (axal qarTul enaze Targmna, Sesavali da
komentarebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem: `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1987, #3)
warmoCenilia angelozTa raoba. isini cxra gundad, cxra wyebad anu dasad ganiyo-
fian. maT erTmaneTTan ierarqiuli damokidebuleba aqvT, rasac ganapirobebs
RmerTTan metnaklebi siaxlovis faqtori. esenia (zemodan qvemoT): 1. serafimebi,
2. qerubimebi, 3. saydarni, 4. xelmwifebani, 5. uflebani, 6. Zalni, 7. mTavrobani,
8. mTavarangelozni da 9. angelozni. ierarqia aris Semecnebis zeaRmavali gza.
TiToeuli uqvemoesi dasi RvTiur naTels mxolod uzemoesis meSveobiT eziareba.
yvelaze qvemo arsebebi anu sakuTriv àngelozebi~ `mTavarangelozTa~ saSualebiT
iReben saRvTo xeldasxmas, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, xilul qveyanas gadascemen,
pirvel rigSi _ saeklesio ierarqias. zogadi suraTi aseTia: RmerTi Tavis nebas
da saTqmels pirvelad serafimebs auwyebs, serafimebi _ qerubimebs, qerubimebi _
saydarT, saydarni _ xelmwifebaT, xelmwifebani _ uflebaT, uflebani _ ZalT,
Zalni _ mTavrobaT, mTavrobani _ mTavarangelozT, mTavarangelozni _ angelozT.
ukanasknelni ki _ adamianebs. ase Seiqmna biblia. am azriTaa saRvTo werilis WeSma-
riti avtori RmerTi_sameba, romlis erT-erTi wevri _ wmida suli swored ange-
lozTa ierarqiuli kibis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba winaswarmetyvelebs da mociqu-
lebs.
RmerTma mxolod keTili angelozebi Seqmna, maTgan zogierTma borotad gamo-
iyena Tavisufleba, daadga RvTis sawinaaRmdego gzas, rasac Sedegad dacema mohyva.
uxilavi cis kabadonze demonebi anu boroti angelozebi (eSmakebi) gamoCndnen.
radgan isini RmerTs sakuTari surviliT gadaudgnen, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT
TviT daiwyevles Tavi anu ganeSornen madls, riTac adre aRvsilni iyvnen. ange-
lozTa am dass ewoda eSmaki anu satana, liuciferi, romelic gaxda borotebis
wyaro da niadagi.
marTalia, RvTis qmnileba eSmakis manqanebis gamo gauxeSda, magram pasuxismgeb-

loba adamianis kiserzea. igi gonieri arseba iyo da TviTkontrolis unari hqonda.
es pasuxismgebloba mis mxrebs dResac awevs, radgan mas SerCa RvTis beWedi, RvTis
naperwkali _ cnobiereba, goniereba, arCevanis unari, Tavisufleba. azrovneba is
unari da Tvisebaa, rac adamians cxovelisagan gamoarCevs.
gamosyidva. kacobriobas sakuTari ZalebiT ar SeeZlo pirvelcodvisa da misi
Sedegis ganqarveba. veranairi msxverpli, kacis xeliT gaRebuli, ver daakmayofi-
lebda danaSaulis zRvevis pirobas. gamomsyidveli msxverpli universaluri, zoga-
dadamianuri sicocxle unda yofiliyo anu msxverpli `yovelTa da yovelTaTvis~.
gamosyidva mxolod da mxolod uflis gankacebis, jvarcmis, sikvdilisa da aRd-
gomis meoxebiT SeiZleboda, rac sinamdviled iqca: caTa da miwis Semoqmedi gans-
xeulda da daibada konkretuli pirovnebis _ ieso qristes _ saxiT. qristianTa
rwmeniT, ieso qristem Tavi Tvisi TiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad gawira, raTa
gamovesyideT; man sakuTari sisxlis gaRebiT adamiani RmerTs Seariga.
qriste dedamiwas srul RmerTad da srul kacad, RmerTkacad moevlina. Sobis
Sedegad mas araferi daukargavs. piriqiT, Seimosa axali buneba da gaxda yovli-
TurT adamiani. amasTanave, rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, igi gankacda mokvdavi
da xrwnadi sxeuliT. es aucilebeli iyo gamosyidvis saidumlos srulyofisaTvis.
kerZod: adamians TviTon unda gaeRo msxverpli anu sakuTari nebiT etvirTa
sasjeli pirvelcodvis gamo. xsnis idea misTvis unda yofiliyo ara Tavsmoxveuli,
aramed sulisa da gulis amoZaxili. amitomac qriste daibada, gaizarda da mokvda
rogorc vinme Cvengani, oRond codvis gareSe. mas Sioda, scioda, stkioda da hqonda
Tavmoyvareobisa da sircxvilis gancdac.
ramdenad aucilebeli iyo jvarcmiT sikvdili?
jvari, Teologiuri TvalsawieriT, aris msxverpli _ macxovris qvelmoqmedeba
da vneba. saboloo jamSi, jvrad qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis sisavse gaiazreba.
misi simboloa sasmisi da dakluli kravi. gavixsenoT samebis xatebi, kerZod, andria
rubliovis `sameba~, sadac trapezze warmodgenilia Tasi zvarakis TaviTurT, rac
mianiSnebs, rom RvTis Zis msxverplad Sewirvis garduvaloba ganWvretili, ganCine-
buli da uwyebuli iyo winaswar, dasabamSive. swored am msxverpls gulisxmobda
moZRvari, rodesac ambobda: `mamao, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, Tanawarmxedin sasumeli
ese~ (maTe 26:39). es sasmisi aris igive jvari, razec nebayoflobiT daemsWvala
qriste, xolo jvarcmis winasaxe da winaswarmetyveleba _ sapaseqo kravi da, zoga-
dad, Zveli aRTqmis msxverpli, romelmac realuri saxe golgoTaze miiRo. ioane
RvTismetyvelis `gamocxadebis~ Tanaxmad, esaa `kravi dakluli uwinares soflis
dabadebisa~ (gamocx. 13:8), rac cxadyofs qristes, rogorc WeSmariti zvarakis,
jvarcmis, vnebisa da sikvdilis winagangebulebas. amis safuZvelze SemuSavda dogma
patiosani da cxovelmyofeli jvris xelTuqmnelobisa; igi gaigivda maradiul
sasmisTan, romelic amqveynad unda `Seesva~ qristes (maTe 20:22; 26:39; ioane 18:11).
jvari iTvleboda dasjis iaraRad umZimesi danaSaulisaTvis. igi, saxeobrivad
rom vTqvaT, ireklavda sazogadoebis znedacemul fenas da warmoadgenda cxovre-
bis Waobs. ufro sworad, Waobis WenWyobs, sadac ara erTi da ori pirovneba CaZiru-
liyo. Tuki vinme moisurvebda maT gadarCenas, unda Casuliyo iq, CaesunTqa myrali
haeri da egema dampali balaxebi. es tvirTi Tavsido ieso qristem, `romeli jvar-
secva CvenTvis, kacTaTvis, da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis...~ amiT man adamis Svilebs
cxovrebis xesTan misasvleli gza gauxsna. jvari Tavadaa ukvdavebis xe. gavixsenoT
`cxovrebis xe~, romelic Semdgom, codviT dacemis gamo, adamianis Tvals miefara
(dab. 3:24). wuTisofelSi mxolod misi Zalis aRorZinebas SeeZlo sikvdilis daT-
rgunva... da radgan jvari aris ukvdavebis xe, masze damsWvalvis Sedegad macxovari
aRdga da amaRlda. amis gamo yovelma, visac surs cxoneba, es gza unda gaiaros. am
gzaze dadgoma niSnavs qristesTan, mis sikvdilTan, _ `masSi sikvdilTan~ ziarebas,
wilis dadebas. es ideali, marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa rwmeniT, eklesiis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
eklesiologia. eklesia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `krebuls~, `sazogadoebas~,
èrs~ (ara naciis gagebiT). maSasadame, yofiTi azriT, eklesias aqvs ori mniSvne-
loba: 1. aris morwmuneTa sazogadoeba da 2. saxli, sadac morwmuneebi ikribebian.
Teologiuri TvalTaxedviT eklesia aris qristes sxeuli, gvami, xolo TiToeuli
morwmune _ misi esa Tu is nawili, aso. amdenad, eklesia aerTianebs qristes mor-
wmuneebs, vinc unda iyvnen isini, _ yvelas da yovelgan myofT, cocxlebsac da
mkvdrebsac. igi, amis gamo, arsiT erTiania da ganuyofeli, magram mainc ornawi-
ledi: zeciuri da amqveyniuri anu uxilavi da xiluli. isini arsobrivad Seadgenen
erT samwysos erTi da imave mwyemsmTavrisa _ RmrTisa. qveyniuri eklesia ibrZvis
da gzad imyofeba jerac, meore ki, zecis eklesia, ukve zeimobs gamarjvebas, radgan
ewia ideals. aqedan cxadia daskvna: amqveyniuri eklesia, wuTisoflis darad, dam-
Zimebulia sxvadasxva codviT, zeciuri ki aris yovliTurT mrTeli da umwikvlo.
pirvels uwodeben `qvaTa eklesias~, xorcTa eklesias, mebrZol eklesias, romelic
iswrafvis da eltvis meores, uzemoess, WeSmarit ideals _ ciurs, mozeimes anu
medResaswauleTa eklesias. eklesias uxmoben agreTve sZlad, radgan misi saboloo
mizani qristesTan WeSmariti da mistiuri qorwilia.
eklesiis Seuqmnelobisa da maradiulobis rwmena ZvelTaganve msWvalavs kaTo-
like eklesias. es rwmena pavle mociqulis mier asea Camoyalibebuli: `nuTu ar
iciT, rom RvTis taZari xarT da RvTis suli cocxlobs TqvenSi? Tu vinme azianebs
RvTis taZars, RmerTi daazianebs mas, radgan wmidaa RvTis taZari da es Tqvena
xarT~ (I kor. 3:16-17). pirveli saukunis erT homiliaSi, romelic klimenti romaels
miewereba, vkiTxulobT: `vfiqrob, ara xarT umecarni imisa, rom cxoveli eklesia
aris sxeuli qristesi, radganac ambobs werili: `qmna RmerTma adamiani mamakacad
da dedakacad~. `mamakaci~ es aris qriste, xolo `dedakaci~ eklesia. winaswarmety-

velTa da mociqulTa bageebi gvmoZRvravs, rom eklesia gaCnda ara axla, aramed _
dasabamSive. igi iseve sulieri iyo, rogorc Cveni ieso da ukanasknel xans es ekle-
sia Cven mxsnelad mogvevlina anu eklesia, romelic sulieri iyo, ganivTda, xiluli
gaxda ieso qristes sxeulSi...~
maSasadame, eklesiis maradiulobisa da qristes sxeulTan misi arsobrivi gaigi-
vebis rwmena eklesiis Zveli rwmenaa.
xiluli eklesia, romelic geografiuli adgilis, saRvTismsaxuro enisa da
tradiciebis mixedviT ramdenime msxvil erTeulad iyofa, dafuZnebulia Tavad
ieso qristes mier im sityvebis safuZvelze, riTac mimarTa petres: `Sen xar klde,
da kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesia Cemi da bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereoden mas~
(maT. 16:18). eklesiis pirvelmosaxleni mociqulebi arian (saqm. 2:1-7). maT Camoaya-
libes qristes dobilTa da ZmobilTa sazogadoeba da daasaZirkvles eklesia, gana-
naTles msoflio da naTlisRebis xelmwifeba mimadles mosaydreebs anu episko-
posebs (zedamxedvelebs), mosaydreebma _ TavianT mosaydreebs da ase Semdeg, vidre
aqamomde. es jaWvi, apostoluri mosaydreoba anu samociqulo xeldasxmis uw-
yvetoba, arasdros gawyvetila da arc gawydeba. amis gamo eklesia iwodeba samoci-
qulod. mociqulTa memkvidreni arian episkoposebi, romlebic, marTlmadidebelTa
da kaTolikeTa rwmeniT, iseve aucilebelni arian eklesiisaTvis, rogorc sunTqva
adamianisaTvis da mze _ qveynierebisaTvis.
wuTisofelSi eklesiis misia pirvelcodvis ganqarveba da, amdenad, codvili
adamianebis moZieba, gamosworeba da cxonebaa. mis xelSi ori saSualebaa: moZRvreba
da saeklesio saidumloebebi.
saeklesio saidumloTa ricxvi udris Svids. arc mets da arc naklebs _ garda
am raodenobisa, marTlmadidebeli da kaTolikuri eklesiebi ar cnoben. esenia:
1. naTlisReba.
2. mironcxeba.
3. mRvdloba anu mRvdelmsaxurad xeldasxma.
4. usisxlo msxverpli anu evqaristia, e.i. wirva da ziareba.
5. qorwineba.
6. sinanuli, romlis Semadgeneli nawili aRsarebaa.
7. zeTiscxeba.
naTlisReba eklesiis karibWed iwodeba, ziareba ki _ gvirgvinad. naTlisRebis
wyalobiT morwmune axal kacad ibadeba da eklesiis wevri xdeba. ziareba ki mas
sisxliT da xorciT idealTan, e.i. qristesTan akavSirebs.
naTlisRebis Sinaarsi areklilia sagalobelSi: `raodenTa qristes mier naTeli
gviRebies da qriste Segvimosies, aliluia!~ WeSmariti da sulieri naTlisReba
maSin aResruleba, rodesac pirovneba gardaiqmneba da ganaxldeba. am SemTxvevaSi
igi pirvelcodvis batonobisganac Tavisufldeba da piradi codvebic exsneba, rac
naTlobamde Caudenia. naTlisReba morwmuneebs aniWebs beWeds. mis arsebaSi
suliwmida Semodis, romelic maradis da ukunisamde masSi ivanebs, oRond pirov-
nebis nebas ar Trgunavs: unarCunebs arCevanis, TviTgamorkvevis uflebas. naTlis-
Rebis beWedi waruSlelia. am saidumlos aRsrulebis Semdeg ama Tu im adamianma
aTasi codva rom Caidinos da, gnebavT, rjulic uaryos, SeuZlebelia kanonierad
monaTlulis xelmeored monaTvla. marTlmadidebel da kaTolikur eklesiebSi
arsebobs kanonikuri wesi, romlis Tanaxmad naTlisReba unda aResrulos kaTak-
mevelis (xmobilis) sufTa wyalSi STaflviT, anda sxurebiT xeldasxmuli mRvdlis
mier. mxolod gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSia Sesawynarebeli, rom es saqme Tavsidos ri-
giTma moqalaqem, romelsac Rrmad aqvs gacnobierebuli RvTaebrivi naTlobis mniS-
vneloba. zogadad unda aRvniSnoT, rom naTlobam, sxva ritualis msgavsad, ocsa-
ukunovani istoriis gzaze ganicada zogierTi cvlileba, rac aramc da aramc ar
Sexebia mis Sinagan mxares.
eklesiebSi Zveli droidanve damkvidrebulia CvilTa monaTvlis tradicia, rac
XVI I s-Si ultraprotestantebma uaryves da igi arasaxarebiseul movlenad gamo-
acxades. es sakiTxi Zveli tradiciebis mimdevar eklesiebsa da Tanamedrove deno-
minaciebs Soris dRemde cxare debatebs iwvevs.
naTlisReba adamians cxonebis Sanssa da potencias hgvris, magram ara garantias.
mis mier gakvaluli gza bolovdeba ziarebiT, rasac winuZRvis sinanuli, e.i. gul-
Semusrva, marxva, locva da aRsareba. ukanaskneli niSnavs codvaTa aRiarebas suli-
eri moZRvris winaSe da, am gziT, sindisis Semsubuqebas. morwmunes mxolod sina-
nulis anu metanoiis, e.i. cnobierebis dawmendisa da ukeTur CvevaTa daZlevis
Semdeg eZleva locva-kurTxeva ziarebisa, romelic eklesiis idealia. amitom uwo-
deben mas yovladuwmidess, gansakrTomels, anda _ saSinel saidumlos; miageben
udides pativs da ixsenieben krZalviT da ridiT.
evqaristiis anu liturgiis (Jamiswirvis) qveS igulisxmeba sisxliani msxver-
plis nacvlad uflisadmi Semusrvili sulisa da gulis ZRvna. amis gamo evqa-
ristias ùsisxlo msxverplis Sewirvasac~ uwodeben, rac aResruleba sazogado
msaxurebis anu liturgiis Sedegad. liturgiis dros iwireba usisxlo msxver-
pli, _ puri da Rvino, romelic moaqvT morwmuneebs ganwmendil sindisTan da
locvasTan erTad. am purs, sagangebod gamomcxvars, uwodeben sefiskvers, e.i.
sameufo (samefo) kvers, xolo Rvinos _ zedaSes. purs daseraven da daWrian,
RvinoSi ki marTlmadidebeli qristianebi wyals Seureven macxovris orbunebov-
nebis Sesabamisad. esaa `kveTa~, rac udris berZnul `proskomidias~ _ winadagebas.
igi winauZRvis liturgias da asaxierebs macxovris jvarze damsWvalvas. amis Semdeg
winadagebuli ZRveni (puri da Rvino) gadaaqvT sakurTxevlis trapezze (magidaze)
da iwyeba wirva anu usisxlo msxverplis gadaarseba ieso qristes WeSmarit sisxlad
da xorcad.

es saidumlo Tavad ufalma daasaZirkvla sapaseqo sufraze, rasac gvamcnoben
saxarebani (maTe 26:20-29; markozi 14:17-25; luka 22:14-23) da mociquli pavle
(I kor. 11:23-25). qristianTa SegnebiT es iyo ukanaskneli paseqi. imJams dafuZnda
axali msxverplSewirva, axali religia da axali cnobiereba. saidumlo serobaze
gacxadda axali sazogadoebis, adamianTa axali urTierTobis, eklesiis arsi: esaa
ara biologiuri, ara sisxlismieri, aramed sulieri ojaxi, romelic daarsda
macxovris sityvebis safuZvelze: èse ars sisxli Cemi axlisa aRTqmisa TqvenTvis
da mravalTaTvis daTxeuli misatevebelad codvaTa... amas hyofdiT mosaxsenebe-
lad Cemda~. marTlmadideblebs da kaTolikebs swamT, rom ziarebiseuli puri da
Rvino ieso qristes WeSmariti sisxli da xorcia. aRmosavleTis patriarqTa epis-
toleSi, romelic maT inglisel qristianebs me-18 s-Si gaugzavnes, vkiTxulobT:
`gvwams, rom am mRvdelmsaxurebaSi Tanamyofobs Cveni ufali ieso qriste. Tanac,
Tanamyofobs ara simbolurad, ara saxeobrivad, ara martoden madlis sisavsiT,
rogorc es danarCen saidumloebebSia, ara mxolod mofeniT, rogorc zogierTi
mama ambobda amas naTlisRebis Sesaxeb, ara puris ganmsWvalviT, e.i. ara luTeris
mimdevarTa sakmaod uxeSi da uRirsi ganmartebisebr, rom evqaristiisaTvis gan-
kuTvnil purs TiTqos mxolod sityvis RvTiuroba moicavs mtkiced, aramed _ WeS-
maritad da realurad. ase rom, purisa da Rvinis kurTxeviT puri gardaiqmneba,
gardaarsdeba, Seicvleba da gardaisaxeba Tavad RvTis WeSmarit xorcad, romelic
beTlems iSva qalwulisagan, naTeliRo iordaneSi, ivno, daefla, aRdga, amaRlda,
mjdomare ars marjveniT mamisa da gamoCndeba zeciur RrubelTa zeda. Rvino ki
gardaiqmneba da gadaarsdeba RvTis WeSmarit sisxlad, romelic jvarze vnebis
dros daiRvara cxovrebisaTvis qveynisa. kvlavad gvwams, rom kurTxevis Semdeg
puri da Rvino Cveulebriv purad da Rvinod ki ar rCebian, aramed gardaiqmnebian
RvTis xorcad da sisxlad, oRond purisa da Rvinis formiTa da saxiT~.
aqedan cxadia isic, rom liturgikuli purisa da Rvinis arsebas yvela qristi-
anuli aRmsarebloba erTnairad ar iziarebs. marTlmadideblebs, kaTolikebsa da
protestantebis nawils swamT, rom evqaristiis dros puri da Rvino saidumlod
da uxilavad gadaarsdeba da macxovris WeSmarit sisxlad da xorcad Seiqmneba,
Tumca garegnulad purad da Rvinod rCeba. am rwmenas pirvelad luTeri aumxedrda
da Camoayaliba Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac evqaristiuli puri da Rvino mxolod
da mxolod imsWvaleba ieso qristes sisxlisa da xorcis madliT, e.i. pursa da
Rvinos RvTis sityvis RvTiuroba mxolod efineba da gadaarseba ar xdeba. es
Teoria momdevno TaobaTa protestantebma gaaRrmaves da evqaristiuli puri da
Rvino qristes sisxlisa da xorcis simboloebad cnes.
evqaristiis mizani morwmuneTa Soris esqatologiuri molodinis anu qristes
meored mosvlis rwmenis gaRvivebaa.
esqatologia niSnavs moZRvrebas saboloo dReze. Cveni mkiTxvelisaTvis ucxo
ar unda iyos bibliuri rwmena qveynis dasasrulsa da mkvdarTa aRdgomaze, rac
formulirebulia `mrwamsis~ me-7, me-11 da me-12 wevrebad. iq naTqvamia, rom ieso
qriste kvlav mova dedamiwaze; aRdgebian mkvdrebi da SevabijebT mermis saukuneSi.
ras niSnavs `mermisi~?
RvTis winaSe aTasi weli erT dRes udris (fs. 89:9). ramdenadac `Sesaqmis~ wigni
Svidi dRis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, bibliuri Svidi dRe SeiZleba moviazroT 7 aTas
wlad. amis analogiiT qristianTa Soris fexi moikida rwmenam, rom qveyana SvidaTas
wels iarsebebs. mere dadgeba misi aRsasruli da meored mova macxovari ieso. wu-
Tisoflis arsebobis Svid aTas wels Svid saukunes uwodebdnen, xolo momaval
cxovrebas _ merves. ase warmoiSva specifikuri termini merve anu mermisi saukune.
merve saukune aris aRTqmis ideali anu caTa sasufeveli, rasac, cnobierad Tu
qvecnobierad, Segnebulad Tu gauazreblad, eltvoda da eltvis wuTisoflis
yoveli elementi, _ suldgmuli Tu minerali, gonieri Tu pirutyvi, xeprec da
mecnieric. esaa samoTxe da edemi, sadac vmkvidrobdiT. iq ki mkvdreTiT aRdgomis
Semdeg davbrundebiT.
`mkvdarTa aRdgoma~ niSnavs im sxeulebis gacxovelebas, romlebic amqveynad
SeerTebuli iyvnen sulebTan. gvami sruliad ganxrwnili da ganqarvebuli romc
iyos, mainc ganaxldeba, radgan bunebaSi araferi ikargeba. yoveli suli myisierad
moZebnis sakuTar sxeuls, anda am sxeulis gardasaxul-gadagvarebul nawilebs da
aRdgeba. TiToeuli pirovneba xorciTurT aRdgeba, magram ara imgvari xorciT,
riTac roninebda wuTisofelSi, e.i. _ mokvdaviTa da xrwnadiT, aramed _ uxrwneliT
da ukvdaviT, _ iseTiT, rogoric adams codvamde emosa.
am uidumales sakiTxze mociquli Semdegnairad msjelobs:
`... viRaca ityvis: rogor aRdgebian mkvdrebi? an romeli sxeuliT movlen? ugu-
nuro, rasac Sen Tesav, ver icocxlebs, Tuki ar mokvda. da roca Tesav, momaval
sxeuls ki ar Tesav, aramed SiSvel marcvals, sulerTia, iqneba es purisa Tu sxva
marcvleulis Tesli. magram RmerTi aZlevs maT sxeuls, rogoric nebavs, da
TviTeul Tesls _ Tavis sxeuls.
`yoveli xorci erTi da igive xorci rodia, aramed sxvaa xorci kacTa, sxva _
pirutyvTa xorci, sxva _ Tevzebisa, sxva frinvelebis. arian sxeulni zecierni da
sxeulni miwierni, magram sxvaa zecierTa dideba, da sxva _ miwierTa. sxvaa dideba
mzisa, sxvaa dideba mTvarisa, sxva _ varskvlavebis; da varskvlavi varskvlavisagan
gansxvavdeba didebiT.
àseve mkvdarTa aRdgomisasac: iTeseba xrwnilebaSi, aRdgeba uxrwnelebaSi; iTe-
seba damcirebaSi, aRdgeba didebaSi; iTeseba uZlurebaSi, aRdgeba ZlierebaSi; iTe-
seba sxeuli mSvinvieri, aRdgeba sxeuli sulieri. aris sxeuli mSvinvieri da aris
sxeuli sulieri.
àha, getyviT Tqven saidumlos: yvelani rodi movkvdebiT, magram yvelani Sevic-

vlebiT erT wamSi, Tvalis daxamxamebaSi, rodesac daigrgvinebs ukanaskneli sayvi-
ri... xolo rodesac xrwnadi Semosavs uxrwnelebas da mokvdavi Seimosavs ukvdave-
bas, maSin aRsruldeba sityva dawerili: dainTqa sikvdili ZleviT. sad aris, sikv-
dilo, nestari Seni? sad aris, jojoxeTo, Zleva Seni?~ (I kor. 15:35-55).
mkvdarTa aRdgomisa da qveynis ganaxlebis garduvalobas mociqulTa Tanamo-
sagre papi klimenti ase asabuTebs: `sayvarelno, davukvirdeT, Tu rogor saCinos
xdis meufe momavali aRdgomis dauyovnebliv aRsrulebas, romlis saTaved man
ufal ieso qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgoma dagvisaxa. vnaxoT, sayvarelno, JamiTi-
Jamad qmnili aRdgoma. dRe da Rame gvicxadebs Cven aRdgomas: rodesac Rame mi-
iZinebs, dRe aRdgeba, xolo rodesac dRe gadava, Rame mogveaxleba. an Tundac
xili vnaxoT: rogor da ra saxiT mimdinareobs Tesva? gamovida mTesveli da mimo-
yara miwaze yoveli Tesli, romlebic miwaze dacemisas gamxmarni da SiSvelni iyvnen.
amitomac jer daiSalnen, Semdeg ki uflis winagangebis sidiadem daSlilobisagan
aRadgina isini da manve erTisagan mravali nayofi aRmoacena da gamoiRo. vnaxoT
aRmosavleTis, kerZod, arabeTis mxareebSi qmnili ucnauri saswauli: aris frinve-
li, romelsac feniqss uwodeben. igi martosuli cxovrobs xuTasi weli. Semdeg ki,
rodesac kvdomisa da daRupvis Jami daudgeba, es frinveli TviT ikeTebs TavisTvis
samares sakmevelisagan, mironisagan da sxva nelsacxeblebisagan, sadac miva aRsas-
rulis Jams da iq aResruleba. rodesac gaixrwneba gvami, iSveba raRac matli, rome-
lic izrdeba momkvdari cxovelis sinotiveSi, frTiandeba da rodesac mTlad momZ-
lavrdeba, aiRebs im samares, sadac misi winamorbedis Zvlebia, itvirTavs mas da
arabeTidan waiRebs egvipteSi, egreT wodebul heliopolisSi. dRisiT, yvelas
Tvalwin, mzis samsxverploze afrindeba igi, iq daawyobs Zvlebs da TviT ukan gamo-
eSureba. qurumebi gasinjaven matianeebs da aRmoaCenen, rom xuTasi wlis Tavze
mosula es frinveli~ (Targmna ediSer WeliZem).
mkvdreTiT yvela micvalebuli aRdgeba: marTalic da codvilic, morwmunec da
urwmunoc. ganaxldeba yvela sxeuli, magram Seimoseba sxvadasxva RirsebiT da
pativiT TavTavianTi damsaxurebis kvalobaze: Rirseulni caTa sasufevels daim-
kvidreben, ukeTurni ki miecemian saukuno satanjvels anu jojoxeTs. amrigad,
qriste meored mosvlis Jams gamarTavs sayovelTao samsjavros, ganikiTxavs
TiToeul Cvengans da marTalTaTvis samoTxes ganaCinebs, SebilwulTaTvis _
jojoxeTs (Sdr. maTe 25:31-45).
rodis dadgeba qveynis aRsasruli da saSineli samsjavro anu apokalifsuri Jami?
ufali gvauwyebs: ìm dRisa da im saaTisa aravin araferi icis, arc angelozebma
caSi, arc Zem, aramed mxolod mamam~ (mark. 13:32; maTe 24:36). maSasadame, àpoka-
lifsuri Jami~ aris usaidumloesi da misi konkretulad miTiTeba ar xelewifeba
RvTis Zesac ki, rogorc, amave dros, xorcSesxmul arsebas da yovliTurT adamians.
ioane oqropiri ganmartavs saxarebis aRniSnul muxls da ambobs, rom ufalma mos-
vlis TariRis ~ara mxolod gamocnoba, aramed TviT Ziebac ki akrZala~. am dRis
dadgomas morwmune yovel wams unda elodebodes da Tavs amzadebdes. amitomaa, rom
meored mosvlis winaswarmetyveluri gamoTvlebi ara marto damajereblobasaa
moklebuli, aramed upirispirdeba saRmrTo werilis princips da suliskveTebas.
moZRvris valia, pavle mociqulis msgavsad, mrevls yoveldRe afrTxilebdes: àha,
moiwia dRe qristesi~ (2 Tes. 2:2) da aTi qalwulis igavs axsenebdes (maTe 25:1-13).
ismis kiTxva: saSiSia Tu sanatreli meored mosvla? _ erTic da meorec, radgan
esaa codvilTa sasjeli da marTalTa jildo. da radgan TiToeul pirovnebaSi
Tanaarsebobs avic da kargic, codvac da madlic, mermisi saukune erTdroulad
gvafrTxobs da gvxiblavs. gvafrTxobs samsjavro da gvxiblavs religiis ideali,
_ axali cxovreba, axali sazogadoeba, axali ierusalimi, axali ca da axali miwa,
rac ufalma cxadliv auwya esaia winaswarmetyvels:
~amova ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvis amonayari gaixarebs. daivanebs masze
uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa, suli
Segnebisa da uflis SiSisa. is uflis SiSiT isuldgmulebs, danaxuliT ar gansjis
da gagoniliT ar daiwyebs mxilebas. simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT, sisworiT
ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT. dahkravs miwas Tavis bageTa kverTxs da Tavis piris-
qariT boroteuls moakvdinebs. simarTle iqneba sartylad mis welze da siwrfele
sartylad mis ferdebze. dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad da vefxvi dabinavdeba
cikanTan erTad. xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi
wauZRveba maT. Zroxa da deda daTvi erTad mosZoven da maTi Svilebi erTmaneTis
gverdiT dawvebian, lomi ZroxasaviT SeWams Calas. ZuZuTa bavSvi unasis xvrelTan
iTamaSebs da ZuZuanasxleti aspitis budeSi Cayofs xels. aravin iborotebs da
aravin ibilwebs mTel Cem wmida mTaze, radgan aivseba miwa uflis codniT, rogorc
zRva aris wylebiT dafaruli. im dRes xalxTa droSad idgeba ieses fesvi da misken
daiwyeben denas tomebi; dideba iqneba misi saSvebeli. im dRes meored gaiwvdis
ufali xels, rom gamoisyidos Tavisi eris natamali...~ (11:1-11).
yvelasaTvis saocnebo dRes arsobrivad da realurad gamrTeldeba Catexili
xidi, aRdgeba kavSiri adamiansa da RmerTs Soris. Seimusreba `mTavari igi amis
soflisai~, e.i. eSmaki, romelic gvelis saxiT moevlina adamsa da evas; acduna isini
da istoriis manZilze Tesavda RvarZlsa da mtrobas. fers icvlis da gardaiqmneba
yoveli arsebuli. gakeTilSobildeba mgelic da qvewarmavalic. gaxdeba SesaZle-
beli, rom, `vefxistyaosnis~ finaluri sityvis Tanaxmad, _ `Txa da mgeli erTad
Zovdes~. metic, _ gveli daibrunebs bunebas, riTac is RmerTma Seqmna (da rac Rmer-
Tma qmna, keTilad qmna). igi ganimsWvaleba siyvaruliT da, vaJa-fSavelas talantsac
rom vuxmoT, mwed da mkurnalad moevlineba adamis modgmas, romelsac `baxtrionSi~
asaxierebs beri luxumi, omgadaxdili da valmoxdili. poemis finali gvelisa da
adamianis daZmobilebis SesaZleblobas gvamcnobs. es scena, STagonebuli esaias

apokalifsuri xilviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris mTis geniosis bibliuri msoflgage-
bis mwvervali da Cvenc wertils davsvamT misi citirebis Semdeg:
... dafiqrda gveli Zlierad,
guli evseba braliTa.
bevris codvebis moqmedsa
gadaubrunda guneba:
ra sibraluliT imsWvalvis
misi gveluri buneba!
zed gadaawva, mkerdzeda
wyluls ulokavda eniTa.
Tan mkerds usvelebs mxedarsa
cremlebis CamodeniTa.
ayruebs tyesa da velsa
oxvriTa ramodeniTa!
mTels erTs Tves ase uvlida
adamis tomis mteria,
borotebis gza gauSva,
keTili dauWeria!
saWmelsac TviTon uzidavs,
asmevs wyals laRis mTisasa;
Ram-Ram zRaparsac uambobs
oris obolis Zmisasa.
amboben: SaaZlebina
sneulso fexze dadgoma;
eRirsebao luxumsa
laSaris gorze Sadgoma.
RvTismsaxureba
RvTismsaxurebis ori saxe arsebobs: kerZo da sazogado. kerZo RvTismsaxureba
niSnavs individis pirad saubars RmerTTan an RvTaebriv arsebasTan (angelozTan,
wmindanTan). laparakia savedrebel an samadlobel locvebze sakuTari TavisaTvis,
sxvisTvis an sxvaTaTvis, kerZo SemTxvevebisaTvis (naTlisReba, wesis ageba da a.S.),
rac SeiZleba erTmac aRasrulos da bevrmac, magram es mainc kerZo msaxureba
iqneba. sazogado RvTismsaxureba ewodeba liturgias, rac berZnuli sityvaa da
èris saqmes~, `sazogado saqmes~ niSnavs. am dros sxvadasxva eris, sxvadasxva klasis,
sxvadasxva stilis adamianebi RmerTs erTi suliT da erTi guliT adideben.
RvTismsaxurebis orive tipi saTaves saxarebidan iRebs. ieso qristem rogorc
individualuri locvis, ise sazogado locvisa da msaxurebis magaliTi mogvca.
is martoc loculobda da sxvebTan erTadac; pirvelis saWiroebasac qadagebda
da meorisasac.
pirveli sazogado msaxureba (liturgia) ufalma Tavad aRasrula. esaa saidum-
lo seroba, romelmac ZvelaRTqmiseuli msxverplSewirva gaauqma da axalaRTqmi-
seul msxverplSewirvas dasabami misca (zemoT SedarebiT vrclad visaubreT).
msxverpli aq samadlobeli locvebia, romelsac morwmuneebi aRavlenen da uflis
sisxlsa da xorcs eziarebian. ukanasknelni warmodgenilia Rvinisa da puris saxiT
da maTTan ziareba liturgiis anu evqaristiis mwvervali da idealia (èvqe~ ber-
Znulad locvas, èvqaristia~ locvaTa Sewirvas niSnavs). am procesis Zveli qarTu-
li saxelwodeba Jamiswirva, Jamis Sewirvaa. rogorc kerZo, ise sazogado msaxure-
bis teqstebi (locvebi, sagaloblebi, asamaRleblebi da wesgangebebi) gaerTiane-
bulia saerTo saxelwodebis qveS _ liturgika.
RvTismsaxurebis ganuyofeli nawili medResaswauleoba anu, berZnulad, eorta-
logiaa.
sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis mizniT eklesiam Rirssaxsovar dReebs ZvelTaganve
pativi miago da SeimuSava sauflo, saRvTismSoblo, wmida mowameTa da sanatrel
movlenaTa dResaswaulebis cikli, rac TandaTan, saeklesio-saRvTismetyvelo
codnisa da praqtikis gamdidrebis kvaldakval, ivseboda da ixveweboda; yalibde-
boda qristianuli kalendari; iTxzveboda agiografiuli cxovrebani da sagalo-
belni, rac morwmuneTa STagonebis dauvsebeli wyaroa.
dResaswaulebze morwmuneTa konsolidacia xdeba. sagangebo RvTismsaxurebam
maT unda gaaxsenos is, rasac dResaswauloben; unda ganaaxlos madli, riTac
sagulisxmebel Jams Seimosa qveyana; maT Sinagan samyaroSi unda ganmeordes `mas
Jamsa Sina~ aRsrulebuli sikeTe.
SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ra mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis ama Tu im saRvTo movlenas
_ Sobas, aRdgomas da sxva? Teologebi upasuxeben: araviTari, anda umniSvnelo,
Tuki Cvens arsebaSi kvlav ar aResruleba! netar avgustines uTqvams: `Soba ese
miwyiv aResruleboda da aResruleba, magram Tu igi CemSi ar aRsruldeba, ra
sargebelia CemTvis?~ mTavaria, CemSi aRsruldes. qristes Soba, magaliTad, aRes-
ruleba maradisobaSi, yovel wams da yovel Jams; aResrula drosa da sivrceSi,
beTlemSi da unda aResrulos pirovnebis sulSi. arsebobs Segoneba: `Tavad unda
iqce mariamad da Sobo ieso!~ amdenad, saRvTo dResaswaulebis mizania, rom TiTo-
euli morwmunis gulSi iSvas macxovari ieso qriste, naTeliRos, feri icvalos,
aRdges da amaRldes, raTa mlocvelma Tavadac daidos wili uflis Rvawlsa da
misiaSi _ aRdges masTan erTad, feri icvalos, gardaiqmnas, amaRldes.
dResaswaulebis raodenoba saeklesio cxovrebis gamdidrebisa da gamraval-
ferovnebis kvaldakval izrdeboda. yvelaze Zveli sauflo anu ieso qristes am-

qveyniur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebia. siZveliT da RirsebiT maT
saRvTismSoblo dResaswaulebi mosdevs. maT gverdiTaa wmida mowameTa da moRva-
weTa xsenebani, romelTa damsaxurebis warmoCenas eklesiam Tavidanve gansakuT-
rebuli pativi miago. IV-V ss-Si Camoyalibda sauflo-saRvTismSoblo da wmida
xsenebaTa mdidari cikli, romelsac dRes kalendars vuwodebT. sxvaa astronomi-
uli kalendari, romelic saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo cxovrebas aregulirebs
da sxvaa saeklesio kalendari, romelic sinamdvileSi aris saeklesio ganawesi,
rigi (ordo) da romelsac warmomavlobiT astronomiul kalendarTan kavSiri ara
aqvs. dResaswaulTa ganawess eklesia astronomiuli kalendris ama Tu im sistemas
praqtikuli miznebiT usadagebs.
kalendari laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs drois SedarebiT xangrZliv periode-
bad _ dReebad, kvireebad, Tveebad, weliwadebad da saukuneebad _ danawilebisa da
aRricxvis sistemas. ZiriTadia ori: mTvarisa da mzis kalendari. qristianuli
dResaswaulebidan moZravni pirvelTan arian misadagebulni, uZravni _ meoresTan.
mzis kalendris Tanaxmad erTi tropikuli anu zusti weliwadi udris dedamiwis
erT garemoqcevas mzis garSemo. aq Tavs iCens sirTule: erTi tropikuli weli
Sedgeba dRe-RameTa ara mTeli, aramed wiladi ricxvisagan _ 365, 2422 dRe-Rami-
sagan anu 365 dRe-Ramis, 5 saaTis, 48 wuTisa da 46 wamisagan, e.i. yoveli wlis bolos
rCeba, naSTis saxiT, zedmeti dro _ zednadebi. yvelaze srulfasovnad iTvleba
welTaRricxvis is sistema, rac dReisaTvis sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli. misi
istoria mokled aseTia: iulius keisarma Cvens eramde 45 wels egvipteli astro-
nomis sozigenes rCeviT SemoiRo sistema, romlis mixedviT yoveli momdevno sami
wlis xangrZlivoba udris 365 dRes, xolo yoveli meoTxisa _ 366 (esaa nakiani
weliwadi, rodesac Tebervali 29 dRe-Rames iTvlis). amrigad, weliwadis saSualo
xangrZlivobaa 365,25 dRe-Rame, rac Zalian axloa tropikuli weliwadis xangrZli-
vobasTan (365, 2422). iuliusis kalendari qristianulma eklesiam xmarebaSi SemoiRo
325 wels, magram amiT problema ver gadaiWra. oTxi wlis manZilze dagrovili
CamorCena, iuliusis saSualo da tropikul weliwadTa gansxvavebulobiT gamow-
veuli, umniSvneloa (44 wT. da 46 wm.), magram saukuneTa manZilze igi imdenad Sesam-
Cnevi xdeba, rom misi ugulvebelyofa SeuZlebelia: yovel 400 weliwadSi sxvaoba
3 dRe-Rames Seadgens. mag. IV s-Si gazafxulis bunioba 21 marts modioda, XVI s-Si
ki 11 marts. amrigad, iuliusis droTaaRricxva XVI s-Si ukve 10 dRe-RamiT `Camor-
Ceboda bunebas~. aman moiTxova iuliusis sistemis reforma, romelic ganaxorci-
ela romis papma grigol XI I I -m 1582 wels. misi dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, dReTa anga-
riSi win waweul iqna 10 dRiT: 4 oqtombris momdevno dRe gamocxadda 15 oqtombrad.
amis Semdeg gazafxulis bunioba kvlav 21 marts daemTxva. imisaTvis, rom kalendari
kvlav ar `CamorCes~, grigoriusis sistemis mixedviT yoveli saukunis bolo weli,
romelic iuliusis wesiT nakiania, nakianad cxaddeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mocemuli saukunis ricxvi 4-ze unaSTod iyofa. magaliTad, 1600 weli nakianad
CaiTvala (16 iyofa 4-ze), 1700, 1800 da 1900 wlebi ki _ unakod (17, 18 da 19 ar iyofa
4-ze). amis Sedegad nakian welTa raodenoba Semcirda da Semcirda kalendaruli
weliwadis saSualo xangrZlivobac _ igi tropikuls sul 26 wamiTRa aRemateba.
amis gamo erTi dReRamis cdomileba mxolod 3200 weliwadSi dagrovdeba. e.w.
grigoriusis anu grigoriseul kalendars uwodeben welTaRricxvas axali sti-
liT, iuliusisas _ Zveli stiliT. axali stili aSkarad wingadadgmuli nabijia.
vimeorebT, Tu iuliusis kalendarSi sami dRe-Ramis cdomileba grovdeboda yovel
4 saukuneSi, grigoriseulSi erTi dRe-Ramis cdomileba 3200 wlis manZilze dag-
rovdeba, rac, faqtobrivad, kalendris problemis gadaWras niSnavs. miuxedavad
amisa reforma erTbaSad ar gavrcelebula. pirvelad igi XVI s-is 80-ian wlebSi
dasavleT evropis kontinentze SemoiRes, ufro gvian _ inglissa da aziis zog
qveyanaSi. axali stili ruseTSi 1918 wlis 24 ianvris dekretiT daakanones. am dro-
isaTvis iuliusis kalendari 13 dRe-RamiT `CamorCeboda~. amitom 1 Tebervali 14
Tebervlad gamocxadda. imave wlis 1 maisidan kalendaruli reforma saqarTve-
loSic gatarda.
àxal stilze~ gadasulia qristianuli msoflios didi nawili, maT Soris _
marTlmadidebluric, garda saqarTvelos, ruseTisa da zogierTi sxva eklesiisa.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom àxal stilze~ gadasvlis sakiTxi saqarTvelos sapatri-
arqos winaSe XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi idga. sakaTalikoso sabWom ramdenjerme miiRo
dadgenileba reformis Taobaze, rac 1927 wels sruliad saqarTvelos IV saeklesio
krebamac daadastura. am ideas mxars uWerda samRvdeloebis umravlesoba, maT
Soris wmindanad Seracxili kaTalikos-patriarqi ambrosi (xelaia). viciT, rom man
patimrobis dros (1923-25), metexis cixeSi, marxvebi axali stiliT daiWira. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom imxanad inteleqtualur doneze kalendris reformas aravin
dapirispirebia, aRniSnuli siaxle mainc ver damkvidrda. xalxma igi komunistur
movlenad Seafasa da sakaTalikoso sabWo, romelic maSin sainformacio saSuale-
bebs moklebuli iyo, daTmobaze wavida, _ moerida mrevlSi SfoTisa da ganxeTqi-
lebis gaRrmavebas, kerZod _ rusulenovani mrevlis gagulisebas, rac sqizmas anu
ganxeTqilebas gamoiwvevda. amis gamo SeaCera saeklesio krebis dadgenilebis re-
alizaciis procesi da mRvdelmsaxurebs daavala, xalxisaTvis axali stilis upira-
tesoba ganemartaT. dRes uxerxuli faqtis winaSe vdgavarT: patriarqi axali
stilis mixedviT gvilocavs kalandas _ 1 ianvars, Semdeg ki Sobas, romlis kalen-
daruli TariRi 25 dekemberia, magram Zveli stilis 25 dekemberi Cvens cxovrebaSi
realurad moqmedi kalendris 7 ianvars Tanxvdeba. es da msgavsi faqtebi garkveul
sirTuleebs qmnis, magram sanam saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmp-
yrobeli ar akurTxebs aRniSnuli krebis dadgenilebis ZalaSi Seyvanas, eklesiis
yoveli wevri valdebulia daemorCilos mocemul viTarebas.

àxali stilis~ eklesiuri TvalsazrisiTac upiratesobas udidesi sauflo
dResaswaulebis _ Sobisa da aRdgomis _ kalendaruli tradicia cxadyofs.
1. Sobas adre yvelgan erTsa da imave dRes ar aRniSnavdnen. romis eklesiaSi mas
25 dekembers dResaswaulobdnen, aRmosavleTSi _ 6 ianvars, naTlisRebasTan erTad,
aleqsandriaSi _ 20 maiss. am faqts ramdenime uxerxuloba axlda. jer erTi,
safrTxe emuqreboda msoflio eklesiis erTianobas da, meore _ rCeboda (6 ianvris
SemTxvevaSi) STabeWdileba, rom qristem RmrTeeba naTlisRebis Jams Seimosa anu
igi, rogorc RmerTi, naTlisRebis wyalobiT iSva, rac mZime Secdoma da eresia. da
rom moumzadebeli da gulubryvilo morwmuneebi ar Sesuliyvnen SecdomaSi, aRmo-
savleTis eklesia mivida daskvnamde, _ aucilebelia, rom SobisaTvis sagangebo
dResaswauli dakanondes; marTebuli TariRi 25 dekemberia.
25 dekembers warmarTebi astronomiul movlenas _ `mzis dabadebas~ anu sinaT-
lis mier sibnelis Zlevas, dRis Rameze gamarjvebas dResaswaulobdnen. qriste
simarTlis mzea. maSasadame, Sobis arsebas saxeobrivad astronomiuli wlis verc
erTi dRe ise ver asaxierebs, rogorc 25 dekemberi. I I I -IV ss-Si aRmosavleTis ekle-
siebSi ukve damkvidrebuli iyo xarebis, yovladwminda RvTismSoblis mucladRe-
bis, 25 marts aRniSvnis tradicia. es ki logikurad, fexmZimobis Cveulebrivi vadis
Tanaxmad, qristeSobas 25 dekemberze debda. 25 marti + 9 Tve= 25 dekembers.
aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi kalendaruli reforma IV-V ss-is moRvawis ioane oqro-
piris, konstantinopolis patriarqis, saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. man didi kvleva-
ZiebiTi samuSao Caatara da mivida daskvnamde _ qriste 25 dekembers iSva. es Sem-
TxveviT ar momxdara. am dRes mTavrdeba mzebudoba, Rame iklebs da dRe matebas
iwyebs; naTels Seemateba, Rames da sibneles _ moakldeba. wm. ioanes Tanaxmad, 25
dekemberi qristeSobis Zveli dResaswaulia, ramac aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi usa-
fuZvlod, raRac gaugebrobis gamo, Seicvala adgili, dasavleTma (romma) ki Zveli
tradicia Semoinaxa.
antioqiasa da konstantinopolSi Soba naTlisRebisagan kalendarulad IV s-is
60-ian wlebSi gamijnes. yvelaze meti konservatizmi `qristes akvanma~, ierusalimma,
gamoiCina. reforma, Cans, iq me-6 s-mde, iustiniane imperatoris dromde, gaWianur-
da. Sobisa da naTlisRebis erTad aRniSvnis tradicia dRes mxolod somxur samoci-
qulo eklesiaSia Semonaxuli.
2. aRdgomas umTavresi adgili uWiravs sauflo dResaswaulTa Soris. misi je-
rovnad aRniSvnisaTvis SemuSavebulia 50-50-dRiani cikli. pirvel ormocdaaTe-
uls ewodeba didi anu mZime marxva, meores _ zatiki. didi marxva iwyeba aRdgomamde
Svidi kviriT adre da moicavs a) sakuTriv did marxvas _ 40-dRians da b) vnebis
kviras, romelic uSualodaa dakavSirebuli ieso qristes tanjva-wamebasTan.
amitomac igi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT gamoirCeva. mZime marxva mTavrdeba
brwyinvale aRdgomiT, rasac mosdevs aseve Svidkviriani zeimi _ zatiki (berZnulad
_ pentekoste òrmocdaaTi~). es cikli (asi dRe) _ marxvan-zatiki _ yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania qristianTa eklesiur cxovrebaSi. misi dadgomisa da gansrulebis Ta-
riRi damokidebulia aRdgomaze.
qriste jvars acves ebrauli paseqis Jams, paraskev dRes. me-3 dRes igi adga. es
Svideulis pirvel dRes, erTSabaTs, moxda. amis gamo mociqulebma daadgines, rom
aRdgoma usaTuod paseqis momdevno Svideulis erTSabaTs edResaswaulaT. am dRes
daarqves berZnuli saxeli _ kvira, rac niSnavs sauflos. ase rom, aRdgoma
Tavidanve bunebrivad daukavSirda paseqs. paseqi gazafxulis buniobidan (dRisa
da Ramis sworebidan) pirvel savse mTvares aRiniSneboda. am faqts simboluri da
saidumlo Sinaarsi hqonda: `paseqi~ egviptidan gamosvlas, udabnos gadalaxvas da
aRTqmul qveyanaSi misvlas gulisxmobs. igi qristes aRdgomis winasaxe da momas-
wavebelia. astronomiuli dro _ gazafxuli, bunioba da buniobis pirveli savse
mTvare anu dRis saboloo gamarjveba Rameze, sinaTlisa wyvdiadze _ aRdgomis
Sinaarss erwymis da gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas hmatebs.
radgan sxvadasxva wlis gazafxulze, buniobis _ 21 martis _ Semdgom, mTvare
sxvadasxva dRes ivseba (mTvaris kalendris kvalobaze), paseqic moZravi dResaswa-
ulia. Sesabamisad moZraobs aRdgomis TariRi: misi ukiduresi wertilebia 22 marti
da 25 aprili. es sadavo araa, magram me-4 saukunemde aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi
erTsulovneba ar sufevda. zogierTi saeklesio Temi jvarcmas da aRdgomas erTi
da imave mniSvnelobis faqtebad moiazrebda da erTi saxelwodebis qveS aerTi-
anebda _ pasqa. pasqa (pasxa) vnebis paraskevs iwyeboda da kviras mTavrdeboda. am-
denad, igi kombinirebuli dResaswauli iyo (Sobisa da naTlisRebis erTsa da imave
dResaswaulSi gaerTianebis msgavsi). es dResaswauli SeiZleboda ebraelTa paseq-
sac damTxveoda da paseqze adrec damdgariyo, Tuki buniobis Semdeg mTvare Sa-
baTs aivseboda da ebrauli paseqis erTkviriani zeimi daiwyeboda. am faqts SesaZ-
lebelia, gauTviTcnobierebeli pirebi SecdomaSi Seeyvana da daetovebina STabeW-
dileba, TiTqos paseqi da aRdgoma erTi da igive dResaswaulia.
`pasqa~ berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `tanjvas~, `wamebas~, `vnebas~. aRdgomas (ara-
kombinirebuls) imxanad (da axlac) ebraulis gavleniT paseqsac (ebr. fesax)
uwodeben. vinaidan orive saxelwodeba _ paseqi da pasqa _ fonetikurad erTmaneTs
hgavs, kidev ufro metad iCenda Tavs am dResaswaulebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebis
sacduri. garda amisa, qronologiuri principis gamo, rom qriste aRdga paseqis
Semdgom, gaumarTlebeli iyo amgvari damTxveva. amitom jer mociqulebma, Semdeg
eklesiis mamebma imsjeles da 341 wels antioqiis adgilobriv saeklesio krebaze
daadgines, rom vneba da aRdgoma qristes gamomsyidvel misiaSi Tvisobrivad
sxvadasxva faqtebia da erT dResaswaulad maTi moazreba _ mZime Teologiuri
Secdoma. aRdgoma anu aRvseba unda vidResaswauloT ebrauli paseqis swor kviras
anu erTi kviris Semdeg. igi arc win unda uswrebdes da arc unda daemTxves

israelianTa paseqs. Tuki mTvare aRivseba kvira dRes, e.i. dadgeba ebraelTa paseqi,
aRdgomas vizeimebT Semdeg kviras.
zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom saeklesio praqtika, wes-gangebani da litur-
gikuli sakiTxav-sagaloblebi, kalendaris Sedgeniloba da Targi, asketizmis
formebi da sxva reglamentebi cvalebadobis kanons yovelTvis eqvemdebarebo-
da.
marTlmadidebloba
`marTlmadidebloba~ berZnuli òrTodoqsiis~ qarTuli Targmania. aRmsareb-
lobis mniSvnelobiT igi pirvelad I I - I I I ss-is udidesi saeklesio moRvawis klimenti
aleqsandrielis SromebSi dasturdeba da eklesiis saerTo rwmenis gamomxatvel
terminad gzadagza mkvidrdeba. `marTlmadidebloba~ upirispirdeba `heterodoq-
sias~ anu `sxvadmadideblobas~. ukanaskneli iseT religiur pozicias gulisxmobs,
romelic eklesiis saerTo rwmena da pozicia araa. ufro farTo da zusti ganmar-
tebiT, orTodoqsia aris im rwmeniseuli dogmatebisa da ganCinebebis erTob-
lioba, romlebSic ieso qristesa da mociqulebis moZRvrebaa asaxuli. Tavad
dogmatebi werilobiTad eklesiis mamebis mieraa Camoyalibebuli da krebebisagan
damowmebuli. amis gamo isini morwmuneTa SegnebiT srul WeSmaritebas Seicaven
da, amdenad, cvalebadobis kanons ar eqvemdebarebian.
marTlmadidebeli eklesia is eklesiaa, romelic mociqulebma da Tanamociqu-
lebma daasaZirkvles da momdevno epoqis didma merjuleebma ganamtkices. es ekle-
sia dRemde Seucvlelad inaxavs rogorc mociqulTa da TanamociqulTa, ise wm.
mamebis sarwmunoebas da Svidi msoflio saeklesio krebis suliskveTebas.
kidev metad rom davakonkretoT, marTlmadidebloba aris ieso qristesa da
mociqulebis moZRvreba, Camoyalibebuli Zveli rwmenis simboloebSi da gad-
mocemuli eklesiis mamebis da maswavleblebis mier.
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebis gacalkevebis Semdeg es saxelwodeba
aRmosavleTis, ase vTqvaT, Svid msoflio krebiseul eklesiebs SerCa da maT
dausakuTrda. dasavleTis eklesias, romis saydris daqvemdebarebaSi myofs, ro-
melic aRmosavleTis eklesiebs aRmsareblobiTac gaemijna, erTiani eklesiis me-
ore dasaxeleba SerCa _ kaTolikeoba. romauli kaTolikobis ideologebi da
apologetebi, radgan dadebiT epiTets ver imetebdnen, Sua saukuneebSi marTlma-
didebel eklesias xSirad berZnul eklesiad an berZenTa eklesiad moiseniebdnen.
amis mizezi aris is faqti, rom aRmosavleTis eklesia enobrivi TvalsazrisiT upi-
ratesad berZnuli movlenaa. kaTolikeebisagan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ber-
Znul eklesiad moxseniebis tradicia inerciiT alag-alag dResac iCens Tavs, rac
kuriozia da bevri msmeneli Tu mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Sehyavs. vinc saganSi Ca-
uxedavi da gauTviTcnobierebelia, gamoTqma àRmosavleTis berZnuli eklesia~
erovnebiT berZenTa eklesia an saberZneTis eklesia hgonia*.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis arseba nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamsis me-9 wev-
rSia Camoyalibebuli. igi aris wmida, kaTolike da samociqulo.
es niSnavs:
1. marTlmadidebel eklesiad im morwmuneTa sazogadoeba moiazreba, romlebic
aRiareben zeciuri da amqveyniuri eklesiebis arsebiT mTlianobas da ganuyof-
lobas anu yovelive imas, rac zemoT aRvniSneT.
2. Zveli dogmatis Tanaxmad, eklesia arsebiTad igive qristes sxeulia da,
amdenad, wuTisofelSi iseTive msxemi da mwiria, rogorc misi patroni da mTa-
varmesaWe _ macxovari ieso qriste. xiluli eklesiebi, romlebic arian saberZ-
neTSi, saqarTveloSi, ruseTsa Tu dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, wuTisoflis stum-
rebi arian da sanam stumrad rCebian, maTac amZimebT wuTisoflis mwikvli da uke-
Tureba. magram es droebiTia. isini miiltvian WeSmariti samSoblosaken, zecieri
mamis sauflosaken, romelic yovliTurT wmidaa da amaoebis antipodi. siwmide
aris eklesiis arseba da mis wiaRSi damkvidreba morwmuneTa idealia.
3. wuTisofelSi eklesiebi organizebulia regionebis, saxelmwifoebis, mxare-
ebis, olqebisa, qalaqebis, soflebisa da ubnebis mixedviT, magram es dayofa piro-
biTia, utilitaruli motivebiT da praqtikuli miznebiT gapirobebuli. arsob-
rivad eklesia erTiania, sayovelTaoa, msoflioa, radgan mTels oikumenas moicavs
da, amdenad, igi WeSmaritad ekumenuria, _ kaTolikea. TiToeuli marTlmadidebeli
eklesia sayovelTao anu kaTolike eklesiis ganuyofel-ganukveTel nawils war-
moadgens.
4. marTlmadideblobis arsebiTi niSani mociqulTa memkvidreobis dacva da
aTvisebaa. aq rogorc moZRvreba, ise saRvTismsaxuro praqtika igulisxmeba. erTic
da meorec momdevno Taobam gaaRrmava da gaamdidra, magram ise, rom fesvebs ar
momwydara, _ ar momwydara saRvTo werils da saRvTo gadmocemas. rac araa moci-
qulTa memkvidreoba, is arcaa marTlmadidebloba.
marTlmadidebelTa moZRvreba da praqtika, saRvTo werilisa da saRvTo gadmo-
cemis garda, wmida mowameebisa da moRvaweebis, eklesiis mamebisa da, rac mTavaria,
saeklesio krebebis RvTismetyvelebas efuZneba.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis arseba ufro mkveTrad, farTo profiliT da vrceli
formulebis saxiT warmoCenilia `marTlmadideblobis sazeimo aqtSi~, romelic
* mZime Secdomebia daSvebuli m. cacanaSvilis wignSi ~saxelmwifo da religia~ (Tb., 2001), sadac vkiTxulobT:
~saberZneTis eklesia... dayofilia avtokefalur eklesiebad, romelTac sakuTari meTauri hyavs da
avtonomiuri marTviT xasiaTdeba (msoflio sapatriarqo konstantinepolSi, aleqsandriis, antioqiis,
ierusalimis, ruseTis, serbiis, rumineTis, bulgareTis, saqarTvelos sapatriarqoebi. aseve kviprosis,
poloneTisa da albaneTis eklesiebi)~ (gv. 46). am da bevri sxva ucnauri informaciisa Tu interpretaciis wyaros
dadgena calke gamokvlevis sagania.

842 wels, konstantinopolis adgilobrivma krebam SeimuSava (ix. qvem. gv. 133),
agreTve sxva Semajamebel traqtatebSi, romelTagan erT-erTi (msoflio
patriarqebis epistole) zemoTac davimowmeT.
struqtura da kanonikuri wyobileba

rogorc zecis, ise qveynis eklesia ierarqiulia. angelozebi da morwmune ada-
mianebi dayofili arian dasebad, romlebic erTmaneTTan ierarqiul anu safexu-
rebriv damokidebulebaSi imyofebian. es uzenaesTan ziarebis, e.i. uqvemoesi dasis
srulyofilebis gza da saSualebaa. imave dionise areopagelis mowmobiT (ix. zem.
gv. 66), amqveyniuri eklesia RmerTs zeciuri ierarqiis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba.
amqveyniur eklesiaSic angelozTa ierarqiis msgavsi ierarqia moqmedebs. eriska-
cebis makurTxeveli anu xeldamsxmeli samRvdeloTa dasia, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
sam ierarqiul dasad iyofa (qvemodan zeviT) _ diakonTa, mRvdelTa da episkoposTa
dasebad. TiToeuli dasi Tavis wiaRSi aseve ierarqiulia: kerZodiakoni, diakoni
da mTavardiakoni; mRvdeli, dekanozi da presviteri; episkoposi, mTavarepiskopo-
si da mitropoliti (an patriarqi). sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva eklesiaSi es
dasebi da ierarqiuli xarisxebi sxvadasxva saxelebiTaa cnobili.
èklesia~ niSnavs rogorc morwmuneTa calkeul Tems, ise eklesiaTa msxvil ga-
erTianebebs da, pirvel rigSi, yvela eklesiis erTianobas. saeklesio Temebis, ase
vTqvaT, olqobriv gaerTianebas eparqia ewodeba. eparqia olqis Sesatyvisia da
mis mmarTvels episkoposi (zedamxedveli) hqvia.
nebismieri saeklesio Temi teritoriis mixedviT Sesabamisi episkoposis iuris-
diqciaSi Sedis. marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, episkoposis locva-kur-
Txevisa da mfarvelobis miRma myofi eklesia eklesia araa. es niSnavs, rom marTl-
madidebeli eklesia mkacrad episkopaluri eklesiaa.
Tavdapirvelad yvela saepiskoposo kaTedra mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT av-
tonomiuri iyo. eparqiaTa gaerTianeba, episkopatisa da, Sesabamisad, mTavarepis-
koposis institutis Camoyalibeba SedarebiT gvian moxda (me-3 s-idan). warmoiSva
avtokefaluri (TviTTavadi) eklesiebi anu, ufro sworad, eklesiaTa gaerTiane-
bebi. avtokefaluri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels patriarqad (mamaTmTavrad) moixse-
niebdnen.
IV s-is bolo wlebSi msoflio eklesia xuT damoukidebel saepiskoposo kaTedrad
anu xuT eklesiad iyo dayofili, _ romis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis,
antioqiis da ierusalimis saepiskoposo kaTedrebad, ufro sworad _ sapatriar-
qoebad. SemuSavda Teoria, romelsac pentarqia (`xuTmTavroba~) erqva da romelic
mocemul viTarebas, e.i. mTeli oikumenes xuT sapatriarqod dayofas, sakralur-
eklesiologiuri motivebiT umagrebda zurgs. laparakia aRniSnuli kaTedrebis
apostoluri (mociqulebrivi) warmomavlobis rwmenaze. romis saydari wm. petrem
daaarsa, konstantinopolis (efesodan gadmotanili) _ ioane RvTismetyvelma,
aleqsandriis _ markoz maxarebelma, antioqiis _ luka maxarebelma, ierusalimis
_ wm. iakobma, uflis Zmam. cnobilia amave Teoriis meore variantic. qveyanaze oTxi
patriarqia, oTxi maxareblis kaTedraTa mixedviT. romis patriarqs (paps) luka
maxareblis kaTedra uWiravs, konstantinopolisas _ ioanesi, aleqsandriisas _
markozisi, antioqiisas _ maTesi. mexuTe patriarqs ki, ierusalimisas, aseTi ti-
tuli misi qalaqis gansakuTrebuli siwmindis gamo ergo. Tuki qristes moZRvrebas
romelime `barbarozi~ eri eziareba, misi episkoposi xuTidan erT-erT patriarqs
unda daeqvemdebaros, kerZod imas _ visganac rjuli miiRo.
pentarqia romsa da bizantiaSi RvTisgan dawesebul movlenad moiazreboda da
marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. mas mtevnis xuT
TiTs, anda xuTi grZnobis organos adarebdnen. IX s-is erTi Teologis TqmiT,
`qristem Tavis sxeulSi, e.i. eklesiaSi, imdeni sapatriarqo kaTedra daawesa, ram-
deni grZnobacaa mokvdavi adamianis sxeulSi. Tu es kaTedrebi SekavSirebulni ari-
an erTi nebisyofiT, maSin mTeli eklesia jansaRia ise, rogorc adamianis sxeuli
mrTelia maSin, rodesac xuTi grZnoba mTeli da uzadoa~.
pentarqiis batonobis Jams axali sapatriarqo kaTedrebis daarseba mwvaleb-
lobad da marTlmadideblobis Ralatad aRiqmeboda. msgavsi `Ralati~ pirvelad
somxeTis eklesiam Caidina. VI s-is miwuruls kaTalikosma abraamma ara marto qalke-
donis marTlmadidebluri krebis dadgenileba uaryo (ix. qv.), aramed Tavis Tavs
patriarqi uwoda, rac somxeTis eklesiis damoukideblobis gamocxadebas niSnavda.
amis gamo konstantinopolis krebam somxeTis eklesias 597 wels brali aramarTl-
madideblobaSi dasdo. saqarTvelos (qarTlis) kaTalikosi kirioni konstantino-
polis kvals gahyva da somxeTis eklesiasTan evqaristiuli (locviTi) kavSiri
gawyvita.
aqedan cxadia: pentarqias anu xuT patriarqTa avtoritets bzari maSin Seepare-
boda da safuZvlianadac Seiryeoda, rodesac ama Tu im eklesias eklesiaTa saerTo
rwmenisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi, e.i. eresebi anu wvalebani daeufleboda.
Tuki samociqulo saydarTagan romelime ama Tu im eress miemxroboda, an TviT
Sobda mas, ris magaliTebsac qvemoT vnaxavT, sxva eklesiebi masTan kavSirs wyvet-
dnen da pentarqiac Zalas kargavda, _ fiqtiuri xdeboda.
marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa Soris rwmeniseuli ganxeTqilebebi IV-X ss-Si ara-
erTgzis momxdara, magram daZabulobis ganmuxtva xerxdeboda da XI s-mde pentar-
qiis avtoriteti ase Tu ise ZalaSi rCeboda. Cans, am avtoritets, e.i. xuTi patri-
arqis erTad xsenebis tradicias marTlmadideblur samyaroSi imdenad hqonda fes-
vebi gadgmuli, rom oficialur dokumentebSi mas eklesiaTa gayofis (didi sqizmis)
Semdegac vadasturebT. saqarTveloSi, magaliTad, sigel-gujrebi XV-XVI ss-mde
xSir SemTxvevaSi kvlav xuTi patriarqis moxseniebiT iwyeboda.

XI s-idan msoflioSi axali sapatriarqoebi (maT Soris, saqarTvelos sapatri-
arqo) aRmocenda da pentarqias yavli gauvida.
amJamad marTlmadidebeli eklesia TxuTmeti avtokefaluri da sami avtonomiuri
eklesiiTaa warmodgenili. avtokefaluri eklesiebia: 1. konstantinopolis (kaTedra
konstantinopolSi anu stambolSi), 2. aleqsandriis (kaTedra aleqsandriaSi), 3.
antioqiis (kaTedra damaskoSi), 4. ierusalimis (kaTedra ierusalimSi), 5. ruseTis
(kaTedra moskovSi), 6. saqarTvelosi (kaTedra TbilisSi), 7. serbeTis (kaTedra
belgradSi), 8. rumineTis (kaTedra buqarestSi), 9. bulgareTis (kaTedra sofiaSi), 10.
kviprosis (kaTedra levkusiaSi), 11. eladis (kaTedra aTenSi), 12. albaneTis (kaTedra
tiranaSi), 13. poloneTis (kaTedra varSavaSi), 14. Cexoslovakiis (kaTedra praRaSi) da
15. amerikis (kaTedra niu-iorkSi). avtonomiuri eklesiebia: 1. sinais (kaTedra kairoSi),
2. fineTis (kaTedra kuipioSi) da 3. iaponiis (kaTedra tokioSi).
sqizmaturi eklesiebi
marTlmadidebel eklesias centri (rogorc, vTqvaT, kaTolikebs romi) ar gaaC-
nia. msoflio patriarqis tituli konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposs aqvs, mag-
ram es wodebaa da ara Tanamdeboba. damoukidebeli qveynebis msxvili eklesiebi
damoukidebelia. vinc araa damoukidebeli da surs damoukidebloba, amis SesaZ-
lebloba idealSi moepoveba. damoukideblobisaTvis, magaliTad, ukrainis eklesia
ibrZvis, rasac mxars uWers konstantinopoli da ewinaaRmdegeba moskovi. aseTi
viTareba eklesiaTaSoris urTierTobas Zabavs.
azrTa da principTa sxvadasxvaobas aqvs adgili saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi,
saxelmwifosTan da sxvadmadideblebTan urTierTobis sakiTxSic. am motivebis
safuZvelze marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi pirveli seriozuli ganxeTqileba
1652-1666 wlebSi moxda. patriarq nikonis brZanebiT ruseTis eklesiaSi berZnu-
lidan Zvelad Targmnili saRvTismsaxuro wignebis mecnieruli koreqtireba da
zogierT saeklesio wesSi cvlilebebis Setana daiwyes, rac morwmuneTa nawilma,
protopop (igive dekanoz) ambakum petrovisa da episkopos pavle kolomenskis STa-
gonebiT, reformatorobad monaTla da eresad gamoacxada. nikonis reformebi
gaigivebul iqna apokalifsur sisaZaglesTan, romelic ukanaskneli Jamis momaswa-
vebelia. konservator-fundamentalistebi, qarizmatul da sakuTar rwmenaSi ga-
kerpebul lider ambakumTan erTad, meored mosvlas gulisfancqaliT elodnen.
TviTganadgureba gadarCenis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad gamocxadda, ris gamoc
bevri Tavs imarxavda, bevri Tavs iwvavda, bevric Soreuli cimbiris uRran da
miuval tyeebSi garboda, iq saxldeboda da garesamyarosTan, àntiqristes same-
fosTan~. yovelgvar kavSirs wyvetda. ambakumi daapatimres da 1682 wels dawves,
magram mis mier azvirTebuli talRis dacxroma ver moxerxda. moxda raskoli (gan-
xeTqileba). warmoiSva staroverebis (igive staroobriadcebis) eklesia, romelic
ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias dRemde nikonis eklesias uwodebs da madlay-
rilad miiCnevs.
staroverebma calke eklesia Seqmnes, romelic male daiqsaqsa `bezpopovcebad~
da `popovcebad~ anu umRvdlo da mRvdlian eklesiebad. staroverebis mxareze
sabolood arc erTi episkoposi ar aRmoCnda, ris gamoc mRvdlad kurTxeva aRar
xdeboda. Zveli mRvdlebi gardaicvalnen. staroverebis nawilma eklesiuri cxov-
rebis mRvdlis gareSe warmarTva SesaZleblad miiCnia, nawili ki aseT viTarebas
ver Seegua da oficialuri eklesiis mRvdlebis moTaflva, moqrTamva da gadabi-
reba daiwyo. 1848 wels avstrielma popovcebma erT-erTi episkoposis mimxroba
SeZles da am gziT sasuliero ierarqia aRidgines.
`staroobriadci~ kargad gamoxatavs am mimdinareobis bunebas _ wesebis gafeti-
Sebas anu wesebisadmi im mniSvnelobis miniWebas, ra mniSvnelobac dogmats Sehfe-
ris. staroverobis specifikuri niSnebia: pirjvris ori TiTiT gadawera, naTlo-
bisas mzis mimarTulebiT svla, orjer àliluia~, rvaboloiani jvari, Tavis miwam-
de daxriT Tayvaniscema da sxva.
devnilebis gamo, romelic XIX s-is miwurulamde gagrZelda, staroverebi
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gaifantnen. nawili saqarTveloSi nebiT gadmosaxl-
da, nawili gadmiasaxles da foTis midamoebSi daasaxles. isini Caketil cxovrebas
eweodnen da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtSi, savaWro urTierTobis garda,
ar Sediodnen.
XX s-is 80-ani wlebis dasawyisidan staroveruli ideebis qadagebas filologi
da poeti murTaz Caxava Seudga da Tbilissa da zogierT sxva regionSi mcireric-
xovani eklesiebi Camoayaliba. mogvianebiT m.Caxavas episkoposis xarisxi mianiWes
da daarqves iona.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi staroverebis anu igive ZvelmarTlmadideblebis
saerTo ricxvi (erovnebis ganurCevlad) dReisaTvis arazusti monacemebiT 1000-
mde aRwevs.
ganxeTqilebani sxva eklesiebSic moxda. saberZneTSi dRes ramdenime damouki-
debeli sinodia. isini sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva mizezis gamo aumxedrdnen
konstantinopolis patriarqebs da, maTTan mimarTebiT, sqizmaturi eklesiebi Seq-
mnes. maTgan zogi kalendris sakiTxSi daupirispirda msoflio sapatriarqos (gri-
goriseuli kalendris mimarT isteriuli damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna), zogi imis
gamo, rom ekumenur moZraobaSi marTlmadideblobis sawinaaRmdego ideologia
dainaxa, zogic komunistur mTavrobasTan eklesiis loialur damokidebulebas
ver Seegua da a.S. ruseTis emigrantulma eklesiam, magaliTad, moskovis mTavare-
piskoposs komunistur reJimTan oportunizmSi dasdo brali da evqaristiuli kav-
Siri masTan dRemde gawyvetili aqvs. analogiuri viTarebaa saqarTvelos marTlma-
dideblur eklesiaSic.

eri da eklesia. marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, rogorc avtokefalurni da av-
tonomiurni, Semosilni arian im qveynebisa da erebis elferiT, romelTa wiaRSic
isini msxemoben. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, kaTolikurTan SedarebiT, erovnuli
eklesiaa da es Tviseba sqizmis (eklesiaTa gayofis) momdevno epoqaSi, XI s-is Sem-
deg, misTvis kidev ufro niSandoblivi gaxda. erovnuloba (nacionaluroba) vlin-
deba RvTismsaxurebis enaSic, erovnuli mwerlobis stimulirebaSic, wes-gangebaTa
adgilobriv elementebSic da a.S. erovnuloba dadebiTi movlenaa, Tuki igi rwmenis
sferoSi ar iWreba da kaTolikeobis principebs ar bRalavs; igi dadebiTia imdenad,
ramdenadac kerZo da unikaluri (erovnuli) universalurs (zeerovnuls) eziareba,
magram ar iTqvifeba masSi. es simdidrea da kacobriobis darRveuli erTianobis
ganaxlebis sawindari.
erovnebaTa da, maSasadame, erovnul kulturaTa arsebobas suliwmidamac misca
dasturi (saq. 2:3-4). aq sadavo araferia, magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ama Tu
im qveynis eklesiaSi romelime eTnosi batondeba da iseT gavlenas axdens mocemuli
eklesiis formasa da Sinaarsze, mis ierarqiasa da demografiaze, rom eklesiis
kaTolikeoba iCrdileba da iTrguneba. am movlenas marTlmadidebluri RvTismety-
velebis enaze filetizmi ewodeba. termini berZnulia da metomeobas niSnavs. igi
mwvaleblobaa, radgan eklesiaTa erovnebebis mixedviT dayofas da organizebas
gulisxmobs. am gziT marTlmadideblobas frTa ekveceba da misi kaTolikeoba
(sayovelTaoba, universaluroba) eWvis qveS dgeba.
fileturma tendenciebma pirvelad monofizitTa Soris ifeTqa da somxeTis ek-
lesia, rogorc aRvniSneT, msoflio eklesias am motiviTac CamoSorda. es midrekileba
aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiebma postbizantiur xanaSi, XV s-is Semdeg,
kidev ufro gamoavlines. bulgareTis eklesiam XIX s-Si imdenad nacionaluri xasiaTi
SeiZina, rom igi realurad eTniuri bulgarelebis eklesiad iqca, _ kaTolike eklesia
nacionaluri eklesia gaxda. erTi da imave qveynis, bulgareTis, teritoriaze ori
eklesia Camoyalibda _ bulgarelTa da arabulgarelTa, rac mociqulTa kanonebis
mixedviT savsebiT Seuwynarebelia. amis gamo 1872 wels konstantinopolSi saeklesio
kreba Sedga, romelmac `bulgaruli ganxeTqileba~ ganixila da dagmo eklesiuri
nacionalizmi, rogorc marTlmadidebeli da kaTolike eklesiis principebTan
SeuTvisebeli movlena. krebam daadastura, rom eklesia, rogorc evqaristiuli
erTianoba, mowodebulia gadalaxos ganyofani da erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebul-
gaucxovebul nacionalobaTagan Tvisobrivad sxva, ufro maRali safexuris
erTianoba Seqmnas. dagmobilia iseTi viTareba, rodesac erTsa da imave teritoriaze
konfesiurad identuri, magram erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli, erovnuli niSniT
ganyofili eklesiebi arsebobs TavTavianTi episkoposebis daqvemdebarebaSi.
marTalia, aRniSnuli krebis ganCineba yvela eklesiisaTvis gaxda cnobili, mag-
ram, fileturi midrekilebebi marTlmadideblur samyaroSi gzadagza mainc iCens
Tavs. es gansakuTrebiT ruseTis eklesiis misamarTiT iTqmis, magram am problemi-
sagan Tavisufali arc saqarTvelos eklesiaa (ix. z. kiknaZe, eklesia guSin, eklesia
xval, Tb., 2002, gv. 12, 94-98).
dRevandel msoflioSi marTlmadidebelTa saerTo ricxvi 153 milions aRema-
teba. dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi, bolo monacemebiT, marTlmadidebeli ekle-
sia mzard da perspeqtiul eklesiad gamoiyureba. igi Zvel epoqaTa sulieri kul-
turisa da tradiciebis memkvidrea, ris gamoc ganaTlebuli sazogadoeba, aRmsa-
reblobis miuxedavad, mis mimarT interessa da pativiscemas amJRavnebs.
saqarTvelos eklesia
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis sruli kursi, kvleva-Ziebis Tanamedrove dones
rom Seesabamebodes, jer ar gagvaCnia. Tumca calkeuli sakiTxi siRrmiseuladaa
damuSavebuli da Seswavlili. istoriuli sabuTebis didi nawili qarTul Tu uc-
xour enebze gamovlenilia da aRnusxuli. amis miuxedavad, wyaroebis simcirisa
da, zogjer, SeusabamobaTa gamo, bevri kardinaluri problema gadauWreli, da-
uzustebeli da sakamaToa.
arsebobs gadmocema: rodesac mociqulebma wili iyares, vis sad unda eqadaga,
iverT mxare RvTismSobels ergo. Tumca, RvTis gangebiT, Cvens miwaze fexis dadgma
mas ar dascalda. macxovarma mociqulebi _ andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon
kananeli _ warmogzavna. maTgan meorem axal aTonSi hpova ZvalSesalagi.
amis Semdeg saqarTveloSi qristes moZRvreba mogzaurebs, vaWrebs da tyveebs
SemohqondaT. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ rev mefeze naTqvamia: ìyo warmarTi, aramed
mowyale qristeaneTa, rameTu smenil iyo misda mcired raime saxareba uflisa
Cvenisa iesu qristesi, da aqvnda raime siyvaruli qristesi~. amis gamo mas `marTali~
ewoda. unda vifiqroT, rom imxanad, I I - I I I ss-Si, Cvens qveyanaSi qristianTa Temebi
da taZrebic arsebobda. am varauds zurgs arqeologiuri masala umagrebs.
ase rom, ganmanaTlebelsa da mociqulTaswors _ wmida ninos _ saqarTveloSi
noyieri niadagi daxvda da eris didi nawili, samefo karTan erTad, qristes
rjulze moaqcia. konkretuli TariRis Taobaze mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsaz-
risi arsebobs: yvelaze popularulia ivane javaxiSvilis varaudi _ 337 weli.
saeklesio wyaroebis umravlesobasa da Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi gamyare-
bulia azri, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, e.i. qarTlis anu iveriis eklesia IV s-
idan antioqiis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, magram sulier-zneobrivi, in-
teleqtualuri da TviT ricxobriv-materialuri zrda-ganviTarebis Sedegad V s-
is meore naxevarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis zeobis dros, SeiZina TviTgamorkvevisa da
sakuTar saqmeTa damoukideblad gaZRolis unari da faqtiurad gaxda avtokefa-
luri. xsenebuli mefis Txovnis safuZvelze konstantinopolis patriarqma akurT-

xa da saqarTveloSi gamogzavna Tormeti episkoposi, romelTac winamZRvrobda
kaTalikosi petre, erovnebiT berZeni. qarTlis kaTalikosis kaTedra iyo da aris
mcxeTis sveticxoveli, romelic nakurTxia 12 mociqulis saxelze.
iveriis sakaTalikoso, msoflio eklesiis majiscemis kvalad, saRvTismetyvelo-
dogmatur polemikaSi Caeba. mas unda gamoekveTa sarwmunoebrivi orientacia da
ganesazRvra aRmsareblobiTi kredo. V-VI ss-is bizantia religiuri omebis qar-
cecxlSi gaexvia, ramac gamoZaxili kavkasiaSic hpova. cxadia, erTsulovnebas arc
aq hqonda adgili. irani monofizitobas axalisebda, àxali romi~ anu konstan-
tinopoli ufro _ diofizitobas anda uniatobas. irkveva, rom mcxeTis saydarma
kursi qalkedonis krebisaken aiRo.
506 wels somxeTis q. dvinSi Sedga somexTa, qarTvelTa da albanelTa kreba.
masalebi Semonaxulia somxur enaze, saidanac irkveva, rom saqarTvelos delegacia
24 episkoposisagan Sedgeboda. xelmZRvanelobda kaTalikosi gabrieli. somexTa
krebuls saTaveSi edga babgen kaTalikosi. sxdomebsac umTavresad is Tavmjdoma-
reobda. ukanaskneli gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom aRniSnulma krebam dagmo nesto-
rianoba da mxari dauWira keisar zenonis `henotikons~ (èrTobas~).
ueWvelia, irans xels aZlevda, bizantiis sapirispirod, antiqalkedonuri ori-
entacia da, Cans, somxeTisa da, nawilobriv, albaneTis eklesiebma, aRniSnuli fo-
rumis Semdeg, mis survils gauwies angariSi, rac aisaxa imave dvinis I I saeklesio
krebis ganCinebaSi 551 wels. somexi samRvdeloebis didi nawili ukve monofizi-
tobas miemxro. qarTvelebisa ki _ diofizitobas. gacxarda dava-kamaTi mezobel
ierarqebs Soris. gadamwyveti sityva kirion qarTlis kaTalikosma (599-614/16) Tqva.
kirion (kiron) pirveli msoflio masStabiT sayuradRebo figuraa. dabadebula
javaxeTSi sof. sakutriaSi (saqurdiaSi); aRzrdila da ganswavlula somxeTsa da
bizantiaSi; ziarebia mecnierebisa da kulturis mraval dargs, metadre _ RvTis-
metyvelebas; aRzevebula umaRles sasuliero rangamde da inteleqtualuri
kontaqti daumyarebia imdroindeli civilizaciis korifeebTan. somxuri wyaro-
ebis mixedviT, mcxeTis saydarze asvlisTanave man qalkedonis pozicia gamoxata,
ramac daZaba urTierToba somxeTis eklesiis mesveurebTan. amas adasturebs èpis-
toleTa wigni~, romelSic Semonaxulia misi werilebi somxeTis kaTalikosebTan _
mosesTan da abraamTan. man amxila adresatebi eresSi da, samwysosTan erTad, Sewy-
vita evqaristiuli kavSiri maTTan.
ase rom, VI I s-is pirvel aTeulSi kirion kaTalikosis aqtiurobiTa da warCine-
bulTa mxardaWeriT qarTlSi sabolood gaimarjva diofizitobam da bizantiurma
orientaciam. zogjer konkretul TariRsac asaxeleben _ 607 weli.
am faqtma ganamtkica qarTvelebis avtoriteti marTlmadideblur samyaroSi
da wrfelyo gza dawinaurebuli msofliosaken, WeSmariti da srulfasovani av-
tokefaliisaken.
saqarTvelos eklesias srulyofili da iuridiuli avtokefalia erTbaSad ar
moupovebia. vaxtang gorgaslis dros iveriis mwyemsmTavarma _ mTavarepiskoposma
_ SeiZina tituli kaTalikosisa, rac mcxeTis sakaTalikosos srul damoukideb-
lobas jer kidev ar niSnavda, Tumca TvalsaCino nabiji iyo am gzaze: kaTalikosebi,
Tundac berZnebi yofiliyvnen, angariSs uwevdnen TavianT xelmwifeebsa da saku-
Tari eklesiis saWiroebas.
aseve didmniSvnelovani faqtebi iyo Semdegi: VI s-is Sua wlebidan saqarTvelos
kaTalikosad qarTvelTa dadgineba; V I I s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis kaTalikosTa qarT-
lSive xeldasxma; wm. mironis mcxeTas moxarSva da am faqtis oficialurad dadas-
tureba Teofilaqte patriarqis (741-751) mier mowveul antioqiis saeklesio kreba-
ze.
srulyofili avtokefaliis gzaze saboloo sityva melqisedek kaTalikosma Tqva
(XI s-is pirveli naxevari). man Tavi kaTalikos-patriarqad gamoacxada (nacvlad
`kaTalikos-mTavarepiskoposisa~. am tituls misi winamoadgileni atarebdnen). am
faqtTan dakavSirebiT antioqiaSi Sedga sagangebo kreba, romelmac saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis kanoniereba dasturyo.
iuridiul avtokefalias aniWeben mxolod im eklesias, romelic mzadaa amisaT-
vis, e.i. SeuZenia unari sakuTari problemebis damoukideblad mowesrigebisa, dgas
religiurad marTebul poziciaze da akmayofilebs inteleqtualuri, sulieri da
zneobrivi cxovrebis normebs. saqarTvelos eklesiam saqristianos Semata wmida
mowameTa, Rirs meudabnoe mamaTa da marTalTa ricxvmravali dasi. esenia: raJden
pirvelmowame, wmida SuSaniki, evstaTe mcxeTeli, abibos nekreseli, abo tfileli,
konstanti kaxi, daviT da konstantine argveTeli mTavrebi da mravali sxvani, _
Zveli, saSualo saukuneebisa Tu axali droisa, romelTa Rvawli caTa Sina elva-
rebs. aRsaniSnavia aTcameti sirieli mamis misia. maT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxa-
reSi safuZveli Cauyares monastrebs, romlebic male kulturisa da mwignobrobis
kerebad iqcnen.
saqarTvelos eklesiam amoamorCa da gamokveba qarTuli kultura, romlis mi-
marT ganaTlebuli msoflio dRes did interess iCens.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, egrisis anu igive afxazeTis samefoSi, qristianoba
saxelmwifo religiad daaxloebiT imave dros gamocxadda, rogorc aRmosavleTSi,
magram iq bizantiis eklesiuri gavlena mZlavrobda da mRvdelmsaxureba berZnu-
lad aResruleboda. am mxriv sasikeTo Zvrebi V I I I -IX ss-Si moxda, rodesac grigol
xanZTelma da misma TanamoRvaweebma samonastro tradicia afxazeTis samefoSic
ganavrces. ase Caeyara safuZveli qarTlisa da afxazeTis eklesiur daaxloebas,
rasac Tan axlda qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro enis sazRvrebis gafarToeba dasavleT-
sa Tu CrdiloeTSi, kavkasionis qeds miRma. amis wyalobiT ki gaizarda `qarTlis~
anu ~saqarTvelos~ cneba, rac aRniSna giorgi merCulem: `qarTlad friadi qveyanai

aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli
aResrulebis~.
saqarTvelos eklesias X I I I -XIV ss-Si Znelbedobis xana daudga, radgan qveynis
daqucmacebam da gareSeTa Zaladobam misi sxeulis simtkicec Searyia. bizantiis im-
periis dacemam (1453) uaryofiTi kvali saqarTvelos istoriazec datova. amieridan
Cveni qveyana mahmadianTa garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. Tumca X V I I -X V I I I ss-Si saqarTvelos
eklesia momZlavrda da Rirseulad ganagrZo eris sulieri da gonebrivi cxovrebis
saWeTmpyroblobis misia. gaizarda misi saerTaSoriso avtoritetic, magram qarTl-
kaxeTis gauqmebis Semdeg, 1811 wels, ruseTis uwmidesma sinodma, saero xelisuflebis
iniciativiT, TanadgomiT da uSualo CareviT, daarRvia msoflio saeklesio krebaTa
ramdenime dadgenileba da Caidina arakanonieri aqti: peterburgSi gaiwvia kaTalikosi
anton meore, neba ar darTo mas samSobloSi dabrunebisa da saqarTvelos uxucesi
eklesia SeierTa. jer aRmosavleTSi, Semdeg ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi man kaTaliko-
sis kaTedra gaauqma da mis nacvlad egzarqosis Tanamdeboba SemoiRo. pirveli egzarqi
iyo qarTveli _ mitropoliti varlami (erisTavi). danarCeni ki _ rusebi, romelTac
gzavnidnen peterburgidan. isini, miuxedavad zogierTi maTganis pirovnuli Rirse-
bisa, emsaxurebodnen velikorusul politikas.
ase waerTva ZvelTuZveles samociqulo eklesias TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba,
rasac Sedegad Cvens qveyanaSi sasuliero cxovrebis reorganizacia mohyva. gaauq-
mes Telavis sasuliero seminaria da sxva erovnuli saswavleblebi; Seamcires epar-
qiebisa da monastrebis ricxvi; eklesiebs CamoarTves mamulebi da gadasces xazinas,
xolo mRvdlebis rCena daakisres adgilobriv mosaxleobas; zogierT did taZarSi
TiTqmis daakanones Jamiswirvisa da locvis rusul, e.i. mrevlisaTvis gaugebar
enaze aRsruleba da sasuliero xelovnebis yvela ubanze gaabatones araqarTuli
stili, ramac religiuri TvalsazrisiTac arasasurveli nayofi gamoiRo: Taname-
mamuleTa Soris ganelda sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba.
rac vTqviT, WeSmaritebaa, magram maqsimalizmi arc am SemTxvevaSi gvargebs.
droa, aqve isic vTqvaT, rom ruseTis uwmidesi sinodis mZlavrobis xanaSi saqarTve-
los eklesias, avTan erTad, madlic Seemata. ganmtkicda da xorci Seisxa erovnuli
da eklesiuri mTlianobis ideam: gamrTelda xidi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris anu aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebi egzarqatis qveS, magram
mainc, gaerTiandnen; gamoica saeklesio mwerlobis araerTi Zegli, gansakuTrebiT
_ liturgikuli teqstebi da, rac mTavaria, ruseTis sasuliero saswavleblebSi,
seminariebsa da akademiebSi, aRizardnen saeklesio arqeologiis profesionali
muSakebi, romelTac gamoamzeves saqarTvelos sulieri saunje da misi eklesiis
adgili qristianul civilizaciaSi. am mxriv platon ioselianis, dimitri baqraZis,
Tedo Jordanias, kirion, ambrosi da kalistrate kaTalikosebis da korneli
kekeliZis dasaxelebac sakmarisia.
avtokefaliis ganaxlebis problema iyo rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT savse.
afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebis gauqmebis usamarTlobis mxilebas si-
cocxle Seswires dosiTeoz quTaTelma, eqvTime gaenaTelma da sxvebma. saero
pirebi _ mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweni: ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, akaki
wereTeli, niko mari, aleqsandre cagareli, eqvTime TayaiSvili, aleqsandre xaxa-
naSvili, sergi gorgaZe, Tedo Jordania, sargis kakabaZe, anton natroSvili, Tedo
saxokia, irodion sonRulaSvili, ivane javaxiSvili da sxvani Tanamdgomni iyvnen
im moZraobisa, romelic XIX-XX ss-is mijnaze gaaaqtiures qarTveli samRvdeloebis
mesveurebma: episkoposebma (Semdgom _ patriarqebma) kirionma (saZagliSvilma) da
leonidem (oqropiriZem), arqimandritma (Semdgom _ patriarqma) ambrosim (xelaiam),
dekanozma (Semdgom _ patriarqma) kalistrate cincaZem, korneli kekeliZem (imxa-
nad dekanozma) da sxvebma. e. TayaiSvili ixsenebs: `... bolos da bolos gadavwyviteT
didi demonstracia mogvewyo da avtokefalia mogveTxova. Tan unda wagveRo ba-
iraRebi da plakatebi warweriT: àRgvidgineT avtokefalia~. wamoiWra sakiTxi:
`vin unda gaZRoloda win am araCveulebriv demonstracias? iliam gviTxra: Tu
saWiroa, me wagiZRvebiTo~.
1917 wels Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis imperiaSi gamocxadda sarwmu-
noebis Tavisufleba da saqarTvelos eklesiasac mieca SesaZlebloba, ganemtki-
cebina avtokefaluri marTva-gamgeoba. ima wlis 12 (ax. st. 25) marts, kvira dRes,
mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi Tavi Seiyara aTiaTasze metma qalma da kacma. aq
iyvnen saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebi: leonide, giorgi, antoni da pirosi, Tbilisis
qarTveli samRvdeloeba, deputatebi Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxidan. erTi sityviT,
_ sruliad saqarvelo. `ganicadenze~ ep. leonidem warmoTqva sityva da gamoTqva
sixaruli, rom amieridan saqarTvelos eklesia daiwyebs axal cxovrebas, avtoke-
falurs da Tavisufals. nawirvebs taZris galavanSi gadaixades samadlobeli pa-
raklisi imis gamo, rom ruseTSi daemxo TviTmpyrobeloba da damyarda Tavisuf-
leba. Semdeg samRvdeloeba da xalxi isev Sevida taZarSi, sadac moixsenies saqarT-
velos ukanaskneli mefeni: erekle meore da giorgi mecamete; ugalobes `mraval-
Jamieri~ saqarTvelos eklesiis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolT: episkoposebs _ ki-
rionsa da daviTs, arqimandrit ambrosis, romlebic sinodis mier iyvnen dasjilni
usamarTlod. bolos ki waikiTxes oqmi, rom 1) am dRidan, e.i. 12 martidan, grZel-
deba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia; 2) droebiT, kaTalikosis arCevamde, ek-
lesiis gamged iniSneba guria-odiSis episkoposi leonide da 3) saqarTvelos ek-
lesiis mmarTveloba evaleba aRmasrulebel komitets, romelSic Sedian rogorc
sasuliero, ise saero pirebi.
am aqtis safuZvelze aRdga saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. kaTalikos-
patriarqad airCies episkoposi kirioni, cnobili mkvlevari da sazogado moRvawe,
romelmac araerTgzis iwvnia usamarTlobis susxi da mowamebrivad aResrula 1918

wlis 13 ivliss sazafxulo rezidenciaSi _ martyofSi. es tragedia dRemde buru-
siTaa moculi.
ruseTis uwmidesi sinodi damoukideblobis deklaracias mtrulad Sexvda. man
saqarTvelos ierarqia madlmoklebulad gamoacxada da morwmuneebs mouwoda: ar
miewviaT qarTveli àvtokefalisti mRvdlebi~ saeklesio wesebze, ar mieRoT
maTgan locva-kurTxeva, ar Sesuliyvnen qarTul eklesiebSi, Torem ùsaTuod mox-
vdebodnen jojoxeTSi~. naegzarqosalma platonma, romelic, Tumca didad afa-
sebda qarTul kulturas, moskovis saeklesio krebaze ganacxada: qarTvelebi gada-
udgneno marTlmadideblobas.
SedarebiT rbili pozicia daikava droebiTma, e.w. kerenskis mTavrobam. man cno
Cveni eklesiis avtokefaluri uflebebi, magram erovnuli eklesiis doneze. es
Semdegs niSnavs: saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos mrevlad cxaddeboda mxolod da mxo-
lod qarTveli erovnebis marTlmadidebeli. danarCeni ki, saqarTvelos terito-
riaze mcxovrebi (rusi, berZeni, afxazi, osi Tu sxva) _ ruseTis samwysod. maTTvis
uwmindesma sinodma daawesa kavkasiis mitropolitis Tanamdeboba, romlis rezi-
dencia TbilisSi unda yofiliyo. am proeqtis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi saqarTve-
loSi ori marTlmadidebeli eklesia imoqmedebda: erTi qarTvelebisaTvis, meore
_ araqarTvelebisaTvis. am movlenas ewodeba filetizmi, rac, vimeorebT, eklesi-
ebis tomobriv dayofas da organizebas niSnavs. mas qaosi Seaqvs erovnebaTa urTi-
erTobaSi da ewinaaRmdegeba qristes moZRvrebis suliskveTebas.
eklesia ar SeiZleba nacionaluri iyos. saqarTvelos pirvelma saeklesio krebam
1917 wlis seqtemberSi kategoriulad dagmo es idea da xazi gausva saqarTvelos
eklesiis teritoriul avtokefalias, rom mis mrevlad iTvleba yvela marTlma-
didebeli, vinc Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs Soris saxlobs.
ruseTis eklesiis zegavleniT Tavidan sxva sapatriarqoebic ar adasturebdnen
Cveni avtokefaliis iuridiul uflebas, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom qarTvelebma
isargebles SemTxveviT, _ ruseTis imperiis avadmyofobiT, e.i. gakomunistebiT da
ùmaduri Svilebis msgavsad xeli aRmarTes~ masze.
ase rom, XX s-is 20-30-iani wlebi saqaraTelos eklesiisaTvis yovelmxriv mZime
iyo. metadre antireligiuri kampaniis boboqrobis gamo, rac gamoixateboda saero
da sasuliero pirebis devnaSi, maTgan zogierTis dapatimrebasa da fizikur likvi-
daciaSi, taZrebis daketvasa da dangrevaSi, morwmuneTa SeuracxyofaSi. imarTe-
boda Semdegi saxis àntireligiuri procesebi~: `bezboJnikebi~, igive komkavSir-
lebi, sicil-kiskisiT dadiodnen quCa-quCa jguf-jgufad; daatarebdnen jvrebs,
xatebs, bairaRebs da sxva saeklesio sagnebs; gadaicvamdnen anaforebs, mantiebs;
ixuravdnen kunkul-bartyulebs; Sexintricdebodnen eklesiebSi, oxunjobdnen,
mRvdlebs wvers akreWdnen da a.S.
aseT viTarebaSi moZRvarTa didma nawilma, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, miatova mrevli.
zogma saxalxod gmo RmerTi da sarwmunoeba. zogic gaukkRmarTebuli rjulis _
crumorwmuneobis _ WaobSi CaiZira. gawyvita metropoliasTan kavSiri da daiwyo
saeklesio wesebis TviTneburad Sesruleba, sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva da ja-
dosnobac ki. am movlenam seriozul masStabs miaRwia, ramac SeaSfoTa marTali
sarwmunoebis Wirisuflebi.
gaRrmavda konfrontacia saxelmwifosTan. saqarTvelos eklesiis ierarqebma
dagmes 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals demokratiuli respublikis ZaldatanebiT gasabWo-
ebis faqti. kaTalikos-patriarqma ambrosim 1922 wels memorandumiT mimarTa ge-
nuis konferencias da moiTxova samwysos teritoriidan saokupacio jarebis gay-
vana. am nabijs mTavrobis radikaluri reaqcia mohyva: 1923 wlis ianvarSi daapa-
timres uwmidesi mRvdelmTavari da sakaTalikoso sabWo sruli SemadgenlobiT.
es saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli furcelia. bral-
debulni 1924 wlis martSi gaasamarTles. samsjavro antisaeklesio isteriis qveS
mimdinareobda. revolucioneri muSebi sasamarTlos win awyobdnen manifestaciebs;
yvirodnen: `Zirs ambrosi!~, `Zirs SeniRbuli kontrrevolucia!~ da `xalxis mtre-
bis~ daxvretas moiTxovdnen. kaTalikosis `saboloo sityvis~ werilobiTi varianti
(Jurn. `mnaTobi~, 1988, N10) cxadyofs avtoris principulobas, taqts, diplomatias
da ganaTlebas. marTalia, man aRiara, rom msoflio konferenciaze gagzavnilma
werilma sasurveli nayofi ver gamoiRo, magram mocemul situaciaSi eklesiis
mwyemss sxvagvarad moqcevis ufleba ar hqonda... Tavi damnaSaved braldebulTagan
arc erTma ar cno. xalxis mexsierebam mamaTmTavris sityvebi Semoinaxa: `Cemi suli
RmerTs ekuTvnis, guli _ saqarTvelos, leSi ki, sadac gsurT, iq CaagdeT!~
sasuliero uwyebaSi politikurma ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. CvenSi, ruseTis
msgavsad, Camoyalibda e.w. `cxoveli eklesia~, romelsac episkoposebi qristefore
(cicqiSvili) da daviTi (kaWaxiZe) meTaurobdnen. isini morwmuneTa devnis ZiriTad
mizezad miiCnevdnen eklesiis mmarTveli sabWos antisaxelmwifoebriv kurss da
ambobdnen: Cven mxolod aTeizmSi ar veTanxmebiT komunistebs; sxva mxriv ki maTi
ideebi Tanxvdeba qristianobaso. amgvarad moazrovne sasuliero pirebma da maTma
Tanameinaxe mrevlma 1926 wlis 26-27 dekembers quTaisSi moiwvies yriloba da
kaTalikosis àntisabWouri platforma~ gaamaTraxes; SeimuSaves epistole, rom-
lis striqonebs Soris igrZnoba moxuci mwyemsmTavris wuTisoflidan male gasvlis
survili. kaTalikosi ramdenime Tvis Semdeg gardaicvala da mmarTvelobis sadave-
ebs prosabWouri fraqcia daepatrona kaTalikos-patriarq qristefores meTauro-
biT. misma politikam, rac eqsperiments hgavda, kraxi ganicada. imxanad sabWoTa
kavSirSi eklesiebis ngreva-awiokebam, masobrivi koleqtivizaciis paralelurad,
yovelgvar zRvars gadaabija. mas religiur liderTa ukiduresad oportunistuli
politikac ki veRar aokebda. 1934 wels saqarTvelos teritoriaze marTlmadide-
beli samrevloebis ricxvi 15-s ar aRemateboda. daluqes Cveni qveynis embazi _

sveticxoveli; samebis dedaTa monastris taZarSi wirva-locva akrZales, ris gamoc
monazvnebma trapezi sardafSi gamarTes; daketvis safrTxe daemuqra sions. kaTa-
likos-patriarqma kalistrate cincaZem sagangaSo mdgomareoba gamoacxada da
oficialuri TxovniT mimarTa stalins; aRiara: `saqarTvelos eklesiis kars mos-
dgomia iseTi gansacdeli, romelsac SeuZlia savsebiT mouRos mas bolo sul mokle
xanSi~... fexze dadga inteligencia, ris gamoc saqarTvelos sapatriarqos anuli-
rebis kursi gaWianurda. amasobaSi daiwyo omi. sabWoTa mTavrobas ideologiur
frontze situaciis gamwvaveba xels aRar aZlevda da misi politikac moqalaqeTa
sindisis mimarT erTi SexedviT loialuri gaxda.
kaTalikos-patriarqi kalistrate, sxva konfesiebis liderebTan erTad, anti-
faSisturi frontis mxareze dadga, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa mTavrobam eklesias
begara Seumsubuqa da Sewyvita aSkara represiebi. morwmuneebma odnav amoisunT-
qes.
gajansaRda viTareba saerTaSoriso arenazec. 1943 wels aRdga Zmuri urTierTo-
ba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebs Soris. damyarda kavSiri sxva marTlmadide-
bel Tu aramarTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, saerTaSoriso religiur organizacieb-
Tan, kerZod _ eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosTan (1962 wlidan), evropis eklesiaTa
konferenciasTan, qristianTa samSvidobo konferenciasTan, bibliis Targmnis ins-
titutTan da bolos: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia iuridiulad daamowma
konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqma da misma sinodma 1990 wlis 3 marts sagan-
gebo ganCinebis Tanaxmad, romlis teqsti (sigeli) saqarTvelos kaTalikos-pat-
riarqs _ uwmidessa da unetaress ilia meores gadaeca.
perestroikis xanidan, rodesac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaaq-
tiurda, sasuliero da saero sazogadoebis garkveul kategorias eklesiur-naci-
onaluri da eklesiur-rigoristuli, e.i. ultraklerikaluri emociebi, fiqrebi
Tu ideebi moeZala. am ideebs mxari politikurma partiebmac aubes da saqarTveloSi
realurad antiekumenuri fronti Seiqmna. kaTalikos-patriarqma da uwmidesma
sinodma daakmayofiles radikalurad ganwyobili pirebis moTxovna da 1997 wlis
20 maiss gamoitanes dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel-
ma eklesiam eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosa da evropis konferenciis rigebi datova.
ganxeTqilebas, romlis winaSec maSin saqarTvelos eklesia idga, safuZveli gamo-
ecala da es safrTxe Tavidan iqna acilebuli, magram problemebi mainc darCa.
radikalebs ekumenistobad ara marto ekumenur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba mi-
aCniaT, aramed im eklesiebTan evqaristiuli kavSiric, romlebic ekumenur moZra-
obaSi arian Cabmuli da sxvadmadideblebis mxardamxar locvebze uars ar amboben.
Tu am pozicias gaviziarebT, moTxovna, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqom ekumenizmis
mxardamWer eklesiebTan sarwmunoebrivi kavSiri gawyvitos, logikurad aRiqmeba.
amis miuxedavad saqarTvelos sapatriarqom, Tumca oficialurad antiekumenuri
orientacia gamoxata, ekumenizmis armgmob eklesiebTan locviTi Tanaziareba
SeinarCuna. ramdenime saeklesio Temma, ufro sworad, _ samRvdeloTa da saeroTa
jgufebma am faqtis mimarT aRSfoTeba ver dafares da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
iurisdiqciidan gavidnen. ase rom, masStabiT mcire sqizma mainc moxda.
Cveni qveynis istoriaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roli
saqarTvelos konstituciiTac aRiarebulia, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoSi am
eklesiis iuridiul prioritetze mianiSnebs. konstituciaSi agreTve aRniSnulia
(Tavi 1, muxli 9), rom saxelmwifo `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marT-
lmadidebel eklesiasTan~ urTierTobas konstituciuri rangis SeTanxmebiT
(xelSekrulebiT, konkordantiT) aregulirebs. es `SeTanxmeba~ saqarTvelos prezi-
dentisa da kaTalikos-patriarqis mier xelmoweril iqna mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis
taZarSi, 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers, cxovelmyofeli svetis xsenebis dRes, da damtki-
cebul uwmidesi sinodisa da parlamentisagan.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organoa sru-
liad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba, romelic saWiroebisamebr moiwveva. krebaTa-
Soris periodSi pasuxismgebeli piria mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi da sru-
liad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi, romelsac saeklesio kreba irCevs da
romlis xeldasxma da aRsaydreba (intronizacia) mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi
aResruleba. igi movaleobas uwmidesi sinodis TanadgomiT aRasrulebs. 1977 w. 25
dekembridan am Tanamdebobaze uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II (irakli SiolaSvili)
brZandeba, romlis saWeTmpyrobelobis pirvel nabijebs saqarTveloSi saeklesio
cxovrebis gacocxleba da sayovelTao sixaruli mohyva.
amJamad uwmidesi sinodi 25 mRvdelmTavrisagan Sedgeba. sul 27 eparqiaa.
mRvdelmsaxurTa da eklesiis TanamSromelTa momzadebis saqmes ori akademia da
ramdenime sasuliero seminaria emsaxureba.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevlis raodenoba, misi samoRvaweo
asparezi da gavlenis sfero dRiTidRe izrdeba.

denominaciebi eklesiaTa erTianobis xanaSi
eklesiaTa erTianobis anu pentarqiis realurad moqmedebis Jams eklesiaTa
saerTo rwmenisagan gansxvavebuli rwmena-Teoriebi gzadagza Cndeboda. amis gamo,
saWiroebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva eklesiis warmomadgenelTa erToblivi komisiebi
iqmneboda, raTa am rwmena-Teoriebis buneba da avkargianoba garkveuliyo. Tuki
dadasturdeboda, rom isini rwmenis arsebiT punqtebs, e.i. qristianuli RvTismet-
yvelebis macocxlebel RerZs upirispirdebian da azianeben, saeklesio krebebi
aseT Teoriebs eresebad anu mwvaleblobebad (wvalebebad) naTlavdnen da anaTemas
ucxadebdnen. es ki, arc meti da arc naklebi, niSnavs: maT mimdevrebs, vinc sinanuls
ar miecemoda, eklesiidan garicxavdnen _ gankveTdnen. gankveTilebi TavianT ek-
lesiebs qmnidnen, romelTac erTiani eklesiis enaze eretikosTa (mwvalebelTa)
sakrebulo, mwvalebelTa eklesia anu seqta ewodeboda.
eresebisa da seqtebis warmoSobis mTavar mizezad RvTismetyvelebis mkvlevrebi
im faqts asaxeleben, rom eklesiis istoriis adreul safexurze, romelsac apo-
logetikis xanas eZaxian, dogmatebi logikisa da dialeqtikis enaze Camoyalibe-
buli da gaformebuli ar iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, rogorc mosalodnelia, rjulis
kardinalur sakiTxebzec ki azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iCenda Tavs. warmoiSoboda sxvad-
madidebloba da mravldebodnen sxvadmadideblebi; iqmneboda axal-axali Teoriebi
da iqmneboda da yalibdeboda maT mimdevarTa axal-axali eklesiebi. WeSmaritebis
poziciidan es uaryofiTi movlenaa, magram veravin uaryofs, rom dogmatikis
rogorc saRvTismetyvelo disciplinis Seqmnas anu, rac igivea, dogmatTa formi-
rebas swored sxvadmadideblobam misca biZgi. ase rom, eresebma erTiani eklesiis
sxeuli erTdroulad kidec daaziana da kidec ganamtkica.
qvemoT im Teoriebsa da denominaciebs mimovixilavT, romlebmac msoflio is-
toriaSic da qarTuli kulturis istoriaSic TvalsaCino kvali datoves.
ZiriTadi literatura: a. p. lebedevi, saeklesio krebebi VI, VII da VIII saukuneebSi,

s-pb., 1807 (rus. enaze); e. v. bolotovi, leqciebi Zveli
eklesiis istoriaSi, s-pb., 1918 (rus. enaze); brokhauz-
efronis enciklopedia; v. s. soloviovi, TxzulebaTa
krebuli, t. IX, 1907, s-pb.; m. janaSvili, istoria
marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa, tf., 1889; s. yauxCiSvili,
bizantiuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1948.
gnosticizmi da mandeizmi
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mkvlevarebs mxolod ramdenime gnostikuri Txzule-
bis fragmentze miuwvdebodaT xeli da ZiriTadad qristianobis apologetTa
SromebSi warmodgenil cnobebs eyrdnobodnen. sicariele 1945 da momdevno wels
egvipteSi gnostikosTa biblioTekis aRmoCenam Seavso.
gnosticizmi berZnuli sityvaa: `gnosis~ niSnavs codnas, `gnostikosi~ _ mcod-
nes, `gnosticizmi~ _ mcodneobas. ase ixseniebdnen seqtebs, romelTa wevrebs gansa-
kuTrebuli codnis flobaze hqondaT pretenzia. isini asparezze masobrivad Cveni
welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi Candnen; danawilebuli iyvnen mravalricxovan
da wvril-wvril seqtebad, romelTagan gamoirCeodnen: simonianelebi, nikola-
itebi, menandrelebi, kerinTosianelebi, dosiTesianelebi, doketistebi, karprok-
ratianelebi, markionitebi, valentinelebi, ebionitebi, saturninelebi da sx.
saxelwodebaTa umravlesobaSi asaxulia eresiarqebis vinaoba: basilid sirieli,
valentin egvipteli, karpokrat aleqsandrieli da sxva.
gnostikosebi TavianT Tavs WeSmarit da erTaderT qristianebad racxdnen, Tum-
ca maTi moZRvreba warmoadgenda mravalplastovan konglomerats, _ warmarTo-
bis, iudaizmisa da qristianobis nazavs, sadac saxarebis faqtebi da swavlebani
erwymoda elinur-babilonur miTebsa Tu filosofiur Tvalsazrisebs.
unda SevniSnoT, rom CamoTvlil jgufebs bevri ram aSorebda erTmaneTisagan, mag-
ram hqondaT saerToc, specifikuri, rasac v. soloviovi daaxloebiT ase gadmoscems:
materia da materialuri samyaro, romelic Seqmnilia umdablesi RvTaebis _
demiurgis mier, aris boroteba. wuTisofeli da misi yoveli msaxuri ganwirulia.
mxolod rCeulebs eRirsebaT xsna da saukuno cxovreba. eseni arian sulieri pi-
rovnebebi _ pnevmatikosebi, romlebic dasabamidanve da bunebiTad ekuTvnian saR-
vTo wiaRs, radgan CanasaxSive floben ciur elements. isini msoflio qaosidan
daubrundebian WeSmarit samSoblos mrTelni da uvnebelni, yovelgvari nadavlis
gareSe. araferi mdare ar amaRldeba, araferi bneli ar ganaTldeba, xorcieli da
mSvinvieri ar gasulierdeba. maSasadame, xorcieli da mSvinvieri adamianebi (Tun-
dac morwmuneebi) ver cxondebian. maTi momavali wyvdiadi da araraobaa. cxondebian
mxolod pnevmatikosi gnostikosebi anu sulieri Semmecneblebi.
gnostikosebi arRvevdnen samebis dogmats da asxvavebdnen RmerTs qveynis Semoq-
medisagan, rac niSnavs, rom samyaro Seiqmna RvTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod (ix. qvem.).
am danaSaulis gamosasworeblad RmerTi daemsgavsa adamians da gaxda moCvenebiTi
kaci. esaa doketizmi, romlis Tanaxmadac macxovari ieso qriste arc sruli Rmer-
Tia da arc sruli kaci: igi moCvenebiTia. misi mobrZanebiT qveyanas ara Tu Seemata
rame, aramed daaklda, radgan wariyvans pnevmatikosTa ojaxs, romlis wevrebi mi-
mofantuli arian sxvadasxva tomSi. cxadia, aq gnostikosebi igulisxmebian, romel-
Ta samomavlo bedniereba, maTive pirovnebis gamorCeulobis gamo, garantirebulia.

Taviseburia gnostikosebis damokidebuleba bibliasTan. isini mkveTr zRvars
debdnen Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas Soris. Zveli aRTqmis RmerTs _ iahves _ saxavdnen
borot Zalad, borot Semoqmedad anu borot demiurgad, romelic daamarcxa ieso
qristem.
Tavdapirvelad uzenaesi sikeTe arsebobda, romlis wiaRidan iSva mdedruli
Zala. am ori sawyisisagan _ uzenaesisa da mdedruli Zalisagan _ ganxorcielda
SobaTa seria, Seiqmna mravali sulieri arseba, SeiZleba iTqvas _ ciuri ierarqia.
uzenaesi ierarqiis uqvemoes safexurze myofma Zalam _ sofiad saxeldebulma,
aRfrTovanebulma uzenaesi mamis mier aRsrulebuli SesaqmiT, moindoma rom Tvi-
Tonac aResrulebina Sesaqme da man marTlac Seqmna arseba, romelic Sorsaa srul-
yofilebisagan. esaa iahve anu, gnostikosTa saxelwodebiT, ialdabaoTi, romelic
erTdroulad RvTiuricaa da arasrulyofilic. amis gamo ki _ ampartavnebiT da
SuriT aRvsili. igi Tavs uzenaes RmerTad Tvlis da sofias naperwkals mostacebs.
am naperwkalis saRvTo wiaRisagan ganSorebam mTeli zeciuri sisavsis (romelic
ukve aRaraa sisavse), yvela zeciuri Zalis tanjva gamoiwvia. radgan dairRva si-
savse, zeciuri Zalebi cdiloben dasabamieri srulyofilebis aRdgenas. maT
sapirispirod ialdabaoTi qmnis adams, Semdeg ki _ evas, rom zeciuri sisavsisagan
mowyvetili naperwkali maTSi gadamalos da am gziT SeinarCunos igi. Tavad ki
ibatonos da imefos sakuTar qmnilebebze. saxeldobr _ adamianze.
iwyeba omi or zeciur Zalas _ uzenaes arssa da ialdabaoTs _ Soris.
sofia gvelis saxiT dedamiwaze mociquls moavlens, roim gamofxizldnen adami
da eva da gaicnobieron maTSi arsebuli saRvTo naperwklis sidiade. ialdabaoTi
myisve gamodevnis Cvens winaprebs samoTxidan da xels Seuwyobs maT xorciel gam-
ravlebas, rom am gziT daanawevros saRmrTo naperwkali da gafantos igi sxvadasxva
adamianSi.
...gamoxdeba Jami da uzenaesi wiaRidan moivlineba mxsneli _ macxovari, romlis
mizania, moiZios mxolod am naperwklis Semcveli adamianebi, Seagnebinos maT maTive
ciuri warmomavloba da wuTisofelSi gafantuli saRvTo naperwklebi uzenaesi
wiaRisaknen miaqcios, kvlav aRadginos zeciuri samyaros srulyofileba. adami-
anebi, romlebmac Seicnes maTSi arsebuli saRvTo naperwkali, arian gnosti-
kosebi.
amrigad, es moZRvreba uaryofs sayovelTao xsnis princips: gadarCebian mxolod
isini, romlebsac dasabamidanve aqvT gnostikuri naperwkali. maTTvis ucxoa azri
sxeulebrivi aRdgomis Sesaxeb. piriqiT: aRsasrulis Jams nivTiereba gaqreba.
problemaa gnosticizmis warmomavlobisa da istoriuli fesvebis garkveva. maT
zogi aRmosavlur religiaSi, budizmSi, xedavs. Tuki es hipoTezaa, aRniSnavs
v. soloviovi, ueWvelia kavSiri naklebad popularul, magram metad originalur
sistemasTan _ mandeizmTan anu sabizmTan. sityva `manda~ mandeur enaze, arameulis
erT-erT dialeqtze, `codnas~ niSnavs, mandevelebi _ mcodneebs. aseve: `sabi~
iTargmneba naTlisRebad, sabielebi _ naTelRebulebad.
mandeizmi aRmocenda mcire aziaSi Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze da
dResac arsebobs. mimdevrebi TavianT Tavs ìoane naTlismcemlis qristianebs~
uwodeben da amJamad saxloben evfratis qvemo welsa da erayis midamoebSi. XIX s-
is bolos maTi ricxvi 20000 ar aRemateboda. hyavT sasuliero pirebi da gaaCniaT
saRvTismsaxuro da dogmaturi Sinaarsis wignebi, warmoSobiT Zveli (I-I I I ss.), magram
muhamedis Semdeg gadamuSavebuli. umTavresia: `ginza-rabba~ (didi sacavi), ìoanes
wigni~ da `kolasTa~, sadac Tavmoyrilia miTebi, himnebi da darigebebi.
mandavelebi mamaTmTavrad ioane naTlismcemels asaxeleben. ukanasknels gnos-
tikosTa sistemaSic gamorCeuli adgili eWira. igi Zveli da axali epoqebis mijnaze
dgas da TiTqos bunebrivia, rom mis TayvanismcemelTa kultSi, e.i. mandevelTa da
gnostikosTa Soris, aRreulia warmarToba da biblia.
mandevelTa Teologia zogadad aseTia:
RvTaeba anu absoluti diferencirebulia naTel Zalebad anu eonebad. esenia:
didi goneba (mana-rabba), cxovreba, wynari qrolva, mzis RmerTi (sam-semiri), cis
RmerTi (iuSamini), romelic myofobs cvarTa saTavesTan da sinaTlis wyarosTan,
ciuri iordane _ gonebis mkurnali, rac esatyviseba gnostikosTa sofias da ro-
melic warmodgenilia yovlismomcvel xed, romelic aerTianebs bibliur or xes _
sicocxlis xesa da Semecnebis xes.
Cveni sulebi RvTis gamosxivebani arian, Tumca dabnelebulni da datyvevebulni
materialur yofaSi. maTi xsnisaTvis eonebi saxldebian rCeulebSi, magaliTad,
ioane naTlismcemelSi, romelic afuZnebs religiur ganbanas da CayvinTvas sulis
ganwmendis simbolod ciur iordaneSi. sofiasTan (sibrZnesTan) ziarebulebma anu
gandobilebma Tavi unda Seikavon xorcis Wamisagan, Rvinis smisagan da sqesobrivi
kavSirisagan. isini ganyenebulni arian uwminduri msofliosagan; floben saidum-
los da gulmodgined faraven uziarebelTagan.
mandevelTa seqta, yvela monacemis mixedviT, gnosticizmis memkvidrea.
ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas: Tumca xangrZlivi saRvTismetyvelo paeqrobis Semdeg,
I I -IV ss-Si, gnosticizmi Zleul iqna, naSTis saxiT aqa-iq dResac suldgmulobs cal-
keuli jgufebisa Tu pirovnebebis cnobierebaSi.
origenizmi
am moZRvrebis burjia mRvdeli origene.
igi daibada 185 wlis axlo xans q. aleqsandriaSi berZnisa Tu elinizebuli
egviptelis ojaxSi. miiRo SesaniSnavi ganaTleba mamis _ leonides _ wyalobiT. mis
maswavleblebad asaxeleben saxelganTqmul klimenti aleqsandriels da filoso-
fos amonios sakas _ qristianyofil warmarTs. devnilebis Jams mamamisi gaasamarT-

les da qoneba CamoarTves. saxli gapartaxda. deda da eqvsi umcrosi Zma origenes
kmayofaze aRmoCnda. igi aswavlida gramatikas da ritorikas aleqsandriis kate-
xizmur skolaSi, romlis winamZRvradac dainiSna igi 17 Tu 18 wlis asakSi. gavr-
celda xma _ Wabukma moZRvarma, lamazman mowafe gogonebTan cdunebis SiSiT, Tavi
daikoda, Tumca am cnobas eklesiis Zveli istorikosebi saeWvod miiCneven. simar-
Tle aravin icis, magram faqtia, rom origenem adreve moixveWa Cinebuli maswavleb-
lisa da RvTismetyvelis saxeli. misi Sromebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda.
216 wels aleqsandriaSi qristianTa devna ganaxlda da, TayvanismcemelTa daJi-
nebuli Txovnis Tanaxmad, origene palestinaSi gadavida, sadac episkoposebma _
aleqsandre ierusalimelma da Teoqtiste kesarielma _ sapatio TavSesafari misces
da, Tumca jerac eriskaci iyo, akurTxes mrevlis winaSe saRmrTo werilis mqadage-
bel-komentatorad. male xarisxSic aiyvanes da 228 wels mRvdlad xeli daasxes,
ramac aleqsandriis mRvdelmTavris _ dimitriosis _ aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. man
gaixsena da irwmuna adre darxeuli Wori da origenes Semdegi braldebebi wauyena:
1. TviTkastracia, 2. uflebamosilebis gadaWarbeba (rom eriskaci episkoposebis
winaSe qadagebda biblias) da 3. saeklesio kanonebis abuCad agdeba (radgan igi
aleqsandriis moqalaqed iTvleboda, iqauri episkoposis nebarTvis gareSe sxva
eparqiaSi misi xeldasxma ar egeboda). 231 wels saqme ganixila adgilobrivma
saeklesio krebam da gamoitana ulmobeli ganaCeni _ origene gamoacxada uRirs
pedagogad da ganaSiSvla mRvdelobisagan, rac sagangebo sigelebiT ecnoba mezo-
bel mRvdelmTavrebs. zogierTma eklesiam, maT Soris, cxadia, kesariisa da ieru-
salimis episkoposebma aRniSnuli ganCinebis madlmosileba ar cnes da, metic, ori-
genes palestinis kesariaSi gaaxsnevines sasuliero saswavlebeli, ramac msmenelTa
didi ricxvi miizida, xolo moZRvarTmoZRvris avtoritetma mwvervals miaRwia.
man imogzaura aTonsa da arabeTSi. bevri gnostikosi daubruna kaTolike eklesias.
...daiwyo morwmuneTa rbeva-awiokeba. origene Seipyres, scemes da cxraklitulSi
Casves, ramac gatexa misi janmrTeloba da 253 Tu 254 wels suli ganuteva.
TanamedroveTa uwyebiT, origenes pirovneba mTlianad ganemsWvala religiur
da inteleqtualur interesebs. materialur mxareze naklebad zrunavda. marxu-
lobda ficxlad: asketobda da qvelmoqmedebda. eweoda devnilebis msxverplT da
maT ojaxebs.
mas darCa umdidresi werilobiTi memkvidreoba, erTi cnobis Tanaxmad, _ 6000
Txzuleba. ZiriTadi nawili, sabednierod, SemorCenilia. maTgan aRsaniSnavia Sem-
degi: egzegetikuri Txrobani, polemikuri da didaqtikuri werilebi, `locvis Se-
saxeb~, `mowameTa Semagonebeli sityva~, `sawyisTa Sesaxeb~, epistoleebi amoniosi-
sadmi, grigol sakvirvelmoqmedisadmi da sxva. misi rCeuli Txzulebebis krebuls
`filokakia~ (mSvenierebis moyvareoba) ewodeba. saganmanaTleblo da mecnieruli
TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva `hegzalpebi~ anu eqvsnawiledi. esaa Zveli aRTqmis nusxa

6 svetad: pirvelSi warmodgenilia ebrauli teqsti dednis anbaniT, meoreSi _ igive
teqsti berZnuli transkrifciiT, mesameSi _ akvilas Targmani, meoTxeSi _ sxvima-
xosis, mexuTeSi _ septuaginta da meeqvseSi _ Teodotionis. ase rom, saxezea soli-
duri teqstologiur-filologiuri Sroma WeSmaritebis dadgenis anu originalis
Tavdapirveli teqstis SeZlebisamebr aRdgenis mizniT. avtografiuli egzemplari
jer tvirosSi inaxeboda, Semdeg kesariaSi 653 wlamde, rodesac daiwva arabebis
mier qalaqis aRebis dros.
origenes religiur-filosofiuri mosazrebebi da pozicia yvelaze TvalsaCi-
nod Camoyalibebulia SromaSi `sawyisTa Sesaxeb~ (`peri arxon~).
WeSmariti Semecnebis anu WeSmaritebis wyaro aris ieso qristes sityva, rac
daunjebulia saRmrTo werilsa da saeklesio gadmocemaSi. origenes TqmiT, saRm-
rTo da samRvdelo werilSi zogierTi punqti Camoyalibebulia srulyofilad da
naTlad, sadavoc araferia. zogierTi ki saWiroebs axsna-ganmartebas.
misi moZRvreba 9 punqtad iyofa: 1) RmerTi aris erTi, Semoqmedi da yovelive
arsebulis ganmgebeli, _ ieso qristes mama. igi erTi da igivea sikeTesa da marTl-
msajulebaSi, axalSi da Zvel aRTqmaSi (gnostikosTa sapirispirod); 2) ieso qris-
te aris mamisagan Sobili uwinares yoveli qmnilebisa. igi emsaxureboda mamas
qveynis Seqmnisas da ukanasknel Jams RvTisagan ganuSorebelad gankacda, _ Seimosa
namdvili xorcis sxeuli da ara moCvenebiTi. namdvilad iSva qalwulisa da wmida
sulisagan. namdvilad ivno. mokvda da aRdga. dabrunda Tavis mowafeebTan da maT
winaSe miwidan amaRlda; 3) wmida suli patiosnebiT da RirsebiT eziareba mamas da
Zes. igi erTi da igivea yvela wmindanSi Zveli Tu axali aRTqmisa; 4) kacis suli,
romelic flobs sakuTar pirovnebas da cxovrebas, aRdgomis dRes SeiZens ganux-
rwnel sxeuls. Tumca sulis warmoqmnisa da gamravlebis wesze saeklesio swavle-
baSi gamokveTili araferia; 5) yvela gonier arsebas miemadla Tavisufali neba
borot ZalebTan brZolaSi, ris gamoc gvakisria pasuxismgebloba amqveynadac da
saiqioSic; 6) arsebobs eSmaki da misi msaxurebi, magram bunebasa da mis wesze maTi
moqmedeba moaSTes mociqulebma; 7) amJamindeli xiluli qveyana Semofarglulia:
aqvs sawyisi da sasruli droSi, magram imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo adre da ra iqneba
Semdeg, anda _ sxva xiluli qveynis Taobaze, saeklesio swavlebaSi garkveuli araa;
8) saRmrTo werili, romelic STagonebulia wmida suliT, zedapirulisa da
anbanuris garda, Seicavs kidev sxva, idumalsa da sulier azrebs; 9) udavoa keTili
angelozebis arseboba da Rvawli: emsaxurebian RmerTs Cveni xsnisaTvis, magram
maTi bunebis, warmoSobis da myofobis wesis Sesaxeb garkveviT araa Tqmuli saek-
lesio swavlebaSi msgavsad mzisa, mTvarisa, varskvlavebisa. 10) jojoxeTi gauqm-
deba da sabolood yvela cxondeba. esaa apokatastasi.
ai, am `sicarielis~ Sevsebisa da naTelfenis mizniT origenem gamokveTa Teori-
ebi, rac misma mowafeebma da mowafeTa mowafeebma ganaviTares, axali detalebiT

da argumentebiT Seavses, gaamZafres. ase Camoyalibda origenistoba, ramac ek-
lesiis wiaRSi miTqma-moTqma da sqizma gamoiwvia; warmoiqmna ori mtruli banaki _
origenelebi da antiorigenelebi. maTi winaaRmdegobis talRa nelnela zvirTde-
boda da zogan, magaliTad, wm. sabas lavraSi, sityvier da fizikur Seuracxyofam-
dec ki midioda. imperatorma iustiniane didma sagangebo zomebs mimarTa: 543 wels
konstantinopolSi moiwvia adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba, romelmac ganixila
òrigenizmis~ problema. wamoayenes 10 muxlisagan Semdgari braldeba. gamoucxa-
des anaTema origenes da mis mimdevrebs, xolo Txzulebani ganadgurebis Rirsad
cnes. es ukiduresi da ulmobeli ganaCeni iyo, rasac, Cans, bevri grZnobda kidec
da nanobda. amitom aTi wlis Semdeg konstantinopolis V msoflio saeklesio
krebam gadasinja aRniSnuli saqme da braldebaTa ricxvi Seamcira, magram orige-
nelebs da maT mamaTmTavars eretikosis iarliyi SeunarCuna.
origenizmis arsebiT niSans Seadgens: 1. samebis wevrTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebu-
loba anu subordinizmi, rac, cxadia, arRvevs erTarseba-samebis dogmats; aRiarebs
masSi ierarqias da Tvlis, rom mama aRemateba Zes, Ze _ suls; 2. sulebis winaswar
arsebobis da gardasxeulebis anu reinkarnaciis Teoria. mis Tanaxmad (rogorc
aRmosavlur religiebSia) suli arsebobs xorcis uwinares da saxldeba erTi
sxeulidan meoreSi: ganicdis metemfsiqozs (aq sagrZnobia platonis gavlena); 3.
rwmena eSmakis gamosworebis, jojoxeTis mospobis da sayovelTao cxonebis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnulis miuxedavad, origenes damsaxureba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wi-
naSe udavoa. SeiZleba iTqvas, man erT-erTma pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli qristi-
anuli dogmatebis mecnierul-filosofiur enaze gamoTqmas da gaamdidra saekle-
sio mwerloba. aRzarda RvTismetyvelTa dasi, romelTa Soris brwyinaven dionise
aleqsandrieli da grigol sakvirvelmoqmedi. mas didad afasebdnen kabadukieli
mamebi.
arianoba
esaa gaxmaurebuli wvaleba, romelic mRvdelma ariozma Camoayaliba.
ariozi 256 wels aleqsandriaSi daibada. ganiswavla antioqiis sasuliero sko-
laSi mRvdelmowame lukianes, septuagintas cnobili redaqtoris (ix. zem.), xelmZ-
RvanelobiT. fiqroben, rom moZRvarma Caunerga mas Tesli, rac Semdeg ganxeT-
qilebis vaSlad aRmocenda.
erTxel, 318 wels, aleqsandriis episkopos aleqsandres Tavis mRvdlebTan kerZo
saubarSi uTqvams: `wm. sameba samobiT erTia~, e.i. samebis TiToeuli wevri Tanaar-
siao. msmenelTagan Turme ariozi Seepasuxa: `radgan mamam Sva Ze, Sobilis, rogorc
aseTis, arsebobas aqvs dasabami. maSasadame, iyo dro, rodesac Ze ar iyo da igi
Tavis arsebobas iwyebs ararsebobidan~. ase rom, Ze anu samebis meore hipostasi
aris warmonaSvi da qmnilebao. atyda kamaTi, rac maSin didxans ar gagrZelebula,

magram qariSxali male amovarda: mRvdeli Tavdajerebas mieca da gamvlel-gamom-
vlelT Tavis azrebs STaagonebda. sasuliero da saero pirebma moiTxoves, rom
episkoposs aelagma es TviTneboba da `tvinis Wyleta~. meufem sagangebo sxdoma
moiwvia, imsjela da gamoitana daskvna, rom `Ze mamis Tanadrouli da Tanaarsia~
da ariozs qadageba aukrZala, magram mas ukve Seekriba TanamoazreTa didi gundi,
maT Soris ramdenime episkoposi, romlebic enTuziazmiT avrcelebdnen wvalebas
egviptesa da mis farglebs gareTac ki. aleqsandre aleqsandrielma, radgan gadar-
wmunebis yvela mamaSviluri saSualeba amowura, ukidures zomas mimarTa da urCi
moZRvari kaTolike eklesiisagan gankveTa eretikosobis braldebiT.
ariozi gaSmagda. man werilobiTi saCivriT mimarTa nikomidiis mRvdelmTavar
evsevis _ Tanakursels antioqiis saswavleblidan. ukanasknelmac Seiwynara msjav-
rdebuli da qadagebis ufleba misca. aleqsandrielma episkoposma sagangebo da
vrceli epistole daugzavna TiTqmis yvela qalaqis episkoposebs, sadac amxila
da gaacamtvera axali eresi. eresiarqmac ar daayovna: pasuxad dawera da gaavrcela
wigni saTauriT `Talia~, rac niSnavs lxins, nadims. iq poeturi formiT, naxevrad
leqsad, naxevrad proziT, lamazad da mimzidvelad, Camoayaliba Tavisi moZRvreba,
romlis mimdevarTa ricxvi ivseboda da mravldeboda.
viTareba daiZaba. saqme gawev-gamowevamde mivida. cnoba imperatorsac miawodes
_ konstantine dids. man neitraluri pozicia daiWira da Tanabari siyvaruliT
mimarTa dapirispirebul mxareebs, SeewyvitaT `kinklaoba~, `maTive gulis siRrmeSi
SeenaxaT~ kerZo azrebi.
xelmwifis avtoritetmac ver gaWra. maSin mefem istoriaSi arsmenil saSualebas
mimarTa: brZana ekumenuri krebis mowveva (òikumened~ iwodeboda civilizebuli
msoflios is nawili, sadamdec romis kulturul-politikuri gavlena vrcelde-
boda). organizacia daigegma: 325 wlis ivnisis meore naxevrisaTvis q. nikeaSi mob-
rZaneba sTxoves dedamiwis yvela episkoposs. asec moxda: Seikriba 318 mRvdelmTa-
vari Tanmxlebi pirebiTurT _ sasuliero da saero saydrioniT, romlis ricxvs,
erTi wyaros Tanaxmad, `saTvalavi ar hqonda~. maT Soris yofila biWvinTis epis-
koposi stratofile. mgzavrobis, binisa da kvebis xarjebi konstantinem ikisra.
aRniSnuli wlis 4 Tu 5 ivliss nikeaSi CabrZanda imperatori da krebac meore dResve
gaixsna. sxdomebi tardeboda samefo sasaxlis did darbazSi. iqve iyo ariozi Tavisi
fraqciiT (sxvadasxva monacemis mixedviT mis mxareze 10, 17 Tu 22 episkoposi idga).
xelisufali episkoposebs Soris ijda. mas miesalma evsevi kesarieli (meore monacemiT
_ evstaTi antioqieli). sapasuxo sityva warmoiTqva laTinurad, rac sinqronulad
iTargmneboda berZnulad (Canaweri Semonaxulia). mefem, Tumca jer monaTluli ar
iyo, episkoposebs Zmebi da Tanamosagreni uwoda; aRniSna, rom varT samwuxaro faqtis
mowmeni: devnilebis xanaSi qristianTa Soris Tanxmoba da Zmoba sufevda, dRes ki
erTmaneTs vWamTo. misi TqmiT, sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqileba saxelmwifos mTlianobas

arRvevs da es ambavi ufro savalaloa, vidre gareSe omebio... daiwyo oficialuri
kamaTi. sityva davidarabis mizezs _ ariozs _ dauTmes. man TavmowonebiT daadastura
braldeba, rasac sazogado aRSfoTeba mohyva. gamovidnen misi momxreebi. evsevi
nikomidielma waikiTxa arianelTa mrwamsi anu rwmenis simbolo, magram gragnili,
razec warmodgenili iyo teqsti, wamSi nafleTebad aqcies. maSin evsevi kesarielma,
TavdaWerilma arianelma, krebas meore varianti SesTavaza, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom
ZeRmerTi aris `yoveli qmnilebis uwinares Sobili~.
ase rom, arianelebs Soris gamoikveTa ori Sto: radikalebi (evsevi nikomidieli)
da zomierebi (evsevi kesarieli). mefem da sulierma mamebma orive pozicia dagmes.
WeSmariti codnis Camoyalibebis gzaze mTavari sityva aleqsandre aleqsandrielma
da axalgazrda diakonma aTanasem Tqves. ukanaskneli Semdeg afrikis eklesiaTa
mmarTveli da RvTismetyvelebis burjTagani gaxda: axovnad aRudga win eress da
misive isriT (dialeqtikiT, elinuri filosofiiT, mecnieruli akribiiT anu sizus-
tiT) gangmira igi; gaabaTila ariozis yvela argumenti; sxva mamebis Tanamonawile-
obiT Camoayaliba rwmenis simbolo da moamzada ganCineba, romlis ZaliTac anaTe-
maze gadaeca anu eklesiisagan ganidevna yvela, vinc fiqrobda da avrcelebda xmas
_ ìyo dro, roca Ze ar iyo~, rom ieso ìSva ararsebobidan, Seiqmna da Seicvalao~.
amis sapirispirod forumma Camoayaliba dogmati, rom RvTis Ze aris Tanaarsi da
Tanaswori mamisa da suliwmidisa, _ `mamisagan Sobili uwinares yovelTa sauku-
neTa~, ~Sobili da ara qmnili~. krebis absoluturma umravlesobam es Tvalsazrisi
Seracxa RvTis sityvad da wmida sulis sunTqvad, rac aisaxa kidec imperatoris
saboloo sityvasa da sigelSi.
marTalia, sameufo gzam gaimarjva, magram arc mwvaleblobam daxara Tavi. ari-
anelebi, romelTa didi nawili provinciebSi gadaasaxles, kvlav gaaqtiurdnen.
male sefekacebic moinadires da konstantinem guli ibruna maTze. man, dis _ kon-
stantias _ Txovnis Tanaxmad, eqsoriobidan daabruna ariozi; misi xarisxSi aR-
dgena ineba da, radgan wm. aTanasem uari uTxra, brZana, dedaqalaqis episkoposs
aResrulebina misi wadili, magram eresiarqi 336 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala.
arianelebi ufro aRborgdnen. maT mxareze konstantine didis Svili da memkvid-
re aRmoCnda _ konstanci. man namdvili omi gamoucxada msoflio krebas da mis
mimdevrebs. mravali episkoposi gandevna da daapatimra. aleqsandrieli aTanases
Sepyrobac moiwadina, magram morwmuneebma winaaRmdegoba gauwies da mRvdelmTa-
vari gadamales. amis Semdeg mas imperatori `mawanwalas~ da `SfoTisTavs~ uwodebda
da eZebda msjavris dasadebad. wm. aTanases romis papi icavda da mfarvelobda.
konstancis Semdeg atmosfero gauaresda. ivliane gandgomilisa da valentiosis
xana eresebis aRzvavebiT aRiniSna. momZlavrdnen ukiduresi arianelebi _ evnomi-
anelebi da evdokianelebi. agreTve _ naxevararianelebi, romlebic aswavlidnen,
rom Ze mamis msgavsia (`homoiusios~), magram ara Tanaarsi (`homousios~), rogorc

daadgina msoflio krebam. boboqrobdnen makedonianelebi. isini uaryofdnen
wmida sulis RvTaebrivobas da, maSasadame, samebis dogmats. saeklesio praqtikac
qaoss moecva. antioqiaSi, magaliTad, ori episkoposi meufebda: erTi _ mwvalebeli,
meore _ marTlmadidebeli, romis saydrisagan dadginebuli.
aseT garemoSi gamefda Teodosi didi, romelmac sataxto qalaqSi _ konstanti-
nopolSi _ 381 wels, grigol RvTismetyvelis (nazianzelis) mRvdelmTavrobis Jams,
moiwvia kreba `mTels imperiaSi nikeis swavlebis dasamtkiceblad yvela eresis
winaaRmdeg~. SemadgenlobiT es Tavyriloba adgilobrivi iyo (monawileobda 150
episkoposi), magram saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebis `Rirseulad da sayuradRebod~
gadawyvetis gamo msoflio krebis avtoriteti moixveWa, rac mogvianebiT daadas-
tura kidec romis papma. sxdomebs pirvelad meleti antioqieli uZRveboda. misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg _ grigol RvTismetyveli, bolos ki _ neqtariosi. aqti-
urobda grigol noselic. ZiriTadad ganixiles ori sakiTxi: mrwamsi da eresebi.
daadastures anu kvlav `dabeWdes~ da daazustes rwmenis simbolo, rac wina krebam
SeimuSava da rac eklesiaTa saerTo sarwmunoebis WeSmarit balaverad iqca. ari-
ozis moZRvreba kvlev uSeRavaTo da ucvalebel anaTemas mieca.
mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom dasavleTis zogierT eklesiaSi swored
arianelTa, ufro zustad _ makedonianelTa, sapirispirod daamates mrwams `fi-
liokve~ anu samebis mesame wevris Zisaganac gamosvlis dogma, rac ramdenime sa-
ukunis Semdeg bevri usiamovnebis sababad iqca.
V-s-is I naxevarSi arianeloba istorias Cabarda, Tumca misi gavlena didxans
igrZnoboda zogierTi tomis sarwmunoebaze, romlebmac aRniSnul periodSi iwames
qristes rjuli. kerZod _ guTebis, vandalebisa da burgundebis eklesiebze. sag-
rZnobia, gnosticizmTan erTad, misi roli im Tanamedrove mimdinareobaze, rom-
lis wevrebi TavianT Tavs ìehovas mowmeebs~ eZaxian (ix. qvemoT).
davZenT: Zvel qarTul saRvTismetyvelo-liturgikul krebulebSi _ mravalTa-
vebSi _ Semonaxulia qadageba, romelic, zedwerilis mixedviT, Cvens ganmanaTlebel
mociqulTaswor ninos warmouTqvams qristes venaxSi arianelTa boboqrobis Jams
naTlisRebis anu samebobis dResaswaulze.
esaa Teologiur-triadologiuri traqtati, sadac vkiTxulobT:
`RmrTeeba erT ars, buneba igive ars da Zliereba dausrulebel... yovlisa mpyro-
beloba erTarsebiT aqvs, rameTu sruli RmerTi ars mama da sruli RmerTi ars Ze
da sruli RmerTi ars yovladwmida suli. buneba erTi aris da igive RmrTeeba da
ara ganvkveTo. xolo erTarseba ars ukvdavi, garna Tvis-Tviseba ganeyo: rameTu
mama maradis mama arss da ara icvalebis Zed gina Tu sulad da suli maradis suli
arss da ara icvalebis mamad gina Tu Zed, rameTu suli ara mSobel ars da arca
Sobil, aramed suli RmrTisa pirisa ars da STaberva qristesi iTqmis da ars gamo-
dineba samaradiso da dauwyvedeli~.

nestorianoba
konstantinopolis axalaRsaydrebuli mTavarepiskoposi imperators ase mi-
esalma: `momec me, xelmwifev, msoflio, ganwmendili eresebisagan da me mogcem Sen
ciur samefos; mabrZole me eretikosebis winaaRmdeg da me gabrZoleb Sen sparse-
lebis winaaRmdeg~.
SeSfoTdnen mwvaleblebi. aRfrTovandnen eqstremisti fanatikosebi. dafiqr-
dnen orTodoqsi RvTismetyvelebi.
ra viciT aRniSnuli sityvis avtoris _ nestoris _ cxovrebisa da pirovnebis
Sesaxeb?
warmoSobiT igi siriidan, germanikis kesariidan iyo. arc STamomavloba da arc
dabadebis weli cnobili ar aris. wm. kirile aleqsandrielis TqmiT, ìs gamovida
sibinZuridan da misi modgma iyo samarcxvino~.
daamTavra antioqiis saRvTismetyvelo skola. ramdenime weli gaatara monas-
terSi da mRvdlad ekurTxa. iyo kargi moqadage. Tumca, JamTaaRmwerlis SefasebiT,
`mas hqonda sakmao mWevrmetyveleba, magram naklebi goniereba~. amis miuxedavad,
piradi aqtiurobiTa Tu nacnob-megobrebis wyalobiT, samefo karis ndoba daimsa-
xura da, imperator Teodosi I I -is (mciris) zegavleniT, 428 wels dedaqalaqis mTa-
varepiskoposad airCies.
mRvdelmTavrobis pirvelsave dRes, aRsaydrebis anu intronizaciis zeimze,
rogorc mivaniSneT, man gamoxata zizRi rwmenis sferoSi sxvagvarad moazrovneebis
mimarT da am zizRs mouZebna politikuri da erovnuli sarCuli. igi yoveldRe
arwmunebda xelisufals, rom qveynis mTlianobisaTvis aucilebelia monokonfesi-
uroba. Sesabamisad, seqtantobas da mwvaleblobas Sedegad moaqvs saxelmwifos
daRupva da gacamtvereba. imperiis duRabi mxolod da mxolod marTlmadideblo-
baao. Semdeg nestori yvelaferSi da yvelgan landavda eress, rasac samkvdro-
sasicocxlo omi gamoucxada. misi meufebis wlebSi seqtantebs, romlebsac kons-
tantines qalaqSi SedarebiT mowyale TvaliT uyurebdnen, dauwyes sastiki devna,
_ svamdnen cixeSi, erekebodnen, arTmevdnen qonebas, uxuravdnen da ungrevdnen
eklesiebs. dawves arianelTa erTaderTi samlocvelo, rac Turme sisxlis fasad
SeenarCunebinaT. xanZari mTel kvartals moedo da gadabuga. eretikos-sqizmati-
kosebis rbeva vrceldeboda imperiis sxva nawilebzec, rac alag-alag sisxlismRv-
rel SetakebebSi izrdeboda. antagonizmi Rrmavdeboda.
am dros ki mZvinvare antieretikosi Tavad aRmoCnda eretikosi. gaepiskopose-
bidan ramdenime Tvis Tu sulac kviris Semdeg man sakaTedro taZarSi aseTi debu-
leba Camoayaliba: yovladwmida qalwul mariams ar Seefereba saxelad `RvTism-
Sobeli~, radgan RmerTs ar SeiZleba hyavdes deda _ es warmarTobaao; qalwulma
Sva ara RmerTi, aramed mxolod adamiani, romelsac mis (dedis) gareSe SeuerTda
RvTis sityva, _ saukuneTa uwinares Sobili mamisagan. ase rom, mqadageblis azriT,

kaci ieso, mariamis Svili, iyo RvTis savane da Cveni xsnis saWurveli; es adamiani,
wmida sulis gardamosvlis gziT, gaxda qriste, e.i. cxebuli, da RvTis sityva
daemkvidra masTan.
amis gamo nestorma mariami moixsenia ara RvTismSobelad (Teotokos), aramed
`kacismSobelad~ (anTropotokos). es Tvalsazrisi Semdeg ufro ganavrco da
daakonkreta, magram, radgan xalxis guliswyroma igrZno, kompromisze wavida da
`kacismSobeli~ `qristesmSobliT~ (qristotokos) Secvala. Tumca ukve yvelasaT-
vis naTeli iyo, rom saqme exeboda ara termins, aramed ZiriTad qristianul dog-
mats gankacebis Sesaxeb. marTalia, nestori, monofizitebisagan gansxvavebiT (ix.
qvem.), ar uaryofda qristeSi ori bunebis _ RmerTisa da adamianis _ arsebobas,
magram Tvlida, rom TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke iSva: jer _ kaci, mere _ RmerTi.
am msjelobis mixedviT irRveoda doqtrina ieso-kacisa da qriste-RmerTis hipos-
tasuri igiveobis Sesaxeb da gamodioda daskvna, rom jvarcmuli RmerTis sxeulSi
or bunebasTan erTad ori pirovneba cxovrobda.
bizantioni, romelsac Semdeg konstantinopoli ewoda, RvTismSoblis wilxvedr
qalaqad iTvleboda da didi dedis mimarT iq gansakuTrebuli sasoeba sufevda. ami-
tomac ufro gaogndnen da aRSfoTdnen msmenelebi. Seiqmna patriarqis Teologiuri
opozicia qilikiis (Semdg. konstantinopolis) episkopos proklesa da advokat evsevis
xelmZRvanelobiT. ukanasknelma Turme nestors qadageba mWaxe SeZaxiliT Seawyvetina:
`tyuilia da RvTis gmoba! WeSmaritad erTi da igive RvTis sityva Sobilia mamisagan
maradisobaSi da gansxeulebuli droSi qalwulisagan Cveni xsnisaTvis!~.
daiwyo eresis sajaro mxileba. male konstantinopolis karibWeze gamoakres
gancxadeba gragnilis saxiT, rac mTavarxucess mwvaleblobaSi sdebda brals,
kerZod _ I I s-Si dagmobili eresiarqis pavle samosatelis SexedulebaTa ganaxle-
bas: TiTqos qriste iyo mxolod udidesi wmindani da winaswarmetyveli, romelSic
yvelaze aRmatebuli ZaliT damkvidrda samebis meore wevri. teqsti mTavrdeboda
daskvniT: ànaTema, vinc yofs RvTis Zes mariamis Zisagan!~
nestorma, radgan imperatoris mfarvelobas imedovnebda, revanSi wamoiwyo.
ekveTa oponentebs eklesiebsa Tu monastrebSi da, paralelurad, WeSmariti rwmenis
iarliyiT gaavrcela Tavisi Teoria (arcTu warumateblad). mis TanameinaxeTa So-
ris aRmoCndnen antioqiis patriarqi ioane da episkoposi doroTe. maT metwilad
antioquri skolis warmomadgenlebma dauWires mxari.
cnoba eresis aRmocenebis Sesaxeb egviptis udabnosac miswvda. berebi jguf-
jgufad midiodnen aleqsandriis episkopos kirilesTan, ukve aRiarebul RvTis-
metyvelTan, TxovniT _ eTqva sityva WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaze. asec moxda:
kirilem Seadgina da gaavrcela traqtati, sadac, nestoris mouxsenieblad, gakicxa
RvTis qalwulis saSoSive gankacebis uarmyofni. Semdeg, vinaidan viTareba iZabe-
boda, Tavad nestors gaugzavna `Segonebani~. ukanasknelma ki, darwmunebulma Tavis

simarTleSi, romis paps celestiuss auwya yovelive da sTxova msjavris gamotana.
papma ganixila nestoris Teoria da dagmo. man uflebamosilebiT aRWurva kirile
aleqsandrieli, emoqmeda misi (papis) saxeliT da, Tu saWirod CaTvlida, moeTxova
nestorisagan cdomilebis uaryofa aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. wm. kirilem erTxel
kidev aaxla mabralebeli epistole nestors da mis mimdevrebs, sadac warmoadgina
amomwuravi msjeloba gankacebis Taobaze, da adresatebs sinanulisaken miuxmo,
magram amaod. maSin saRmrTo filosofosma maqsimaluri sizustiT ganCxrika axali
moZRvreba da misgan gamoyo 12 saanaTemo anu SesaCvenebeli debuleba; Seadgina
saTanado ustari da konstantinopolSi gaatana mociqulebs. nestorma sazeimod
ganacxada, rom igi angariSs uwevs tradicias da iwynarebs epiTets `RvTismSobeli~,
magram ara misi poziciisagan gansxvavebuli azriT. man saxeldaxelod Seadgina
kontrpasuxi, magram imdenad zerele da ukuRmarTi argumentebiT, rom adrindeli
momxreebic ki daafrTxo da CamoiSora.
imperatorma 431 wels mesame msoflio saeklesio krebis mowveva brZana. adgi-
lad SearCies qalaqi efeso, sadac RvTismSobelma sicocxlis ukanaskneli dReebi
gaatara. iq, yovladwmidis miZinebis taZarSi, imedovnebdnen WeSmaritebis dadgenas
qalwulis mucladRebis saidumloTa saidumlos Sesaxeb mokvdavTaTvis gasageb
enaze. daniSnul dros efesoSi Cavida deputacia qristianuli msoflios yvela
qveynidan. ar Canda ioane antioqieli. mas ramdenime xans ucades da Semdeg, 22 ivniss,
kirile aleqsandrielma, romelsac papis rwmuneba hqonda, kreba gaxsnilad gamo-
acxada. nestorma, 68 episkoposma, didebulma Tavadma irineosma da imperatoris
komisarma kandidianem protesti gamoacxades forumis ioane antioqielis gareSe
dawyebis gamo da procesi datoves. ase rom, kreba braldebulis dauswreblad Ca-
tarda. monawileobda 160 episkoposi, sul _ 200 mama. problema pirvelsave sxdomaze
gadaiWra. daamtkices debuleba, romelic qarTulad ase iTargmneba: ori buneba
_ RvTiuri da adamianuri _ gaerTianda qristeSi ganuyoflad da Seurwymelad.
danarCeni monakveTic am Tezisis wanamZRvrebisa da detalebis ganxilvas daeTmo.
SeimuSaves 8 kanoni da anaTema SeuTvales nestorsa da nestorianebs.
amasobaSi efesos antioqiis patriarqic moadga aRmosavleTis episkoposTa xle-
biT. isini miesalmnen TanamoazreTa banaks da moawyves calke kreba, rac eklesiis
istoriaSi ixsenieba `Sekrebad~, `Tavyrilobad~. igi ioane antioqielis Tavmjdoma-
reobiT warimarTa da gamoitana daskvna `kiriles krebis~ arakanonierebis Sesaxeb.
amitomac misi winamZRvrebi kirile aleqsandrieli da memnon efeseli (e.i. adgi-
lobrivi episkoposi, romelmac taZari ar dauTmo nestorianebs) gankveTes episko-
posobisagan da ganayenes mRvdelmsaxurebisagan; daweres saCivari da gaugzavnes
Teodosi meores.
mefem orive krebis warmomadgenlebi ixmo. orive lideri daapatimra da Seudga
saqmis obieqtur ganxilvas. mTavrobis saxlis win, moedanze, bermonazonTa da

morwmuneTa mier imarTeboda demonstraciebi, ewyoboda aqciebi, piketebi; iyo di-
di CoCqoli orive mxridan. bolos da bolos imperatorma saboloo ganaCeni
gamoitana: aRiara 200 mamisagan Semdgari krebis avtoriteti da gaaTavisufla wm.
kirile. nestori ki gagzavna wm. evprepis monasterSi antioqiis maxloblad. iqidan
ki, ukve moxuci da dauZlurebuli _ Soreul egvipteSi, e.w. `did oazisSi~, sadac
momTabareebma moitaces da bevri wvalebis Semdeg daabrunes. man amdeni veRar
aitana da gardaicvala.
opozicionerebi ar dacxrnen. maT, ioane antioqielis TaosnobiT, kvlav moiwvies
kreba antioqiaSi. dagmes zemoxsenebuli 12 SeCveneba, radgan, maTi TqmiT, igi zus-
tad ar gadmoscemda nestoris moZRvrebis dedaazrs; ganmeorebiT daamtkices ki-
rilesadmi anaTema, raSic maT imxanad mxari dauWira cnobilma RvTismetyvelma
Teodorite kvirelma; imedovnebdnen imperatoris Tanadgomas, magram amaod: ke-
Tilmorwmune mefem gezi mSvidobisaken aiRo da erTxel gamotanili msjavris
gadasinjva ar ineba.
nestoris erTgulebi antioqiis aRmosavleTSi Sejgufdnen, magram Teodosi I I -
is gardacvalebis Semdeg, antioqiis patriarq raulis iniciativiT amtydari devnis
gamo, gadaixvewnen sparseTs, sadac Seiwynares rogorc `bizantiisagan vnebulni~.
iq maT 499 wels selevkiis krebaze TavianTi eklesia Seqmnes da daadgines `sruliad
aRmosavleTis patriarq-kaTalikosi~.
nestorianoba gavrcelda mcire aziaSi, indoeTsa da CineTSi. maTgan sparseTSi
didi ricxvi Tmur-lengis (XIV-XV) dros moisra. gadarCenilebma qurTistanis mTebs
da TurqeTis samxreT zols Seafares Tavi, sadac dRemde saxloben. nawilma XVII s-
Si romTan unias (SeTanxmebas, gaerTianebas) moawera xeli. isini dRes aRmosavleTis
kaTolikebad iwodebian da Seadgenen Tavisebur, qaldeuri wesis, sapatriarqos.
umravlesoba ki Zveli rwmenis erTguli darCa. CineTSi es konfesia dRes aRar
Cans. indoeTSi ki icnoben `wm. Tomas qristianebad~. zogi iakobitebTan, e.i. mono-
fizitebTan, _ radikalurad gansxvavebuli rwmenis xalxTan gaerTianda, rac
ucnauria da mianiSnebs orive mxaris aRmsareblobiTi cnobierebis daqveiTebaze.
nestoris moZRvrebas saqarTvelomdec mouRwevia. CvenSi religiur umciresobebs
(V-VI ss-Si mainc) lmobierad epyrobodnen, rac, savaraudebelia, dadebiTad moqmedebda
maT SemecnebiT kulturaze da, rogorc somexTa da qarTvelTa kaTalikosebis
mimoweridan anu èpistoleTa wignidan~ Cans, bevrs uCenda eklesiis wiaRSi sinanuliT
dabrunebis survils. wamoWrila problema, moenaTlaT Tu ara isini xelmeored anu
CaeTvalaT Tu ara eretikosTa xeliT Sesrulebuli wesi Zalmosilad. qarTlis
kaTalikos kirions rCeva romis papisaTvis _ grigol didisaTvis (+604) _ ukiTxavs.
SemorCenilia pasuxi laTinur enaze, rac gamoavlina da Targmna mRvdelma mixeil
TamaraSvilma (misive, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf. 1902, gv. 23-26).
vinaidan problema dResac aqtualuria, warmovadgenT monakveTs.

papi auwyebs saqarTvelos mwyemsmTavars: `siyvarulma siSore ar icis da visac
adgili aSorebs, mas epistole aaxloebs... gvekiTxebodiT: nestoris SecTomaTagan
moqceul mRvdelTa da erTaTvis saWiroa naTlisReba, anu kmara marto aRsarebao?
am sagnisa Cven uwyiT Cvenis mamebis Zvelis drois Cveuleba, rom, rodesac moiqce-
vian mwvaleblobisagan, romelSiac monaTlulan wmida samebis saxeliT, maT vuer-
TebT wmida eklesias an zeTis cxebiT, an xeldasxmiT da an marto sarwmunoebas
aRiarebinebT, radgan mwvaleblobaSi monaTlulT suliwmida maSin swmends,
rodesac nestorianebi Cvenis xeldasxmiT da monofizitebi sarwmunoebis aRsare-
biT uerTdebian eklesias. garna is mwvaleblebi, romlebic wmida samebis saxeliT
ar arian monaTlulni, rogoradac qristes uarismyofelni monosianebi da kaTo-
farigelebi, romelnic suliwmidad racxen montanistebis borot kacsa, romlis
msgavsic bevri aris, unda moinaTlon, raTa eklesias SeuerTdnen... xolo nestori-
anebis mwvaleblobas isev maTi Secdomileba abrmavebs. isini wmida samebis saxeliT
arian monaTlulni, magram, msgavsad uriebisa, daJinebiT uars hyofen mxolodSo-
bilis Zis ganxorcielebas. amitom, rodesac isini moiqcevian wmida kaTolike ekle-
siisadmi, saWiroa, aswavloT maT WeSmariti sarwmunoebis aRsareba, raTa irwmunon
mtkiced, rom Ze kacisa, RmerTi da ufali Cveni ieso qriste RvTaebiT ars uwinares
soflisa da igive gankacda bolo dros, radgan sityva igi xorcSesxmul iqna da
daemkvidra Cven Soris, radgan, vambobT, sityva igi ra ganxorcielda, ar Seicvala
misgan rac iyo, aramed miiRo da gaxda isic, rac ar iyo. saukuno mamis mxolodSo-
bilma Zem Tavisi ganxorcielebis saidumloiT Tavisi arseba ki ar daamcira, aramed
Cveni buneba aRamaRla... xolo igi, romeli uwinares soflisa RmerTia, bolo dros
qalwulis saSoSi gankacda. masSive icxo imave sulisagan, rodesac Caisaxa. arc
isea, rom jer Casaxuliyo da merme cxebul, aramed suliwmidis TviT imave moq-
medebiT, rom qalwulisagan xorci Seisxa, icxo suliwmidisaganve. amitom, vinc
nestoris SecTomilebisagan moiqcevian, Tqveni wmida krebulis winaSe aRiaron
misi WeSmariti Soba da SeaCvenon nestori, misi mimdevarni da danarCenni mwvale-
belni. egreTve Semogvpirden, rom pativs scemen da Seiwynareben im yvela krebaTa,
romelsac msoflio eklesia aRiarebs. Semdgom Tvinier ram siZnelisa, miiReT es-
reTni pirni Tqvens sazogadoebaSi da dastoveT im wessa anu xarisxSi, romelSiac
arian. ganubnieT maT SecTomilebani da aswavleT yvelaferi, rac ki saWiroa.
sitkboebiT moepyariT, nuraviTar siZneles aRmouCenT maTi xarisxis Sesaxeb, raTa
igini TavianTi mtris xelidan daixsnaT. egoden yovlismpyrobelis uflisagan
ganimravlebT saukuno didebis sasyidels, raodnaTac ufro mometebulad
SemohkrebT maT, raTa TqvenTan samaradisod adidon ufali...~

monofizitoba da somxuri eklesia
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom marTlmadidebeli formula _ qristeSi ori buneba
mkvidrobs ganuyoflad da Seurwymelad, _ nestoris cdomilebis _ ori bunebis
or pirad miCnevis _ gamosasworeblad SeimuSaves, magram aRgznebuli paeqrobisa
da lanZRva-ginebis dros warmoiSva meore ukiduresoba macxovris ori bunebis
Serwymisa da erT bunebad warmoCenis Sesaxeb.
esaa monofizitoba, rac berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs erTbunebianobas (mone
èrTi~ da fiusis ~buneba~). eresiarqebad iTvlebian dioskore da evtiqi. gamoCenis
dRidanve igi daiyo ramdenime Stod iakobis, petrosis, severozis, Teodosisa
Tu gaianes moZRvrebaTa mixedviT.
monofizitebis saerTo pozicia aseTia: ieso qriste wuTisofelSi movida ori
bunebiT, magram gankacebis anu gansxeulebis Jams saRmrTo bunebam gamouTqmelad
da saswaulebrivad Seirwya kacobrivi da erT bunebad gamoCnda; RmrTeebam STanTqa
kaceba da, amdenad, erTiani buneba Casaxlda qristes gvamSi da mogvevlina erTi
pirovnebiT, erTi arsebiT, erTi nebiT. maSasadame, qristes sinkretuli buneba
aerTianebs RvTiurs da adamiaurs, romelTagan meorem dakarga TviTmyofadoba
da mxolod logikiT Tu ganirCeva RvTiurisagan. aqedan mivdivarT daskvnamde,
rom macxovari, mosuli soflad, mxolod RmerTia. misi adamianuri saxe, cxovreba
da vneba _ moCvenebiTi, iluziuri, araarsebiTi.
ai, Teoria, romlis mtkiceba da mxileba erTdroulad kacobriobis tragediacaa
da bednierebac, radgan morwmuneTagan moiTxova auracxeli sisxli, magram RvTis-
metyvelebs kvlav gadaadgmevina nabiji WeSmaritebis srulCenis gzaze.
yvelaferi ase daiwyo:
erTxel, nestorTan kamaTis dros, wm. kirile aleqsandrielma, romelic ayali-
bebda RmerTkacis pirovnuli anu hipostasuri erTianobis, ucvaleblobisa da
Seurwymelobis dogmats, Tqva: `RvTis sityvis erTianma bunebam xorci Seisxa~ (`mia
fiusis tu Teu logu sesarkomene~). am sityvebs monofizitobasTan kavSiri ara
aqvs, magram igi mainc gaugebrobaTa Tavsakidur lodad iqca. egviptelma berebma
igi anbanurad aRiqves da wm. kiriles gardacvalebis Semdeg (441) SeiTvises rwmena,
rom ganxorcielebis Sedegad macxovars aRar SerCa adamianuri buneba, _ kaceba
gaiTqvifa RvTaebaSi. amitomac, cxadia, ieso yvelafers akeTebda da iqmoda mxo-
lod da mxolod RvTiuri nebiT, zraxviTa da SegnebiT. es moZRvreba, monastridan
monasterSi zepirmoaruli, aitaca konstantinopolelma arqimandritma, Tanamed-
roveTa TqmiT, _ mcireganaTlebulma, magram berebis wreSi da sasaxlis karze
popularulma evtiqim. man male Tanamoazrenic SeiZina da wamoiwyo qadageba, ramac
seriozul masStabebs miaRwia. gacxarda kamaTi. viTarebis gasaanalizeblad pat-
riarqma flabianem 448 wels moiwvia adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba 32 episko-
posis SemadgenlobiT. monofizitoba eresad gamoacxada, misi jiuti qomagi ki

ganikveTa, rac oficialurad ecnoba romis paps _ wm. leons. Tavis mxriv evtiqimac
iCivla papTan, magram warumateblad. Semdeg imperators mimarTa gavleniani
ministris _ saWurisi qrizanTosis _ SemweobiT. mas agreTve mxarSi amoudga aleq-
sandriis patriarqi, wm. kiriles memkvidre, _ dioskore, romelmac gaaRrmava da
zurgi gaumagra eress. fiqroben, rom mas, religiurTan erTad, ZalauflebiTi
motivic amoZravebda. kerZod is, rom aleqsandriis uxucesi sapatriarqo ver egu-
eboda umrwemesi konstantinopolis aRzevebas. dioskores Tvalwin edga winamorbe-
debis magaliTi, _ aleqsandrieli mwyemsmTavrebis mier konstantinopolelTa
saqmeebis ganxilva: Teofilem wm. ioane oqropiri gaasamarTla, wm. kirilem _ nes-
tori. man ki amjerad flabianes gankiTxva moindoma da keisris _ Teodosi mciris
_ Tanadgomac hpova. 449 wels, evtiqis sakasacio gancxadebis safuZvelze, q. efe-
soSi Sedga kreba, romelic cnobilia àvazakTa krebis~ saxeliT. mas dioskore
Tavmjdomareobda. evtiqis mowinaaRmdegeebi darbazidan gayares, momxreebs ki
farTod gauRes kari. evtiqi xarisxSi aRadgines, flabianes axali, TiTqos wina
krebis dadgenilebis sawinaaRmdego, dogmatis SemoReba daswames, Tanamdebobidan
gadaayenes da gadaasaxles, ris Semdegac male gardaicvala. aseve gaasamarTles
evsevi dorieli, evtiqis bralmdebeli, da domna antioqieli.
gamarjveba moCvenebiTi da xanmokle aRmoCnda: papma leonma, rogorc ki legatma
informacia miawoda, romSi saswrafod moiwvia kreba, dioskore da evtiqi samRvde-
lo madlisagan ganSiSvlebulad gamoacxada da àvazakTa krebis~ yvela dadgeni-
leba _ baTilad, rac sagangebo epistoliT acnoba konstantinopolis samRvde-
loebas, senats da xalxs. dioskore ar daemorCila papis avtoritets da metic _
anaTema SeuTvala. Seiqmna krizisuli situacia. amasobaSi samefo karze cvlilebebi
moxda: gardaicvala Teodosi da taxtze avidnen markiane da dedofali pulxeria,
romelic flabianes Tayvanismcemeli iyo. maT gailaSqres monofizitebis winaaR-
mdeg da aleqsandriis gankanonebuli patriarqis TviTnebobis asalagmad 451 wels,
papTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg, qalkedonSi IV msoflio saeklesio kreba moiwvies.
kreba gaixsna 8 oqtombers da 1 noembramde gastana.
SvidTagan es yvelaze mravalricxovani kreba iyo. Tu ndobiT aRWurvil pirebsac
ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, delegatebis ricxvi 630-mde aRwevda. aqtiurad mona-
wileobdnen: anatoli konstantinopoleli, domna antioqieli (romelic sapyro-
biledan markianem gamoiyvana), maqsime antioqieli (domnas Semcvleli), iubenali
aleqsandrieli, paladi kesaria-kabadukieli, TviT dioskore aleqsandrieli, papis
legatebi da sxvani. agreTve imperatori, senatorebi da morwmune eris warmomad-
genlebi. Tavmjdomareobda anatoli konstantinopoleli. pirvel rigSi ganixiles
àvazakTa krebis~ saqme. evsevi dorielma waikiTxa dokumenti, sadac aRnusxuli
iyo dioskores Zaladobis mamxilebeli faqtebi. dakiTxes mowmeebi. braldeba
dadasturda, ris gamoc dioskores gauuqmes mandati da sabraldebo skamze dasves.

mis gverdiT ramdenime egvipteli episkoposic aRmoCnda. krebam anaTema gamoucxada
dioskores, evtiqis da àvazakTa krebis~ im moqmed pirebs, romelTac ar moinanies.
Semdeg msjelobam Teologiis sferoSi gadainacvla. unda gaerkviaT qristes ori
bunebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi anu unda daeRwiaT Tavi ori ukiduresobisa-
gan _ nestorianobisa da monofizitobisagan. gaaanalizes wm. kirile aleqsandri-
elisa da ioane antioqielis Txzulebebi mocemul Temaze. saxelmZRvanelod Seiwy-
nares wm. leonis epistole flabianesadmi, romelic papis legatebma waikiTxes.
es dokumenti (qarTuli Targmani Sesulia anton kaTalikosis `mzametyvelebaSi~.
ix. qv.) daedo safuZvlad ganCinebas, riTac daigmo qristeSi rogorc ori piris
anu pirovnebis rwmena (nestorianoba), ise _ erTi bunebis (monofizitoba). amave
epistolis anu tomaris mixedviT gansazRvres ufal ieso qristes gvamSi ori bune-
bis SeerTebis, ufro zustad ki _ Tanaarsebobis, Tanamyofobis dogmati, romlis
dedaazri aseTia:
erTi da igive piri, ufali Cveni ieso qriste, aris srulyofili RmerTi da srul-
yofili kaci, WeSmariti RmerTi da WeSmariti kaci gonieri suliT da sxeuliT;
Tanaarsi mamisa RvTaebiT da Tanaarsi Cveni kacebiT, yovliTurT Cveni msgavsi
codvis gareSe; Sobili saukuneTa uwinares mamisagan RvTaebiT, xolo ukanasknel
Jams _ CvenTvis da Cveni xsnisaTvis mariam qalwuli RvTismSobelisagan kacebiT.
erTi da igive qriste, Ze, ufali mxolodSobili ori bunebiT Seurwymelad, Se-
ucvlelad, ganuyoflad, mamisagan ganuSoreblad gankacda ise, rom SeerTebiT
aranairad ar darRveula ori bunebis gansxvaveba, aramed metad Seinaxa TiToeuli
bunebis Tavisebureba da gaerTianda erT pirSi, erT hipostasSi, _ ara or pirad
ganwvalda anu gaiyo, aramed sufevs erTi da igive mxolodSobili Ze, RvTis sityva,
ufali ieso qriste, rogorc Zveli winaswarmetyvelebi gvauwyebdnen masze da ro-
gorc TviT ufali ieso qriste gvaswavlis Cven da rogorc gadmogvcems Cven mamaTa
simbolo.
am dogmats ewodeba marTlmadidebeli rwmenis ganvrcobili simbolo, rasac
krebis umravlesobam moawera xeli. egviptelma episkoposebma, Tumca dioskores
gankveTis samarTlianoba aRiares, zogierTi punqtisagan, magaliTad, papi leonis
dogmaturi epistolisagan (tomarisagan), Sors daiWires Tavi da Tqves: mTavarepis-
koposi jer dadgenili ara gvyavs, misi locva-kurTxevis gareSe ki nabijs ver ga-
davdgamTo...
bolo sxdomaze mobrZanda imperatori. gamoTqva kmayofileba krebis Sinaarsiani
moRvaweobis gamo da monawileebs keTilwarmateba usurva.
Teoriulad TiTqos yvelaferi mogvarda, magram movlenebi mainc arasasurveli
gziT ganviTarda.
saqristiano or banakad gaiyo: diofizitebad (orbunebianebad), e.i. orTodoqs-
qalkedonitebad anu sinoditebad da monofizitebad, e.i. mwvalebel-antiqalkedo-

nitebad. pirvels miemxren berZnebi da laTinebi, meores _ umetesad aRmosavleTis
qveynebi: siria, palestina, egvipte (metadre koptebis eklesia) da somxebi. aseTi
ganawilebis mizezs zogjer Sesabamisi sazogadoebebis mentalitetsa da cxovrebis
stilSi eZeben. azielTa saazrovno sistemas, iqauri bermonazvnebis mkacr aske-
tizmsa da misticizms, maTs sulsa da gonebas monofizitoba TiTqos ufro esalbu-
neboda, vinaidan, fiqroben mkvlevrebi, es moZRvreba, misive arsebis kvaldakval,
met stimuls iZleva xorcieli samyarosa da qveyniuri problemebis ignorirebi-
saTvis. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom evtiqi-dioskores eresma Tavidan savane gande-
gilTa wreSi hpova da religiur amboxebaTa akvani arcTu iSviaTad monastrebSi
irweoda.
marTlac: ajanyebis pirveli alami palestinelma monofizitma berma Teodosim
aafriala. aiRes ierusalimi. daarbies marTlmadidebelTa ubnebi, Sebilwes siwmi-
deebi. mxolod saimperio jarebma daicves morwmuneTa sicocxle. Semdeg SfoTis-
Tavi sinaze gadavida, iqidan _ aleqsandriaSi, sadac namdvili `barTlomes Rame~
daatriala: SeiaraRebuli fanatikosebis brbo daZrwoda da kardakar daeZebda
èretikosebs~. maT dawves serafisis ganTqmuli taZari, romelSic jariskacebis
didi razmi imyofeboda, xolo patriarqi proteriusi sakaTedro taZarSive gan-
gmires (+457)). mwyemsmTavroba ki ukidures monofizit timoTe elurs (katas, de-
dofalas, _ berZnebis zedwodebiT) Caabares. awmyo sagodebeli gaxda. imperatorma
leonma demokratiul saSualebebs mimarTa: saxelmwifos episkoposTa da mTavar
arqimandritTa Soris 460 wels referendumi Caatara, riTac gairkva, rom ierarqTa
didi umravlesoba qalkedonis poziciaze idga, magram amis aRniSvnam opozicia
ufro gaaborota.
V s-is 70-ian wlebSi monofizitebis bude siriaSia. lideri ki _ antioqiis patri-
arqi petre, romelic qarTul wyaroebSi cnobilia petros mkawvrelis saxeliT
(berZn. knafevs anu kanafa, laT. fuloni, som. TafiC, rus. sukovSCik). amgvari
epiTeti ganapiroba ukuRmarTma moZRvrebam, misi mtkicebiT _ WeSmariti rwmenis
devizma, rac warmoadgina formuliT: _ `RmerTi jvars ecva~ (`Teos estavroTe~).
esaa `Teopasqia~ (`RmerTis tanjva~, berZn.), rac, mkawvrelis Teoriis mixedviT,
niSnavs: ivno ara marto qristem, aramed mTelma samebam; ara triadis erT-erTma
wevrma, aramed erTianma RvTaebam, rac aisaxa kidec locvebSi da samwmidaobis saga-
lobeli Camoyalibda ase: `wmidao RmerTo, wmidao Zliero, wmidao ukudao, romeli
CvenTvis jvars ecvi~. am moZRvrebis mqadageblebi cnobili arian ~Teopasqitebad~.
TviT sagalobels somxurad ewodeba `xaCecari~ (xaC. `jvari~, xaCecari _ `jvarc-
muli~), rasac maT liturgiaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs. cxadia, damateba (`ro-
meli jvars ecvi~) qristes adamianuri arsebis ignorirebam Tu damcrobam ganapi-
roba. amas ki, Tavis mxriv, axali garTulebebi mohyva.
samefo karzec ar iyo erTsulovneba. magaliTad: keisarma basilikem 474 wels

SeTxza antiqalkedonuri `sayovelTao epistole~, 500 episkoposs ZaldatanebiT
moawerina xeli da gaavrcela, rasac romis papis protesti mohyva, aimxedra
adgilobrivi diofiziti mosaxleobac. misi politika TiTqos Searbila zenonma.
482 wels man gamosca uniaturi dokumenti, erTianobis aqti _ henotikoni, razec
patriarqma akakimac moawera xeli. esaa mowodeba sayovelTao Serigebisa da
Tanxmobisaken. igi neitraluria kamaTis obieqtis mimarT; mouwodebs mxareebs,
daiviwyon urTierTgansxvavebani da yuradReba saerToze, saxeldobr, pirveli sami
saeklesio krebis dadgenilebebze gaamaxvilon, danarCeni ki _ sakiTxi qristes
erTi Tu ori bunebis Sesaxeb _ gverdze gadadon. samwuxarod, verc aman gamoiRo
sasurveli nayofi. piriqiT, romsa da bizantias Soris 35 wlianma ganxeTqilebam
(sqizmam) daisadgura, rac gamoixata SemdegSi: papma feliqs I I I dagmo henotikoni,
eklesiisagan gankveTa akaki da SemcvlelT mosTxova, mosaxsenieblidan (diftiqi-
dan) amoeSanTaT misi saxeli. marTalia, konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposebi
henotikons mxars ar uWerdnen, magram arc mosaxsenebelSi SehqondaT cvlileba,
rac papisadmi urCobis pirveli magaliTi iyo. aRniSnuli periodi cnobilia `sqiz-
mad akakis gamo~. igi gagrZelda imperator iustine pirvelsa da pap ormizdamde.
518 da 536 wlebSi konstantinopols Sedga adgilobrivi krebebi. gaasamarTles
antiqalkedoniti patriarqi severozi da dagmes misi Txzulebebi (ix. qv.). papis
miTiTebis safuZvelze kaTedra CamoarTves anTimozs, saidumlod rom erTgulebda
monofizitebs da mis adgilze daniSnes mina.
rogori iyo viTareba afrikasa da aRmosavleTSi? _ saSineli. aleqsandriisa da
antioqiis samRvdelmTavro kaTedrebze diofizitebi da monofizitebi elvisebu-
rad cvlidnen erTmaneTs. ukanasknelni orad gaiyvnen: uniis momxreebad da moZu-
leebad, romelTagan ukiduresi mimarTulebis partia episkoposobis institutzec
ki ambobda uars, Tuki ganwesebuli mRvdelmTavari henotikonis momxre aRmoCnde-
boda. aseT morwmuneebs konstantinopolis 536 wlis krebaze akefalistebi (uTavo-
ebi) Searqves. maT agresias da terors sazRvari ar hqonda. erT-erTi ierarqisagan
dageSili da mglad qceuli berebi 488 wlis axlo xans SeiWrnen antioqiis sameufo
taZarSi da imdeni urtyes marTlmadidebel patriarqs, rom meore Tu mesame dRes
gardaicvala. verc ierusalimsa da konstantinopolSi damyarda wesrigi. mTavro-
bis veranairma RonisZiebam _ dialogma, ferebam, Txovnam, muqaram Tu henotikonma
_ ver daacxro fanatikosebis vnebebi. miuxedavad amisa, imperatorebi _ iustine I,
iustiniane didi da iustine I I _ mainc dialogis platformaze idgnen, magram sim-
Svides yovelTvis ver inarCunebdnen da ukidures zomebsac mimarTavdnen. cnobi-
lia aseTi faqti: iustine meoris dros, 567 wels, kvlav SeimuSaves uniis proeqti.
wamoiwyes SeTanxmebis kampania. Sedga molaparakeba q. kalinikis erT monasterSi,
magram gragnili, razec teqsti iyo warmodgenili, berebma mefis mociquls Tavze
gadaaxies. daiwyo samoqalaqo omi, ulmobeli da gamanadgurebeli, _ monofizitebis

daWera, qonebis warTmeva, gasaxleba, fizikuri da moraluri Seuracxyofa, dasaxiC-
reba, daxocva da a.S. TviTmxilveli gviambobs: àntioqiis midamoebSi, mTels ara-
bistansa da palestinaSi... mosaxleoba gaZevebuli iyo samkvidrebeli adgilebidan
da gafantuli. visac daiWerdnen, borkilebs adebdnen, amwyvdevdnen satusaRoSi
da yovelgvar sasjelsa da tanjvas ayenebdnen. bevri, qonebis CamorTmevis Semdeg,
kvdeboda Seubralebeli cemisagan. sxvebs Tavs esxmodnen razmebi da ulmobeli
jalaTebi, romelnic erekebodnen maT erTi adgilidan meoreze... Tu vinme gabedav-
da am sabraloTa Sefarebas soflebsa da saxlebSi, maT awiokebdnen, scemdnen da
tanjavdnen... didsa Tu patara monastrebs siriaSi udidesi sulgrZelobiT uxde-
bodaT gadatana yovelgvari devnulobisa, simZimisa, tanjvisa, SimSilisa, wyurvi-
lisa, sicivisa da sititvlisa... (berebi) msgavsad nadirisa, mTel Rameebs atareb-
dnen cis qveS, daexetebodnen mTasa da barSi, susxian zamTarSi Rameebs aTevdnen
Tovlsa da yinulze, qvebze mjdomareni, sicivisa da Zlieri qarisagan Sewu-
xebulni...~ `veravin bedavda maTTvis TavSesafari mieca saxlSi, vinaidan aseT saxls
konfiskacias uSvebodnen, xolo mis patrons pasuxisgebaSi aZlevdnen. amitom
mravali iZulebuli iyo, msgavsad nadirisa, Sefareboda gamoqvabulebsa da miuval
adgilebs evfratis gaRma. zogi kidev garboda TovliT dafaruls mTebSi da ima-
leboda Txisa da cxvris bakebSi...~ (ix. k.kekeliZe, etiudebi..., I, Tb., 1956, 28-30).
ase rom, bizantiis imperiaSi eresis winsvla Zalis meSveobiT aRikveTa, Tumca
mavne Sedegebis gaqarwyleba ver moxerxda. yvelasaTvis naTeli iyo, rom religi-
uri oromtrialis wiaRSi TandaTan iCekeboda da frTiandeboda nacionaluri
separatizmi, rasac sarwmunoebriv cnobierebaSi provinciuli elementebi Sehqon-
da da dRes filetizmis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. zem).
monofizitebi erTian fronts ver qmnidnen SinaaSlilobisa da mimdinareobebad
dayofis gamo. ZiriTadi mimdinareobebia:
1. severianoba. efuZneba severoz antioqieli patriarqis (V-VI) moZRvrebas, ro-
melsac liberalur, e.i. zomier frTad miiCneven da Tvlian, rom igi SedarebiT
axlosaa diofizitur TvalsazrisTan. marTalia, severozic erT bunebas aRiarebda
qristeSi, magram qadagebda, rom RvTaebas mTlianad ar STaunTqavs kacebrivi _
mxolod arsebiToba daukarga mas. samagierod SeunarCuna Tvisebebi. ase rom, seve-
rozi iesos pirovnebaSi asxvavebda anu erTmaneTisagan mijnavda adamianur da
RvTiur Tvisebebs; swamda, rom macxovris xorci aRdgomamde iyo Cveni msgavsi, _
xrwnadi. amis gamo mowinaaRmdegeebma severianebs `xrwnisTayvanismcemlebi~
(`fTartolatrai~) Searqves.
severianTa fraqcias damoukidebeli eklesiis saxe misca edesis episkoposma iakobma
(VI), romelic diofizitTa Soris cnobilia `wanwalas~ (berZn.) da `baradasis~ (sir.)
anu `CamofleTilis~ saxeliT. mas sakuTari sistema ar Seuqmnia, magram imdenad didi
kvali datova istoriaSi, rom xSirad severianebs iakobitebad ixsenieben.

2. ivlianitoba anu ep. ivliane halikarnaselis (VI) swavleba, romlis reziume
aseTia: qriste mogvevlina rogorc axali anu meore, e.i. codvamdeli adami, visi
xorcic ar ixrwneboda da ar kvdeboda (xrwna codvis Sedegia). aqedan cxadia, _
macxovris gvami gankacebisTanave Seimosa uxrwnelebiT da am faqtTan misi miwieri
cxovrebis (mas rom scioda, stkioda, Sioda, rcxvenoda) SeuTanxmebloba aris
mxolod moCvenebiTi, zedapiruli. maSasadame, ivlianes azriT, RmerTkaci iyo uvne-
bo; Turme mas realurad arc scioda, arc stkioda, arc Sioda da arc rcxvenoda
(rodesac yvrimals scemdnen). amitom ivlianitebs ùxrwnelmoCvenebiTebs~ (~af-
Tartodoketai~) eZaxdnen.
erTbunebianTa ganwvaleba Semdgom TaobebSic gagrZelda.
somxuri eklesia
qristianoba somxeTSi pirvelad mociqulebma Tadeozma da barTlomem iqadages.
devnilebis xanaSi iq morwmuneTa Ronieri Temebi Camoyalibda da axali aRTqma
oficialur sarwmunoebad adre gamocxadda, IV s-is pirvel aTeulSi, Trdat I I I -is
dros, grigol ganmanaTleblis misioneruli Rvawlis wyalobiT. igi somxeTis pir-
veli episkoposi gaxda da haosianTa eklesia grigorianuladac iwodeba.
somxeTis samociqulo eklesia qalkedonis sapirispiro Tvalsazriss miemxro
da fileturi tendenciebi adre gamoavlina (ix. zem. gv. 87). es tendenciebi dRes am
eklesiis specifikuri niSnebia, razec metyvelebs misi oficialuri saxelwodeba
`somxuri eklesia~. saxezea somexi erisa da somxuri eklesiis identifikacia, rasac
safuZvlad msoflio eklesiisagan somxeTis sakaTalikosos CamoSoreba daedo.
bolodroindeli samecniero gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, kavkasielma qristianebma
_ saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da albaneTis eklesiebma _ Seiwynares zenonis henoti-
koni da 506 wels, dvinis saeklesio krebaze, unionaluri pozicia gamoimuSaves.
Semdeg erTianoba dairRva. saqarTvelos eklesiam diofizitobas uerTgula. da-
narCenebma ki (SesaZlebelia, iranis gavleniT) _ monofizitobas. albaneTi V I I - V I I I
ss-Si gamuslimanda da X-XI ss-Si saxelmwifoebrivadac gauqmda. somexTa ZiriTadi
nawili evtiqi-dioskores moZRvrebas miendo. vinc qalkedonis poziciaze darCa,
is bunebrivad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCnda
da droTa viTarebaSi gaqarTvelda. aseve gasomxdnen monofiziti qarTvelebic.
VII s-mde somxeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris Zmuri sarwmunoebriv-eklesiuri urTi-
erToba sufevda. dvinis I I adgilobrivi krebis Semdeg ki, 554 wlidan, rodesac som-
xeTis ierarqiam erTbunebianoba saxalxod aRiara, evqaristiuli Tanaziareba Sewyda.
V-VI ss-idan somxeTis samefo daiSala; erma saxelmwifo dakarga, ris gamoc ekle-
siis nacionalur-gamaerTianebeli funqcia gaizarda da sakaTalikoso saydari,
romelmac SuasaukuneebSi, politikuri klimatis Sesabamisad, ramdenjerme Seicva-
la adgili, saero xelisuflebis funqciiTac aRiWurva. ase Camoyalibda somxuri

nacionaluri eklesia. mis wiaRSi ki Seiqmna mdidari sasuliero mwerloba, rac
somxur kulturas msoflio mniSvnelobas aniWebs. es gansakuTrebiT saistorio
literaturis misamarTiT iTqmis.
amJamad somxuri eklesiis sameufo qalaqia eCmiaZini, sadac cxovrobs umaRlesi
patriarqi da uwmidesi kaTalikosi yovelTa somexTa. Tumca amave erovnebis morw-
muneebs TviTmarTvadi sapatriarqoebi sxvaganac aqvT, _ ierusalimsa da konstanti-
ponolSi (qilikiis sapatriarqo). maTgan upiratesi eCmiaZinis mRvdelmTavaria.
Teologiurma separatizmma saeklesio praqtikaSic iCina Tavi. daiwyes, erTbune-
bianobis kvalze, ziarebis saidumlos aRsruleba ucomo puriT da wyalgaureveli
RviniT; SeinarCunes qristes Sobisa da naTlisRebis erToblivad zeimis aRmosav-
luri tradicia (ix. zem.), SeiTvises `xaCecari~ (ix. zem.) da SemoiRes originaluri
marxva _ surbsarqisi anu alajori.
àlajori~ anu àrajori~ aris qarTuli varianti somxuri sityvisa. àrajavor~,
rac niSnavs `winaswars~, `winamavals~, `pirvels~. marTlac, alajori win uswrebs
didmarxvas sami kviriT da, maSasadame, modis mezverisa da farisevlis kviriakeze,
sadac dadebulia agreTve wm. sarqisis xseneba. aqedan warmodgeba meore saxelwo-
deba _ surbsarqisi anu wminda sarqisi (sergi). esaa monofizitebis Zveli marxva,
romelic gamoirCeva simkacriT da, Cans, SemouRiaT asketuri moTxovnilebis gam-
Zafrebis Sedegad. misi dawesebis istoria gaurkvevelia. moRweulia urTierTga-
momricxavi legendebi, romelTagan damfuZneblad zogi grigol ganmanaTlebels
asaxelebs, zogi _ petros mkawvrels an wm. sarqiss.
petros mkawvrels (Tu wm. sarqiss) hyavda sakvirveli ZaRli _ alaja. rodesac
patroni romelime qalaqsa Tu sofelSi wasvlas daeSureboda, winamorbedad alajas
gzavnida, raTa Seemzadebina mrevli. erT dRes patronma alaja veRar ipova. dauwyo
Zebna. mglebs daeglijaT alaja. guls elda eca da gasca brZaneba, rom yovel
weliwads, daniSnul dros, morwmune somexma erma kvnesiT da gloviT axsenon alaja.
ra Tqma unda, es pamfletia, gavrcelebuli aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebel
erebSi, maT Soris _ rusul saeklesio mwerlobaSi. amis miuxedavad, velikorusebmi,
rodesac kavkasielTa erTmaneTze miseva ganizraxes, am legendis avtorebad qarT-
velebi gamoacxades. mainc vin moigona, anda vin misca rezonansi am samarcxvino
ambavs? pasuxi korneli kekeliZem gasca, _ imxanad Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis
reqtorma (gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1916,5.V9, N 124). man aRniSna rom xsenebuli legenda
daibada pirvelad saberZneTSi, `SavbneliT mocul saSval saukuneebSi, rodesac
qalkedonit-berZenTa da antiqalkedonit-somexTa Soris atexili doRmaturi po-
lemika ukiduresad gamwvavda. warmoiSva is swored somexTa sarwmunoebriv grZno-
baTa SesabRalavad da maTi eklesiis gasaqirdavad, magram aq qarTvelebi arafer
SuaSia: es legenda SeTxza pirvelad somxis renegat-mRvdelmTavarma isaakma, ro-
melmac meTerTmete saukunis naxevarSi berZnul marTlmadideblobasTan erTad

nikiis samitropolito saydaric miiRo. rogorc yvela renegats Cvevia, mopirda-
pireTa banakSi gadasvlis Semdeg, isaakma xeli mohkida mSobliuri eklesiis da
eris ganqiqebas...~ man, isaakma, Seqmna dogmatur-mabralebeli krebuli, riTac mono-
fizitTa ersa da eklesias, vis wiaRSic iSva, aRizarda da ganiswavla, amazrzeni
braldebebi wauyena; ar moerida siyalbeesac ki. misi legenda swrafad gavrcelda
sxvadasxva variantiT. Targmnes qarTvelebma danarCen antimonofizitur Zegleb-
Tan erTad, agreTve _ rusebma, romlebmac igi saRvTismsaxuro wignebSic Seitanes
aseTi komentariT (Targmani k.kekeliZisa):
`gvesma wmidaTa mamaTa da berZenTa saRmrToTa wignTagan sityva, ganmaqiqebeli
mwvaleblobisa da ugunurebisa maTisa (somxebisa), viTarmed kviriakesa farisevel-
Tasa eniTa maTiTa àrcivur~ ewodebis. àrci~ iyo moZRvari maTi, xolo ùrec~
ewodeboda mowafesa massa ZaRlsa, romelsac qedsa missa dahkidis gujari Tvisisa
sarwmunoebisa da mwvaleblobisa da mowafeTa TvisTa warugzavnis. gardaxdomasa
mravalTa welTasa mxecTa mZvinvareTa ganbZares ùrec~ da SeemTxva moZRvarsa
maTsa àrcis~ urva da salmoba friadi da ganawesa man mimdgomTa TvisTa marxva
kviriakesa mas ùrec~ _ isaTvis mowafisa Tvisisa~.
sazogadod ki, unda aRiniSnos, rom ganwvalebis pirvelive dRidan, kirion qarT-
lisa da abraam somexTa kaTalikosebis droidan (VI-V I I ), gacxarda polemika, Tu vin
gadauxvia Zveli tradiciidan anu WeSmariti rwmenidan. Seiqmna mdidari litera-
tura orive enaze. sakmarisia davasaxeloT uxtanesis ìstoria gamoyofisa qarT-
velTa somexTagan~ (Targmna z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1975) da arsen safarelis `ganyofi-
saTvis qarTvelTa da somexTa~ (gamosca z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1980). agreTve _ anton
kaTalikosis `mzametyveleba~ (gamoica 1892 wels aleqsandre episkoposis safasiT
da mRd. p. karbelaSvilis redaqciiT). xSirad imarTeboda sajaro paeqrobebi. cno-
bilia Rrtilas krebis sityvisgeba eqvTime grZelsa da sosTen somexTa moZRvars
Soris 1046 wels artanujSi. aseve _ daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis dros,
riTac mezobeli qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs kidec amunaT-akritikebd-
nen da kidec uaxlovdebodnen, umegobrdebodnen. sasiamovno faqtia, rom konfe-
siuri sxvaobis miuxedavad qarTvel-somexTa kulturul-literaturuli TanamS-
romloba arasdros Camkvdara.
dRes somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia Svidi ekle-
siiT: TbilisSi _ 2, baTumSi _ 1, danarCeni ki mesxeT-javaxeTSi. morwmuneTa ricxvi,
maTi winamZRvrebis TqmiT, 200.000-s udris. isini erTi episkoposis sulieri mfar-
velobis qveS imyofebian. misi kaTedra TbilisSia _ wm. giorgis eklesiaSi. amjerad
episkoposia georq seraidariani, eparqiis mdivani _ vilhelm grigoriani, Tbilisis
konservatoriis profesori. samRvdeloTa krebuli aT sasuliero pirs iTvlis.
TbilisSi sakvirao skolac moqmedebs.
somxuri samociqulo eklesia dRes TavisTavs monofizitebs ar uwodebs.

monoTelitoba da maronitebi
gavixsenoT zemonaTqvami: eresebma da seqtebma bizantiis provinciebSi separa-
tizmi gamokveba, ris gamoc xelisufleba, dazafruli imperiis mTlianobis rRve-
viT, Semorigebis kurss daadga. henotikonma ar gaamarTla. arc damsjelma opera-
ciebma. gamosavlis Ziebam Teologiis sferoSi gadainacvla, sadac aRmocenda axali
wvaleba _ monoTelitoba anu erTnebianoba.
misi akvani kolxeTSi _ fazisSi _ dairwa.
aq erTmaneTs Sexvdnen keisari herakle (irakli) da adgilobrivi mitropoliti
kirosi, romelic, zaza aleqsiZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia, kirion qar-
Tlis kaTalikosi iyos (epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, T. kirion qarTlis kaTaliko-
si). herakles 622-628 wlebSi daepyro sparseTi, gaenadgurebina mefe xosro da
misi amala, tyveobidan exsna ierusalimis patriarqi zaqaria, masTan erTad _ Zeli
cxoveli, romelic dampyroblebs gaetacaT, da didi alafiT dabrunebula ukan.
aRmosavleTSi is Sexvedroda monofizit episkoposebs, ebaasa maTTan da misuliyo
daskvnamde, rom qristes aqvs èrTi macxonebeli moqmedeba~ (`mia Zoopoios ener-
geia~). e.i. ori buneba gaerTianebulia erT moqmedebaSi, erT saqmeSi. ase Caeyara
safuZveli monoenergeizmis anu erTmoqmedebianobis ideas, rac, herakles az-
riT, idealuri variantis rols Seasrulebda monofizitebisa da diofizitebis
Serigebis gzaze. mefem am Tvalsazrisis Teoriulad Camoyalibebis, mecnierul-
saRvTismetyvelo formiT warmoCenis moTxovnileba igrZno da Sesabamisi winada-
debiT miadga fazisis _ axlandeli foTis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos _ mamaTmTa-
vars, cnobils inteleqtiT, ganaTlebiT da rjulSemwynareblobiT. maspinZelma
moismina xelmwifis sityva, daujda WkuaSi, magram, vidre gadaWriT rames ityoda,
upirates ierarqs _ konstantinopolis mTavarepiskopos sergis _ daekiTxa. ukanas-
knelma Seuqo iniciativa, daloca igi da saxelmZRvanelod gaugzavna mena (mina)
konstantinopolelis epistole pap virgiliusisadmi, sadac wmida mamebis Srome-
bidan moxmobili iyo citatebi qristeSi erTi moqmedebisa da erTi nebis dasadas-
tureblad. yuradReba maxvildeboda gamoTqmaze `RmerTkacebrivi moqmedeba~
(`Teandrike energeia~), romelic gvxvdeba wm. dionise areopagelis korpusSi, swo-
red VI s-Si rom gamoCnda dRis sinaTleze da avtoriteti moixveWa.
savaraudebelia, rom kiros faziselma unionaluri moRvaweoba kavkasiis masSta-
biT ganavrco da 630 wels somxeTis sakaTalikososTan xelSekrulebas miaRwia kon-
fesiur Tanxmobaze. ar viciT, ramdenxans gastana Tanxmobam, magram faqtia, rom
imperatori moixibla, Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, _ ekumenuri ideiT, aRiara
faziselis damsaxureba da igi aleqsandriaSi, yvelaze cxel wertilSi, monofizi-
tebis centrSi, gadaiyvana. daniSna patriarqad da SeTavsebiT Caabara egviptis ganm-
geblis Tanamdeboba. kirosma imedebi gaamarTla: iTvisa momrigebeli mosamarTlis
funqcia da 633 wels miaRwia unias iqauri monofizitebis mniSvnelovan nawilsa da

marTlmadideblebs Soris. am aqts, gaformebuls werilobiT dokumentad, kirosma
safuZvlad daudo sakuTari Sroma _ `Tavni~, romelic 9 ganyofilebisagan Sedge-
boda; mimoixilavda samebis dogmats da gankacebis saidumlos. me-9 nawili eZRvne-
boda formulas _ èrTi RmerTkacebrivi moqmedeba~, riTac warmoCnda axali
moZRvrebis _ monoTelitobis _ ZiriTadi principebi.
Telema berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `nebas~. monoTelitoba aris moZRvreba,
rom macxovars _ erT pirs, erT hipostass, erT gvams _ aqvs erTi neba da erTi
moqmedeba (energia). ase rom, es Teoria nebas miiCnevs hipostasis da ara bunebis
anu arsebis Tvisebad. marTalia, diofizitebis msgavsad, igi aRiarebs or bunebas
erT hipostasSi, magram erTmaneTisagan TiSavs bunebas da nebas; miaCnia, rom ori
buneba, erTi hipostasis Sesabamisad, erTiandeba RmerTkacebriv nebaSi, qmedebaSi,
saqmeSi.
amrigad, miviReT sinkretuli debuleba: diofizituri _ bunebis TvalsazrisiT,
monofizituri _ nebisa da qmedebis mxriv. ukanasknelSi dominirebda RvTaebrivi
aspeqti. amitomac igi ufro monofizituri iyo da egviptelma monofizitebmac
Tavi gamarjvebulad igrZnes. maTi didi nawili daubrunda eklesias. miesalmnen
agreTve qalkedonitebic, saberZneTisa da aRmosavleTis TiTqmis yvela ierarqi
konstantinopolis patriarq sergis meTaurobiT. vnebebi TiTqos dacxra, magram
droebiT da erTi SexedviT.
aRmosavleTSi marTlmadideblobis apologia imxanad ikisra wm. sofronma. is
romSi wavida konsultaciisaTvis. 634 wels ierusalimis patriarqi gaxda. gaaanali-
za kirosis moZRvreba, uwoda mas SeniRbuli monofizitoba da misca eresis kvali-
fikacia; Sekriba eklesiis mamaTa 600 gamonaTqvami, Seadgina krebuli da gagzavna
romSi, sadac guldasmiT ganixila papma gelasim da dasturyo. sofronma aRmosav-
leTSic SeiZina momxreTa didi ricxvi, ramac daafiqra keisari. dedaqalaqis
mRvdelmTavarma anugeSa igi da 638 wels imperatoris saxeliT gamoaqveyna cnobili
traqtati _ `sarwmunoebis gadmocema~ anu èkTezisi~, riTac erTi energiis formu-
la gamocxadda arasavaldebulod da mis irgvliv kamaTi aikrZala. samagierod
gaesva xazi, rogorc ucvalebel WeSmaritebas, rom qristeSi, or bunebasTan erTad,
mkvidrobs mxolod erTi neba.
konstantinopolel patriarqs mxari auba papma honoriusma, gelasis memkvidrem.
orive mRvldelmTavari erTmaneTSi urevda cnebebs: nebas rogorc sulieri samya-
ros bunebiT aqts da nebas rogorc zneobriv gadawyvetilebas (`gnome~ anu `bule~,
`bulesis~). xels sWidebdnen im faqts, rom qristes, yovladucodvels, or bunebi-
seul nebasTan anu survilTan erTad aqvs mxolod erTi zneobrivi neba (gavixsenoT
sulieri brZolis epizodi da zneobrivi arCevani geTsimaniis baRSi: maTe 26: 38-
42). bevri marTlmadidebeli, gauwafavi logikasa da dialeqtikaSi, daabnia sakiTxis
sirTulem, terminebis orazrovnebam da monoTelitebis braldebam, TiTqos ori

nebis aRiareba niSnavs qristes sulSi keTilisa da borotis Tanaarsebobis daSve-
bas. amis sapirispirod papi honoriusi amtkicebda, rom qristeSi ueWvelad erTi
RvTaebrivi nebaa _ sikeTe.
vimeorebT, herakles èkTezisi~ da, 10 wlis Semdeg, imp. konstanti I I -is `ganawesi~
(tiposi) SfoTisa da miTqma-moTqmis gasamuxtad momzadda, magram sawinaaRmdego
nayofi gamoiRo. bizantiis centraluri nawili areulobam moicva. amasobaSi ara-
bebma islamis droSa aafriales, egvipte da palestina daipyres da mniSvnelovan-
wilad gadaarjules. iq Teologiuri maZieblobisaTvis aRaravis ecala. konstanti-
nopolSi eresma gaimarjva. WeSmaritebis jvari ramdenime kacma itvirTa. maTgan
yvelaze metad maqsime aRmsarebeli gabrwyinda _ `nayofieri morCi da moRvawebis
rCeuli `Wuri~, udidesi saeklesio moRvawe da Teoretikosi. misi cxovreba da
Semoqmedeba ganuyofelia imdroindeli marTlmadideblobis istoriisagan da am
kuTxiT Cvenc gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
wm. maqsime daibada 582 wels konstantinopolSi. daeufla sasuliero da saero
mecnierebis mraval dargs, elinur sibrZnes da mamaTmetyvelebas (patrologias).
miaRwia umaRles Tanamdebobas, _ samefo karis mdivnobas, magram sindisis xmam ama
soflis didebaze uari aTqmevina. im dRes, rodesac, monoTelitobis saxelmwifo
ideologiad gamocxadebis niSnad, wmida sofiis galavanSi aRimarTa abra sameufo
gujriT anu xsenebuli ekTezisiTurT, man datova sasaxle, gayida monagebi, safase
glaxakTaTvis ganabnia, Seimosa sabero sqema da gezi wmida petres qalaqisaken aiRo,
sadac marTali sarwmunoeba, wmida papis safarvelis qveS, SedarebiT umwikvlod
inaxeboda. aq daimowafa ori Zma _ anastasi da anastasi. erTxans udabnoSi mkvid-
robda, magram, wmida angelozis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, pap ioanes eaxla. mRvdelmTa-
varma igi yalbi mecnierebis samxileblad da dasamxobad akurTxa da gza afriki-
saken dauloca. aleqsandriaSi maqsime Sexvda konstantinopoleli sergis memkvid-
res _ piross, romelic, Turme, borotmoqmedebis gamo samSoblodan gauZevebiaT.
maT Soris 645 wels Sedga dialogi, rasac Semdeg wmida mamam literaturuli saxe
misca. igi cnobilia saTauriT `sityvisgeba pirosisadmi~ da iTvleba xsenebuli
wvalebis yvelaze safuZvlian kritikad.
dedaazri ase gamoiTqmis:
buneba (~fiuzis~) moqmedebisa da nebis gareSe aris mxolod ganyenebuli cneba,
tvinis Wyleta da ararealoba. TiToeul bunebas Tavisi neba da saqme axlavs. vinc
erT nebasa da saqmes aRiarebs, is uneblieT uryofs or bunebas erT pirovnebaSi.
amdenad, sadac ori bunebaa, _ ori neba da ori moqmedebaa. Sesabamisad, ori buneba
erTi nebiT da moqmedebiT arsobrivad igive monofizitobaa. amasTanave, ganagrZobs
RvTismetyveli, Tuki macxovars aqvs erTi neba, ismis kiTxva: romelia es neba _
saRvTo Tu kacobrivi? Tu vityviT, _ saRvToa, mivalT daskvnamde, rom macxovari
ar gankacebula, radgan: sadaa misi adamianuri neba? xolo Tu adamianisad miviCnevT

am nebas, maSin RmerTi ar yofila igi, radgan: sadaa misi RvTaebrivi neba? Tuki
vifiqrebT, rom qristes hqonda erTi sinTezuri neba _ saRvToc da adamianuric,
maSin ufro did absurds miviRebT. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom macxovari, rogorc
meore hipostasi, mamasTan da sulTan erTnebaa da erTarseba. da Tu macxovris
hipostasi adamianur nebas Seicavs, _ adamianuri neba Sezavebuli yofila mamisa
da sulis anu samebis nebasTan, rac sinamdvileSi sxva araferia, Tu ara moZRvreba
Ze RmerTTan erTad mamisa da sulis anu samebis _ e.i. sruli RmrTeebis _ gankace-
bisa da vnebis Sesaxeb. esaa ukiduresi monofizitoba, _ `xaCecari~ anu `Teopasqia~.
amis sawinaaRmdegod unda virwmunoT da vaRiaroT, rom neba aris bunebis
Tviseba da rom gankacebuli macxovari, ori bunebis Sesabamisad, or Seurwymel,
Seuzavebel, magram ganuyoflad SeerTebul nebas flobs _ saRmrTos da adami-
anurs _ erT pirovnebaSi.
wuTisofelSi RvTis Zem orive neba gamoavlina. sityvebiT: `rogorc mama aRad-
gens da acocxlebs mkvdarT, aseve Zec, visac nebavs, acocxlebs~ (ioane 5:21) anda
_ ìerusalem, ierusalem... ramdenjer vcade Semekriba Seni Svilebi~ (maTe 23:37) _
gamoTqva saRmrTo ganzraxva, macxonebeli Zala da moqmedeba. magram ucomoebis
Jams puris Wama rom mounda (luka 22:8), kacis bunebisamebr mounda. wm. mama sxva
epizodebsac ixmobs imis gasacxadeblad, rom macxovris sulSi Tanamyofobda orive
neba _ adamianuri da saRmrTo. maTgan pirveli Zaldautaneblad emorCileboda
anu eqvemdebareboda meores.
WeSmaritebis winaSe qedi moixara pirosma da urwmunoebis jerkvali ganagdo;
wavida romSi, eaxla pap Teodores, aRuTqva ficiT da xelweriliT marTlaRsareba
da gamosTxova locva-kurTxeva, rom dabrundes saberZneTSi da iRvawos saRmrTo
rjulis ganmtkicebisaTvis. papma daloca, magram mRvdelmTavarma sityva gatexa:
igi gzaSi, `viTarca ZaRli Tavissave naTxevarsa, miiqca~. am dros gardaicvala
misi Semcvleli, uaresi eretikosi _ pavle. pirosi warudga keisar kostas da taxti
daibruna. rodesac es ambavi euwya paps, ~mivida mociqulTa Tavis _ petres _
samarxTan, aiRo barZimi, Caawo wmida sisxlSi kalami da sakuTari xeliT dawera
pirosisa da yvela misi Tanamoazris eklesiisagan gankveTa~. Tevdore male aRes-
rula da taxti wm. martinem daikava. am dros afrikidan wm. maqsimec dabrunda.
Sexvda paps. maT gadamWrel zomebs mimarTes: moiwvies kreba 150 episkoposis Semad-
genlobiT, dagmes wvaleba da SeaCvenes kiros fazisel-aleqsandrieli, sergi, pi-
ros da pavle konstantinopolelebi, maTi momxre imperatorebi da RvarZlis yvela
mTesveli. krebis aqtebi da maqsimes epistoleebi mTels saqristianos moefina.
es faqti bizantiis xelisuflebam politikur diversiad aRiqva da gaugonari
ram moimoqmeda: apeninis naxevarkunZulze desanti gadasxa da marTlmadideblobis
burjebi _ wm. martine, wm. maqsime, misi ori mowafe da Tanamosagreni _ xelfexSek-
ruli Camoiyvanes bizantiis dedaqalaqSi.

Sedga sasamarTlo, romelsac daeswro keisari da patriarqi, pirosis memkvidre
_ petre. paps braldebad bizantiis xelisuflebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba
wauyenes. wm. maqsimes _ samSoblos Ralati. pirveli yirimSi gadaasaxles, sadac
sastiki pyrobilebis Semdeg gardaicvala. maqsimes auracxeli tanjva SeamTxvies:
cru mowmeebi, dakiTxvebi, SantaJebi, provokaciebi, cema da ferad-feradi dapi-
rebebi, magram ucvalebeli aRsarebisagan ver daadumes. samsjavroze man warmoTqva
mrwamsi, risTvisac mas ewoda aRmsarebeli. es teqsti imsaxurebs wm. Teologiis
jamis pativs, radgan TiToeuli sityva oqroT iwonis da Seicavs sarwmunoebis
mokle analizs. warmovadgenT gamokrebiT wm. eqvTime mTawmidlis Targmanis mixed-
viT (kimeni, t. I, k.kekeliZis gamocema, tf., 1918, gv. 87-90).
`mrwams erTi RmerTi: mama uSobeli, da erTi Ze da sityva RmrTisa mamisagan
Sobili, da erTi suliwmida mamisagan gamomavali. samgvamovneba. ganyofili ricx-
viTa da TviTebiTa miT gvamovnebisaTa, da ganuyofeli RmrTeebiTa: rameTu gani-
yofvian ganuyofelad da SeierTebian Seurevnelad. amisTvisca vityviT samgvamov-
nebasa da erTarsebasa. da erTsa bunebasa RmrTeebisasa, rameTu zogadi ars samTave
RmrTeeba. da saRmrTosa bunebisa saxeni xolo Tvisi TiToeulisa: mamisa mamoba
uSobeli, Zisa Zeoba Sobili da sulisa wmidisa gamoslva, rameTu arca mama Seic-
valebis Zed anu sulad, arca Ze mamad anu sulad, arca suliwmida mamad anu Zed,
rameTu TviTebani Seucvalebel arian. RmerTad aRviareb TiToeulsa... samebasa
Tayvansvscem erTarsebiT da erTarsebasa samebiT, _ erTarsebasa samgvamovansa...
sworsa ZlierebiTa da pativiTa. erTsa RmrTeebasa aRviareb wmidisa samebisasa:
erTsa bunebasa, erTsa arsebasa, erTsa Zalsa, erTsa xelmwifebasa, erTsa uflebasa,
erTsa meufebasa... ukvdavsa, uvnebelsa... jer iCina da ineba mxolod Sobilman Ze-
man da sityvaman RvTisaman gamouTqmeliTa miT kacTmoyvarebiTa, nebiTa mamisa da
sulisaTa, Zieba dabadebulTa TvisTa; gardamoxda wiaRTagan mamisaTa, vina igi
arasada ganeSora da daimkvidra saSo yovladwmidisa mis qalwulisa sulisa mier
wmidisa da miixvna misgan xorcni suliTurT pirmetyveliT da iSva RmerTi ganxor-
cielebuli, iSva gamouTqmelad da qalwuleba dedisa daicva ganuxrwnelad. ara
Tavsidva Serevna anu Secvaleba, aramed ra igi iyo, ego da ra ara iyo, iqmna. Seimosa
xati monisa WeSmaritad, _ ara ucnebiT, da yovliTurT gvemsgavsa Cven Tvinier
codvisa. aRviareb mas saukunod da Jamierad, daubadebelad da dabadebulad, uv-
nebelad da vnebulad, ukvdavad da mokvdavad. igive RmerTi da kaci ara Tu sxva da
sxva, aramed erTi ars pirvelganxorcielebisa da Semdgomad ganxorcielebisa, _
erTi Sezavebuli gvami oriTa sruliTa bunebiTa da oriTa bunebiTiTa nebiTa da
oriTa saqmiTa erTgvamad SeerTebuliTa ucvalebelad da Seurevnelad igive
nebsiT inebebda da iqmoda saRmrToTa saqmeTa viTarca RmerTi, da igive nebsiT
inebebda da iqmoda kacobrivTa da ubraloTa saqmeT viTarca kaci, rameTu buneba
unebeli da usaqmo ara ars. ara iZulebiT damorCilebuliyo igi bunebiTTa

TananadebTa, rameTu nebsiT iSva, nebsiT SeemSia, nebsiT moewyura, nebsiT daSvra,
nebsiT SeeSina, nebsiT jvarsecva, nebsiT mokvda, _ WeSmaritad da ara ucnebiT. ese
yoveli nebiTa kacobrivisa bunebisaTa... esreT mwams, esreT aRviareb, esreT naTel-
Rebulvar. da yovelTa mwvalebelTa da yovelsa wvalebasa SevaCveneb. Seviwynareb
da pativs vcem wmidaTa krebaTa nikias 318 wmidaTa mamaTa da konstantin 150 wmidaTa
mamaTa, efesos 200 wmidaTa mamaTa, qalkedonis 630 wmidaTa mamaTa, konstantine-
polis kvalad 164 wmidaTa mamaTa da sxvanica sada romel iqmnes krebani, damamtki-
cebelni marTlisa sarwmunoebisani, romelnica kaTolike eklesiaman Seiwynarna
da romelnica wmidaTa maT krebaTa Seiwynarnes da romelni maT SeaCvenes, SevaCveneb
da vadideb da ugalob da Tayvansvcem mamasa da Zesa da wmidasa sulsa, romlisa
Svenis dideba, pativi da Tayvaniscema aw da maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde. amin~.
gaimarTa sityvisgeba. braldebulma warmoadgina cocxali argumentebi saRmrTo
werilidan da mamaTa memkvidreobidan. gamoamJRavna didi erudicia, mecnieruli
taqti da naTeli goneba. amasTanave, _ principuloba, rom ar gadauxvevda arc mar-
jvniv da arc marcxniv, ramac msajulebi gaaborota da ulmobeli ganaCeni gamo-
atanina: enis mokveTa, marjvenis moWra, quCa-quCa Camotareba da eqsoria. sasjeli
mowafeebzec unda gavrcelebuliyo.
659 wlis 21 ianvars, diliT, beri maqsime, 77 wlis sneuli, misi ori mowafe: anas-
tasi xucesi da anastasi diakoni daasaxiCres, fexSiSveli moatares qalaqis Tormet
ubanSi, karibWemde marSiT _ kiskisiT da stveniT _ miaciles da saqarTvelos gzas
gauyenes.
samegreloSi tyveebi erTmaneTs daaSores. maqsime leCxums gadagzavnes da da-
atusaRes cixeSi `himir~, rac igive muris cixesimagrea.
jalaTebi amaod daSvren: moxucma dakodil xelze kalami miiba da ase werda
epistoleebs, romlebsac pirvelad sapyrobilis mcvelebi kiTxulobdnen. maTi
guli TanalmobiT da siyvaruliT ivseboda, wmidans pativs scemdnen da werilebi
JamiTiJamad cxraklitulis miRmac vrceldeboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Sendo-
basa da kurTxevas iTxovda.
aRmsarebels winaswar auwya angelozma wuTisoflidan gasvlis dRe. erTi Svi-
deuli imarxula da 662 wlis 13 agvistos `xelTa RmrTisaTa Sehvedra suli Tvisi
sixaruliT da mxiarulebiT~. gvams cixis maxloblad ganusvenes, wm. arsenis monas-
terSi. imave Rames sami lampari daadgra samares da saswaulebic aResrula: mis
saxes anu `Zegls~ adgilobrivi mcxovrebni yoveldRe xedavdnen (georgika, IV, nak. I,
Targmani da ganmartebebi s. yauxCiSvilisa, Tb., 1941, gv. 50-51) da imdenad CaibeW-
des sulsa da gulSi, rom STamomavlobas legendad gadasces.
leCxumSi dResac gaigonebT: wm. maqsime iyo ucxo da Cvens miwaze sikeTisaTvis
iareboda. erTxel Rameul nislSi gamoelaparaka mavnebels, qareiSvil-Wabukians,
_ `sxvas zians nu ayenebo~. borotma kacma ar ismina da sisxli daRvara. amis gamo

WabukianTa sagvareulo Tavs dasjilad Tvlis da yovelwliurad klavs kurats
winapris urjuloebis warxocvis mizniT.
davubrundeT ZiriTad saTqmels.
mowameTa gvirgvinma eklesia ganamtkica. papma agaTonma, romelmac wm. martine
Secvala, 124 episkoposis kreba hyo, dagmo papis mimarT bizantiis xelisufalTa
Zaladoba da èrTi nebis metyveleba~. keisari kosta ufro aRborgda, wmida taxtis
dalaSqvra ganizraxa. Cavida siliciaSi, raTa jari Seekriba. Sevida abanoSi, gaisapna
da aiqafa. am dros, TiTqos codvam uwia, msaxurma vercxlis WurWeli Caartya da
suli gaafrTxobina, _ sasaxlis intrigaTa msxverpli gaxda... skiptra misma Svilma
_ konstantine IV-m, pogonatma _ miiTvala. man Zirfesvianad Secvala winamorbedTa
kursi, gadasinja religiuri politika, mamaSviluri kavSiri daamyara romis papTan
da konstantinopolis daqvrivebul kaTedraze patriarqad marTlmadidebeli
daniSna _ giorgi; moiwvia VI msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelsac saboloo
msjavri unda gamoetana.
kreba Sedga konstantinopolSi 680 wels. sxdomebma, ricxviT 18, erT weliwads
gastana. eswreboda 153 Tu, zogierTi monacemis mixedviT, 170 mama. maT Soris _
papis sami legati, konstantinopoleli giorgi da Teofane antioqieli, romelmac
makari Secvala. ukanasknelma warmoadgina werilobiTi moxseneba, rasac monoTeli-
tobis suni asdioda. man keTili rCeva ar ismina da lanZRva-muqaraze gadavida,
risTvisac gaaZeves qalaqidan. aseTive bedi ewia mRvdel konstantine siriels,
romelic mrisxaned uaryofda qristeSi adamianur nebas jvarcmis Semdeg. aqti-
urobda beri poliqronia, romelmac daiqadna: erTi nebisa da erTi moqmedebis
rwmeniT qalaqis centralur moedanze mkvdars aRvadgeno. delegatebi, xalxi da
samRvdeloni Segrovdnen, rom gamxdariyvnen saswaulis mowme, rac, cxadia, ar aRes-
rula. aman ki eresis qomagebs Cala gamoavlo pirSi. bolos ganaxlda msjeloba
dadgenilebis gamosatanad. waikiTxes agaTon papis epistole imperator konstan-
tinesadmi. aRiares igi suliwmidis xmad, dagmes eresi da misi Tavkacebi: keisari
herakle, fazisel-aleqsandrieli kirosi, konstantinopoleli sergi, faraneli
Teodore, romaeli ponoriusi; piros, pavle da petre konstantinopolelebi da
sxvani. aRavlines qeba-dideba Rirsi da RmerTSemosili mamebisadmi, ukanasknel
Jams gamoCenili wmidanebisadmi da iwames qristes ori buneba ganuyofelad, Se-
ucvalebelad, Seuzavebelad, Seurwymelad da... ori neba daupirispireblad.
cxadyves, rom macxovris àdamianuri neba uTmobs anu eqvemdebareba RvTaebrivs,
magram ar ispoba misgan~.
amrigad, monoTelitoba daemxo da bizantiaSi savsebiT aRigava. Sesabamisi lite-
ratura dawves da akrZales. wamoiwyes devnileba da gadasaxleba. fiqroben, rom
eretikosebis nawilma sirias, wm. maronis (+ 400) monasters, Seafara Tavi. iq maT
Seqmnes calke saeklesio struqtura, romelmac moicva afrikeli monoTelitebis

sazogadoebac. es organizacia V I I I -IX ss-is mwerlebTan maronitebis seqtis saxe-
liTaa cnobili. isini TavianT Tavs xan monoTelitebs uwodebdnen, xan monofizi-
tebs. X I I I s-Si uari Tqves TavianT dogmatebze da romis eklesiasTan kavSiri Sek-
res. maTi centri dRes libanSia. mimdevarTa ricxvi 600 aTass aRemateba. saRvTis-
msaxuro enaa siriul-arabuli. kaTolikebTan saerTo rwmenis miuxedavad, inarCu-
neben Zvel ritualebs da ierarqias. hyavT patriarqi, romelsac aqvs nominaluri
tituli antioqielisa.
maronitebis warmomavlobisa da Tavgadasavlis zogierTi detali dRemde gaur-
kvevelia. problematuria maTi eresiarqis anu mamaTmTavris vinaoba. aseTad isini
asaxeleben al-mukavkass, romelic erTdroulad egviptis saero xelisufalic
iyo da sulieri winamZRvaric; hyavda coli da mSvenieri asuli _ armanuSa, visma
silamazem da simamacem arabTa amira moajadova, irwmuna misi siyvarulis uZleveli
Zala da, datyvevebuli qalwuli, uvnebeli gaistumra mdidari ZRvniT. amtkiceben:
idumalebiT moculi pirovneba _ mukavkasi _ kiros fazisel-aleqsandrielia. es
saxeli misTvis egvipteSi SeurqmeviaT da kavkasiasTan kavSirze miuniSnebiaT. Tu
z. aleqsiZis Teoria kiron qarTlelisa da kiros faziselis igiveobis Sesaxeb (ix.
zem.) dasabuTda, cxadia, mukavkasi igive kirion qarTlis kaTalikosad CaiTvleba
da Cvenc aRvadgenT saqarTvelos Cinebuli Svilis idumal biografias; Tamamad
vityviT, rom misi samoRvaweo sarbieli Sors gascda samSoblos farglebs da
sicocxlis dReni religiurad da politikurad gakotrebulma sxva kontinentze
dalia 641 wlis 21 marts. saidumloebiTaa moculi misi aRsasrulis mizezi: zogi
amtkicebs, ukurnebeli dizenteria Seeyarao, zogi ambobs, Tavi moikla _ moiSxamao.
sruli simarTle aravin uwyis.
erTi ki udavoa:
morigi wvalebis akvani saqarTvelos cis qveS dairwa da aqve dasamarda.
xatmbrZoloba
xati niSnavs saxes, suraTs, nebismier gamosaxulebas. esaa Tavdapirveli mniSvne-
loba, rac Semdeg gafarTovda, SeiZina religiuri azri da specifikuri Sinaarsi,
iqca konkretuli _ sakraluri da sakulto _ sagnis saxelwodebad. misi berZnuli
Sesatyvisia èikon~ anu ìkon~, rusuli _ òbraz~. xatis misia RvTisa da yovelive
RvTaebrivis warmoCena, ufro zustad, ganxatebaa. amrigad, eklesiis TvalTaxed-
viT, xati aris sakraluri sagani; ieso qristes, RvTismSoblisa da wmindanebis
ferweruli gamosaxuleba, Semosili madliT, radgan formiT asaCinoebs sarwmuno-
ebrivad saTayvanebel arsebas da mlocvelTa grZnobas da gonebas asaxuli realo-
bisaken miaqcevs. aseTive fasi aqvs cxovelmyofeli Zelis anu golgoTis jvris
niSs, rasac morwmune yoveldRe xedavs, ganicdis Tu gamoisaxavs. agreTve _ wmida
WurWlebs, saRvTo da samRvdelo wignebs, wmida nawilebs da sxva reliqviebs.

xatweras anu ikonografias pirvel saukuneebSive Caeyara safuZveli. arsebobs
saTno gadmocema, eklesiis mamebis mier damowmebuli, rom ukurnebeli seniT Sep-
yrobilma edesis mefem _ avgarozma _ epistole aaxla macxovars da miiwvia. qristem
wadili ver Seusrula. samagierod ustari miuwera da saswaulebriv aRubeWda Ta-
visi saxe tiloze. ase gamoisaxa `xelTuqmneli~ xati, romelic q. edesaSi inaxeboda.
misi erTi piri, `dedis TanaRirsi~, sakvirvelad kecze amotvifruli da Semdeg
naWerze gadasuli, saqarTveloSi anton martyofelma moabrZana, _ 13 siriel ma-
maTaganma (VI s.), xolo dedani X s-Si `qalaqTa mzes~ _ konstantinopols eZRvna,
sadac daaweses xsenebis dRe _ 16 agvisto. saqarTvelos meore xelTuqmneli xatic
ergo _ dedaRvTisa. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, igi CvenSi andria pirvelwo-
debuls moutania; misi SemweobiT samcxeSi mas mravali saswauli aRusrulebia,
gaucamtverebia artemisisa da apolos kerpebi, gaucocxlebia didebuli qvrivis
_ samZivaris _ vaJi da, xalxis TxovniT, iqve dautovebia. anton martyofelis ZRveni
anCis saydarSi inaxeboda. Tamaris dros beqa opizars igi mouWedavs. ioane anCels
ki Rirsad Seuqia (Tumca andria mociqulis motanilad miuCnevia). XVI s-Si TbilisSi
gadmousvenebiaT da im taZarSi dausvenebiaT, Semdeg anCisxati rom darqmevia. amje-
rad inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi. `xelTuqmneli RvTismSoblis~ bedi
gaurkvevelia...
pirvel xatmwerad luka maxarebels asaxeleben, romelsac macxovrisa da misi
dedis xatebi dauweria. xatebs devnilebis droindeli mwerlebic axeneben: ter-
tuliane, manucia feliqseli, klimenti aleqsandrieli, meTode tironeli, ori-
gene. Zvelsave droSi xatebis arsebobaze materialuri Zeglebic metyveleben _
katakombebi, e.i. maRaroebi Tu gvirabebi, sadac xelisufalTa Zaladobis gamo
morwmuneebi ikribebodnen. Tumca am epoqis xatwera, savaraudebelia, maSindeli
reJimis mizeziT, umTavresad simbolur xasiaTs atarebda. magaliTad, qristes
gamosaxavdnen Tevzad an kiserze cxvarSesmul mwyemsad da a.S. eklesiis legaliza-
ciis Semdeg xatebisadmi Tayvaniscema farTod gavrcelda. daiwyes taZrebisa da
ojaxebis wmida suraTebiT Semkoba, rasac stiqiuri xasiaTi hqonda. ar arsebobda
doqtrina anu dogmati xatTayvanis raobis, wesebisa da sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. mar-
tivi da gulubryvilo xalxi erTmaneTisagan ver asxvavebda xatsa da kerps, xat-
Tayvaniscemas da xatmsaxurebas, rasac savalalo Sedegebi mohqonda: mociquleb-
rivi tradicia iryvneboda da adgili eTmoboda xatis monobas, crumorwmuneobas,
fanatizms, religiur maniakobas da paTologias. erTi literaturuli wyaros
Tanaxmad, bevri saero da sasuliero piri ara mxolod pativs miagebda da Tayvans
scemda xatebs, aramed `debdnen xatebze tilos naWrebs da xatisagan qmnidnen
naTlias TavianTi SvilebisaTvis wmida naTlobis Jams; sabero sqemis mosurne Tmas
xSirad samRvdelo pirs ki ar aZlevda, aramed awyobda xatebis win; samRvdelo da
saeroTagan zogierTi afxekda xats saRebavs, azavebda barZimSi da aZlevda msur-

vels ziarebasTan erTad; sxvebi qristes xorcs (evqaristiuls) debdnen xatebze
da iqidan asrulebdnen wm. saidumlos; iyvnen iseTebi, romlebic ugulvebelyof-
dnen eklesias da kerZo binebSi xatebisagan qmnidnen sakurTxevlebs~.
mosalodnelma reaqciam ar daayovna: muslimanebi da qristiani eretikosebi (nes-
torianebi, monofizitebi) siciliT kvdebodnen, aRniSnul movlenebs poliTeizmad,
mekerpeobad, fetiSizmad, magiad aRiqvamdnen. xalifebi TavianT teritoriebze
jvar-xatebis gamoCenas krZalavdnen. marTlmadidebelTa meore nawili _ saRad
moazrovne orTodoqsebi _ sagonebelSi Cavardnen. mesame frTa meore ukidureso-
baSi gadaeSva da xatebis uaryofamde mivida.
amrigad, xatis monaTa aranormalur siyvaruls xatis mebrZolTa aranor-
maluri siZulvili daupirispirda. daiwyo gamoucxadebeli omi. imperatori
leon I I I isavrieli (717-740) xatmbrZolTa mxares dadga. aRsaniSnavia, rom samefo
kari, finansuri interesebis gamo, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, ufro xSirad xatebis Zar-
cvis iniciatoris rolSi gamodioda. marTlac: 726 wels gamoqveynda ediqti anu
brZaneba, rom CamoexsnaT, daemtvriaT xatebi da gadaeRebaT freskebi, Tvalmarga-
litebi ki saxelmwifo xazinaSi CaebarebinaT. leonis, SesaniSnavi sardlisa da
kanonmdeblis, erTguli armia gankargulebis aRsrulebas Seudga, _ xatebis fxre-
was, wignebidan miniaturebis xevas da ikonografiuli saswavleblebisa Tu saxe-
losnoebis ketvas, rac bermonazvnebis, saSualo fenisa da qalebis mxridan gaafT-
rebul winaaRmdegobas waawyda. xelCarTuli Setakebebi arc Tu iSviaTad xocva-
JletaSi izrdeboda. bizantia orad gaiyo. ifeTqa organizebulma ajanyebam, rac
imperatorma CaaxSo, magram ver mospo. xatTayvanis dasacavad dairazma aRmosavle-
Tisa da dasavleTis rCeuli samRvdeloeba papebis: grigol I I , grigol I I I -is da kon-
stantinopolis patriarq germanes winamZRvrobiT. maT axali moZraoba Seafases
eresad da mrevls sifxizlisaken mouwodes, ramac xelmwifis risxva ganapiroba.
patriarqi Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da qalaqidan gaaZeves. pasuxad papma grigo-
lim moiwvia kreba, akurTxa brZola xatebis uarmyofelTa winaaRmdeg, dagmo àma
soflis ZlierTa~ eklesiis saqmeebSi Careva da gankveTa konstantinopolis mwvale-
beli patriarqi anastasi.
leonis intrigebis qseli imperiis gare sivrcesac gaswvda. amas wm. ioane damas-
kelis cxovreba cxadyofs. igi, mTels aRmosavleTSi sibrZniTa da ganaTlebiT
ganTqmuli qristiani, mansuris saxeliT premierministris movaleobas asrulebda
damaskos xalifatSi. rodesac xatmbrZolobis winaaRmdeg epistoleebi dawera da
bizantiaSi daagzavna, dedanTa kaligrafiis mibaZviT leonis moxelem yalbi doku-
menti Seakowiwa, TiTqos ioane keisars damaskos dasalaSqrad aqezebda. xalifam
irwmuna sicrue da marTali kaci Tanamdebobas CamoaSora. simarTle gairkva, magram
wm. ioanem saero samsaxurze xeli aiRo, aRikveca berad da, rogorc Tavis adgilze
aRvniSneT, Seqmna fundamenturi Sromebi aRmosavluri Tu dasavluri RvTismetyve-

lebisaTvis. metadre _ xatis Sinaarsis, mniSvnelobis, sarwmunoebrivi misiis dad-
genisaTvis, Tayvaniscemis dros zomierebis dacvisaTvis.
mamis kvals gahyva Svili _ konstantine V kopronimi (741-755). man gaanadgura
mowinaaRmdegeTa partia da brZana saeklesio krebis mowveva, rac Sedga 754 wels
qalkedonis maxloblad, ieriis sasaxleSi. eswreboda 300-ze meti episkoposi, ro-
melTac xatebis sawinaaRmdegod Teoriuli safuZvlebis moZebna surdaT. bWobisa
da kamaTis Semdeg mividnen daskvnamde: `wmindanTa gamoxatva saRebavebisa da fe-
rebis saSualebiT aris fuWi saqme, amaoeba. metic _ RvTis gmoba da eSmakoba~. àmis
sapirispirod gvmarTebs, saqmiT vbaZavdeT wmidanebs~, raTa maTi `saTnoebani iqcnen
cocxal xatebad~, xolo locvebi da Suamdgomlobani gamoviTxovoT saeklesio
gadmocemaTa Sesabamisad. amrigad, xatTayvani aikrZala kanoniT, rac ar vrcel-
deboda jvris niSze, Tumca jvris gamosaxuleba arsobrivad xom igive xatia? xat-
Tayvaniscema xom igive wmindanTa Tayvaniscemaa?
xatmbrZolebma Tavi gamarjvebulad warmoidgines: energiuli fronti gaxsnes
da daiwyes mowinaaRmdege berebis devna-awiokeba. daiRvara mowameTa sisxli, maT
Soris stefane axlisa. Serisxuli mosaxleoba iyreboda mamapapeuli sakarmida-
modan da garboda italiasa Tu Savi zRvis CrdiloeTsa da aRmosavleTSi. maT saxl-
kars ki monofiziti somxebi da sirielebi ikavebdnen, rac, cxadia, demografiul
suraTs cvlida. amas ki, pirvel rigSi, mmarTvelobis aparatSi amCnevdnen da ukma-
yofilebasac veRar faravdnen. rodesac xelisufleba dedofal irines Cabarda
(vaJis mcirewlovanebis gamo), xatTayvanismcemelTa partiam amoisunTqa. Sewyda
devna administraciis mxridan. xatebis siyvaruls ufro aristokrati qalebi amJ-
Ravnebdnen. maTi TanadgomiT 784 wels samefo qalaqis patriarqad akurTxes
wm. tarasi, romelmac gaamyara antieretikuli pozicia da, masTan TaTbiris Semdeg,
dedofalma msoflio saeklesio krebis mowveva brZana. konstantinopoli 786 wlis
agvistoSi delegatebiT gaivso. dainiSna sxdoma, magram gamoCnda armia _ xatebis
siZulviliT da imperatorebisadmi erTgulebiT SeduRabebuli, romelic gada-
eRoba episkoposTa krebuls da dafanta. dedofalma winaaRmdegoba ver gabeda,
magram diplomatiiT sardalTa guli moigo, didi nawili provinciebSi gadaajgufa,
veteranebi daiTxova, miizida axali kadri da Seamzada niadagi saerTaSoriso
RonisZiebis usafrTxoebisaTvis.
VII msoflio kreba Sedga 787 wels q. nikeaSi papi adrianes werilobiTi Tanxmo-
bis safuZvelze. eswreboda 307 episkoposi saxelmwifoebriv CinosnebTan erTad.
sxdomebis ricxvi udrida rvas. pirveli 24 seqtembers Catarda. Tavmjdomareobda
patriarqi tarasi. pirvel rigSi usamarTlod gankveTili da Serisxuli sasuliero
pirebi aRadgines xarisxSi. gadavidnen umTavres sakiTxze, sadac yvelas mieca azris
Tavisuflad gamoTqmis saSualeba. gacxarda kamaTi, magram msjeloba konstruqci-
ulad warimarTa. imowmebdnen saRmrTo werilis gamonaTqvamebs da eklesiis pir-

velmamaTa Tvalsazrisebs. Zveli aRTqmis spilenZis gveli, siwmidis karvis morTu-
loba, kuroebisa da lomebis, qerubimebisa da serafimebis gamosaxva saxeobrivad
moaswavebs eklesiur xatTayvaniscemas anu wmida pirebisa da movlenebis ferwerul
gamosaxvas, ris winaSec gvmarTebs krZaluleba. or ukiduresobaSi rom ar gadaeS-
van, krebam morwmuneebs, basili didisa da ioane damaskelis SexedulebaTa kvalad,
Semdegi debuleba ganuCina: xatebs unda Tayvani vceT da ara mxolod ambors
vuyofdeT. Tayvaniscema sxvaa da msaxureba sxva. vemsaxurebiT mxolod da mxo-
lod RmerTs. xatebs ki, warmoCenili siwmidis gamo, Tayvans vcemT da veamborebiT,
magram, vimeorebT, _ ara rogorc RmerTs, aramed _ patiosani da cxovelmyofeli
jvris niSis msgavsad. Tanac, pativs mivagebT ara materialur mxares, anda sagnob-
riobas, aramed _ pirvelsaxes. basili didis TqmiTac, `xati aris saxiT Cenili
patiosneba, romelic pirvelsaxes cxadyofs~ anu `xatis pativi pirvelsaxeze gada-
dis~. ase rom, xatebis Tayvaniscema ganuyofelia wmidanebis da, zogadad, siwmideTa
Tayvaniscemisagan, e.i. pirvelsaxisagan (arqetipisagan): vinc Tayvans scems xats,
Tayvans scems pirvelsaxes. SeuZlebelia xatTayvanis gamijnva misdami Tayvanis-
cemisagan, vinc an rac maszea gamosaxuli, _ isini hgien erTobiT anu amgvarad:
pativi, rasac miageben mefis despans, mouklebelia didebisagan, Tavad xelmwifes
rom aRuvlenen.
amrigad, krebam dagmo isini, romlebic miageben xatebs RvTis dar pativs da
isinic, marTlmadideblur xatTayvans kerpmsaxurebas rom uwodeben.
gaauqmes 754 wlis krebis dadgenilebebi; saukuno wyeva da SeCveneba SeuTvales
xatmebrZolTa eresiarqebs; gaaTanabres isini mefe nabuqodonosorTan, romelmac
iavaryo rjulis kidobani, agreTve _ samarielebTan da iudevelebTan. dadgenileba
gragnilze gadaitanes, rac, episkoposebTan erTad, daadastura dedofalma irinem
da ufliswulma konstantinem. epistoleebi gaavrceles aRmosavleTisa da dasav-
leTis yvela eparqiaSi.
problema praqtikulad mainc gadauWreli darCa.
IX s-is dasawyisSi viTareba kvlav daiZaba. 813 wels bizantiaSi moxda putCi: jarma
daamxo marTlmadidebeli imperatori mixeil I da mis adgilze aRazeva energiuli
da popularuli mxedarTmTavari leon V somexi (813-820), _ pirwavardnili eretiko-
si, romelmac ganaaxla xatebis musrva. 815 wels moiwvia kreba; gaauqma me-7 msoflio
krebis gadawyvetileba da aRadgina 754 wlis ganCineba. ekveTa oponentebs da
gadaayena patriarqi nikifore, daapatimra wm. Teodore studieli (+826), _
cnobili himnografi da RvTismetyveli, bevri sasuliero piri da inteligenti.
viTareba ramdenadme ganimuxta imperator mixeil I I -is (enabrgus, amorielis) dros.
man gamoacxada amnistia da gamoaqveyna gankarguleba _ àravis moubrundes ena
arc xatebis uarsayofad, arc dasacavad. dae, dumilma imefos!~
dumilma didxans ver gastana. mixeil I I -is memkvidrem, Teofilem (829-842), isev

ganaaxla devna, magram ara Zveli masStabiT. xatebisadmi pativiscemas ukve Rrmad
gaedga fesvebi. simpaTias ver faravda dedofalic Teodora, romelsac qmris
gardacvalebis Semdeg, vaJis _ mixeil I I I -is siWabukis gamo, qveynis marTva-gan-
mgebloba Cabarda. mas mxarSi senatorTa da sefekacTa didi razmi amoudga. gada-
ayenes xatmebrZoli patriarqi ioane V I I da daniSnes meTodi _ Teofiles mier
devnili marTlmadidebeli.
842 wlis 19 Tebervals meTodi konstantinopolelis (+846) winamZRvrobiT
aiasofiaSi kreba gaimarTa, romelmac aRiara V I I msoflio saeklesio krebis
avtoriteti, misi debulebebis ucvleloba da pirvelad Seasrula `marTlmadi-
deblobis damcvelTa saukuno xsovnis wesi~ anu, qarTulad, `Zegliswera sarwmu-
noebisa, romeli aRweres wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinopols SekrebilTa wmidaTa
xatTa TayvaniscemisaTvis, romel ese warikiTxvis sofiawmidas pirvelsa kviriakesa
wmidaTa marxvaTasa~. im dRidan, ganawesisamebr, aRniSnuli teqsti, romelsac SeiZ-
leba locviTi qadageba vuwodoT, yovel eklesiaSi ikiTxeba da, Sesabamisad, did-
marxvis pirveli dRe saxeldebulia marTlmadideblobis zeimad.
epopea dasrulda.
gavixsenebT kidev erT faqts: imperatorma aleqsi komnenosma (XI), radgan omisaT-
vis saxsrebi sWirdeboda, sxvadasxva eklesiidan Seagrova xatebis oqrosa da verc-
xlis perangebi; aqcia kapitalad da SeiZina iaraRi. qalkedonis mitropolitma le-
onma Tqva, rom es xatmbrZolobaa. atyda dava. 1085 wels konstantinopolSi moiw-
vies kreba. eswrebodnen: ori patriarqi, 24 episkoposi, 12 diakoni, 15 iRumeni da
mravali saero piri, senatis 46 warmomadgeneli. imsjeles da gamoitanes daskvna:
xatebis Tayvaniscema gulisxmobs ara nivTierebas, aramed saxeebs, romlebic
maTze aRibeWdebian. amitom mefis saqcieli xatmbrZolobad ver CaiTvlebao...
ras ambobdnen saqarTveloSi?
_ adidebdnen wmida xatebs da sanawileebs. aq mSvidobian navTsayudels poulob-
dnen bizantiis imperatorebisa da eretikosi mRvdelmTavrebisagan vnebulni.
qarTlisaken eSurebodnen WeSmariti xeldasxmis maZiebelni, marTali sarwmunoebis
aRmsarebelni. istoriam konkretuli faqtic Semoinaxa, _ wm. ioane guTelis anu
xersonelis cxovreba. gavixsenoT qarTveli mamis _ wm. giorgi mTawmidlis _ sit-
yvebi: ìyo Jami, romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadidebloba ara ipoveboda
da ioane guTel episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa episkoposad, viTarca sweria didsa
svinaqsarsa~.
siwmideTa Soris brwyinavs iveriis RvTismSoblis xati.
misi saRmrTo Tavgadasavali aseTia: rodesac qristes eklesias amqveynad senma
daria xeli da madlSemosil sagnebs ekveTen, nikeaSi cxovrobda vinme qvrivi qali.
mas keisris jariskaci swvevia. kedelze dedaRvTisa SeuniSnavs. aRborgebula. max-
vili uZgeria da sakvirvelebis mowmec gamxdara, _ RvTismSoblis saxeze sisxls

gamouJonavs. boroteuli damfrTxala da gaqceula. RvTismosavs ki, mwvalebelTa
Tavdasxmis SiSiT, xati zRvisTvis miucia.
àTonis mTis aqtebSi~ sasurvel ambavs vecnobiT: 999 wlis 27 aprils, brwyinvale
Svideulis samSabaTs, aqaurma mamebma ixiles da ganicades saswauli, _ zRvaze
RvTismSoblis xatma moscura. gamosveneba undodaT, magram arcerTis xeli ar
miikara. Sewuxdnen. gaaaTkeces locva-vedreba da emcnoT TvalSeudgami neba: siw-
midis Rirsi mxolod da mxolod iverieli gabrieliao... berma fexiT ganvlo
molivlive talRebi da gamoabrZana WeSmariti qalwulis saxe, rasac ivironis
karibWis TaRze ganusvenes. amitom ewoda karis RvTismSobeli anu, berZnulad,
portaitisa.
es istoria akaki wereTelma gaasxivosna.
eklesiaTa gayofa (didi sqizma)

marTlmadideblobis zeimiT eresebisa da maTi mamxilebeli krebebis epoqa faq-
tobrivad dasrulda. dogmaturi RvTismetyvelebis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad sa-
kiTxs pasuxebi gaeca, ris gamoc Teoriis sferoSi cxare debatebi da Sexla-Semox-
la mosalodneli aRar unda yofiliyo. IX s-is Sua wlebSi vnebebi TiTqos dacxra,
magram romi da bizantia amieridan sqizmaturma moZraobam, ufro zustad, eklesi-
ebis ierarqTa dapirispirebam moicva, rac eklesiaTa gaTiSviT da pentarqiis gauq-
mebiT damTavrda.
didi sqizmis konkretuli TariRi 1054 wlis 16-20 ivlisia, magram es dRe sauku-
neTa ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda.
sqizmaTa zogadi mizezi, wm. basili didis Tanaxmad, qristes eklesiis msaxurTa
gulebSi Zmuri siyvarulisa da urTierTpativiscemis grZnobis naklebobaa.
aseTi liderebi, rogorc wesi, gadametebul principulobas, e.i. axirebas, kapri-
zobas iCenen, amJRavneben egoizms, mxolod sakuTari, anda TavianTi partiebis
interesebs iTvaliswineben da sxvaTa interesebs da Tvalsazrisebs xelaRebiT uar-
yofen; maswavleblobis Jini aqvT, magram mowafis rolSi gamosvlas ver itanen;
sxvebisgan yuradRebas moiTxoven, TviTon ki sxvebs yurs ar ugdeben da mosmenis
kulturasac ver avlenen. konkretuli mizezebi, rac saeklesio ganxeTqilebas
warmoSobs, orgvaria: dogmaturi da organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi. ase rom,
sqizma SeiZleba dogmaturic iyos da aradogmaturic, anda _ erTic da meorec anu
dogmaturic da organizaciulic. wina saukuneebSi momxdar sqizmaTa didi nawili,
rogorc vnaxeT, ufro dogmatur xasiaTs atarebda, _ romi aRmosavleTis ama Tu
im eklesias eresSi adanaSaulebda. didi sqizma gacilebiT rTuli movlenaa. Tu
adre `dogmaturi bralmdeblis~ rolSi TiTqmis yovelTvis romi gamodioda, IX s-is
meore naxevridan sabraldebo skamze igi Tavad aRmoCnda. sawyis etapze bralde-

bebi konstantinopolis mxridan iyo rogorc kanonikur-wesCveulebiTi (umTavre-
sad), ise saRvTismetyvelo-dogmaturi (aqa-iq), romis mxridan ki _ kanonikuri da
ierarqiuli. eklesiaTa gayofis faqti dResac sxvadasxvanairadaa kvalificire-
buli. kaTolikebi mas `berZenTa sqizmas~ uwodeben, marTlmadideblebi, ufro xSi-
rad, `laTinTa eress~, Tumca Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT erTsulovnebas arc dasav-
leTSi aqvs adgili da arc aRmosavleTSi. marTlmadidebel RvTismetyvelTa nawi-
li, magaliTad, moskovis wm. mitropoliti filareti (+1867), romis eklesias, e.i.
romaul kaTolikobas anu romis kaTolikeTa eklesias kvlav erTiani eklesiis
Semadgenel nawilad Tvlis (cxadia, sqizmaSi myofad) da am eklesiis monawileobis
gareSe msoflio saeklesio krebis mowvevas SeuZleblad miiCnevs.
didi sqizmis Sesaxeb mdidari literatura arsebobs. winamdebare

mimoxilva, ZiriTadad, Semdeg gamokvlevebs efuZneba: m. gelceri,
bizantiis istoriis politikuri sakiTxebi, romelic dabeWdilia
v. beneSeviCis winasityviTa da redaqciiT krebulSi ~bizantiis istoriis
sakiTxebi~: peterburgi, 1912 (rus.enaze); a.p. lebedevi, eklesiaTa gayofis
istoria IX, X da XI saukuneebSi: peterburgi, 1905 (rus.enaze); m.e. posnovi,
qristianuli eklesiis istoria: moskovi, 1988 (rus.enaze); k. kekeliZe,
Targmaneba eklesiastisa mitrofane smirneli episkoposis mier (= misive,
etiudebi, XI, Tb. 1972, gv. 197-207).
ganxeTqilebis balaveri dedaqalaqad daba bizantionis anu, mermindeli saxe-

liT, konstantinopolis gamocxadebis (330 w.) da imperiis gayofisTanave (395 w.)
gaiWra, magram IX s-mde es balaveri naklebad igrZnoboda. papebi da imperatorebi
erTmaneTs angariSs uwevdnen, radgan Tanadgoma orivesTvis xelsayreli iyo
politikuri motiviT. bizantiis samefo da sapatriarqo karze eresebis aRmocene-
bis Jams viTareba mwvavdeboda da, wm. martine papis magaliTi rom gavixsenoT, zog-
jer tragediiTac mTavrdeboda. V I I - V I I I ss-Si aRmosavleTis eklesiebi morigma wva-
lebam moicva da, radgan yvela cda xatebze marTebuli warmodgenis aRdgenisa
imxanad amao aRmoCnda, papebma kursi safrangeTisaken aiRes. 800 wels papma leon I I I -m
romis imperiis memkvidred akurTxa karlos didi, rac bizantieli basilevsebis
ignorirebas udrida.
romisa da konstantinopolis kaTedrebs Soris atyda dava gavlenis sferoTa
ganawilebis Taobaze. kerZod, _ bulgareTsa da mimdebare regionebze. es mxare
qristes rjulze konstantinopolis mTavarepiskoposis RvawliT moiqca 865 wels.
miuxedavad amisa, mas romi Tavisken ezideboda, radgan miaCnda, rom mas meti samoZ-
Rvro gamocdileba hqonda da ucdomeli sarwmunoebac epyra. problemebi gaCnda
samxreT italiaSi, sadac V I I - V I I I ss-Si Tavi Seafares xatTayvanismcemlebma da Seiq-

mna berZnuli koloniebi. konstantinopoli maT sakuTar samwysod miiCnevda, rasac
papi ukanonobad naTlavda. romi bizantionis mTavarepiskoposs adanaSaulebda
`msoflio patriarqis~ titulis uzurpaciaSi; uxucesi da WeSmaritad mociquleb-
rivi kaTedrebis _ aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis _ damorCilebaSi;
uwodebda ùgvartomos~, radgan Tvlida, rom misi aRzeveba imperatoris taxtma
ganapiroba da ara apostolurma memkvidreobam.
pirveli seriozuli konfliqti IX s-is I I naxevarSi moxda. es xana bizantiis saero
da sasuliero taxtebze intrigaTa qseliT aRiniSna. 846 wels msoflio patriarqad
aRasaydres sarwmunoebiT da zneobiT gabrwyinebuli beri _ egnate, mefis STamo-
mavali. man amxila sefekacebis umsgavsi saqcieli da isini naTlisRebis liturgi-
aze ar aziara, rac Zvirad daujda. Camoyalibda opoziciuri partia, romelmac,
norCi imperatoris mimxrobis Semdeg, 858 wels Tanamdebobidan gadaayena egnate
da aRasaydra eriskaci, saxelmwifo mdivani _ fotiosi (foti), ganTqmuli niWiT
da ganaTlebiT, cnobili mwerali da iuristi (rjuliskanonis redaqtori da ko-
mentatori). man, eriskacma, ierarqiuli kibis yvela safexuri oTxi dRis ganmav-
lobaSi (20-24 dekemberi) gaiara. morwmuneTa umravlesoba am faqts uaryofiTad
Seegeba, radgan didi sasoeba hqondaT egnates mimarT. moiwvies kreba, sadac foti-
osma àma soflis ZlierTa~ Tanadgomis Sedegad gaimarjva.
IX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi bizantia ori partiis, e.w. egnatielTa da fotielTa anu
romis primatis maRiarebelTa da uarmyofelTa, mkacri da Seubralebeli brZolis
asparezad iqca. wm. egnate, bavSvobaSi Zaladobis msxverpli (gamosaWurisebuli), monas-
terSi gazrdili da asketuri idealebiT gamsWvaluli pirovneba gaxldaT. misTvis
ucxo iyo e.w. ikonomia anu garkveuli daTmobebi, Tvalis daxuWva da wayrueba
sarwmunoebisa da zneobis xaziT, rac àma soflis ZlierTa~ winaSe Zvirad ujdeboda.
samagierod didi gavlena hqonda bermonazvnebze da samonastro idealebiT anTebul
eriskacebze. garedan mas papis avtoriteti umagrebda zurgs, SigniT ki _ socialurad
ubralo xalxi, romelTa ricxvi yovelTvis da yvela qveyanaSi Zalze didia. rac Seexeba
wm. fotioss (fotis), mis mxareze ZiriTadad TeTri samRvdeloeba, aristokratia da
inteligencia idga. ikonomiaze igi advilad Tanxmdeboda, riTac àma soflis ZlierTa~
gulebs igebda. imdenad itacebda elinuri filosofia da poezia, rom
mowinaaRmdegeebi qirqilebdnen: wirvis dros fotiosi locvebis magier mgosanTa
Txzulebebs butbutebso. es cxadia, ciliswameba iyo, magram SesaZlebelia,
eklesiologiis sferoSi romisagan gancalkevebisaken mas swored berZnul-
nacionaluri kulturiT esoden gatacebam ubiZga. erovnuli da eklesiuri
damoukideblobis ideas meti gasavali, rogorc wesi, eriskacTa wreSi aqvs;
bermonazvnoba, kaTolike cnobierebiT gamsWvaluli, mas, rogorc wesi, Znelad egueba.
am SemTxvevaSic romisadmi sasoebas, egnatesTan erTad, ufro bermonazvnoba iCenda.
omi papis morCilTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris imxanad (IX s-Si) proromaelTa

gamarjvebiT anu romis saydris primatis uarmyofelTagan poziciebis daTmobiT
damTavrda.
movlenebi ase ganviTarda:
egnatem sakasacio saCivriT mimarTa paps, romelic saqmis detalebis Seswavlas
Seudga da bizantionSi legatebi gagzavna. isini zeimiT miiRes. maspinZlebi impera-
tori da patriarqi iyvnen. miuCines mxleblebi, romlebic egnates momxreebs axlos
ar akarebdnen. stumrebi moixiblen axalgazrda patriarqis gonierebiT da aRiares
igi Tanamdebobis Sesaferisad.
861 wels adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba Sedga, sadac wm. taxtis despanebi qed-
maRlobdnen da xazs usvamdnen romis saydris aRmatebulebas, rac fotiosma, papis
keTilganwyobilebis mosurnem da moimedem, imxanad daiTmina. Sedegmac ar daayovna:
legatebma patriarqs dauWires mxari da gakicxes egnate. Tqves, rom igi gaizarda
monasterSi da misi asparezic monasteria. krebam SeimuSava kanoni, _ `Tu episkoposi
moindomebs berobas, unda dautevos episkoposoba~, rac niSnavda, _ beri berad
unda darCes.
stumrebma misia amowurulad CaTvales, gabrundnen ukan da waiRes patriarqis
werili papisadmi. fotiosi aRniSnavda, rom, marTalia, arsebobs wesCveulebiTi
sxvaobani dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris, magram es ar exeba dogmats da, amde-
nad, ganxeTqilebis safuZveli ar arsebobso.
papma nikoloz I-ma sagangebo sxdoma moiwvia imperatoris elCebis TandaswrebiT.
erT xelSi fotiosis werili eWira, meoreSi _ egnatesi. uaryofiTad Seafasa lega-
tebis saqmianoba. dagmo fotiosi, misi mfarveli imperatori, maTi Tanamosagreni
da aRiara egnates pretenziebis safuZvlianoba. gaauqma 861 wlis krebis ganCineba
da epistoleni dagzavna aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi.
patriarqma da imperatorma roms urCobiT upasuxes. dagmes misi administraci-
uli, kultmsaxurebiTi da dogmaturi poziciebi. kerZod, axladmoqceul bulga-
reTze iurisdiqciis TviTneburad gavrceleba. fotiosma Seadgina sayovelTao
epistole, daugzavna igi aRmosavleTis mamaTmTavrebs da warmoadgina braldebaTa
vrceli nusxa. misi TqmiT, laTinebma, viT velurma taxebma, bulgareTSi gadaTeles
jejili, rac konstantines qalaqma daTesa da rac uxvi mosavlis imeds iZleoda.
acdunes, feradferadi dapirebebiT moTafles da moxibles axalnergi eri, maTi
mTavari _ borisi, Tavkacoba da avrceleben swavla-gangebas, rac ucxoa kaTolike
eklesiisaTvis. esenia: SabaTis marxva, marxva rZiT da yveliT, samRvdeloTa uqor-
wineblobis moTxovna anu celibatobis dakanoneba, mrwamsis damateba wm. sulis
Zisaganac gamosvlis Sesaxeb _ filiokve, wveris parsva, diakonTa episkoposad kur-
Txeva da a.S. Tu wina werilSi msgavsi siaxleebi gamocxadebulia Sesawynareblad,
aq _ lamis eresad. amasTanave, avtors aviwydeba, rom Tavad aramc Tu diakvnobidan,
aramed eriskacobidan aRazeves mRvdelmTavris rangSi.

867 wels keisris taxti basili I-ma _ makedonelma _ miitaca. man fotiosi meore
dResve ganaSora Tanamdebobas da, morwmuneTa gulis mogebis mizniT, kaTedraze
egnate aRadgina. ganaxlda mimowera papTan, nikoloz I-is memkvidresTan - adri-
anesTan. 869 wels konstantinopolis kreba Sedga, sadac papis legatebma waikiT-
xes bula, riTac xazi gausves 7 saeklesio krebis Seuval avtoritets, nikea-kons-
tantinopolis mrwamsis ucvaleblobas da SeaCvenes yvela eresi da eretikosi. maT
Soris _ fotiosianelebi. ganaCines anaTema nebismier eriskacze, vinc TviTneburad
daadgens mRvdelmTavars.
arc fotioss daekrifa gulxeli. man gaaoca mefe sibrZniT da gamocdilebiT.
daumegobrda mas da Svilebis aRzrdis misia ikisra. xolo 877 wels, patriarq egna-
tes gardacvalebis Semdeg, kvlav daibruna mitra. man alRo da unari gamoiCina,
moaxerxa papi adrianes moadgilis _ ioane V I I I -is _ gulis mogeba da legatebis
mowveva krebaze, romelic Sedga 879 wels. unda ganexilaT uTanxmoebis mogvarebis
perspeqtivebi. legatebma berZnuli ar icodnen. amboben, rom maT ver SeniSnes
saboloo dokumentis is adgili, sadac patriarqi fotiosi `msoflio patriarqa-
daa~ moxseniebuli. rodesac yvelaferi gairkva, papma legatebi dasaja, patriarqs
ki anaTema gamoucxada.
fotiosi gamarjvebas zeimobda, magram borbali ukuRma datrialda. 886 wels
gardaicavala imperatori basili I da taxtze misi vaJi avida, _ leon IV. man, yvela-
saTvis moulodnelad da 769 wlis krebis kanonis sapirispirod (ix. zem.), Tanam-
debobidan gadaayena saxelganTqmuli ierarqi da misive maswavlebeli fotiosi.
xolo aRamaRla Tavisi Zma _ stefane. motivi bundovania. unda vifiqroT, rom ke-
isars papis Serigeba da dasavleTTan urTierTobis gaumjobeseba ewada. mizans
miaRwia, magram droebiT.
sqizma gardauvali iyo.
mizezebi dagubda da ifeTqa XI s-is Sua wlebSi, pap leon IX-is, patriarq miqael
kerulariosis da mefe konstantine IX-is, monomaqis, dros. ganaxlda dava samxreT
italiis miwebze. papis brZanebiT iqidan gamoaZeves berZnebi, romlebic uars am-
bobdnen religiuri cxovrebis laTinur wesze da Tavs konstantinopolis mrevlad
Tvlidnen. pasuxad patriarqma 1053 wels bizantionSi daxura laTinuri tibikonis
eklesiebi da eresad monaTla ufuari puriT ziarebis maTeburi wesi. amboben, rom
man sanawiledan gamoyara macxovris xorcad gadaarsebuli xmiadi da iatakze
daanarcxa. eklesiaTa saWeTmpyrobelebma urTierTmabralebeli werilebis gamoq-
veyneba daiwyes. kerulariosma daavala ep. leon orqidels da, Semdeg, studielTa
monastris bers _ nikita stiTats _ mamxilebeli traqtatebis Sedgena. davaleba
Sesrulda, magram es dokumentebi, fotiosis analogiur dokumentTan SedarebiT,
Raribad gamoiyureboda. papistebi, ZiriTadad, sami siaxlis anu cdomilebis gamo
igmobodnen: ufuari puri, SabaTis marxva da celibatoba.

papma, Tavadac mZime dReSi myofma CrdiloeTidan arianeli normanebis laSqro-
baTa gamo, viTarebis gasaneitraleblad konstantinopolSi sami legati gagzavna
kardinal humbertis meTaurobiT. isini mefisa da patriarqis winaSe 1054 wlis
ivnisSi gamocxaddnen. xelmwife Rirseulad Seegeba maT, patriarqi _ civad, radgan
icoda, rom legatebi mis `gamosasworeblad~ Camovidnen. molodini gamarTlda.
kardinali mbrZanebluri toniT elaparakeboda patriarqs da gasamarTlebiTac
emuqreboda; Tavi sakuTar eparqiaSi egona. man moawyo aRniSnuli traqtatebis
ganxilva imperatoris TandaswrebiT. punqtobrivad gaakritika isini da sazeimod
dawva studielTa monastris galavanSi, sadac erT-erTi maTgani daiwera; Seadgina
umkacresi pasuxebi, ramac Serigebis process xeli SeuSala. patriarqma qedmaR-
lobas uaresi qedmaRloba Seageba: oficialur Sekrebaze wm. taxtis mociqulebs
berZnebis ukan miuCina adgili, rac, faqtiurad, romis primatis uaryofas niSnavda.
damcirebulma da Seuracxyofilma legatebma datoves darbazi da gezi samefo
palatisaken aiRes. xelmwife Sewuxda da daiwyo gamosavlis Zebna. am dros movida
depeSa papi leonis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb.
16 ivliss, diliT, papis sulis mosaxseniebel wirvaze wmida sofiis taZars
auracxelma mlocvelma miakiTxa. gamoCndnen legatebic. isini aiWren ambionze da
mimarTes ers, rom molaparakeba CaiSala patriarq kerulariosis ampartavnebisa
da ukanono saqcielis gamo; mis sindiszea pasuxismgeblob istoriis winaSe. eambor-
nen wm. trapezs; dades bula; Tqves: `RmerTi xedavs da simarTliT sjis!~ da taZ-
ridan gavidnen. xalxi daibna da gaognda. ipodiakvnebma bula patriarqs miarTves.
man pirvelad wakiTxvac ar isurva. Semdeg, rom teqsti mosaxleobaSi ukomentarod
ar gavrcelebuliyo, aTargmnina berZnulad da ixila wyevla-krulva im eretikuli
midrekilebebis gamo, raSic papi, despanTa bagiT, mas adanaSaulebda. kerularioss
braldeboda: wes-Cveulebebis gafetiSeba, uvicoba, dogmatisa da kultis ganur-
Cevloba da, rac mTavaria, msoflio saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebaTa abuCad
agdeba, _ romis saydris upativcemuloba. patriarqTan erTad irisxeboda yvela,
vinc kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda wm. taxtis aRmatebul madls.
fiqroben, eqstremistuli aqtiT romaelebs xalxis ajanyeba undodaT. motyuvd-
nen: xalxi ajanyda, magram stumrebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic Zlivs gadaurCnen ris-
xvas da mefis badragis daxmarebiT gaiparnen.
dramatuli ambidan oTxi dRis Semdeg, 20 ivliss, Sedga adgilobrivi kreba
12 mitropolitis, ramdenime episkoposisa da samRvdelo dasis SemadgenlobiT. es
iyo tribunali, romelmac anaTema SeuTvala paps da mis TanameinaxeT. bula ki dawva.
amrigad, romis papma da konstantinopolis patriarqma erTmaneTi SeaCvenes.
moxda didi sqizma: dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis eklesiebi gaiTiSnen. mizezi
politikuria, sababi _ dogmaturi. ufro sworad, isini gadaxlarTulia pirve-
lis upiratesobiT.

zogierTi mkvlevaris, maT Soris, m. gelcerisa da v. beneSeviCis dakvirvebiT
(das. wigni, gv. 77-78), didi sqizma ara dogmatikam, aramed laTinTa da berZenTa
Soris saukuneTa manZilze boboqarma nacionalurma qiSpma da zizRma ganapiroba.
patriarq fotiosis eklesiaTaSoris politikasac bevrwilad elinuri naciona-
lizmi kvebavda, rac SemdegSi gaRrmavda da eklesiaTa gayofis saqmeSi didi roli
Seasrula.
asea Tu ise, faqtia: 1054 wlidan aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Tanamorwmune
eklesiebi erTmaneTisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli rwmenis eklesiebad, or
konfesiad _ marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur eklesiebad _ Camoyalibdnen. er-
Tianobis xanaSi am eklesiebs saerTo saxeli hqondaT _ `marTlmadidebeli da kaTo-
like~. aRmosavleTis Svid msoflio krebiseul eklesiaTa saxelad amieridan
`marTlmadidebeli~ damkvidrda, dasavleTis (romis) eklesiis saxelad _ `kaToli-
ke~ (kaTolikuri). Sesabamisad, ori konfesia gamoikveTa _ marTlmadidebloba da
kaTolikoba. pirvels aRniSnuli saxelwodeba eklesiis mamebisa da krebebis saRv-
Tismetyvelo moZRvrebis ucvaleblad Senaxvis gamo dausakuTrda, meores imis
gamo, rom misi arsebiTi niSani eklesiis kaTolikeobis, e.i. erTianobisa da sayo-
velTaobis mZafri gancdaa.
mkafiod unda iTqvas Semdegi: evqaristiuli kavSiri aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-
Tis eklesiebs Soris erTbaSad ar gawyvetila. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, _ aRmosavle-
Tis marTlmadidebel eklesiebs romis eklesiis Teoria da praqtika gansxvavebul
konfesiad erTsa da imave dRes ar aRuqvamT. es TandaTanobiT da, SeiZleba (saqar-
Tvelos eklesiis magaliTzec) iTqvas, nabij-nabij moxda. aRmosavleTisa da dasav-
leTis eklesiurad gaucxoebis saqmeSi yvelaze katastrofuli Sedegi jvarosnebis
mier konstantinopolis dapyrobas mohyva.
samoqalaqo da saeklesio istoriaSi jvarosnebad is meomrebi arian cnobili,
romelTac tansacmelze jvari hqondaT mikerebuli. maTi mizani bizantiis samflo-
beloebisa da wmida adgilebis, gansakuTrebiT qristes saflavis, Turq-selCukebi-
sagan gaTavisufleba iyo. papma urban I I , bizantiis imperatoris Txovnis safuZ-
velze, 1095 wlis 26 noembers safrangeTis qalaq klermonSi saeklesio krebis saze-
imo daxurvis ceremonialze Sekrebil zRva xalxs aseTi mowodebiT mimarTa: `gas-
wieT wmida saflavisaken, gaaTavisufleT warmarTebisagan da daimorCileT es mxa-
re. iqaur miwas rZe da Tafli sdis. ierusalimi unayofieresi mxarea. igi aris deda-
miwis Wipi da meore samoTxe. giwvevT igi miwa. elodeba gaTavisuflebas da ganuwy-
vetliv gemudarebaT daxmarebisaTvis~. am sityvam msmenelebi aRafrTovana da
razmebis Camoyalibeba imave dRidan daiwyo.
jvarosanTa pirveli laSqari aRmosavleTisaken 1096 wlis gazafxulze daiZra.
ase daiwyo xangrZlivi da momqancveli omebis seria. 1096-1270 wlebSi sxvadasxvana-
iri warmatebiT rva laSqroba moewyo. pirveli ierusalimis aRebiT da iq qristi-

anuli samefos daarsebiT damTavrda (1099 w.). jvarosnebma muslimanebisagan sxva
miwebic gaaTavisufles, magram marcxic araerTxel iwvnies. isini, warmatebebiT
damtkbarni da gaamayebulni, ver amCnevdnen, rom mowinaaRmdege mxare Zalebs ik-
rebda da revanSisTvis emzadeboda. maTi umravlesobis gulebs da gonebas sixarbe
da msunagoba daepatrona, anu is miswrafebebi, riTac, Tu davakvirdebiT, papis
zemodamowmebuli sityvis qveteqsti iyo gaJRenTili. jvarosnebma, romlebic
TavianT Tavs raindebsa da qristes mxedrebs uwodebdnen, marTlmadidebel qris-
tianTa Cagvra daiwyes. isini dascinodnen da abuCad igdebdnen adgilobriv wes-
Cveulebebs, Seuracxyofdnen siwmideebs da mosaxleobas eqspluatacias uwevdnen.
meoTxe laSqroba (1199-1204) bizantiis imperiis dapyrobiT da konstantinopolis
aRebiT, ufro sworad, _ darbeviT damTavrda, rasac berZenTa erovnul-ganmaTa-
visuflebeli ieriSebi mohyva. antikaTolikurma, antidasavlurma da antilaTi-
nurma ganwyobilebam aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebel xalxebSi ufro metad gaidga
fesvebi da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, isini am frontze Turqebis mokavSireebad aqcia.
jvarosanTa TiTqmis orsaukunovani laSqrobebi kraxiT damTavrda. aRmosavle-
Tisa da dasavleTis eklesiaTa sruli da sabolood gayofa 1204 wels moxda,
rogorc konstantinopolis dapyrobis reaqcia.
gayofa sabediswero aRmoCnda rogorc dasavleTis, ise (da ufro metad) aRmosav-
leTis tradiciuli, Wirgamovlili da valmoxdili eklesiisaTvis, misi kulturu-
li cxovrebisa da am kulturis citadelisaTvis _ bizantiisaTvis. igi martosuli
dauxvda pirgamexebul mters _ osmaleTs, romelmac XIV s-is 50-iani wlebidan
zedized daipyro da bizantias CamoaWra saberZneTi, bulgareTi, serbeTi, Saviz-
RvispireTi da jeri imperiis darCenil nawilze midga, _ dedaqalaqsa da mis Semo-
garenze. uares dReSi iyvnen aRmosavleTis sxva eklesiebi, _ xarkisagan gvemulni
da ilajgawyvetilni.
movlenebi katastrofulad viTardeboda. gadarCenis erTaderT saxsrad reli-
giuri Tanxmoba da mis safuZvelze dasavleT-aRmosavleTis samxedro-politikuri
kavSiri isaxeboda. iniciativa papma evgeni IV-m gamoiCina: imperator ioane pale-
ologs 1437 wlis dasawyisSi epistole aaxla da aRmosavleTidan delegatebis Sek-
rebis organizeba sTxova (aRsaniSnavia, rom mimarTvaSi iveriis mamaTmTavari, marT-
lmadidebel patriarqebs Soris, mexuTe adgilzea moxseniebuli). davaleba Ses-
rulda. 1437 wlis agvistoSi `qalaqTa mze~ msoflios forumze wargzavnilebiT
aivso. cxadia, iyvnen qarTvelebic: mitropoliti grigoli, episkoposi ioane da
ramdenime sefekaci. yvela problema mogvarda da keisrisa da patriarqis _ iosebis
_ didi saydrioni italiis qalaq ferarisaken daiZra. erTi dokumentis mixedviT,
wargzavnilTa ricxvi 500-s aRwevda. maTgan 22 episkoposi iyo.
kreba gaixsna 1438 wlis 9 aprils q. feraraSi zar-zeimiT, banketiT. xarjebi papis
kuriam ikisra. Semdeg, 1439 wlis 9 Tebervlidan, papisave moTxovniT, sxdomebi

gadaitanes q. florenciaSi, ris gamoc es forumi ferara-florenciis saxeliTaa
cnobili.
dialogebi mwvave da daZabuli iyo. Tanxmoba arc erT blokSi ar sufevda. orive
mxares iyvnen principulebi da liberalebi, fundamentalistebi da Semwynareblebi,
konservatorebi da novatorebi. yvelaze rTuli `filiokve~ da papis ufrosobis
sakiTxi aRmoCnda. aq laTinebi ar Tmobdnen. berZnebi Znelad Tanxmdebodnen. uka-
nasknelTa Soris am Temaze Camoyalibda ori banaki: umravlesoba, romelsac mit-
ropoliti besarion nikieli meTaurobda, da umciresoba mitropolit markoz
efeselis (evgenikosis) winamZRvrobiT. pirvels wm. mamaTa nawerebidan, maT Soris
_ ioane damaskelis Sromebidan, amoekrifa gamonaTqvamebi wmida sulis Zisaganac
gamosvlis Sesaxeb, ramac bevri berZeni deputatis gaoceba gamoiwvia da Seasusta
winaaRmdegoba. wyaroebi, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia, dawerilia metnaklebi ten-
denciurobiT. mkvlevrebi amboben, rom sxdomebs Soris laTinebis mxridan adgili
hqonda muqaras, dayvavebas, qrTamsa da nairgvar dapirebas. isini mopaeqreebs job-
nidnen ganaTlebiT, wignierebiT, wyaroebis codniT da axdendnen zegavlenas saRv-
Tismetyvelo sakiTxebis gamowvlilvis dros.
keisari da patriarqi, romlebic acnobierebdnen muslimanuri garemocvis safr-
Txes, ganCinebis kompromisul variants daTanxmdnen.
1439 wlis 5 ivliss Sedga uniis prezentacia. papma, keisarma da delegatebma
(patriarqi ramdenime dRis win gardaicvala) xeli moaweres warmodgenil teqsts.
ver gatexes markoz efeseli. kritikul wuTSi igi megobrebma da Tanamosagreebma
miatoves, magram efeselis principi kldesaviT uryevi aRmoCnda.
ase Seiqmna unia (laT. ùnio~ _ erTianoba) da, Sesabamisad, uniaturi eklesia,
rac niSnavs rwmeniT da daqvemdebarebiT kaTolikobas, praqtikiT da tradiciiT _
marTlmadideblobas, e.w. aRmosavluri stilis qristianobas. uniatebs, ferara-
florenciis krebis kvalad, swamT romauli kaTolikobis WeSmariteba, magram
wirva-locvas da sxva saeklesio wesebs berZnuli tibikonis mixedviT ganaCenen.
maSasadame, cxovrebis wesiT, garegnobiT isini danarCeni marTlmadideblebisagan
ar gansxvavdebian, Sinagani rwmeniT _ kaTolikebisagan.
paps ukiTxavs, rodesac SeTanxmebuli teqsti uaxlebiaT: markoz efeseli Tu
dagveTanxmao? da radgan dokumentze misi beWedi ver SeuniSnavs, uTqvams: gamar-
jvebisgan Sors varTo.
marTlac, mefisa da umaRlesi ierarqiis Semrigebluri poziciis miuxedavad,
xelSekrulebas mrevlis didi nawilis, samRvdeloebisa da, metadre, bermonazonTa
risxva mohyva. konstantinopolis sakaTedro taZrebs morwmuneebma boikoti gamo-
ucxades. zogan uniatebi gaasamarTles da dasajes. alag-alag sisxlic daiRvara.
kievisa da sruliad ruseTis mitropolitma isidorem, warmoSobiT Tesalonikelma
berZenma, Cavida Tu ara moskovSi, wm. uspenskis taZarSi sazeimo wirva aRasrula

da, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad, msoflio patriarqis nacvlad romis papi moixsenia.
diakonma ki ferara-florenciis aqti waikiTxa. atyda xmauri yvedrebis da Zagebis
gamo. didma mTavarma vasilim iqve gasca brZaneba `moRalatis~ dapatimrebis Sesa-
xeb, rac Sesrulda. msjavrdebuli udabur monasterSi gadagzavnes, magram 1441
wlis Semodgomaze gaiqca da, nacem-natanji, italiaSi Cavida, sadac fiandazi da-
uges da kardinalTa Soris Cinebuli adgili uboZes.
keisari, patriarqi (iosebi gulmodgine uniatebma Secvales) da misi episkopati
sam cecxls Sua aRmoCndnen: erTis mxriv, berebis, xucebisa da maTi sulieri Svi-
lebis didi armia, romelic SeTanxmebis dezavuirebas moiTxovda da iZaxda: `marT-
lmadidebloba an sikvdili!~ da xalxs antisamTavrobo gamosvlebisaken mouwo-
debda. Tanac warmatebiT; meores mxriv, karsmomdgari da aRborgebuli mteri, visac
saqristianos mTlianoba sasikvdilo laxvrad esaxeboda; mesame mxriv, dasavle-
Tidan ultimatumebi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis Sesaxeb...
ra pozicia eWira qarTvelebis deputacias? `laTinuri aqtebis~ cnobiT, sabo-
loo SeTanxmebas Cvengan wargzavnilebmac (konkretulad _ ìveriis mefis elCeb-
mac~) moaweres xeli. mowinaaRmdegeTa, berZeni da rusi avtorebis, uwyebiT ki _
ara. erT-erTi wyaros mixedviT, iverielma episkoposma protestis niSnad datova
sesia da vaivaglaxiT moaxerxa gamgzavreba konstantinopolisaken. aseTive pozi-
ciaze mdgara delegatTagan eriskacic. igi, Turme, personalurad uxmia paps. ukiT-
xavs mizezi. mas ki urCevia, amoeRo rwmenis simbolodan damateba, e.i. filiokve:
`...am erTaderT sityvas obeliskze nu dagvanaxveb, maSin marto iberiis xalxis guls
rodi moigeb, yvela qristiani xalxi Seni pativismcemeli iqneba. maSin romis eklesia
yvelas SeakavSirebs da gulwrfelad gaaerTianebs; Sens universalur iurisdiq-
cias yvela gulmowyalebiT Seivrdomebs da daemorCileba... yvela qristiani xalxi
erT farexSi, erTi mwyemsis mfarvelobis qveS, Tavs moiyris~. es sityvebio, vkiT-
xulobT, `papma faruli simwariT moismina da gancvifrebuli gaCumda~.
mkvlevar oleg JuJunaZes, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla da warmoaCina aRniS-
nuli masalebi, unaxavs uniis dednis fotopiri da adasturebs, rom iq qarTvelebis
xelmowera ar aris. maSasadame, mcxeTis saydari imxanad gaerTianebis romauli variantis
winaaRmdeg wasula, ramac, unda vifiqroT, gaarTula saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba
da amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom 1439-1493 wlebs Soris Tbilisis kaTolikur kaTedraze
episkoposs ver vxedavT (o. JuJunaZe, XV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos sagareo
politikis istoriisaTvis, kr.: qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis
istoriidan, t. 1, Tb., 1970, gv. 17-20, 27). amitomac araa gasakviri, rom Cvens qveyanaSi,
qarTvelTa Soris, saberZneTisa da aRmosavleT evropisagan gansxvavebiT, uniatobam
fexi ver moikida. nikifore irubaqiZis, sulxan-saba orbelianis, anton kaTalikosisa
da sxvaTa cdebs, `wm. basilis ordenis~ _ basilianTa, _ wesdebis mixedviT
gaekaTolikebinaT saqarTvelo, warmateba ar mohyolia.

...davubrundeT bizantions.
1449 wels uSvilZirod gardaicvala imperatori ioane da skiptra gadaeca mis
Zmas _ konstantine X I I -s, keTilSobils da vaJkacs, romelmac RirsebiT iTvisa sam-
Soblos ulmobeli xvedri. 1452 wels muhamed II ieriSze gadavida. viTareba sagode-
beli gaxda. am dros gamoCnda kardinali isidore papis sigeliT, raTa sasicocxlo
problemebi ganexila. man wm. sofias taZarSi wirva aRasrula umaRles samRvdelo-
ebasTan erTad mefisa da senatis TandaswrebiT, rasac xucesmonazvnebisa da maTgan
waqezebuli masebis amboxeba mohyva. isteria, ramac mwvervals miaRwia, xelisuf-
lebis zogierT warmomadgenelzec gavrcelda da maTgan erT-erTma papis mociquls
pirSi miaxala: `jobia sulTanis Calmas davemorCiloT, vidre papis tiaraso~. sje-
rodaT, rom konstantines wm. qalaqs, mariam RvTismSobelis wilxvedrs, RmerTi
icavda: sagangebo wams zeciuri mxedroba gamoCndeboda da vai mas, vinc avi zraxviT
kurTxeul zRurbls gadmoscdeboda... ganrisxebuli papic niSns ugebda: ùmjobe-
sia konstantinopoli Turqebma daipyron, vidre mwvaleblebmao~.
konstantinopoli ki ukve alyaSi iyo da saarako gmirobiT icavda Tavs.
kardinalma isidorem, daCoqilma da cremlmoreulma, Zlivs daiTanxma papi maSve-
li jaris gamoyvanaze. mowodebas mefeebic gamoexmaurnen da mZlavri armia, aRWur-
vili teqnikiT da brZolis unariT, aRmosavleTisaken daiZra.
magram...
1453 wlis 29 maiss, pirveli msoflio saeklesio krebisa da wm. konstantine didis
xsenebis dRes (SemTxveviT araferi xdeba!), Ramis 2 saaTze, konstantinopolis
Sturmi daiwyo. konstantine brZolis velze gavida samSoblosa da sarwmunoebi-
saTvis TavmiZRvnili jariskacis darad. berZenTa gverdiT italieli moxaliseebi
idgnen uZleveli venecieli raindis jovani justinianis meTaurobiT. ramdenime
Seteva moigeries, mteri ukuagdes, magram bediTma isarma justinianis goneba wa-
arTva, ris gamo mxedrebi wuTiT Sedrknen da daibnen. osmalebma yiJina dasces,
uSvelebeli zarbaznebi aamoqmedes da kedlebze avidnen; Riad darCenil kars mi-
aRwies da konstantines razmis zurgSi moeqcnen. dilis rva saaTze mterma galavani
gadaTela da sulTansac male axares, _ `qalaqTa mze~ Sens xelTaa da gelodebao.
triumfatormac ar daayovna da gezi wmida sofiisaken aiRo, romelic mlocvelebs
veRar itevda. mosTqvamdnen da RmerTs saswauls sTxovdnen. elodnen angelozebs
da swamdaT, rom isini saRmrTo maxvils Seagebebdnen moZaladeTa orlesul xmals.
mxolod karis Selewvam da meyseulad amdinarebulma sisxlma auxila maT Tvali
da daanaxva ugunurebis, fanatizmisa da zizRis nayofi: molis ambionze asvla da
mahmadianTa mrwamsis warmoTqma; sulTanis sakurTxevelSi Sesvla da namazis Ses-
ruleba; ganukiTxavi xocva da Jleta, muhamedisave `wyalobiT da sibraluliT~
rom Senelda sami dRis Semdeg; 3000-mde gadarCenili berZeni jariskacis erTbaSad
mosrva; moxucebis, qalebisa da bavSvebis monebad qceva da dayidva; maT Tvalwin

nadavlis ganawileba; eklesiebis meCeTebad gadakeTeba; xatebis fxrewa; qandake-
bebis gadadnoba; dauwvav da daungrevel saxlebSi gamarjvebulTa mokalaTeba da,
rac mTavaria, _ velze aRsrulebuli mefis, viTarca vinme SeuracxTaganis, Zlivs-
gamocnobili gvamis dacinva. mere Tavis warkveTa da urCebis moTvinierebis mizniT
centralur moedanze _ avgusteonze _ aRmarTva...
rodesac koaliciuri laSqari navsadgurs miuaxlovda, wmida sofiis samrek-
lodan, ukve minareTad wodebulidan, xoja alahis sadidebels warmoTqvamda.
ueWvelia, maTac gaexsnaT goneba da gaaxsendaT is ukeTurebani da simxece, rasac
maTi winapari jvarosnebi berZenTa Soris iqmodnen. maT dainaxes angarebiTi sar-
wmunoebis Sedegi: qristianuli imperiis samefo taxtze ijda sulTani da dasav-
leTisken icqireboda.
berZnuli qalaqi ramdenime dReSi Turqul qalaqad _ stambulad (`konstanti-
nopolis~ Turquli gamoTqmaa) _ iqca. qristianebi erT ubanSi SeyuCdnen _ fanaraSi.
iq daido bina patriarqma. osmaleTis kanonma qristianTa uflebebi mkacrad
Semofargla. asea dRemde.
kaTolikoba
didi sqizmis Semdeg romis eklesiis mrwamsi da praqtika, aRmosavleTis ekle-
siaTa mrwamssa da tradiciasTan mimarTebiT, calke konfesiad iqna gaazrebuli.
amitom am eklesiis teritoriuli sazRvrebi moiSala da 1054 wlidan igi yvelgan
arsebobs, sadac ki misi mrwamsisa da tradiciis mimdevrebi saxloben. aRniSnuli
epoqidan (XI-X I I I ss.) kaTolikobis dedamiwis nebismier mxareSi gasavrceleblad
misioneroba daiwyo.
saxelwodeba Sinaarss am SemTxvevaSi zustad gadmoscems, _ romaul eklesias
kaTolikeobis mZafri gancda axasiaTebs. igi monoliTuri da centralizebuli
eklesiaa, rogorc kanonikuri wyobis, ise doqtrinaluri TvalsazrisiT.
kaTolikuri aRmsarebloba Tavis sivrceSi mTlianad moicavs marTlmadideblur
rwmenaTa da tradiciaTa sistemas. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, im mamebisa da im krebebis
moZRvreba-memkvidreobas, romlis madlmosilebas marTlmadidebeli eklesia
aRiarebs, kaTolikuri eklesiac aRiarebs; is locvebi, sagaloblebi da sakiTxavebi,
romelTa kanonikurobaSi marTlmadideblebs eWvi ar eparebaT, arc kaTolikebs
eparebaT eWvi. kanonikuri literatura patristikis xanaSi, eklesiaTa erTianobis
dros, Seiqmna da es literatura (vTqvaT, ioane oqropiris liturgia) kaTolike-
bisTvisac iseTive avtoritetia, rogorc marTlmadideblebisTvis. am or konfe-
sias Soris gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zvel saeklesio wignebSi gadmo-
cemul saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebas anu dogmatikas kaTolikebi axal formu-
lebs anu dogmatebs umateben. magaliTad: nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamsi ro-

gorc marTlmadidebluri, ise kaTolikuri dogmatikis safuZvelia. misi me-8 wev-
ris Tanaxmad, suliwmida mamisagan gamodis, kaTolikebs eWvi ar eparebaT, rom es
asea, magram umateben, _ Zisaganac gamodis. aseTi damatebebiT isini, rogorc
TviTon amboben, eklesiaTa erTianobis droindeli mamebis RvTismetyvelebas av-
seben. kaTolike ideologebi, marTlmadideblebTan erTad, im poziciaze dganan,
rom dogmatebi istoriaSi ki ar iqmneba, aramed isini saRvTo werilsa da saRvTo
gadmocemaSi nagulisxmevi da Sefarulia. istoriaSi isini TavianT Tavs avlenen.
dogma cxaddeba droiT gangrZobiTobaSi nabij-nabij da TandaTan. am msjelobiT
kaTolikebi axali, maTi eklesiisaTvis niSandoblivi dogmatebis SemuSaveba-
SemoRebis gamarTlebas cdiloben.
dRemde kaTolikurma eklesiam oTxi specifikuri dogmati gamoimuSava (Ziri-
Tadad vsargeblobT ianis pavlovskis kaTolikuri katexizmoTi, romelic 1933
wels gamoica).
I. filiokve. esaa laTinuri sityva da niSnavs `Zisaganac~, `da Zisaganac~, romelic
Camatebulia rwmenis simbolos me-8 muxlSi. amdenad filiokve am muxlis interpo-
laciaa.
gamoTqma `suli gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan~ pirvelad tertulianesTan gvxvdeba
(I I - I I I ss.), Semdeg _ bevr sxva mamasTanac _ rogorc laTinurenovan (mag. netari
avgustine), ise berZnulenovanebTan (wm. aTanase aleqsandrielTan, grigol noselTan,
kirile aleqsandrielTan, maqsime aRmsarebelTan da sxv.). igi Tavs iCens 589 wlis
toledos mesame krebis aqtSi da TandaTan mkvidrdeba espaneTisa da safrangeTis
eklesiaTa liturgiebSi rogorc arianelTa subordinaciuli triadologiis (same-
bis wevrTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebulobis) gasabaTilebeli formula. 1000 wels
germaniis imperatoris TxovniT filiokve romis papma Tavis liturgiaSic CarTo da
amis Semdeg dasavleTis eklesiaSi misma warmoTqmam sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo.
filiokves bibliur safuZvlad kaTolike RvTismetyvelebi ioanes saxarebis im
adgils asaxeleben, sadac ieso nugeSinismcemlis anu suliwmidis movlinebas
gvpirdeba, _ igi `Cemgan miiRebs da Tqven gauwyebT~ 16:14-15). filiokves apologe-
tebi amtkiceben, rom trinitarul urTierTobaSi (samebaSi) erTi piri meorisagan
verafers miiRebs, Tu misgan ar aris gamosuli. qriste rom wuTisofels moevlina,
mamis nacvlad moevlina. man rom Cven suli mogvces, TviTon unda gaiRos. maTi
TqmiT, wm. suls axal aRTqmaSi amis gamo ewodeba `qristes suli~ (gal. 8:9; filip.
1:19) da `Zis suli~ (gal. 4:6). am da zogi sxva gamonaTqvamis safuZvelze mogvianebiT,
yvelaze mkveTrad Toma aqvinelis mier, Camoyalibda dogmati suliwmidis hipos-
tasurad (arsobrivavad) ara mxolod mamisagan, aramed Zisaganac gamomavalobisa.
amdenad, filiokve aris suliwmidis ormagi gamomavalobis Teoria.
aRniSnuli formulis, rogorc mrwamsiseuli tradiciis sapirispiro movlenis,
winaaRmdeg pirvelad 847 wels sabawmindelma berebma gailaSqres. patriarqma fo-

tiosma zemodamowmebul epistoleSi igi eresad moixsenia. gansakuTrebiT mkacri
Sefaseba mas lionisa (1274 w.) da ferara-florenciis krebebze mieca uniis mowi-
naaRmdegeTa mxridan (ix. zem.). amis miuxedavad kaTolikur da anglikanur eklesi-
ebSi filiokve dResac warmoiTqmis.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis pozicia aseTia: marTalia, eklesiis mamebi, maT So-
ris ioane damaskelic, aRniSnaven suliwmidis Zisaganac gamomavalobis faqts, mag-
ram am SemTxvevaSi isini Zes ara pirvelmizezad, pirvelsaTaved da sawyisad miiC-
neven, aramed saSualebad, visi meSveobiTac, vis mierac wmida suli mogvemadleba.
amis dasturia Sesabamis winadadebebSi (konteqstebSi) windebul `dia~-s (mier) da
ara èk~-is (-gan) gamoyeneba. Tuki vityviT, rom suliwmida erTdroulad mamisagan
da Zisagan gamodis, maSin isic unda vaTqvaT, rom wmida suls, rogorc hipostass,
ori saTave, ori mizezi aqvs _ mama da Ze. es azri aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba patris-
tikul moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac samebis wiaRSi umizezoa mama, xolo Ze da
suli misgan namizezevi. eklesiis arcerT moZRvars ar uTqvams, rom Ze suliwmi-
dis mizezi da dasabamia. kaTolikuri formula swored amas gulisxmobs, ris ga-
moc igi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rwmenasTan Seusabamo da miuRebel Tvalsaz-
risadaa aRqmuli. marTlmadidebelTa rwmeniT, suliwmidis arsobrivi saTave da
arsobrivi mizezi aris mxolod mama da mamisagan igi Zes gamoaqvs. Ze wmida suliT
Semosili da gamsWvalulia, aRvsilia, magram am sulis mflobeli mamisaganaa da
mamisagan gamomaval suls igi adamianebs uwyalobebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, suli
gamodis Zis mier da ara Zisagan.
I I . papis ucdomeloba. dogmati papis ucdomelobis anu Seumcdarobis (da ara
ucodvelobis) Sesaxeb gulisxmobs kaTolikuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis mier
eklesiis saxeliT dogmatisa da moralis sakiTxebze samqadageblo kaTedridan
(eqs-kaTedra) gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Seumcdarobis rwmenas. papi gamocxadebu-
lia wuTisofelSi qristes mosaydred da, amdenad, xiluli eklesiis winamZRvrad.
yvela sxva episkoposi (patriarqebic) mociqulTa mosaydreni arian, papi qristes
mosaydrea. es Tvalsazrisi dogmatis rangSi 1870 wels vatikanis pirvel saekesio
krebaze aiyvanes.
kaTolikuri eklesiis Teoretikosebi am dogmatis safuZvlad rogorc saRvTo
werils da saRvTo gadmocemas, ise warsulis gamocdilebas da memkvidreobas asaxe-
leben, radgan papi mociqulTa Tavis, petres mosaydrea, iTvleba, rom swored masze
gadavida is uflebamosileba, riTac macxovarma petre _ `sarwmunoebis klde~ _
aRWurva. laparakia `Sekvrisa da gaxsnis~ uflebaze (maTe 18:19), rac msoflio ek-
lesiis marTva-ganmgeblobis sadaveTa erTi piris, kerZod _ petres memkvidreTa
xelSi moqcevis aucileblobis damowmebadaa aRqmuli. rac Seexeba istoriul as-
peqtebs, yuradReba im faqtebis garSemo maxvildeba, rom msoflio saeklesio
krebebis kurTxeva da ganCinebaTa damtkiceba papis prerogativa iyo.

ucdomelobis dogmatis Tanaxmad, papi eklesias pirovnulad ganasaxierebs. am-
denad, igi krebaze maRla dgas. marTlmadidebluri tradiciiT eklesiis saxe epis-
koposTa sinodi, episkoposTa krebaa anu suliwmida Tavis Tavs episkoposTa krebaSi
acxadebs, kaTolikuriT ki _ papSi. kaTolikeTa rwmeniT, eklesiis suli papSia daun-
jebuli. ase rom, papi de iurec da de faqtoc eklesiis SeuzRudavi mmarTvelia.
ucdomelobis dogmati aris im rwmenisa da Teoriis gafarToeba da maRal regis-
trSi warmoCena, romelsac dasavleTis eklesiaSi Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli.
esaa papis pirvelobis anu primatis, misi ufrosobis, danarCen patriarqebze Tanam-
debobrivad aRmatebulobis, yvela qristianis, yvela eklesiis gamaerTianeblis
rwmena. am rwmenis gamo romis papi, Zveli romauli tradiciiT, pontifeqsad (xidis
mSeneblad) iwodeboda da iwodeba.
marTlmadidebeli eklesia, cxadia, romis episkoposis apostolur mosaydreobas
ar uaryofs, magram xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom `Sekvrisa da gaxsnis~ uflebamo-
sileba macxovarma danarCen mociqulebsac mimadla (maTe 18:18; ioane 20:23) da igi,
Sesabamisad, mociqulTa yvela mosaydreze vrceldeba. aseve: marTalia, eklesiaTa
erTianobis xanaSi, pentarqiis dros, romis paps ditiqSi pirveli adgili eWira,
magram igi iyo pirveli `TanasworTa Soris~ da ara TanamdebobiT, qirotoniiT
(xeldasxmiT). amdenad, marTlmadidebelTa TvalTaxedviT, papis SeuzRudavobis
rwmenas da Teorias, Tundac mxolod religiisa da zneobis aspeqtiT, Teologiuri
da istoriuli gamarTleba ara aqvs.
I I I -IV. ori mariologiuri dogmati:
a) RvTismSoblis ubiwod Casaxeba. es rwmena dogmatad papma pius IX-m 1854 wels
Camoayaliba da dResaswaulic daawesa _ mariamis umanko Casaxeba (8 dekemberi).
iesom pirvelcodva ubiwod Casaxvis gziT aRxoca. mariologiuri dogmatiT, iesos
ubiwoebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo misi ubiwo sxeulSi Casaxva. Sesabamisad, mariami
yovliTurT, CasaxvisTanave, ubiwo unda yofiliyo. amis gamo mariams pirvelcodvis
daRi ar mihkarebia, igi saSoSive, Casaxvis wamidanve, ufalma wmida hyo.
b) RvTismSoblis amaRleba, romelic dogmatis saxiT papma 1950 wels Camoayaliba.
pirvel dogmats marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar iwynarebs, meoresTan ki sadavo
araferi aqvs, radgan igi erTianobis droindel tradicias efuZneba da arsobrivad
im dResaswaulis dogmatad formirebaa, romelsac RvTismSoblis miZinebad anu
zecad aRyvanebad vicnobT (15 agvisto).
marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolikobas Soris aris sxva aradogmaturi, magram
arsebiTi Teoriuli sxvaobani. aseTebia, magaliTad, rwmena saiqioSi gansawmende-
lis (salxinebelis) anu droebiTi jojoxeTis arsebobis Sesaxeb da rwmena wmin-
danTa zedmeti madlis Sesaxeb. wmindanebi, TiTqos, imden madls moimuSakeben,
rom ara mxolod sakuTari Tavis cxoneba ZaluZT, aramed SesaZlebelia, maTi mad-
lis siuxve sxvaTac Seewios. indulgenciebis praqtikas es rwmena da Teoria kvebavs.

kaTolikebis saerTo ricxvma 2000 wels miliards gadaaWarba. maT RvTismsa-
xurebis sxvadasxva wesi anu tipikoni (riti, rituali) aqvT. ZiriTadia laTinuri
wesi. am wesis mimdevrebs bevr qveyanaSi frangebs eZaxian. arseboben agreTve bizan-
tiuri (berZnuli), somxuri, qaldeur-asiriuli da kidev sxva wesis kaTolikebi.
praqtikis sxvadasxvaoba maTi rwmenis erTianobas xels ar uSlis.
kaTolikuri eklesiis centri dRes vatikania, romelic damoukidebeli saxelm-
wifos statusiT sargeblobs.
kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis rwmenis safuZvelze gaerTianeba
TiTqmis maTi gancalkevebisTanave daiwyo. am gzaze bolo dros TvalsaCino nabi-
jebi gadaidga. kerZod, _ romisa da konstantinopolis mamaTmTavrebma erTmaneTis
mimarT winaprebis wyevla aRxoces: 1965 wlis 7 dekembers aRniSnul qalaqebSi erTsa
da imave dros samarcxvino furclebi uwodes da sazeimod daxies anaTemis teqs-
tebi, romlebic cxra saukunis winaT daiwera. 1975 wlis 14 dekembers vatikanSi
zar-zeimiT aRniSnes am faqtis aTi wlisTavi. siqstis kapelaSi papma pavle IV ekume-
nuri sityva warmoTqva, mivida qalkedonis mitropolit melitonTan, daiCoqa da
waRebi daukocna. metic: 1987 wlis 6 dekembers romSi, wm. petres bazilikaSi, aRsa-
rebis sakurTxevlis win, papma ioane-pavle II-m da yovladuwmidesma patriarqma
demetreos I-ma erTxmad warmoTqves savedrebel-samadlobeli locvebi da nikea-
konstantinopolis rwmenis simbolo. amis miuxedavad, marTlmadidebel da kaTo-
likur eklesiebs Soris evqaristiuli erToba ar ganaxlebula.
kaTolikuri eklesia saqarTveloSi

romsa da saqarTvelos Soris, rogorc istoriuli sabuTebidan Cans, sarwmuno-
ebrivi urTierToba `did sqizmasTan~ erTad ar gawyvetila. gavixsenoT Cveni mama
da moZRvari, saqarTvelos eklesiis TvalSeudgami avtoriteti _ wm. giorgi
aToneli (+1065) romelsac, swored didi sqizmis Semdeg, 1065 wels, oficialuri
saubari hqonda imperator konstantine dukiwTan. xelmwife moixibla qarTveli
beris ganaTlebiT da hkiTxa, rac mas, misive aRiarebiT, _ `samxedroTa saqmeTa
Sina aRzrdilsa da ver wvlilad mecniers~, Cans, patiosnad da gulwrfelad ainte-
resebda: romel mxaresaa simarTle am dausrulebel konfliqtsa da bataliebSi
anu ratomaa, rom Cven da Tqven, qarTvelebi, safuariani puriT da wyalgareuli
RviniT vwiravT, romaelebi _ xmiadiT da zedaSeTi? `vinaiTgan, _ miiRo pasuxad, _
berZenTa Soris mravali wvaleba Semovida pirvel da mravalgzis midrkes, amis-
Tvisca msgavsad Tqvensa RmrTismsaxurTa mefeTa wmidani krebani Semokribnes da
wvlilad gamoiZies gangebulebisaTvis qristes RmrTisa Cvenisa da xorcielad ga-
moCinebisaTvis misisa, da saufloTa maTTvis xorcTa gamoZieba iqna da daaweses,
raTa moviRebdeT comsa saxed xorcTa qristesTa... xolo Rvinosa Tana wyalsa ura-
TavT saxed sisxlisa da wylisa, romeli gardamoxda gverdsa mxsnelisasa, viTarca

ityvis ioane oqropiri. ese ars ganmarteba da mizezi amaT saqmeTa! xolo hromTa
vinaiTgan erTgzis icnes RmerTi, arRara odes midrekil arian da arca odes
wvalebai Semosrul ars maT Soris, da viTarca igi maSin Tavman mociqulTaman petre
Sewira usisxlo igi msxverpli da, umetesaRa, viTarca TviT Tavadman ufalman misca
mowafeTa Ramesa mas serobisasa, egreT aRasruleben igini. da arara ars amas Sina
ganyofileba, oden sarwmunoeba marTali iyos~.
naTqvami, rom gavSifroT, niSnavs Semdegs: aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi, sadac
saukuneTa manZilze borgavda da mZvinvarebda qristes adamianuri bunebis damak-
ninebeli Tu uarmyofeli eresi, martiv morwmuneTaTvis wuTisoflad mosuli mac-
xovris TvalsaCino xati rom warmoedginaT, mogvianebiT afuebuli puriT da wyli-
ani zedaSiT ziarebis aRsrulebis wesi SemoiRes. romis eklesiis winaSe mociqu-
lebrivi tradiciis Seferadebis aucilebloba ar damdgara da darCa ise, rogorc
Tavdapirvelad iyo. maSasadame, mocemuli msjelobis Tanaxmad, Tuki sarwmuno-
ebriv cdomilebas ara aqvs adgili, eresi arc erTi wesia da arc meore. pirveli
(xmiadi) Zveli da dasabamieria, meore (safuariani), praqtikuli moTxovnilebiT
gapirobebuli. SegviZlia davaskvnaT: romelime maTganis uzurpacia da gafetiSeba
ugunurebis niSania.
imperatori, romelic eklesiaTa Serigebis momxre iyo, pasuxiT kmayofili
darCa. romaelebi aRfrTovandnen. maT mTawmindeli mamis petres qalaqSi Cayvanisa
da papis winaSe misi wardginebis survili gamoTqves. agiografi ar azustebs, Rirsi
mama gamoexmaura Tu ara am SeTavazebas. cnobilia mxolod, rom ramdenime dRis
Semdeg, 29 ivniss, orSabaTs, igi gardaicvala. irkveva, rom giorgi mTawmindelma
romis saydrisadmi simpaTiebi Teologiur-literaturul SemoqmedebaSic gamo-
amJRavna. amas adasturebs wm. aTanase aleqsandrielis rwmenis simbolos miseuli
Targmani, romelSic wm. sulis gamomavalobis muxli Sevsebulia formuliT _
`suliwmida aris mamisagan da Zisa... gamosvliT~. esaa filiokve, rac arc giorgi
mTawmindels da, cxadia, arc mis Tanamosagreebs mwvaleblobad ar miaCndaT (ix.
a. koWlamazaSvilisa da a. RambaSiZis gamokvleva krebulSi `mravalTavi~, 1999, N18).
unda vifiqroT, rom giorgi mTawmindelma, misma biografma da aToneli qarTve-
lebis didma nawilma, romelTac berZen berebTan maSin ukiduresad daZabuli
urTierToba hqondaT, konstantinopolis 1054 wlis 20 ivlisis krebis verdiqti
ar gaiziares da romis eklesiis pozicia daiWires. savaraudebelia, rom am pozicias
imdroindeli saqarTvelos samefo kari, samRvdelo da saero sazogadoebaTa ara
erTi da ori warmomadgeneli emxroboda.
sagulisxmoa akad. k.kekeliZis dakvirveba: ~saqarTveloSi ar iziarebdnen saberZ-
neTis rigoristul (mkacr) da konservatiul-ritualur Sexedulebas romaelTa
eklesiis Sesaxeb; aq imTaviTve batonobda meore mimarTuleba, liberalur-spiri-
tualuri... berZnuli Sexeduleba kaTolikobis Sesaxeb CvenSi myardeba gacilebiT

gvian, vidre romisa da saberZneTis gayofa moxda, da isic TandaTanobiT. Tan am
Sexedulebas iseTi ukiduresi xasiaTi da gonji saxe ar miuRia aq, rogorc saber-
ZneTSi~.
aqve isic garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos saero da sasuliero xeli-
sufleba romaul kaTolikobas yovelTvis erTi da imave TvaliT ar uyurebda da,
cxadia, arc sazogadoebaSi iyo myari azri. verc ferara-florenciis krebaze ga-
movlenili pozicia CaiTvleba gamonaklisad Cveni qveynis religiur-politikur
orientaciaTa istoriaSi. ar viciT, rogor gamoexmauren samSobloSi aRniSnul
pozicias (cnobebi ar Semonaxula), magram faqtia, rom uniatoba qarTvelTa Soris
ar gavrcelda. samagierod, niadagi hpova laTinuri ritis (wesis) kaTolikobam,
rasac nergavdnen misionerebi X I I I s-dan, saqarTvelosa da romis eklesiebs Soris
evqaristiuli kavSiris gawyvetidan. esaa, ase vTqvaT, wmindawylis kaTolikoba,
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi `frangobas~ rom eZaxdnen, mis mimdevrebs _ frangebs.
`frangobis~ gverdiT kavkasiasa da tao-klarjeTSi arsebobda somxuri uniatoba.
mis wevrebs, erovnebis ganurCevlad, _ somxebad naTlavdnen. amis gamo qarTveli,
metadre mesxeTSi, vinc uniatur kaTolikobas miemxroboda, somxuri ritis kaTo-
like xdeboda da oficialurad somexad iwodeboda. es faqti xSirad gaurkveveli
situaciebisa da dabneulobis, metic _ qarTvelTa gasomxebis, mizezi xdeboda,
rac mezobeli erebis urTierTobas amwvavebda. xalxis gasaTviTcnobiereblad da
swor erovnul poziciaze dasayeneblad XIX-XX ss-Si iRvwodnen qarTveli kaTolike
mRvdlebi. maT Soris cnobili mecnierebi _ ivane gvaramaZe da mixeil TamaraSvili.
amrigad, X I I I s-idan, mefe rusudanis droidan, saqarTveloSi Seiqmna kaTolikuri
eklesia (ZiriTadad mesxeT-javaxeTSi), romelic metnaklebi warmatebiT TiTqmis
yvela kuTxeSi ikafavda gzas. mis mxareze arc Tu iSviaTad mefe-mTavrebi, episkopo-
sebi da, warmoidgineT, kaTalikosebic ki gadadiodnen. qarTvel ierarqTa Soris
erT-erTma yvelaze ganaTlebulma mRvdelmTavarma _ kaTalikosma anton pirvelma
_ sagangebod mowveul krebaze 1755 wlis 12 dekembers sajarod aRiara romis papis
primati da wmida sulis Zisaganac gamomavalobis dogmati, ris gamoc igi gankveTes,
dilegSi Caagdes da mxolod cremliT monaniebis Semdeg daubrunes xarisxi (masa-
lebi ixileT ~saRvTismetyvelo krebulSi~, 1991, N1).
mkvlevarTa mier araerTgzis Tqmula da dawerila, rom kaTolikurma da, kerZod,
saqarTvelos kaTolikurma eklesiam Cveni erovnuli kulturis, mecnierebis, poli-
tikisa da, metadre, ekonomikis winaSe (qarTveli kaTolikebi tradiciulad vaWrebi
da bankir-finansistebi iyvnen) sasurveli sityva Tqva; qveyanas Rirseuli Svilebi
aRuzarda.
saqarTveloSi dRes 50 000-mde kaTolike cxovrobs. tipikonis mixedviT isini
sam nawilad ganiyofian: 1. laTinuri tipikonisanni, 2. somxuri tipikonisanni da
3. siriul-qaldeuri tipikonisanni. pirveli da mesame wesis kaTolikebi kavkasiis

samociqulo administratoris episkopalur daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian. maTi
episkoposi dRes aris juzepe pazoto (rezidencia TbilisSi, miZinebis taZarSi).
meore wesis kaTolikebi ki somexTa episkoposis iurisdiqciaSi Sedian.
saqarTvelos kaTolikeTa umetesoba laTinur wess misdevs, maT Soris is som-
xebic, romlebic TbilisSi cxovroben.
kavkasiis religiur da politikur cxovrebaSi didmniSvnelovani movlena papi
ioane-pavle II-is vizitebi gaxldaT, romlebic bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
amierkavkasiis samive respublikis dedaqalaqebSi ganxorcielda.
reformacia da protestantoba
istoria da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
didi sqizmidan sami saukunis Semdeg romis kaTolikur eklesiaSi, ufro sworad,
_ dasavleT evropis CrdiloeTSi, reformatoruli moZraoba daiwyo. ZiriTad
mizezad dasaxelebulia romis eklesiis rigorizmi, anu simkacre, kultmsaxurebis
gadatvirTva, dogmatebis simravle, kanonikuri struqturis sirTule da, rac
mTavaria, papebis sarwmunoebriv-politikuri gavlenis zrda, rasac ukureaqcia
mohyva.
reformatorul-protestantul moZraobas safuZveli inglisSi Caeyara. dama-
arseblad mRvdeli jon viklifi iTvleba, romelic XIV s-Si cxovrobda. misi qa-
dageba da ideebi kaTolikuri eklesiis rogorc Teoriuli, ise (gansakuTrebiT)
praqtikuli normebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. igi uaryofda wmindanebisa da
xatebis Tayvaniscemis praqtikas, saidumlo aRsarebas, evqaristiis tradiciul
gagebas (puris da Rvinis gadaarsebas), salxinebels (gansawmendels) da a.S. misi
mizani mociqulTa droindeli simartivisaken mibruneba iyo, rac gamoixateboda
episkopaluri eklesiis presbiterianulad gadaqcevis survilSi. es ki TiToeuli
saeklesio Temis anu calkeuli eklesiis damoukideblobas, episkoposis iuris-
diqciis gareSe arsebobis daSvebas, dedamiwaze eklesiaTa mmarTvelobiTi cen-
trebis gauqmebas niSnavda.
viklifis Teoriebi Tavis droze mkacrad gaakritikes. man da misma momxreebma
devna da lanZRva-gineba iwvnies, magram far-xmali ar dayares da reformatorul-
protestantur ideebs mwvane Suqi aunTes. am ideebis realizaciis erT-erTi nimuSia
saxarebis inglisur enaze Targmna, rac XVI s-is 20-ian wlebSi jon fritma da uiliam
tindalma ganaxorcieles.
reformacia da protestantoba faqtobrivad erTi da igive movlenebia. orives
arsebiTi niSani eklesiis tradiciaTa gadafaseba da Secvlaa, magram maT Soris
garkveuli sxvaobacaa. reformacia, ZiriTadad, eklesiis praqtikis (RvTismsaxure-
bis) da kanonikuri wyobis rekonstruqcias gulisxmobs, protestantoba _ Teoriebis,

TviT dogmatebis, cvalebadobasac. erTic da meorec laTinuri sityvebia: `reforma-
cio~ gardaqmnas niSnavs, `protestantis~ _ dapirispirebas, gamijvnas. TiToeulis
xasiaTi da buneba saxelwodebebSic Cans: reformatori miznad Zvelis gardaqmnas
isaxavs, protestanti ki arsebulsa da tradiciuls upirispirdeba. reformacia
saRvTo gadmocemas, rogorc rwmenis erT-erT wyaros, e.i. eklesiis avtoritets
principSi (globalurad) ar uaryofs, protestantoba ki swored saRvTo gadmocemis,
eklesiis mamebisa da krebebis avtoritetis gaufasurebas niSnavs.
reformaciisa da protestantobis istoria erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. isini er-
Tsa da imave dros, erTi da imave mizezebis gamo warmoiSvnen.
protestantoba Tavidanve, XVI s-idanve, sami mimdinareobis, sami denominaciis
saxiT mogvevlina. maTi damaarseblebi arian: martin luTeri (ix. qv.), ulrix (hul-
rix) cvingli (1484-1531) da Jan kalvini (1509-1564). maT bevri saerTo da bevri
gansxvavebuli Teoria hqondaT. saerToa, magaliTad, imis aRiareba, rom, TiTqos,
yovel adamians SeuZlia individualurad Seityos bibliisagan, ra da rogor unda
swamdes; eklesiis mamaTa avtoritetis gaTvaliswineba aq aucilebeli araa.
saRvTo werilis teqstisadmi aseTma modgomam protestantul eklesiaTa atomi-
zacia anu daSla-danawileba gamoiwvia. sxvadasxva mentalitetisa da buneba-ganwyo-
bilebis adamianebi bibliis erTsa da imave monakveTs xSirad sxvadasxvanairad aRiq-
vamen, rac, rogorc wesi, axal-axal Teologiur Tvalsazrisebs aRmoacenebs. es
faqti ki, Tavis mxriv, axali denominaciebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavidanve sami protestantuli eklesia Seiqmna. esenia,
damaarsebelTa saxelebis mixedviT _ luTeriseuli (luTeruli), cvingliseuli
(cvinglianoba), kalviniseuli (kalvinizmi). maT male sxva saxelwodebis, Teoriisa
da praqtikis eklesiebi (denominaciebi) miematnen. kerZod: 1. anabaptistebi (1521 w.,
germania. damaarsebelia memaude nikoloz Storxi), 2. menonistebi (1536 w., damaar-
sebeli, mRvdeli meno simonsi; 3. zomieri anabaptistoba, romelic borotebisadmi
winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobas qadagebs), 4. baptistebi (ix. qv.), 5. kvakerebi (1649 w.
inglisi, damaarsebelia grafi fotsi. uaryofen yovelgvar saeklesio wess da
pirovnuli siwmindis wyarod `Sinagan naTels~ saxaven), 6. meTodistebi (1729 w.,
inglisi; qadageben saeklesio wesebis Tanmimdevrulad, meTodurad, pedanturad
dacvas), 7. xsnis armia, 8. axali samociqulo eklesia da sxva, romelTagan zogierTis
Sesaxeb qvemoT sagangebod SevCerdebiT.
aRniSnuli denominaciebi, romelTac axalprotestantul eklesiebs uwodeben,
luTeris, kalvinisa da cvinglis aRmsareblobas bevr sakiTxSi daupirispirdnen.
es pirvel rigSi bavSvTa naTlobasa da saxelmwifoSi eklesiis adgilis ganszRvra-
ze iTqmis. axalprotestantebi bavSvebs ar naTlaven da eklesiis saxelmwifosTan
integraciis winaaRmdeg gamodian. amis miuxedavad maT anglikanobasTan da tra-
diciul protestantobasTan bevri saerTo aqvT. esaa: saRvTo werilisadmi erTna-

iri midgoma, _ misi avtoritetad aRiareba, magram avtoritetis gareSe interpre-
tacia; sarwmunoebis Zveli simboloebis erTguleba; erTarseba-samebis rwmena,
ekumenur organizaciebsa da forumebSi monawileoba da a. S. axalprotestantoba
anu, igive, ultraprotestantoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris sazRvari, sadac mindori
mTavrdeba da saidanac mindorgare qristianoba (marginalia) (ix. qvemoT) iwyeba,
raSic, Cveulebriv, seqtebs gulisxmoben.
ZiriTadi literatura: Õîðîøåãî äåðæèòåñü (Öåðêâè, ðåëèãèîçíûå îáúåäèíåíèÿ â
Ðîññèéñêîé äåðæàâå, Ñîâåòñêîì Ñîþçå è íåçàâèñèìûõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ âîçíèêøèõ ïîñëå åãî
ðàñïàäà), Õàðüêîâ, 1999.
anglikanuri eklesia
reformatorul moZraobas, romelic kaTolikuri eklesiis wiaRSi daiwyo, Sede-
gad 1534 wels inglisis eklesiis romisagan gamijnva da axali mimarTulebis Camo-
yalibeba mohyva.
mefe henri VIII (1509-1547) Tavidan erTguli kaTolike gaxldaT da m. luTers
(ix. qvemoT) upirispirdeboda, magram male reformatorad mogvevlina. man uRalata
kanonier cols ekaterine aragonels da qorwinebidan 17 wlis Semdeg eqvsTiTiani
da kuziani sefeqali ana boleini Seiyvara, ris gamoc pirveli qorwinebis gauqmeba
da meored daqorwineba gadawyvita. amisaTvis ki papis locva-kurTxeva iyo saWiro,
razec klimentim, maSindelma papma, kategoriuli uari SeuTvala. mefem papis uari
arad Caagdo, Tavisi Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada, TviTneburad
ganqorwinda da TviTneburad iqorwina. mas mxarSi cnobili saxelmwifo moRvaweebi
Tomas kramveri da Tomas kromveli edgnen, romelTa zegavleniT parlamentma 1534
wlis 3 noembers mefis gadawyvetilebas dasturi misca. monastrebi gaauqmes, xatebi
da wmida nawilebi dawves, saeklesio qonebas konfiskacia uyves, Tumca SeinarCunes
Svidi saidumlo, mRvdelTa uqorwinebloba, saidumlo aRsareba da sxva. mefe tra-
baxobda, rom igi qveyanaze RvTis moadgilea, rom igi qveynisaTvis igivea, rac suli
sxeulisaTvis, mze _ samyarosaTvis. maSasadame, mefem TviTneburad episkoposis
funqciebi itvirTa da eklesiis episkopati gaauqma. papma mefe da misi momxre saero
Tu sasuliero pirebi sqizmatebad gamoacxada da eklesiisagan gankveTa. kaToli-
kebsa da anglikanebs (e.i. reformatorebs) Soris ulmobeli brZola daiwyo. daiR-
vara sisxli da bevrma kaTolikem mowamebrivi gvirgvini daidga. maT Sorisaa epis-
koposi jon fiSeri da Tomas mori.
viTareba henri VIII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ganimuxta. misma Svilma da memkvid-
rem eduard VI-m loialuri pozicia daiWira. marTalia, evangelur-reformatorul
kursze mas xeli ar auRia, rac e.w. `rwmenis 42 wesSic~ aisaxa, magram, yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, episkopaluri mmarTveloba da Zveli ritualebi aRadgina. qveyanaSi simSvidem

daisadgura da axali ideebis propagandisaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna.
aqtiurobda kembrijis Teologiuri skola, romelmac axalgazrdebis didi nawili
evangelur-reformatorul moZRvrebas aziara.
zomieri reformatori eduardi mgznebare kaTolikem _ dedofalma maria stiur-
dma (1553-1558) _ Secvala. mis dros papis 400 mowinaaRmdege sikvdiliT dasajes,
maT Soris _ Tomas kramveri, episkoposi muher gloCestereli, ridlei londoneli
da laTimer vorCestereli.
marias gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze ana boleinis qaliSvili elizaveti avida,
romelmac reformebis kursi gaagrZela da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi mmarTvelobis
xanaSi (1558-1603) reformaciam inglisSi sabolood gaimarjva.
inglisis eklesia, romelsac Semdeg anglikanuri eklesia ewoda, episkopalur
eklesiad darCa. mmarTveli episkoposis roli kenterberiis mTavarepiskoposs
daekisra. SenarCunebul iqna romaul-kaTolikur wes-gangebaTa didi nawili, rac
1562 wlis saeklesio krebamac daadastura ocdacxra muxliani traqtatis saxiT.
episkopaluri mmarTveloba bevri reformatorisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda, ris
gamoc isini (radikaluri kursis mimdevrebi) anglikanur eklesias gaemijnen da
damoukidebeli eklesiebi, e.w. reformatoruli seqtebi Seqmnes. esenia: presbi-
terianelebi, puritanebi, independentebi da sxvani (ix. qv. `baptistebi~), romlebmac
ara marto episkoposis Tanamdeboba uaryves, aramed eklesiaze mefis uflebebic.
papobis instituti da kaTolikuri tradiciebi maT antiqristes memkvidreobad
gamoacxades.
anglikanebsa da radikal reformatorebs, anglikanebis saxelwodebiT, _ seq-
tantebs, Soris winaaRmdegoba male azvirTda. xelisuflebaSi xan erTi frTa gaba-
tondeboda, xan meore. anglikanebi monarqistebi iyvnen, radikal-reformatorebi
ki respublikelebi. erTi mxaris warmomadgenelTa sisxlic iRvreboda da meore
mxaris warmomadgenlebisac; episkoposebi xan mdevnelebi iyvnen, xan TviTon
idevnebodnen xelisuflebis cvalebadobis mixedviT. kaTolikobisadmi simpaTiebis
gamomJRavneba did riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mefe Sarl I-s Tavi swored prokaTo-
likuri orientaciis gamo mokveTes. 1689 wels parlamentsa da mefe vilhelm ora-
nels Soris xelSekruleba daido, romlis ZaliTac kaTolikebs saxelmwifo struq-
turebSi samsaxuri aukrZales. es ufleba maT mxolod 1828 wels moipoves.
anglikanuri reformacia irlandiaSic gavrcelda da saxelmwifo statusi mo-
ipova, Tumca mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili kaTolikuri eklesiis erTguli
darCa. rwmenis mixedviT mosaxleoba or moqiSpe mxared gaiyo. maT Soris antago-
nizmi da sisxliani Setakebebi dRemde grZeldeba.
anglikanuri eklesia (amaze saxelwodebac mianiSnebs) qveynis, saxelmwifos, eris
eklesiaa. igi identificirebulia inglisTan (did britaneTTan) da, nawilobriv,
irlandiasTan da, amdenad, nacionalizmis (garkveulwilad filetizmis) elemen-

tebsac Seicavs (somxuri samociqulo eklesiis msgavsad), ris gamoc misma moZ-
Rvrebam da praqtikam sxva qveynebSi gza warmatebiT ver gaikafa.
zogadi SefasebiT, anglikanur Teologias, kultmsaxurebasa da kanonikur
wyobilebas kaTolikobasa da protestantobas Soris Sualeduri adgili
uWiravs.
inglisis eklesia, rodesac papis iurisdiqciidan gavida, aRmosavleTis marTl-
madidebel eklesiebTan dialogis gzas daadga. es dialogi gansakuTrebiT inten-
siuri XV I I -XVI I I ss-is mijnaze gaxda. amaze is epistolec metyvelebs, romelic mar-
Tlmadidebelma patriarqebma inglisel qristianebs gaugzavnes (qarTuli Tar-
gmanis Sesaxeb ix. `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1987, N3, gv. 53-54). dialogi miznad
eklesiaTa gaerTianebas isaxavda, rasac realuri Sedegebi ar mohyolia.
luTerelebi da maTi eklesia saqarTveloSi

martin luTeri 1483 wlis 10 noembers saqsoniaSi, q. aislebenSi, germaneli kaTo-
likes ojaxSi daibada. aRizarda da pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba q. mensfildSi mi-
iRo. swavlobda magdeburgis da eizenaxis laTinur skolebSi. eufleboda mecni-
erebas erfurtis universitetSi xelovnebisa da iurisprudenciis ganxriT. niWi
da energia mas brwyinvale saero karieras hpirdeboda, magram erT dResa da STam-
beWdav Rames wuTisoflis samsaxurze xeli aiRo.
Wabuki fexiT midioda mensfildidan erfurtisaken. amovarda qariSxali. ielva
da mgzavris gverdiT mexi Camovarda. miwad ganrTxmulma da dazafrulma amoigmina:
`Semewie, wmidao ana! me monazvnad aRvikvecebi!~
morwmunem sityva ar gatexa da erfurtis avgustinelTa savanes miaSura. iq beris
sqema Seimosa da male, winamZRvarTa locva-kurTxeviT, swavla imave universitetsa
da, Semdeg, vitenbergSi Teologiis fakultetze ganaaxla, sadac dekani, profesori
da misi xelmZRvaneli iohan staopici _ germaniis avgustinelTa vicegenerali iyo.
1507 wels martin luTeri ekurTxa mRvdlad da Seudga samoZRvro moRvaweobas. iyo
romSi, sadac umaRlesi ierarqiis ndoba da pativiscema daimsaxura. igi kvalificiur
RvTismetyvelad aRiares. 1512 wels mianiWes doqtoris xarisxi da, prof. staopicis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, daamtkices dekanis Tanamdebobaze vitenbergis universitetSi,
sadac waikiTxa saleqcio kursebi egzegetikaSi fsalmunebsa da pavles epistoleebze.
axalgazrda RvTismetyveli erTob asketurad cxovrobda. misi goneba xsnis
problemam globalurad moicva. daeufla codvianobis gancda da sinanuli, rasac
xSirad sasowarkveTamde mihyavda, eZiebda ganmarTlebis saSualebebs da, ai, misi
pirveli individualuri sityva am gzaze: romaelTa 1:17-is ganmartebisas igi mivida
daskvnamde, rom gadarCenis erTaderTi saxsari saRvTo moqmedebaSi Zevs. esaa
qristes mimtevebeli siyvaruli anu moZRvreba wyalobaze, ris Tanaxmadac cxonebi-
saTvis mTavaria rwmena, Semdeg ki _ saqme. es Teoria luTerma ucilobel WeSmarite-

bad miiCnia da mis gaRrmavebas Seudga, ramac TandaTan miiyvana igi rjulis anu
kanonis, e.i. wes-gangebaTa da, sabolood, eklesiisa da samRvdeloebis funqciis
tradiciuli gagebis uaryofamde, kacsa da RmerTs Soris Suamdgomelis ignorire-
bamde. Sesabamisad, samRvdelo da saliturgio wignebis, RvTismsaxurebis dadge-
nili normebis da ritualebis avtoritetis eWvis qveS dayenebamde. misi TqmiT,
RvTismetyvelebis erTaderTi safuZveli aris werili, e.i. biblia. rac Seexeba re-
gularul wirvebs, man isini mogvianebiT èklesiis saswaulmoqmedi Zalisa da sasu-
liero wodebis didebulebis yoveldRiur demonstraciad~ gamoacxada.
urTierToba romis kaTolikur eklesiasTan daiZaba da mwvervals 1517 wels
miaRwia. papma leon X-m wm. petres taZris ganaxlebis dRes morwmuneTagan gaRebuli
wvlilis sanacvlod indulgenciebi anu wyalobis sigelebi daariga, rac luTerma
dagmo. man Camoayaliba 95 Tezisi, sadac warmoaCina sakuTari mrwamsi uzenaesTan
pirovnebis uSualod dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis Taobaze. Tezisebi ima wlis 31
oqtombers vitenbergis mTavari taZris karibWeze gaakra, saidanac elviseburad
moefina mTels germanias. mas miesalmen e.w. humanistebi, inteligentebi da ajan-
yebuli glexebi. aRfrTovandnen studentebi. maT universitetis ezoSi dawves ro-
mauli kaTolikobis apologetis _ tecelis _ sapasuxo Tezisebi. gaimarTa sajaro
paeqroba. protestantma momxreebi Tanamowese berebs Sorisac hpova. samRvde-
loeba SeSfoTda. adgilobrivma episkoposma Tezisebi romSi gagzavna da `revo-
lucioneri~ mRvdlis winaaRmdeg saqme aRZra.
papma dialogis politika amjobina da sTxova sulier Svils, kardinal kaetanis
piriT, konfesiuri eqstremizmisagan Tavi Seekavebina. xangrZlivi bWobisa da
kamaTis Semdeg luTeri daTanxmda, gaCumdeboda, Tuki oponentebic ase moiqce-
odnen. es yalbi SeTanxmeba iyo da piroba ar Sesrulda. 1519 wels laifcigSi kaTo-
lik RvTismetyvel ioane ekis winaSe luTerma saxalxod ganacxada, rom mas ar swams
arc papis primati, arc wmida mamebis da arc msoflio saeklesio krebaTa dadge-
nilebebis WeSmariteba. mopasuxem luTers eretikosi uwoda da kamaTi Sewyvita.
reformatorma magistraluri xazi ganavrco da 1520 wels savsebiT gawyvita
kavSiri Suasaukuneobriv saeklesio tradiciasTan, rasac cxadyofs misi sami traq-
tati, _ trilogia: 1. `germaneli eris qristian Tavadaznaurebs~; 2. èklesiis babi-
lonuri tyveoba~ da 3. `qristianTa Tavisufleba~, agreTve _ statiebi da pamfle-
tebi. avtori mouwodebda germaniis xelisufalT, aeRoT estafeta sasuliero
cxovrebis gardaqmnis mizniT: SeewyvitaT xarki wmida taxtisadmi, aekrZalaT sulis
mosaxseniebeli wirvebi, piligrimobani da sxva kaTolikuri wesebi; ar erwmunaT
dogma evqaristiis Jams purisa da Rvinis macxovris sisxlad da xorcad gadaar-
sebisa, rasac gvaswavlis samociqulo eklesia. sapirispirod daejerebinaT, rom
ziarebaSi mxolod Tanamonawileobs ieso qriste da misi RvTiuroba moicavs mtki-
ced pursa da Rvinos; daeyvanaT saeklesio saidumloTa ricxvi oramde, _ naT-

lisRebasa da ziarebamde. Tanac, ukanaskneli unda aResrulebinaT ara JamiTiJa-
mad, sistematurad, aramed xandaxan, ufro ki wiTel paraskevs (rodesac, kaToli-
ke da samociqulo eklesiis Zveli ganawesis Tanaxmad, usisxlo msxverpli ar iwi-
reba). misi mtkicebiT, qristiani macxonebeli rwmenis madliT Tavisufalia qvel
saqmeTa valdebulebisagan.
papma radikalur zomebs mimarTa: gamoaqveyna bula, romlis Tanaxmad 95-idan 41
Tezisi mwvaleblobad gamoacxada da gasca brZaneba teqstebis ganadgurebis Sesa-
xeb. Tu `mCxrekeli~ 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar moinaniebda, daisjeboda rjulis
kanonis Sesabamisad.
braldebuli gakerpda: man dRisiT-mzisiT, imave wlis 10 dekembers, vitenbergis
WiSkris win dawva bula kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis sxva wignebTan erTad, ris ga-
moc 1521 wlis 3 ianvars romis papma mas anaTema gamoucxada, _ Seracxa eretikosad
da gankveTa eklesiisagan. luTeris saqcieli, monaTluli xulignobad, saimperio
sasjelsac eqvemdebareboda. gaica Sesabamisi gankarguleba, magram saqsoniis
princis raindebma RamiT waritaces igi da miuCines senaki vardburgis cixe-simag-
reSi, sadac dayo 8 Tve Tavadi giorgis fsevdonimiT. bevrs igi cocxali aRar egona.
ltolvilebis Jams luTerma erTxel kidev gadaxeda Tavis pozicias da darwmun-
da, rom marTali iyo, rom RmerTma sagangebo misiiT moavlina dedamiwaze. igi enTu-
ziazmiT Seudga literaturul saqmianobas, romlis gvirgvins bibliis miseuli
Targmani warmoadgens. es Targmani Sesrulebulia xalxur dialeqtze. amis gamo
man advilad gaikafa gza rigiTi mkiTxvelebisaken, waruSlelad aRibeWda maT cno-
bierebaSi da udidesi roli Seasrula germanuli enisa Tu, zogadad, kulturis
istoriaSi. luTers hqonda daxvewili metyveleba, melodiuri xma da maxvili smena.
igi brwyinvale oratori da moqadage iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis warmatebas.
Tumca reformis iniciatori asparezze karga xans ar Canda, misi ideebi vrcelde-
boda da Sromebi mezobel xalxTa enebze iTargmneboda. maT xalisiT egebebodnen
yvela fenisa da wodebis warmomadgenlebi, rasac Tan sdevda tradiciuli saekle-
sio praqtikis modernizacia: mRvdlebi qorwindebodnen, monazvnebi monastrebs
tovebdnen, arRvevdnen wm. trapezebs, ugulvebelyofdnen xatebs da jvrebs,
iviwyebdnen aRsarebebs da marxvebs.
1522 wels, radgan dapatimrebis safrTxem ganvlo, luTeri vitenbergSi dabrun-
da, ganaaxla leqciebi da aRadgina ordeni saxecvlili formiT. 1525 wels man
colad SeirTo yofili monazoni katerina boraeli, riTac mimdevrebs celibato-
bis sawinaaRmdego magaliTi uCvena.
novatorma Tanamoazreebi mmarTvel wreebSic moZebna. Tavadebs ajanyebuli gle-
xebis dasja urCia, radgan ukanasknelTa Soris uxeS da ukulturo Zalas xedavda.
amiT man xelisufalTa guli moigo. amboxebulTa TvalSi ki avtoriteti ramdenadme
dakarga. Tumca misi moZRvrebis triumfs win veRaraferi daudgeboda.

reformatorTa Soris male ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. luTers daupirispirdnen
cvingli da inglisis mefe henri V I I I . pirveli evqaristiis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT
(igi uaryofda wirvaSi macxovris sxeulebriv monawileoba-myofobasac ki), meore
_ saeklesio saidumloTa ricxvisa da rigis sakiTxSi (icavda tradicias).
rudunebam reformatori da protestanti Teologi daRala da welSi gawyvita.
xolo sarwmunoebrivma omebma, mis mimdevrebsa da cvinglianebs Soris rom atyda,
igi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe daayena da moralurad dauwylula guli. amasTanave
mixvda, rom misi Teoria axali da axali Teologiur-eklesiologiuri Sexedulebis
warmoSobas axalisebda.
martin luTeri 1546 wlis 18 Tebervals mSobliur qalaq aislebenSi gardaicva-
la. iqve ganisvenebs.
luTerma datova umdidresi werilobiTi memkvidreoba. maTgan, zemoxsenebulTa
gverdiT, aRsaniSnavia: didi da mcire katexizmo, `samagido saubrebi~ (ojaxsa da
megobrebis wreSi warmoTqmuli sityvebi. cnobilia, rom luTeris saxli mudam
savse iyo stumrebiT: megobrebiT, TanamSromlebiT, studentebiT), himnebi, e.w.
samrevlo sagaloblebi, romelTa Soris brwyinavs _ `mtkice cixesimagrea Cveni
RmerTi~ da sxva. maT striqonebSi aRbeWdilia axali moZRvrebis arseba, rasac
uwodeben luTerobas. mimdevarTa dass _ luTerul eklesias.
mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben luTeris pirovnul Tvisebebze, mis rTul
bunebaze, emociurobaze, temperamentze, romelic xSirad gonebas akontrolebda.
SesaZlebelia, amiTac aixsnas misi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis zogierTi mxare. TiTqos
Rrma pesimizmma miiyvana igi mtkicebamde, rom kacobrioba ukiduresad dacemulia,
goneba _ ususuri, adamiani _ yovlad uZluri. xsna mxolod qristes Tanamoqmedebis
Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli. marTalia, RmerTi gvaniWebs wyalobas, magram mainc codvis
morevSi vrCebiT Cveni usaSvelod gaukuRmarTebuli bunebis gamo. igi ambobs:
`yvelaferi, rasac vakeTebT, aris fuWi TviT yvelaze saukeTeso cxovrebaSic ki~.
amrigad, rom SevajamoT, luTeriis amosavali principia mxolod rwmenis gziT
gamarTleba. es niSnavs Semdegs: wuTisofelSi adamiani aris codvis mona da aRar
ZaluZs arsobrivi sikeTis qmna. miuxedavad amisa, gamosyidvis saidumlo mainc
sruldeba qristes TvalSeudgami sikeTis gamo.
isic xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom gamosyidvis gzaze mowyalebis usargebloba,
rac erTi SexedviT gamomdinareobs warmodgenili msjelobidan, arasdros dauJi-
nebia arc luTers da, miT ufro, mis mimdevrebs, romlebmac Semdgom epoqebSi moZR-
vris Teologiuri sistema daazustes da ganaviTares. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
Tavad luTeri pirad urTierTobaSi Tbili, saTno da keTili adamiani iyo.
luTeruli RvTismsaxureba gamoirCeva ubraloebiT. igi amoiwureba saRmrTo
werilis kiTxviT, qadagebiT da galobiT. SenarCunebulia sakurTxeveli, jvari,
orRani, religiuri ferwera (xatebis garda). Raribul magidaze biblia asvenia.

luTeroba germaniis oficialur konfesiad (kaTolikobis gverdiT) 1555 wels
aRiares. igi gavrcelda, aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweobis Sedegad, skandinaviis
qveynebSi (Svecias, norvegiasa da fineTSi). agreTve, baltiispireTis regionebsa
da aSS-Si. 1970 wels luTerelebis ricxvi 75 milions aRwevda. ZiriTadi nawili
germaniis federaciul respublikaSi saxlobs. isini 1948 wlidan gaerTianebuli
arian kalvinistebTan da uniatebTan saerTo saxelwodebis qveS _ evangeluri
eklesia germaniaSi.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom luTerobam, aTabag mzeWabukis iniciativiT, saqar-
TveloSi luTeris drosve SemoaRwia da mrevlic gaiCina. es Teoria mecnierulad
ar dasturdeba (g. kutalia, martin luTeris sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedu-
lebani, Tb., 1993, gv. 206-208). samagierod faqtia, rom 1817-1818 wlebSi Cvens qveya-
nas jguf-jgufad estumren ucxoobis maZiebelni, romlebic TavianT Tavs kolo-
nistebs anu sxva saxelmwifoSi dasaxlebis msurvelebs eZaxdnen. isini germaneli
luTerelebis ganayofebi _ separatistebi _ iyvnen.
ra egulebodaT qarTlis sanaxebSi?
...XIX s-is dasawyisSi, napoleonis dapyrobiTi da gamanadgurebeli omebis Jams,
germaniaSi, luTeris rjulis mimdevarTa Soris, daibada azri meored mosvlis
moaxloebis Sesaxeb, ramac bevri gulubryvilo adamianis goneba daipyro. isini
ganudgnen eklesias da Camoayalibes seqta, romelic cnobilia saxeliT `separatis-
tebi~. misi arsebiTi niSani qiliazmi iyo. termini berZnuli warmoSobisaa da migva-
niSnebs aTaswlovani mefobis xanaze, rasac winaswarmetyvelebdnen seqtis ideo-
logebi iung-Stilingi da baronesa iulia-varvara krudeneri. isini qadagebdnen,
rom axlosaa qveynierebis gankiTxvis Jami; 1836 an 1846 wels sisxlis wvimebSi
CaixrCoba evropa; visac xsna surs, dauyovnebliv unda daadges gzas aRmosavle-
Tisaken, kavkasiisaken, araratis mTis midamoebisaken, sadac, maTi mtkicebiT, gamo-
Cndeba macxovari ieso qriste da daafuZnebs aTaswlovan samefos. 1815 wels ba-
ronesam ruseTis xelmwifis guli moigo: araerTgzis uwinaswarmetyvela gamarjve-
ba aleqsandre I-s, rac sinamdviled iqca da imperatoric usazRvro pativiscemiT
ganewyo `sakvirveli qalis~ mimarT; Seiwynara misi Txovna da separatistebis saqar-
TveloSi gadmosaxlebas daTanxmda.
religiuri SiSiT dazafrul morwmuneebs oficialuri nebarTvisaTvis ar dauc-
diaT. gayides moZrav-uZravi qoneba, mama-papaTa naterfalidan aiyarnen da, TiTqmis
Tavqudmoglejilebi, 1817 wels àRTqmuli qveynisaken~ stiqiurad gamoiqcnen. maT
gverdiT wamqezeblebi aRar Candnen.
mgzavroba savse iyo vaebiT da faTerakebiT. yaCaRebma, sxvadasxva qveynis mebaJe-
ebma da Cinovnikebma gafrcqvnes isedac jibedacarielebulni, xolo papanaqebam,
kokispirulma wvimebma Tu qariSxlebma, metadre _ epidemiebma uamravi suli
imsxverpla.

ltolvilTa saerTo ricxvi 1400 komls anu 7000 kacs aRwevda. maTgan yvelas
rodi eRirsa saqarTvelos da Tbilisis naxva. pirveli nakadi 1817 wlis miwuruls
Camovida, meore da mesame _ 1818 wels. isini moralurad da fizikurad ilajgawyve-
tilebi iyvnen. garTulda maTi dabinavebis, gansaxlebisa da dasaqmebis problema.
bevri moxetiale maTxovradac iqca. ikvebebodnen da imosebodnen arasakmarisad,
ris gamoc maT wreSi gaxSirda daavadebani da naadrevi sikvdili. Tumca aklimati-
zebis procesi ramdenime wlis Semdeg damTavrda. arc mTavroba aklebda yuradRe-
bas da mzrunvelobas: aZlevda SeRavaTian sesxs, uyofda saSen masalebs da saxazino
miwis nakveTebs. ase Seiqmna kolonistebis dasaxlebani, _ koloniebi, romelTac
ZiriTadad germanuli saxelebi daarqves. esenia: 1. marienfildi (kaxeTis gzatke-
cilze, sarTiWalaSi), 2. Tbilisis kolonia (dRevandeli daviT aRmaSeneblis gam-
ziri), 3. aleqsandresdorfi (didube); 4. petersdirfi (marienfildis maxloblad),
5. elizavetali (sof. asureTi), 6. ekaterinenfeldi (borCalos mazraSi, bolnisTan),
7. ananfeldi (SamqorSi), da 8. elenendorfi (ganjis maxloblad). TiToeuli kolo-
nia calke samrevlos warmoadgenda.
ltolvilTa nawils jer kidev damqancvel gzaze aexila Tvali, nawils _ 1836
da, Semdeg, 1846 wels, rodesac, molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, meored mosvla ar
moxda. imedebi gacruvda, winaswarmetyveleba dasamarda, seqtanturi rwmena
daimsxvra da kolonisti qiliastebi TandaTan eklesiur-sazogadoebriv Sexedule-
bebs daubrundnen. Tumca es procesi rTulad mimdinareobda. kerZod: 1843 wels
kolonia ekaterinenfeldSi gamoCnda egzaltirebuli misani _ barbara Sponi,
romelic Tavis Tavs qristes sasZlos da mesiis momavali samefos dedofals uwo-
debda. igi meored mosvlas kvlav 1846 wlisaTvis irwmuneboda da gadarCenis mizniT
saswrafod ierusalimSi gadasaxlebas qadagebda. saxelmwifosa da pastoratis
mxridan Txovnam, Segonebam da muqaram ar gaWra. winaswarmetyvelis ankesze bevri
seqtanti wamoego. Soreuli mgzavrobisaTvis 362 fanatikosi moemzada. maT Tavi
ekaterinenfeldSi 1843 wlis 9 ivniss moiyares, raTa locva aResrulebinaT da
mwyobrad gamgzavrebuliyvnen wmida miwisaken. kolona, romelsac atacebuli da
qadagad dacemuli qali miuZRoda, adgilidan daiZra, magram male win jariskacebi
gadaeRobnen da, radgan molaparakebam arc amjerad gamoiRo nayofi, seqtis meTa-
urebi daapatimres. rigiTma wevrebma ki ganzraxvaze xeli aiRes da oficialurad
SeuerTdnen luTerul eklesias (ix. g. manjgalaZe, seqtanturi moZraoba amierkav-
kasiis germanel kolonistebSi: religiis istoriisa da aTeizmis sakiTxebi saqarT-
veloSi, 1, Tb., 1968, gv. 66-70).
ase Seiqmna luTeruli eklesia saqarTveloSi, romlis kults da ganaTlebas
taZrebisa da skolebis Sesabamisi qseli emsaxureboda. 1914 wlis monacemebiT,
amierkavkasiaSi 21 000 luTereli cxovrobda. maTgan germaneli 17 000 iyo. hyavdaT
pastorTa saTanado kontingenti. gaaCndaT wesdeba, romlis Tanaxmad germanelTa

koloniebi saqarTveloSi evangelur-luTerul eklesiad gamocxadda. misi centra-
luri Stabi _ pastorTa kreba anu sinodi _ TbilisSi mdebareobda. xelmZRvanels
oberpastori erqva.
aRsaniSnavia kolonistebis Sromis kultura da enTuziazmi. luTeris asketuri
sistemis Tanaxmad, ganuzomeli fasi aqvs SromaSi gamovlenil sibejiTes.
~o, Zvirfaso qristianebo, _ werda igi, _ RmerTze unda ilocoT cota, magram
Rrmad, vinaidan is gmobs xangrZliv da sityvamraval locvebs~. amitomac saqarTve-
loSi iSviaTad naxavdiT fuqsavat germanels. Sromobdnen da swavlobdnen gulmod-
gined. qmnidnen dovlaTs. gamoirCeodnen sanimuSo yofaqceviT, punqtualobiT.
pirveli da meore msoflio omebis dros saqarTvelos luTerelebs bralad ger-
maniis agentoba dasdes. daiwyo devna da gasaxleba. dauxures eklesiebi da skolebi.
mxolod perestroikis wyalobiT moipoves samlocvelo saxlis gaxsnis ufleba
TbilisSi. aqve daarsda germanuli kulturis centri da saTvistomo.
dReisaTvis qarTveli morwmune luTerelebis ricxvi 500-mde aRwevs. isini
cxovroben TbilisSi, soxumSi, gagraSi, rusTavSi, gardabansa da bolnisSi. hyavT
episkoposi _ prof. gert humeli da xucesi _ gari azikovi. maT erTi eklesia aqvT
(TbilisSi), sadac sakvirao skola funqcionirebs.
baptistebi
saxelwodebis Ziri berZnulia da niSnavs wyliT naTlobas, konkretulad –
STaflviT anu CayvinTviT naTlobas (berZn. baptiZo `vnaTlav wyliT~). amdenad,
baptistebis sulier cxovrebaSi yuradReba ZiriTadad rwmeniT naTlisRebazea
gadatanili; igi STaflviT unda Sesruldes.
rituali, Tu mdinareze gasvlis saSualeba ar aris, sruldeba baptisteriaSi
anu eklesiis darbazSi gakeTebul auzSi xeldasxmuli msaxuris (diakvnis, xucesis,
episkoposis) mier.
baptisturi liturgia msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvanairia. igi,
rigorc wesi, areklavs adgilobrivi kulturis Taviseburebebs. zogadi Targi ase-
Tia: Sesavlisa da dasasrulis locvebi (romlebic an spontanuria, an windawin
Sedgenili), rwmenis damowmeba (mrwamsi), `sityvis liturgia~, qadageba, evqaristia,
kurTxeva. inaTlebian mxolod morwmuneni, e.i. mowiful asakSi, rodesac adamians
Camouyalibdeba nabijis damoukideblad gadadgmis unari.
baptistebi cnoben eklesiis madlmosilebas da funqcias pirovnebisa winsvlisa
da warmatebis gzaze, magram, sxva protestantuli eklesiebis msgavsad, RmerTsa
da adamians Soris erTaderT Suamavlad ieso qristes, RvTis gankacebul Zes, aRi-
areben.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom baptistTa eklesias mkacri Teologiuri reglamenti ar
aqvs. isini eTanxmebian nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamss anu, rac igivea, patris-

tika-patrologiis ZiriTad debulebebs, maT Soris _ naTlisRebis erTgzisobis
formulasac, e.i. erTgzis naTlisRebas. amis gamo baptistebi, anabaptistebisagan
gansxvavebiT, savaldebulos ar xdian iseTi pirovnebis xelmeored monaTvlas,
romelic sxva eklesiaSi, Tundac siyrmis asakSi, yovladwmida samebis saxeliT
monaTlula da Tvlis, rom monaTlulia da gacnobierebulic aqvs naTlisRebis
Sinaarsi. Tuki konretul pirovnebas, adre ukve monaTluls, mainc surs, rom
naTlisRebis wesi Seasrulos, am wess, martivi logikis Tanaxmad, ara saidumlos
(naTlisRebis saidumlos erTgzisobidan gamomdinare), aramed mxolod deklara-
ciis mniSvneloba eqneba.
baptisturi eklesia rwmenis erTaderT wyarod acxadebs ieso qristes moZRvre-
bas, rogorc igi saRvTo werilSia gadmocemuli.
baptizmis akvani didi britaneTi da niderlandiaa, gansakuTrebiT _ amsterdami.
pirveli Temis damaarseblad anglikan mRvdels jon smits asaxeleben. igi yurad-
Rebas eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofaze da morwmuneTa TiToeuli adgilob-
rivi eklesiis damoukideblobaze (TviTmyofadobaze) amaxvilebda. mqadagebels
anglikanuri eklesia imTaviTve daupirispirda da devna dauwyo, ris gamoc man
1609 wels amsterdams Seafara Tavi. j. smitma iq, Tomas helvisTan erTad, 1611-1612
ww-Si anglikanebisa da menonitebis didi jgufi monaTla. ase Caeyara safuZveli
baptistur eklesias. baptistTa meore Temi henri iakobis xelmZRvanelobiT
inglisSi Camoyalibda. male maT sxva Temebic miemata. Tavidan isini sxva saxelwo-
debiT iyvnen cnobili: puritanebi (laT. purus `sufTa~), disidentebi (mowinaaRm-
degeebi), independentebi (ing. `damoukideblebi~, `TviTmyofadebi~).
imave saukunis Sua wlebSi baptistebs Soris Teologiur safuZvelze ganxeTqi-
leba moxda. erTmaneTs ori lideri _ Tomas helvisi da henri iakobi _ daupiris-
pirda. helvisi kalvinis gavlenas ganicdida da amtkicebda, rom adamianebis samo-
mavlo yofa RmerTma winaswar gansazRvra; kacTa simravlidan man rCeulebi gamoyo.
henri iakobis Tanaxmad, RmerTi ixsnis yvelas, vinc sikeTis gzaze dgas. am sakiTxze
kamaTma mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. sabolood, sayovelTao xsnis ideam gaimarjva da
baptistTa moZraoba msoflios did nawilSi gavrcelda rogorc sayovelTao xsnisa
da gadarCenis aRmsarebloba.
ruseTis yofil imperiaSi baptistur eklesias, baltiispireTis Semdeg, pirve-
lad saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, 1867 wlis 20 agvistos daedo saTave. am dros erTma-
neTs Sexvdnen germaneli baptisti martin kolveiti da Tbilisis malakanTa Temis
winamZRvari n.i.voronini, romelmac wyliT naTlobis aucilebloba aRiara, mo-
inaTla da Zveli Tanamorwmuneebis didi nawili gaiyolia. amdenad, Tbilisis bap-
tistTa eklesia ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli malaknebis bazaze Seiqmna. am TemSi
mogvianebiT qarTvelebic gaerTiandnen, magram maTi ricxvi imdenad mcire iyo,
rom qadageba mxolod rusul enaze mimdinareobda. 1919 wels viTareba Seicvala
da qarTulenovani eklesiis daarseba SesaZlebeli gaxda. es misia samxedro samsa-
xuridan axladdabrunebulma ilia kandelakma ikisra. igi bolSevikebma 1927 wels
mokles, rodesac qadagebidan Sin brundeboda.
1944 wels Tbilisis baptistTa Tems `saxarebiseuli qristianebi~ SeuerTdnen.
dReisaTvis es ori mimarTuleba (baptistebi da evangelistebi, radgan maT Soris
arsobrivi sxvaoba araa) gaerTianebulia da ewodeba saqarTvelos evangelur-
baptisturi eklesia.
saqarTvelos evangelur-baptistur eklesias swams, rom socialuri saqmianoba,
saxarebis gavrcelebasTan erTad, eklesiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmo-
adgens. amitom isini socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas sagangebo yurad-
Rebas uTmoben: exmarebian upovarT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulebs, obol da inva-
lid bavSvebs, miusafar moxucebs. ukve sami welia, rac saqarTveloSi wminda ninos
ordeni funqcionirebs, romelSic gaerTianebuli arian diakonisebi (msaxuri debi).
isini saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi saqmianoben da SeWirvebul adamianebs exma-
rebian eTniuri warmomavlobisa da religiuri kuTvnilebis ganusxvaveblad.
baptistebi ar arian sazogadoebisagan mowyvetilni. isini aqtiur monawileobas
iReben adamianis uflebaTa Tu garesamyaros dacvaSi. maTi eklesiebi gvxvdeba
msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. evropisa da amerikis kontinentze baptistTa
msoflio aliansi erT-erTi upirvelesi eklesiaa romis kaTolikuri eklesiis Sem-
deg. isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben dasavleTis kulturul da politikur
cxovrebaSi. aSS-is amJamindeli da wina prezidentebi, agreTve bevri sxva gavleniani
moRvawe baptisturi eklesiebis wevrebi arian.
saqarTvelos evangelur-baptistur eklesias mWidro urTierToba aqvs ev-
ropis da, saerTod, msoflios mravali qveynis erTmorwmuneebTan. igi sxvadasxva
saqvelmoqmedo da kulturul saqmianobaSi monawileobs, CarTulia sazogadoeb-
riv-erovnul procesebSi. es arcaa gasakviri: baptistebi Tvlian, rom warmoadgenen
nawils sruli, msoflio qristianuli eklesiisa da aRiareben mamis, Zisa da suli-
wmidis sarwmunoebas.
saqarTvelos evangelur-baptisturi eklesia mkafiod gamoxatuli ekumenuri
orientaciis eklesiaa. igi saqarTvelodan evropis eklesiaTa konferenciis erTa-
derTi wevria; TanamSromlobs kaTolikur, anglikanur, luTerul da reformato-
rul eklesiebTan. saqarTveloSi evangelur-baptisturi eklesia erT-erTi inici-
atori iyo qristianuli eklesiebis samuSao jgufisa, romelSic gaerTianebulia
oTxi qristianuli eklesia: evangelur-luTeruli eklesia saqarTveloSi, saqar-
Tvelos evangelur-baptisturi eklesia, somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTve-
loSi da romis kaTolikuri eklesia saqarTveloSi.
amJamad saqarTvelos evangelur-baptisturi eklesiis (sebe-is) monaTlul
wevrTa ricxvi 5000-s udris, TanamdgomTa da TanamgrZnobTa CaTvliT, – 17000-s.
isini saqarTvelos yvela regionSi cxovroben. maT Soris afxazeTsa da samxreT
oseTSic, romlebTan kavSiri centrs dResac SenarCunebuli aqvs. sebe-is mmarTve-
lobis umaRlesi organoa yriloba, romelic oTx weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba. igi
faruli kenWisyriT irCevs episkopos-prezidents, romelic eklesias marTavs da
yrilobis winaSe angariSvaldebulia. episkopos-prezidenti generalur mdivans
niSnavs. amJamad episkopos-prezidentia istorikosi, mTargmneli da mkvlevari –

malxaz sonRulaSvili, generaluri mdivani – merab gafrindaSvili.
regionaluri principiT sebe oTxadaa gayofili. TiToeul regions mTavarxu-
cesi hyavs. calkeul eklesiebs xucesebi, diakvnebi da mqadageblebi xelmZRvane-
loben. sebe-is eklesiebi marTva-gamgeblobis sakiTxebSi avtonomiurni arian. ami-
tom sxvadasxva eklesiaSi sxvadasxva wesisa da stilis msaxurebas SexvdebiT.
komunisturi reJimis dros baptist-evangelistebis nawilma uari Tqva regist-
raciasa da saxelmwifosTan nebismieri formiT TanamSromlobaze. isini daupiris-
pirdnen Tanamorwmuneebs, romlebic am TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT loialobas
iCendnen. maT calke eklesiebi Camoayalibes, romlebsac SesaZlebelia, pirobiTad,
radikalebi an fundamentalist-baptisturi eklesiebi vuwodoT. bolo dros
maT rigebs ideurad is evangelist-baptistebic SeuerTdnen, romlebic ewinaaRm-
degebian episkopos malxaz sonRulaSvilis kurss qveynis tradiciebTan da kul-
turul RirebulebebTan daaxloebis Sesaxeb. araoficialuri monacemebis Tanax-
mad, konservator, e.i. reformaTa mowinaaRmdege baptist-evangelistTa ricxvi
1000-mde aRwevs. isini, ZiriTadad, baTumsa da TbilisSi cxovroben.
ase rom, saqarTveloSi monaTluli baptistebis saerTo ricxvi, rogorc libera-
luri, ise radikaluri frTisa, 6000-mde aRwevs.
evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi
ormocdaaTianeli anu, berZnulad, pentekosteli aris im qristianTa saerTo
saxelwodeba, romelTa Taviseburebas qarizmatuli ganwyobileba anu religiuri
anTebuloba (siSmage, transi) da ùcxo enebze laparakis unari~ (glosalalia) war-
moadgens. isini dRes TavianT Tavs evangelistebad, anda saxarebiseulad morwmune
qristianebad moixsenieben.
am mimdinareobis warmoSobis oficialur TariRad 1906 weli iTvleba, rodesac
q. losanJelesSi pirvelad Sedga `suliT naTloba~ ùcxo enebze laparakiTurT~.
Tumca ùcxo enebze laparakis~ rituali amerikel ultraprotestantebs adrec
CautarebiaT. amitom zogierTi mkvlevari ormocdaaTianelTa istorias 1892
wlidan iwyebs, zogierTi _ 1901 wlidan.
losanJelesis pirveli Temi rusi duxoborebis, malaknebis, adgilobrivi
baptistebisa da meTodistebis bazaze Camoyalibda. im dros pensilvaniis Statis
ukacrieli sanaxebis aTviseba mimdinareobda da axali moZRvrebis damaarseblebma
qadageba daiwyes: pensilvaniis Stati wmida miwaa, morwmuneTa iq Casaxleba ki RvTis
neba da uzenaesi madlia! mizansac miaRwies: aRniSnuli mxare axali moZRvrebiT da
ritualiT moxiblulma xalxma gaavso. ormocdaaTianelTa Temebi male amerikis
sxva regionSic warmoiSva da mis sazRvrebs miRmac.
ormocdaaTianelobis specifikuri niSani areklilia saxelwodebaSi _ ormocda-
aTi anu, berZnulad, pentekoste. aq igulisxmeba aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dRis

saswauli _ mociqulebze wmida sulis gadmosvla da maTi Semosva ucxo enebze
metyvelebis unariT (saq. moc. 2:1-8).
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebs swamT TavianTi mociqulebrivi pativi da
sjeraT, rom analogiuri madli maTac eboZebaT.
evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi yuradRebas im faqtze amaxvileben, rom ènebze
laparakis~ niWi, mociqulebis msgavsad, pirvel qristianebs, kerZod, warmarTobi-
dan axladmoqceulebsac hqondaT (saq. 10:14). isini Tvlian, rom ucxo enebze lapara-
ki, mociqulebisa da pirvelqristianebis msgavsad, yvela morwmunes SeuZlia. saWi-
roa mxolod Tavdaviwyebuli locva da eqstazi, muxldadreka da xelapyroba, yo-
velive amqveyniuris daviwyeba da gonebis zecad amaRleba. maTi locva mkveTrad
paTetikuria. msaxureba simReris, musikis da cekvis fonze mimdinareobs; gamoiye-
neba sxvadasxva instrumenti. xSirad ixseneben daviT winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs:
àqebdiT RmerTsa wmidaTa Soris misTa.. aqebdiT mas xmiTa nestvisaiTa, aqebdiT
mas fsalmuniTa da ebniTa; aqebdiT mas bobRniTa da mwyobriTa, aqebdiT mas ZnobiTa
da orRanoiTa; aqebdiT mas winwiliTa keTil-xmiTa, aqebdiT mas winwiliTa RaRa-
debisaiTa...~ (fs. 150). mlocvelebs am dros TiTqos ecxadeba suliwmida, romelic
maT ucxo enebze ametyvelebs, rac gamoixateba ucnauri sityvebis warmoTqmiT. ai,
ramdenime nimuSi: ònari~, `kontari~, `famana~, `tala~, `lata~, `talala~, `silmini~,
`trambaba~, `diri~, `tili~ da a.S. amtkiceben, rom maT, da mxolod maT, ZaluZT
warmonaTqvamTa WeSmariti azris gamocnoba. es azri ki winaswarmetyveluria da
umTavresad esqatologiur Sinaarss Seicavs.
ormocdaaTianelTa praqtikaSi TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs naTlobas. principis
Tanaxmad, es rituali unda Catardes mdinareSi, tbaSi an zRvaSi, Tanac civ amindSi,
riTac isini xazs usvamen am tradiciis saxarebiseul safuZvels (qristec zamTarSi
da mdinareSi moinaTla).
eqstazSi Sesvla da ènebze laparaki~ ormocdaaTianelTa saerTo niSania da mas
yvela ormocdaaTianeli asrulebs, magram am ritualis gznebadobis mixedviT da
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT isini or banakad iyofian. erT
mxareze liberalebi dganan, romelTac saxelmwifosTan loialuri damokidebule-
ba aqvT, qveynis kulturul-politikur procesebSi monawileobaze uars ar amboben
da arc zRvargadasul eqstazs mimarTaven. meore mxareze arian radikalebi, rom-
lebic ènebze metyvelebis~ gamZafrebuli ritualiT gamoirCevian. maT sjeraT,
rom qarizma maT, da mxolod maT, aqvT moniWebuli da is, rac sxvas sigiJe da nev-
rosTenia hgonia, sinamdvileSi qarizma da, maSasadame gamorCeulobis niSania. qa-
rizmatuli RvTismsaxureba fsiqikasa da, saerTod, janmrTelobaze uaryofiT
zegavlenas axdens.
evangelist-ormocdaaTianelTa moZRvreba da praqtika ruseTSi, germanelTa
dasaxlebebSi, revoluciamde gavrcelda. rusulenovani sakrebuloebi ki pirve-

lad 1922 wels q. odesaSi Camoyalibda. damaarseblad iTvleba i. e. voronaevi. igi
malaknis ojaxSi daibada, magram baptistad moinaTla da amerikaSi gadasaxlda,
sadac ormocdaaTianeli gaxda. man sabWoTa kavSirSi farTo misioneruli qseli
gaaba da bevrgan warmatebas miaRwia.
es denominacia saqarTveloSi SedarebiT gvian gamoCnda. pirveli jgufi Tbi-
lisSi daaxloebiT 1939 wels Camoyalibda. igi rusi erovnebis moqalaqeebiT iyo
dakompleqtebuli. qarTulenovani rituali pirvelad 1945 wels gorSi Sedga,
romelic erT iqaur kacs, ruseTidan dabrunebuls, Cautarebia. goreli ormocda-
aTianelebi male Tbilisis rusulenovan Tanamorwmuneebs daukavSirdnen da maTTan
organizaciuladac gaerTiandnen. es faqti imdroindel specsamsaxurebs ar gamo-
parviaT da mqadagebelTa winaaRmdeg seriozul zomebs mimarTes.
saqarTveloSi amJamad 5000 monaTluli ormocdaaTianeli cxovrobs, moarul-
TanamdgomebiTurT _ 10 000-mde. maTi Temebi, Tbilisisa da quTaisis garda, bevr
sxva raionSic gvxvdeba. centraluri eklesiebi aris TbilisSi. ZiriTadia sami ek-
lesia. danarCeni eklesiebi an erTis, an meoris, an mesamis iurisdiqciaSi Sedian.
yvelaze mravalricxovani da, ase Tu ise, oficialuri is eklesiaa, romelsac oleg
xubaSvili xelmZRvanelobs.
`xsnis armia~
es moZraoba ingliseli meTodistebis wreSi warmoiSva. damaarsebelia meTodis-
ti mqadagebeli uiliam buTi, romelic daupirispirda Tavisi eklesiis wesebs _
dafuZnebuls anglikanur tradiciebze, magram samagierod axali da mkacrad
unificirebuli wesebi SemoiRo.
u.buTim 1861 wels inglisSi Camoayaliba organizacia _ `moZraoba sazogadoebis
aRorZinebisaTvis~, romelsac Semdeg `qristianuli misia~ ewoda, 1878 wlidan _
`xsnis armia~. am saxelwodebis eklesiebi male amerikis, evropisa da aziis mraval
qveyanaSi gaformda. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlis centri vaSingto-
nia.
u.buTis sistema dafuZnebulia samxedro disciplinasa da struqturaze, ker-
Zod, subordinacia-ierarqiaze. eklesiebs jariskacebi emsaxurebian, romelTa
ufrosebi oficrebi arian, oficerTa ufrosebi _ polkovnikebi, polkovnikTa
ufrosebi _ generlebi. saerTaSoriso alianss (erTian eklesias) saTaveSi mTavar-
sardali udgas. eklesiis wevrebi samxedro formebiT arian Semosili, _ mundirebiT
da epoletebiT wodebaTa mixedviT, Tumca maT xelSi iaraRs, verc civs da verc
Tbils, ver naxavT. amis miuxedavad, aRniSnuli denominacia (eklesia) diviziebisa-
gan, korpusebisa da forpostebisagan Sedgeba. erTmaneTs samxedro salams aZleven
da ficsac samxedro wesebis Sesabamisad deben. aqvT saswavleblebi, romelTac
kadetTa skola hqvia.

u.buTiseuli denominaciis Teologia igive protestantuli, ultraprotestan-
tuli, Teologiaa. eklesiologia ki, danarCeni protestantuli eklesiebisagan
gansxvavebiT, saeklesio tradiciis srul ignorirebaSi mdgomareobs. uaryofilia
ara marto saeklesio saidumloebebi, aramed naTlisRebis ritualis Sesrulebis
saWiroebac ki. armielebis mtkicebiT, mTavari is naTlisRebaa, romelic pirovnebis
gulsa da gonebaSi aResruleba, rituali fuWia da amao. amis gamo yuradReba pi-
rovnebis zneobasa da wesierebazea gadatanili.
RvTismsaxureba martivia. krebebi tardeba rogorc darbazebSi, ise gareT, xalx-
mraval adgilebSi. miRebuli normaa msvlelobebi sasule orkestris TanxlebiT.
xSirad warmoiTqmis sajaro aRsarebebi da monaniebebi. simRerebi da cekvebi
umetesad modernis stilSi sruldeba.
àrmiis~ mTavar mizans humanitaruli misia warmoadgens. xsnian usaxlkaroTa
TavSesafrebs, ufaso saavadmyofoebsa da sasadiloebs; exmarebian ltolvilebs,
pensionerebs, fizikurad da sulierad SeWirvebulebs erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis
ganusxvaveblad. aqedan warmodgeba saxelwodeba _ xsnis armia.
`xsnis armiis~ organizaciebi (eklesiebi) dReisaTvis asze met qveyanaSi moqme-
debs. misi jariskacebi saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, pirvelad 1993 wels gamoCndnen
da, qveynis xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT, humanitaruli saqmianobis farTo qseli
gaabes. maT organizaciebi Tbilisis garda, quTaisSi, gorSi, rusTavsa da baTumSic
aqvT. àrmielebis~ humanitarulma daxmarebam 1995-1996 wlebSi saqarTveloSi
Semosuli yvela humanitaruli daxmarebis 42% Seadgina. yvelaze krizisul wlebSi
(1993-1994) maT saqarTveloSi 13 800 tona produqti Semoitanes da 300 000 sulze
gaanawiles. 2000 wels àrmielTa~ ufaso sasadiloebSi (Tbilisi, gori, gardabani,
rusTavi, martyofi, dedofliswyaro, quTaisi, baTumi, qobuleTi) 7500 upovari
(beneficiari) ikvebeboda.
`xsnis armielTa~ saRvTismsaxuro SekrebebSi saqarTvelos masStabiT daaxlo-
ebiT 800 kaci monawileobs.
àxalsamociqulo eklesia~
daarsebis TariRi 1832 welia. am dros inglisSi _ olbansa da londonSi _ Tana-
morwmuneTa ramdenime jgufi Seikriba da mociqulebi airCies. ase Seiqmna axali
denominacia, romelic, misi mesveurebis rwmeniT, sinamdvileSi sxva ara aris ra,
Tu ara pirvelmociqulTa moZRvrebisa da praqtikis ganaxleba da aRdgena.
maSasadame, àxalsamociqulo eklesias~ samociqulo tradiciis yvelaze srulyo-
filad flobis pretenzia aqvs.
àxalma mociqulebma~ XIX s-is Sua wlebSi eklesiebi germaniasa da evropis sxva
qveynebSic Camoayalibes. maTi asparezi male msoflio masStabiT ganivrco da es
eklesia dRes rva milionamde wevrs iTvlis. igi dayofilia samociquloebad, samo-

ciquloebi _ olqebad, olqebi _ Temebad anu samrevloebad. msoflio axalsamo-
ciqulo eklesias saTaveSi mTavarmociquli udgas. mas mociqulebi eqvemdebare-
bian, mociqulebs _ episkoposebi, episkoposebs _ mRvdlebi, diakvnebi, mnaTeebi,
evangelistebi da mqadageblebi. eklesiebTan sakvirao skolebi moqmedebs.
axalsamociqulo eklesiis arsebiTi niSani mZafri esqatologiuri molodinia.
aq, danarCeni protestantuli mimdinareobebisagan gansxvavebiT, SenarCunebulia
sami saidumlo _ naTlisReba, konfirmacia (suliwmidis aRbeWdva anu igive miron-
cxeba) da ziareba. axalmociqulebi naTlaven bavSvebs da micvalebulTaTvisac lo-
culoben, e. i. panaSvidebs ixdian.
axalmociqulTa pirveli Temi saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, 1994 wels daarsda mo-
ciqul bernd klipertis misioneruli moRvaweobis Sedegad. b.kliperti erovnebiT
germanelia. amitom `qarTvel axalmociqulTa~ didi nawili qarTveli germanelebi
arian. TbilisSi ori eklesia arsebobs (avlabarsa da saburTaloze). analogiuri
eklesiebia baTumSi, quTaisSi, axmetasa da zog sxva raionSi.
axalsamociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi 700-mde wevrs aerTianebs.
marginaluri eklesiebi
marginalia laTinuri sityvaa (marginis _ kide) da zRvargadasulobas, ganapire-
bas niSnavs. `marginaluri mdgomareoba”, `marginaluri saqcieli~ iurisprudenciaSi
pirovnebis kontrolgare mdgomareobas, kontrolgare saqciels, e. i. cnobierebis
dakargvas da mis miRma myofobas gulisxmobs. religiaTmcodneobasa da sociolo-
giaSi marginalur qristianobas zRvargadasul protestantobas eZaxian. masSi is
religiuri organizaciebi moiazreba, romelTa arsebiTi niSani mocemuli qveynis
kulturul warsulTan, awmyosTan da, zogadad, kulturul RirebulobebTan
konfliqtia. maSasadame, maT izolacia, msoflio anu ekumenuri moZraobebisaTvis
zurgis Seqceva, cxovrebis ucnauri stili da zogadqristianuli msoflmxedve-
lobisagan mkveTrad gamijnuli Teoriebi axasiaTebT. es pirvel rigSi bibliisa da
samebis dogmatis gaazrebaze iTqmis. igulisxmeba rogorc bibliis teqstis uaryofa
(mag. duxoborebi), misi mxolod simboluri gaazreba (malaknebi) da mis gverdiT
avtoritetad sxva werilobiTi wyaros dasaxeleba (mag. `mormonTa wigni~), ise samebis
erTarsebobis ugulvebelyofa (ìehovas mowmeebi~), Zveli da axali aRTqmis
gaumijnaoba (me-7 dRis adventistebi, romlebic SabaTs huriaebr inaxaven) da qristes
gverdiT sxva mxsnelis, sxva qristes aRiareba, e. i. pirovnebis gakulteba da gafetiSeba
(xlistebi da Tanamedrove totalitaruli seqtebi).
eklesiasa da seqtas Soris mTavari gansxvaveba Riaobis xarisxsa da pirovnebas-
Tan mimarTebaSi mdgomareobs. eklesia sayovelTao da gaxsnili samyaroa. misi wev-
rebi sulieri zrdisa da ganviTarebis kibes nebayoflobiT da nabij-nabij gadian.

seqta Caketili sivrcea, romlis wevrebi axali wevrebis mosazidad facifucoben.
miiReben mas, vinc filtraciis aparatSi gaivlis. ar SeiZleba, vTqvaT, Rvinis
daleva, Tambaqos moweva da sx. vinc am pirobas daarRvevs, man seqta unda datovos.
Rvinosa da Tambaqoze uaris Tqma eklesiis moTxovna da idealicaa, magram vinc am
moTxovnas ver asrulebs, eklesiidan ar agdeben.
seqtantobis ukiduresi formaa kulti anu totalitaruli seqta. ase im seqtebs
eZaxian, sadac avtoritarizmi batonobs da morwmuneebi winamZRvrebs monisebr
emorCilebian.
daismis kiTxva: arseboben Tu ara saqarTveloSi totalitaruli seqtebi?
Cvens masmediaSi araerTgzis gaiJRera cnobam, rom saqarTveloSi, kerZod, Tbi-
lisSi arseboben da moqmedeben iseTi totalitaruli seqtebi, rogorebicaa `muni-
tebi~ da `saientologebi~. gazeT ~alias~ Tu davujerebT (2000, 28-29.X, #170), sa-
qarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro ukve `seqtantebis klanWebSi moeqca”, radgan
iq Turme munitebis amerikul organizacias saqvelmoqmedo fondi dauarsebia. gaz.
`rezonansis~ cnobiT, sapatriarqo SiSobs: `munitebma, SesaZlebelia, mTavrobaSic
SeaRwion~ (2000, 26.I, #21). isini, gvauwyebs àxali saqarTvelo~ (2000 24.II-2.I I I , #4;
l.jaSis korespondencia), TbilisSi mowamlul tkbileuls da mamakacis spermiT
Sezavebul coms avrceleben. msgavsi sensaciebi Cvens presaSi iSviaToba araa. maTi
avtorebi Jurnalistebi arian. maT mier gavrcelebuli xmebis safuZvlianoba kom-
pententur samsaxurebs dRemde arc daudasturebiaT da arc uaruyviaT, e.i. ar
gaurkveviaT _ realur diversiasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu Jurnalistur provokacias-
Tan, rac samwuxaroa. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom arc munitebis, arc saientologebis
da arc rajniSebis (oSos kultis, indur-amerikuli mimdinareobis) saqarTveloSi
myofoba mosaxleobisaTvis SesamCnevi araa.
duxoborebi da malaknebi
duxoborebi da malaknebi erTmaneTis ganayofni arian. asparezze jer duxobo-
rebi gamovidnen. es XV I I I s-is 60-ian wlebSi moxda voroneJis guberniaSi. glexebi
saero xelisuflebiTa da oficialuri eklesiis mRvdelmsaxurTa saqmianobiT
ukmayofiloni iyvnen. amiT ki eresiarqebma, vinme siluen kolesnikovma, matyliT
movaWre ilarion pobixorinma da gadamdgarma unteroficerma kapustinma
isargebles da TavianTi moZRvrebis energiulad qadageba daiwyes. male maT mim-
devarTa didi gundi gaiCines, romlebmac TavianT Tavs `duxoborebi~ anu `suli-
saTvis mebrZolni~, `suliT mebrZolni~ uwodes. amiT gamoxates rwmena, rom isini
wmida sulis matarebelni arian da amave suliT ebrZvian satanas.
duxoborebma uaryves bibliis teqsti da mis nacvlad SemoiRes `cxovrebis wig-
ni~. es `wigni~ arsebobda zepirad da gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, romelic gvian
mecnierebma Caiweres da mkvlevrebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. `cxovrebis wignSi~

Tavmoyrilia Tqmulebebi da istoriuli cnobebi am mimdinareobis Seqmnisa da misi
Semdgomi bedis Sesaxeb. iq garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom duxoborebi ar scnoben
marTlmadidebel eklesias, mis ritualebs, sasuliero ierarqias, saeklesio sa-
idumloebebs, dogmatebs, jvar-xatebs, taZrebs. aRiareben qristes, magram ara
RmerTad, aramed adamianad, romelSic yvelaze metad gamovlinda RvTaebrivi suli
da goni; igi Cveulebriv adamianad daibada, romelSic RvTis suli da goni Semdeg
Casaxlda (es Teoria pavle samosatelisa da nestoris Teorias hgavs. ix. zem. gv.
107-111). maTi rwmeniT, RmerTi gamorCeul pirovnebebSi dResac `saxldeba~. aseT
pirovnebebs RvTis dari pativi unda mivagoT.
`cxovrebis wigni~ Seicavs zepir uwyebebs, Selocvebs, kiTxva-pasuxebs, sagalob-
lebs, romelTa bolo muxli aseTia: `naweri mkvdaria, sityva ki cocxali~. maTTvis
RmerTi siyvaruli, sibrZne da sikeTea. aRmerTeben TavianT beladebs; aqvT martivi
RvTismsaxureba. swamT sulis ukvdaveba da ziarebas iReben sulierad, sityvierad.
maTi erT-erTi dogma aseTia: kaenis STamomavlobam Seqmna eklesia, sadac yvelaf-
risaTvis fuls moiTxoven, sadac yvelaferi iyideba, yvelaferi maxinjdeba. abelis
memkvidreni duxoborebi arian. maT sCagraven kaenis Svilebi anu marTlmadideb-
lebi. am Cagvrasa da tanjvas abelis STamomavloba uZlebs, radgan swams, rom wmida
sulis daxmarebiT sabolood daamarcxebs kaenis memkvidreebs.
aseTi Teoriisa da rwmenis safuZvelze aRmocenebul Tems `qristes sxeuli~ da,
meorenairad, ~sulieri qristianebi~ ewoda. pobiroxinma Tavi mesiad gamoacxada,
airCia 12 mociquli da sazeimod Sevida qalaq tambovSi TiTqosda mosaxleobis
mxsnelad, magram igi daapatimres da gaacimbires. es 1775 wels moxda.
devnis miuxedavad, duxoborobam tamboveli mosaxleobis erT nawilSi fesvi
gaidga. revoluciamde maTi ricxvi ruseTSi 20 000-mde aRwevda.
male imave TemSi sxva mimarTulebac gamoikveTa: pobiroxinis mowafem, TerZma
semion ukleinma, gadasinja winamorbedis moZRvreba da axal denominacias daudo
saTave. esaa malaknoba.
malaknebi, duxoborebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRiareben bibliis avtoritets, mag-
ram yvelafers, bibliis teqstsac da saeklesio saidumloebebsac, simbolurad
gebuloben. magaliTad, erTarseba-sameba, maTi azriT, Semdegnairad unda gavi-
azroT: mamaRmerTi aris mexsiereba, ZeRmerTi _ goneba da suliwmida _ neba. aseve
Taviseburad esmiT maT qristes gankacebis faqti: qriste moevlina qveyanas, raTa
exsna igi moZRvrebiT da ara Tavisi Tavis nebayoflobiTi SewirviT. aRdgomis
saidumlos isini iazreben ara realur faqtad, aramed qristes mcnebaTa aRdgine-
bad mis mimdevarTa Soris. maT, duxoborebis msgavsad, wyliT naTlisReba miaCniaT
zedmetad. aRiareben mxolod am saidumlos sulier mxares. isini naTlobas uwo-
deben moZRvrebis aRqmas, ziarebas _ uflis sityvis STanergvas. morwmuneTa sabo-
loo miznad ki sulier aRorZinebas racxen.

duxoborebi da malaknebi racionaluri mimarTulebis rusul seqtebad ixseni-
ebian.
sityva `malakans~ sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. erTni amboben: `malakani~ imi-
tom ewodaT, rom marxvis dros, saeklesio tradicias rom dapirispirebodnen, rZes
svamdnen (e.i. `malakani~ anu `molokani~ momdinareobs sityvidan `moloko~). sxvani
ki mdinare moloCnaiasTan akavSireben, romlis napirebzec pirveli malaknebis didi
nawili saxlobda. SesaZlebelia, maT es saxeli dacinviT SeerqvaT, radgan isini
magari sasmelebis sastiki winaaRmdegni arian. imasac amboben, malaknebi TavianT
moZRvrebas `sufTa sulier rZes~ adarebdneno. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi malak-
nebis msjelobis Tanaxmad, maT es saxeli ricxobrivi simciris gamo Searqves.
asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom malaknebi da duxoborebi erTi Zirisagan warmoiSvnen da
dRes erTnic da meorenic mcirericxovanni arian. maT socialur idealebs pirvel-
qristianTa zogadcxovreba warmoadgenda. isini pugaCovis ocnebaTa xorcSesxmas
lamobdnen; hqondaT saerTo beRlebi, sasadiloebi, aveji, saxlebi da a.S. Tavidan
yvela erTnairad cxovrobda, mdidar-Rariboba moispo, magram erTi SexedviT. me-19
s-is dasawyisdanve maTi Temebi mdidrebad da Raribebad daiyo. ase rom, uklaso
sazogadoebis maTeulma ideam kraxi ganicada da rodesac ruseTSi baptizmi gav-
rcelda, malaknebis didma nawilma sulieri samSoblo am mimdinareobis wiaRSi hpova.
ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da mTavroba duxoborebsa da malaknebs dev-
nida. 1841-50 wlebSi maTi erTi frTa kavkasiaSi gadmoasaxles. malaknebi Tbilissa
da kaxeTis zogierT raionSi damkvidrdnen. isini ZiriTadad xelosnobas, gansa-
kuTrebiT _ meetleobas misdevdnen. duxoborebma yofili bogdanovkis (dRes nino-
wmindis) raionSi daides bina, sadac adre gamuslimanebuli javaxebi (qarTvelebi)
cxovrobdnen. maT saqmianobas mesaqonleoba da mecxvareoba Seadgens.
gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi duxaborebis didma nawilma, religiuri ideale-
bis mixedviT, datova javaxeTi da centralur ruseTSi, winaparTa samSobloSi,
gadasaxlda. maTi ricxvi saqarTveloSi amJamad umniSvneloa. duxoborebisa da ma-
laknebis qarTuli sakrebuloebi dReisaTvis daaxloebiT 3500 murwmunes iTvlis.
`me-7 dRis adventistebi~

adventus laTinuria da niSnavs mosvlas. laparakia macxovris meored mosvlasa
da caTa sasufevlis ganaxlebaze. amdenad, am mimdinareobis qvakuTxedi aris
esqatologiuri molodini. morwmuneebs eWvi ar eparebaT, rom maTsave sicocxle-
Si dadgeba sanatreli dRe anu ukeTurTa warwymedisa da marTalTa cxonebis Jami.
am wuTs isini mudam sasoebiT elian da gadarCenis erT-erT mTavar saxsrad me-7
dRis, SabaTis, Senaxvas miiCneven. ase rom, adventistTa moZRvrebisa da cxovrebis
birTvs meored mosvlis molodini da sauflo dRed kviris nacvlad SabaTis
daweseba warmoadgens.

adventistTa Temi, romlisganac Semdeg `me-7 dRis adventistebi~ warmodgnen,
aSS-Si gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi dafuZnda yofili baptistis, fermer uliam
mileris TaosnobiT. u. milerma winaswarmetyvel danielis wignis 8:14-is mixedviT,
sadac aRwerilia xilva da naxsenebia 2300 dRe-Rame, gamoitana daskvna, rom TiTqos
wuTisofis aRsasruli 1843 wlis 21 martidan 1844 wlis 21 martamdel periodSi
dadgeba. igi winaswarmetyvelebda yvelasa da yvelafris sikvdils, garda adve-
ntistebisa. bevri gulubryvilo am TariRs momzadebuli Sexvda: tovebdnen kar-
midamos, aCanagebdnen qonebas, ar svamdnen, ar Wamdnen da gulxeldakrefilni
elodnen uzenaes ganaCens... winaswarmetyveleba ar gamarTlda. morwmuneTa umrav-
lesobas guli gautyda da seqta miatova, magram milers male gamouCndnen Tanamo-
azreni, romelTac `gamoaswores~ mis mier daSvebuli Secdoma. mqadagebelma samu-
el snoum 1844 wlis 21 martis momdevno dReebSi ganacxada, rom milers patara
Secdoma gaepara da qriste, eWvi araa, 1844 wlis 22 oqtombers mova. imedebi amje-
radac gaqarwylda. magram mileri da sniu ixtibars ar itexdnen da meored mosvlas
sikvdilis bolo wuTamde elodebodnen (mileri 1849 wels gardaicvala). mgznebare
adventistebis didi nawili pirgamexebul aTeistad iqca. da, ai, asparezze gamoCnda
feiqari xiram edsoni, romelmac TariRs _ 1844 wlis 22 oqtomberi _ sxva Sinaarsi
da datvirTva SesZina; daiwyo mtkiceba, am dRes qristem `zeciuri taZris sakurTxe-
veli~ datova da igi dedamiwisaken moemarTeba, Cven ki moTminebis mokrefa gvmar-
Tebso.
adventistebis sulier cxovrebaSi udidesi roli ioseb baitma (1792-1872) Se-
asrula, radgan man SabaTis uqmobis Zveli aRTqmiseuli tradicia ganaaxla da wes-
deba SeimuSava. am wesdebis safuZvelze aRniSnul mimdinareobas oficialurad
`me-7 dRis adventistebi~ ewoda. maT `prospeqtSi~ naTqvamia: `Cven gvwams axali
aRTqmis mowmoba imis Taobaze, rom ieso qriste kvlav mova _ erTdroulad da
yvelasaTvis xilulad. Cven ar viciT, rodis moxdeba es, magram gvjera, rom ukve
axlosaa es dRe~. marTalia, konkretul TariRs adventistebi aRar asaxeleben,
magram dResac amtkiceben, rom cis kabadonze saamiso niSnebi Cans.
adventistebis moZRvrebas didi kvali col-qmarma jeims da elene uaiTebma
daaCnies. isini amtkicebdnen, rom gamoecxadaT angelozi da imogzaures sxvadasxva
planetaze. dawvrilebiT aRweres, Tu ra naxes iupiterze, saturnze. iq samoTxe
sufevso...
elene uaiTma dawera wigni `diadi brZola qristesa da satanas Soris~ (Targm-
nilia qarTulad da gamocemulic), romelSic vrclad warmoaCina adventistTa
rwmenis safuZvlebi. aq umTavresi adgili kvlav meored mosvlis motivs ekuTvnis;
qriste gamogvecxadeba Zalian male da damyardeba sasufeveli. TariRi dakonkre-
tebuli aqac araa.
`me-7 dRis adventistoba~ Zvel rjulze dafuZnebuli qristianobaa.

radgan RmerTma meSvide dRes daisvena, adventistebi SabaTs uqmoben da RvTis-
msaxurebas am dRes asruleben. SabaTs isini saarsebo produqtebsac ar yiduloben,
arc wignebs. amitom maT `me-7 dRis adventistebi~ ewodebaT.
RvTismsaxurebis dros adventistebi urTierTsiyvarulisa da morCilebis niS-
nad erTmaneTs fexebs banen. isini yuradRebas kvebis reJimze amaxvileben; moiT-
xoven `sanitarul reformas~, rac racionidan Roris xorcis, yavis, kakaosa da
misTanaTa amoRebas gulisxmobs; magari sasmelebi sastikad akrZalulia.
adventistebs saiqio cxovrebaze Taviseburi rwmena aqvT. isini uaryofen jojo-
xeTis arsebobas da qadageben codvili sulebis gaqrobas, araraobad qcevas. sa-
iqioSi adgili mxolod samoTxisaTvisaa, romlis binadarni marTali adventistebi
arian.
adventistebi or nawilad arian gayofili. pirvels SedarebiTi liberalizmi
axasiaTebs da misi mimdevrebi TavianT Tavs oficialur da Ria eklesias uwodeben.
meore radikalurobiT gamoirCeva. misi mimdevrebi TavianT Tavs sazogadoebisa
da saxelmwifosagan ganyenebulad moiazreben. saqarTveloSi orive mimarTuleba
arsebobs.
`me-7 dRis adventistebi~ saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1904 wels gamoCndnen. maT
TbilisSi mcirericxovani Temi Camoayalibes, romelic rusulenovani iyo. cnobili
araa, es Temi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisadmi liberaluri iyo Tu radikaluri.
sabWoTa periodSi orive mimarTuleba arsebobda da dResac arsebobs.
`me-7 dRis adventistTa~ eklesia, romelsac isini `msoflio eklesias~ uwodeben,
dayofilia divizionebad teritoriis mixedviT. divizionebi, Tavis mxriv, _ uni-
onebad (gaerTianebad). saqarTvelo kavkasiis unionSi Sedis. kavkasiis unioni _ evra-
ziis davizionSi. kavkasiis unionis centraluri Stab-bina rostovSi mdebareobs.
oficialur adventistTa Temebi saqarTvelos bevr regionSi arsebobs. maTi wev-
rebis ricxvi 350-s udris. TanamgrZnob-moarulebianad _ 500-s. TbilisSi ori
eklesiaa.
saqarTvelos adventistTa gaerTianebis prezidenti aris saqarTveloSi erT-
erTi uxucesi adventisti petre lagutovi, generaluri mdivani _ grigol wama-
laSvili. igi, amasTanave, naZaladevis eklesiis xucesicaa.
radikaluri frTis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom maT reforma moaxdines. amitom maT
adventist-reformatorebs uwodeben. isini aqtiurebi sabWoTa periodSi iyvnen,
radgan moRvaweobis ZiriTad mizans sabWoeTis satanuri arsis mxileba da propa-
ganda warmoadgenda. maT Zlieri Temebi soxumsa da TbilisSi gaaCndaT. cxovrob-
dnen konspiraciulad; qadagebdnen individualurad da TavSekavebulad, Tumca
radikalurad da eqstremistulad, ris gamoc sdevnidnen da apatimrebdnen. dRes
maTi ricxvi Semcirebulia da daaxloebiT 50-s aRwevs. ikribebian ojaxebSi. aqvT
gasaidumloebuli Sinaganawesi.

reformatorebis ricxvi da gavrcelebis areali ara marto saqarTveloSi, ara-
med yvelgan mcirea. maTi eklesiebi 36 qveyanaSia, liberalebisa ki - 200-mde qveya-
naSi. saqarTveloSi adventistTa ricxvi 400-s aRwevs.
ìehovas mowmeebi~
es konfesia CvenSi ieRovelebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ìahve~, romlis damaxinje-
buli forma ìeRovaa~, Zvelebrauli sityvaa da RvTis erT-erTi saxelia. niSnavs:
`myofs~, àrsebuls~, `WeSmarits~. maSasadame, iahve epiTetia, romelic Semdeg ga-
substantivda da RvTis sakuTar saxelad, eTnonimad iqca. ìehovas mowmeebs~ swamT,
rom iahve RvTis ucvalebeli saxelia da igi dResac am saxeliT unda movixsenioT.
XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amerikaSi, pensilvaniis Statis qalaq
alebsinSi, `bibliis mkvlevarTa sazogadoeba~ Camoyalibda, romlis xelmZRvaneli
mewarme Carlz teis raseli gaxldaT. 1879 wels daarsda Jurnali `saguSago koSki~,
romelmac xsenebuli sazogadoebis gaaqtiurebas stimuli misca da saTave axal
religiur mimdevrobas daudo. sazogadoeba 1884 wels registraciaSi iqna gata-
rebuli da prezidentad raseli airCies. 1909 wels `saguSago koSkis~, rogorc
sazogadoebis, mTavari sammarTvelo niu-iorkSi, bruklinSi, gadaitanes. 1931 wels
`bibliis mkvlevarebma~ ìehovas mowmeTa~ saxeli SeiZines da samoRvaweo asparezi
msoflio masStabiT gaafarToves. isini raselistebisa da ruterfordistebis
saxeliTac arian cnobili (jozef franklin ruterfordma 1916 wels raseli
Secvala).
ìehovas mowmeTa~ arsebiTi niSani quCa-quCa da kar-kar siarulia. isini esaubre-
bian yvelas, vinc gauCerdebaT; urigeben literaturas da, visac interess SeniS-
naven, Sekrebebze epatiJebian. maT praqtikaSi udidesi adgili e.w. Studiebs anu
bibliis Seswavlas uWiravs. awyoben regionalur, respublikur da saerTaSoriso
kongres-konferenciebs. gamoirCevian aqtiurobiT.
~iehovas mowmeebi~ uaryofen samebis dogmats da aRiareben erT erTsaxovan
RmerTs, romelsac daJinebiT iahves, ufro gavrcelebuli variantiT _ iehovas
uwodeben; ieso qristes miiCneven RvTis mxolodSobil Zed da pirvelqmnilebad;
uaryofen suliwmidis pirovnulobas da mas `RvTis uxilav qmediT Zalas~ uwodeben;
ar sjeraT sulis ukvdaveba, samoTxisa da jojoxeTis arseboba; swamT, rom daar-
sdeba iahves samefo, romelSic 144.000 rCeuli damkvidrdeba da ukvdavebas ezi-
areba. maT eaxlebaT uamravi qveSevrdomi, romlebic ukvdavni iqnebian, magram mainc
qveSevrdomebi. isini uars amboben cecxlsasrol iaraRze da alternatiul samxed-
ro samsaxurs moiTxoven. eridebian sisxlis gadasxmas da a.S.
ìehovas mowmeTa~ TeologiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs brZolas qristesa
da lucifers Soris. ukanaskneli adamianTa meTvalyure iyo, magram ampartavnebis
seni Seeyara da zeciur mamasTan gaTanabreba moisurva. man acduna adami da eva da,

radgan RvTis uZlurebis iluzia Seqmna, yovlisSemoqmeds omi gamoucxada. es omi
dRemde grZeldeba. man umZafresi saxe mas Semdeg miiRo, rac satanis amqveyniuri
samefo _ sabWoTa kavSiri da socbanaki _ Seiqmna. 1918 wels dedamiwaze ieso qriste
dabrunda da aRniSnuli omis axali faza _ armagedoni _ daiwyo. misi mizani yvela
sataniseuli saxelmwifos damsxvrevaa, ris Sedegadac moispobian urwmunoni da
Seiqmneba erTiani, Teokratiuli, ìehovas mowameTa~ RvTaebrivi saxelmwifo; Sei-
musreba luciferi da misi armia.
ìehovas mowmeTa~ ricxvi, 1996 wlis monacemebiT, xuT milions aRwevs. maTi orga-
nizaciebi dRes oficialurad Tu araoficialurad da metnaklebi warmatebiT
msoflios TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs.
saqarTveloSi am mimdinareobis istoria 1953 wlidan iwyeba. sxvadasxva dros
da sxvadasxva regionSi qadagebdnen valentina miminoSvili, romelsac iehovas
mowmeebi nacistur sakoncentracio banakSi gaucvnia, Zmebi gudaZeebi (cimbiridan
1962 wels dabrunebulebi), vladimer gladiuki (romelic viTom samuSaos saZebrad,
sinamdvileSi ki galis raionSi samisionerod Sevida) da sxvani. 1970 wels engur-
hesze Tormeti prozeliti (axladmoqceuli) moinaTla, rac uSiSroebis samsaxurs
SeumCneveli ar darCenia da mqadagebelTa winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebic
aRiZra. amis miuxedavad, 1973 wlis 19 agvistos iehovas mowmed soxumSi 45 kaci
moinaTla. maTi mimdevrebi 1976 wels TbilisSic gaCndnen da male dedaqalaqi qar-
Tveli iehovelebis centrad iqca.
`saqarTvelos iehovas mowmeTa kavSiri~ (es maTi oficialuri saxelwodebaa)
dRes, mesveurTa TqmiT, 15000-s monaTlul wevrs aerTianebs, TanamgrZnob-Tanamd-
gomelebianad ki _ 40000-s. isini TiTqmis yvela raionSi gvxvdebian. centraluri
ofisi TbilisSi aqvT. iq uxucesebi da zedamxedvelebi periodulad ikribebian da
saWirboroto sakiTxebze msjeloben. kavSiris Tavmjdomaris movaleobas amjerad
badri kopaliani asrulebs. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakrebuloebze Tbi-
lisis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba. sakrebuloebs specialuri saxlebi, e.w. samefo
darbazebi, saqarTveloSi ar aqvT, ris gamoc mowmeebi kerZo binebSi ikribebian.

Tavi 2
araqristianuli religiebi
iudaizmi
iudaizmi anu, Zveli qarTuliT, huriaeba ebraelTa nacionaluri konfesiaa.
iTvleba, rom mas dasrulebuli saxe rabinma mose maimonidma Cv.w. X I I s-Si misca.
Tumca Semdegac ganicada cvlileba.
Zveli aRTqma saerTo pirvelwyaroa rogorc qristianTa, ise iudevelTaTvis, magram
mis dedaazrs TiToeuli sxvadasxvanairad acnobierebs. es pirvel rigSi gamosyidvis
dogmatis mimarT iTqmis. iudaizmSi areklilia ebraelTa erovnuli Tvalsazrisebi
da interesebi. misTvis ucxoa `rCeuli eris~ simboluri gageba; am cnebis ganvrcoba
da gaRrmaveba universalurobamde, e.i. erovnuli zRudeebis msxvreva da `rCeuli
eris~ qveS yoveli naTelRebuli da mironcxebuli pirovnebis moazreba.
Zv.w. 929 wels, mefe solomonis Semdeg, israelis erTiani samefo daiSala. war-
moiSva ori saxelmwifo: israeli da iudea. ukanaskneli, ZiriTadad, iudas toms
aerTianebda, sadac daviTis Stodan unda dabadebuliyo erovnuli gmiri, mxsneli,
mesia (cxebuli). amdenad, ebraelebi, dampyrobTagan devnilni da Seviwroebulni,
mesiisagan elodnen da elian erovnul xsnas _ erTiani, Zlieri samefos aRdgenas.
mxsneli ki (gavixsenoT winaswarmetyveleba da aRTqma) marTlac iudas tomidan
unda gamosuliyo. amitom ewoda ebraelTa religias iudaizmi.
533 wels, babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, ebraelebma ierusalimSi
iahves sadideblad solomonis taZari aRadgines, daaweses dResaswauli xanuka
(~satfureba~, ~ganaxleba~) da Camoayalibes axali religiuri Temi. winamZRvrebma
am TemSi ar Seiyvanes isini, vinc tyveobaSi ar iyvnen namyofi da palestinaSi dar-
Cnen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am Temis wiaRSi miiRo iudaizmma, rogorc religiurma
sistemam, Camoyalibebuli saxe.
axali religiuri Temis gareT darCenilma ebraelebma samarielTa seqta Seqm-
nes, romelic dResac arsebobs.
amis Semdeg ebraul sazogadoebaSi konfliqti kidev ufro gaRrmavda. igi gada-
izarda religiur antagonizmSi. erovnuli sxeuli daiyo da daqucmacda. iudaizmis
SigniT (Zv.w. II s-Si) farisevelTa da sadukevelTa religiur-politikuri partiebi
warmoiqmna, romlebmac Toris (xuTwigneulis) mcnebebis axleburi gaazreba scades.
farisevelTa da sadukevelTa arsebiTi niSani iyo rjulis kanonebis zedmiwevniTi,
pedanturi dacva, yuradRebis gadatana sarwmunoebis garegan mxareze.
Tavi 2. araqristianuli religiebi 177

Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasrulsa da axal eraSi ramdenime seqta Camoyalibda,
maT Soris _ nazorevelTa seqta, romelic mkvdari zRvis sanapiroebze moqmedebda.
mas eseelTa Temsac uwodebdnen, sadac, savaraudebelia, aRizarda ioane naTlis-
mcemeli. am seqtis wevrebi ar Wamdnen mcenareul sakvebs. gavixsenoT, rom ioane
naTlismcemelic mxolod velur Taflsa da kaliebs (mkals) Wamda. maT mdidari
literaturuli memkvidreoba darCaT, romelTa fasi Tanamedrove mecnierebisaT-
vis ganuzomelia.
1947 wlis gazafxuli Cveni saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani arqeologi-
uri aRmoCeniT aRiniSna. mkvdari zRvis auzSi, iordanes udabnoSi, ierusalimis aRmo-
savleTiT, yumranSi, erTi beduini, rodesac dakarguli Txis saZebrad daexeteboda,
waawyda uZveles samalavs. igi moTavsebuli iyo mRvimeSi, romelic ramdenime darbazs
Seicavs. darbazebi savse iyo sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sagnebiT _ sayofacxovrebo da
sakancelario nivTebiT, romelTagan Tvals xvdeboda etratis gragnilTa simravle.
beduini mixvda, rom bedma gauRima da es ambavi mezoblebs axara. gairkva, rom im raionis
mkvidrni kldis napralebSi Turme adrec poulobdnen xelnawerebs, romelTac
fexsacmelSi Casafenad xmarobdnen. axla ki igrZnes, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
gamdidreba da aRmoCenis Taobaze adgilobriv sasuliero pirebs acnobes. saqmeSi
male mecnierebi da saxelmwifoTa meTaurebic Caerien. daiwyo manuskriptTa Sesyidva
kolosalur fasebSi _ dolarebze, ramac beduinTa enTuziazmi gaacxovela da pirvels
sxva aranakleb sayuradRebo aRmoCenebi mohyva. 10 weliwads grZeldeboda gaTxrebi.
gamovlinda 10.000 fragmenti 400-mde nawarmoebisa. maT mecnierul SeswavlaSi
monawileoba miiRes msoflios saukeTeso specialistebma. isini mividnen daskvnamde:
aRniSnuli dasaxlebis patroni iyo xalxi, romelic istoriaSi cnobilia eseelTa
(esevelTa) saxeliT. savaraudebelia, rom maTi centri iyo yumranSi. isini iq
saxlobdnen Zveli welTaRricxvis 150 wlidan axali eris 70 wlamde. seqta simkacriT
gamoirCeoda. amas adasturebs maTi biblioTeka da iq aRmoCenili `Temis wesdeba~.
esaa sakmaod vrceli teqsti, romelic exeba seqtis organizacias da misi wevrebis
ufleba-movaleobas, maT religiur ritualebs da Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss.
es dokumenti adasturebs Cv.w. I s-is ebraeli mwerlebis ioseb flabiusisa da filon
aleqsandrielis uwyebebs am ùcnauri xalxis~ cxovrebasa da zne-Cveulebebze. filoni
ambobs, rom eseelni miekuTvnebian ebrael ers; isini arian oTxasze meti; cxovroben
soflebSi da eridebian qalaqebs; dasaqmebulni arian xelosnobis im dargebiT, ro-
melTac araferi aqvT saerTo omTan. maT ar hyavT monebi da ar gaaCniaT sakuTari
saxlebi. samagierod aqvT saerTo sawyobebi da salaroebi, aqvT saerTo tansacmeli,
saerTo sakvebi... isini icaven mama-papaTa kanonebs. am kanonebs maT gamudmebiT uqa-
dageben. maTi cxovrebis wesebs sami ZiriTadi safuZveli ganapirobebs: RvTis siy-
varuli, saTnoebis siyvaruli da qvelmoqmedeba. gansxvavebiT TavianTi winaprebisagan,
RvTismsaxurebisas `cxovelebs ki ar swiraven RmerTs, aramed ganiwmenden suls~...

zogierTi cnobis Tanaxmad, eseelni (anu igive nazorevelni) ubiwod cxovrebas
eweodnen: ar hqondaT ojaxebi. sabolood garkveuli araa, Tu ra iyo seqtis ase
swrafad gadaSenebis mizezi. cxadia erTi: am ganStoebam qristianul moZRvrebasa da
eklesias garkveulwilad niadagi Seumzada, razec migvaniSnebs ioane winamorbedis
qadageba: `ganmzadeniT gzani uflisani da wrfel-hyveniT alagni misni~ (maTe 3:3).
Cv.w. V I I I s-Si eraySi, siriasa da palestinaSi warmoiSva yaraimTa seqta, romelic
uaryofda oficialuri iudaizmis mraval debulebas. maT Soris mesiis movlinebisa
da mkvdarTa aRdgomis dogmatebs. amdenad, es mimdinareoba TiTqmis mTlianad
moswyda da CamoSorda iudaistur religias, radgan uaryo am religiisaTvis
mTavari da specifikuri _ mesiis rwmena.
iudaizmis istoriaSi TvalsaCino roli Seasrula kabalam. esaa wigni, romel-
sac safuZvlad daedo religiuri zepirgadmocemebi. amaze mianiSnebs TviT ter-
mini _ kabala (ebr. kab. `gadmocema~). es wigni TariRdeba X I I I -XIV ss-iT. mas axasiaTebs
misticizmi da zogierTi Teologiuri sakiTxebis Taviseburi interpretacia. mis
mimdevrebs swamT sulebis gardasaxvis SesaZlebloba (metemfsiqozi), ris gamoc,
rogorc amboben, kabalisturi mistika iqca jadoqrobisa da magiis iaraRad.
kabalis zegavleniT X V I I I s-Si poloneTsa da ruseTSi, Semdeg ki dasavleT
evropasa da aSS-Si aRmocenda iudaizmis axali mimdinareoba _ xasidizmi (ebr.
RvTismosavi). misi ZiriTadi mizani iyo da aris iudeuri RvTismsaxurebis reforma,
ritualebis ricxvis Semcireba. samagierod _ yuradRebis gadatana TiToeuli pi-
rovnebis rolsa da adgilze samyaroSi, suliersa da zneobriv srulyofaze. xasi-
dizmis mamaTmTavrad iTvleba moxetiale mkurnali israel ben eliezeri anu beSti
(1700-1760). igi ar uaryofda wignier sibrZnes, ebraelTa aTaswlovan tradiciebs
da religiur ritualebs, magram ambobda, rom xasidis Rvawli ufro aRmatebulia,
vidre Talmudis wesebis gulmodgined Sesruleba, radgan pirveli efuZneba Sina-
gan rwmenas da sindiss, meore _ kanons; pirvels warmarTavs siyvaruli, meores _
SiSi da movaleoba. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom xasidTa moZRvrebis zogierTi deta-
li exmianeba im WeSmaritebebs, romlebic qristianobis, rogorc universaluri
religiis safuZvelSia Cadebuli. es arcaa gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT tertu-
lianes sityvebs, rom adamianis suli dabadebiT qristiania. marTlac, xasidebis
religiuri intuicia gasaocari gamWriaxobiT Caswvda RvTis inkarnaciis (gansxe-
ulebis) dogmatis siRrmes. amas cxadyofs `xasiduri swavlani~, romelic qarTul
enaze Targmna da komentarebi daurTo zurab kiknaZem (Jurn. `religia~, 1992, N 6).
iq vkiTxulobT: Tu gvinda vixsnaT lafSi Cavardnili adamiani, sakmarisi ar aris
xelis gawvdena. mxsneli Tavadac unda Cavides ormoSi, lafSi; mxsnelma Tavis Tavze
unda itirTos is sibinZure, romelic dagrovda adams aqeT am wuTisofelSi...
vfiqrobT, Cveni mkiTxvelebisaTvis am Segonebis azri gamWvirvalea.
iudaizmis pirvelwyaro, Torasa da Zveli aRTqmis sxva wignebTan erTad, aris

Talmudi. `Talmudi~ ebrauli sityvaa da niSnavs `Seswavlas~. Talmudi aerTianebs
iudaistur RvTismetyvelebas, saRvTismsaxuro praqtikas da samarTals. Talmudi,
faqtobrivad Zveli aRTqmis egzegeza anu Targmanebaa farTo da mravalmxrivi pro-
filiT. Talmudi Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadaecemoda. Semdeg ki daiwyes misi
Cawera, rasac saTave farisevlebma da sadukevelebma daudes. misi srulyofis pro-
cesi 7-8 saukunis manZilze mimdinareobda da dasrulebuli saxe V s-Si miiRo. ase
Seiqmna veeberTela krebuli, romelic iyofa 6 ganyofilebad da 63 traqtatad.
mxolod masze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli iudaisturi religiis arsSi garkveva.
iudaizmi monoTeisturi religiaa; aRiarebs erTaderT RmerTs, _ samyaros
Semoqmeds, romelsac mravali epiTetiT vuxmobT: iahve (damaxinjebuli formaa
ìeRova~), adonai, eli, sabaoT da sxva. iudaizmis Tanaxmad, RmerTi aris ara mxo-
lod erTi, aramed _ erTsaxovanic. ebraelTaTvis miuRebelia erTarseba-samebis
rwmena. maT dauSveblad miaCniaT agreTve RvTis gankacebis saidumlo.
iudaisturi moZRvrebis ZiriTadi dogmatebi rabinma mose maimonidma reziumes
saxiT warmoadgina (qristianuli `rwmenis simbolos~ msgavsad). mas ewodeba `rwme-
nis 13 simbolo~. esenia: 1. arsebobs RmerTi, romelmac Seqmna samyaro; 2. is erTia;
3. is usxeuloa; 4. is maradiulia; 5. unda vilocoT mxolod masze; 6. RvTiuri
gamocxadebani WeSmaritebaa; 7. mose yvelaze didi winaswarmetyvelia; 8. Tora, e.i.
bibliis pirveli xuTi wigni, RmerTma ukarnaxa moses; 9. moses kanonis Secvla sxva
kanoniT ar SeiZleba; 10. RvTiuri gangeba marTavs samyaros; 11. arsebobs keTili-
saTvis jildo da borotisaTvis sasjeli; 12. israelSi mova mesia; 13. mkvdreTiT
aRdgoma WeSmaritebaa.
rogorc vxedavT, aqaa rwmena, rom mesia anu cxebuli (e.i. qriste) mova israelSi.
es azri ormxrivadaa sayuradRebo. pirveli _ igi mianiSnebs iudaizmis nacionalur
xasiaTze: mesia ixsnis mxolod da mxolod ebraelTa modgmas; meore _ mesia TiTqos
jer ar mosula: `rCeuli eri~ mas elodeba dRes da yovel dRe. swams, rom igi
iqneba daviT-ieses Zis STamomavali, ìeses ylorti~ _ ben iSai. `ratom ar modis
ben iSai?~ _ swuxda espaneTis galuTSi (gadasaxlebasa da ltolvilebaSi) myofi
ebraeli poeti XI saukunisa. Tumca, qristianTa rwmeniT, `ben iSai~ didi xnis mo-
suli, jvarcmuli da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari iyo.
iudevelebis anu, Zveli qarTuliT, huriebis (ebraelebis) saerTo ricxvi bolo
monacemebis mixedviT 20 milions aRemateba. maTgan yvelaze meti israelsa da aSS-
Si cxovrobs, Tumca ebraelebs diasporebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi aqvT.
saqarTveloSi ebrauli dasaxlebebis istoria, qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT,
Zv.w. VI s-idan, nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis dalaSqvris xanidan, iwyeba. met-
naklebi masStabis Semosaxlebebs SemdegSic hqonda adgili. gansakuTrebiT ax.w.
70 wlis axlo xans, rodesac romaelebma iudevelTa ajanyeba sisxlSi CaaxSves,
ierusalimi wartyvevnes da solomonis taZari nacartutad aqcies. wm. nino,

rodesac qarTlSi Semovida, Tavidan ebraelTa baginSi (sinagogaSi) cxovrobda da
misi qadagebis Sedegad pirvelad ebraelebi gaqristiandnen (mRvdeli abiaTari,
sidonia da sxv.). Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebi da ukanaskneli xanis arqeologiuri
aRmoCenebi (samarxebi da epigrafikuli Zeglebi) Cvens istoriaSi maT aqtiur
monawileobaze metyvelebs. ebraelebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionSi kompaqtu-
rad saxldebodnen da, rogorc wesi, qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebs uyridnen safuZ-
vels. isini vaWrobdnen, mogzaurobdnen da eqsport-imports misdevdnen, riTac
Cveni qveynis garesamyarosTan urTierTobis gaRrmavebas uwyobdnen xels. am faqts
ki, Tavis mxriv, wvlili saqarTvelos civilizebul msofliosTan kulturul in-
tegraciaSi Sehqonda.
qarTvelma ebraelebma SemoqmedebiTi unari mecnierebis, xelovnebisa, litera-
turisa da sportis asparezzec gamoavlines. maTi Zveli sinagogebi, saflavTa komp-
leqsebi Tu xelnawerebi (maT Soris lailaSis X s-is Tora) rogorc ebrauli, ise
qarTuli kulturis istoriis Semadgeneli nawilebia.
ebraelTa dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos bevr raionSi gvxvdeba. maTi qarTuli di-
aspora adre mravalricxovani da Ronieri iyo, magram mas Semdeg, rac ssrk-dan
ebraelTa deportacia daiwyo, saqarTveloSi iudaizmis mimdevarTa ricxvi erTob
Semcirda da dRes 10.000-s ar aRemateba. yvelaze didi sinagoga (sakrebulo) Tbi-
lisisaa, Semdeg _ goris, quTaisis, rusTavis, baTumis, axalcixis, onis da a.S.
ebraeloba dRes locvisa da rjulismieri cxovrebis stilis mixedviT ZiriTa-
dad or nawiladaa gayofili: sefaradebad da aSqenazebad. sefaradebad aRmosav-
luri wesis ebraelebi iwodebian, aSqenazebad _ dasavluri wesisanni. qarTveli
ebraelebis didi nawili (80%) Tavis Tavs sefaradad Tvlis. isini ZirZveli qarTu-
lenovani ebraelebi arian. aSqenazebi XIX s-Si gadmosaxldnen ruseTidan, polone-
Tidan da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebidan. saqarTveloSi maT ufro rusulenovan
ebraelebad icnoben.
islami
VII s-is 20-ian wlebSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze Camoyalibda axali religiuri
sistema saxelwodebiT islami, _ mahmadianoba, muslimanoba. esaa sinkretuli
religia, sxvadasxva konfesiis Serwymis Sedegad aRmocenebuli moZRvreba da kul-
ti. pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba iudaizmisa da qristianobis gavlena, radgan bib-
liis kvali, raSic davrwmundebiT, SesamCnevia mahmadianTa azrovnebisa da yofa-
cxovrebis yovel nabijze.
VII s-is pirvel naxevarSi arabeTis naxevarkunZuli warmoadgenda TiTqmis yvela
aRmosavluri sarwmunoebis TavSesayars; aq batonobda warmarToba, romelic war-
modgenili iyo rogorc adgilobrivi, ise iranidan da romis imperiidan Semotanili

kultebiT. arabeTSi gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen ebraelebi da qristianebi, ume-
tesad _ mwvalebelni, gankveTilni saeklesio krebaTa da devnilni marTlmadi-
debel imperatorTa mier. rogorc amboben, iq sarwmunoebaTa da konfesiaTa qaosi
iyo. miT umetes, rom naxevarkunZulze ar arsebobda centralizebuli saxelmwifo
da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda romelime qveynis gavlena. imxanad yvelaze metad iq
yureiSelTa tomi dawinaurda, romelic upiratesad pativs miagebda Rvaebas
allahi. uneblied gvaxsendeba ebraelTa uzenaesi RmerTis erT-erTi saxeli eli,
elohim. saqme isaa, rom ebraeli xalxi da maTi religia arabebisaTvis ZvelTaganve
iyo cnobili. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom orive semiti xalxia da, maSasadame, maT
enebs saerTo fuZe aqvT. arabTa tomebma ebraelebisagan istoriuli kontaqtis
Sedegad SeiTvises bibliuri rjulis zogierTi elementi, rac unda asaxuliyo
yureiSelebis kultmsaxurebaSic, kerZod ki RvTaebis saxelsa da SinaarsSi _ al-
lahi. arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, ZiriTadad bibliuri gadmocemis safuZvelze,
aRmocenda rjuli, romelic gaaforma da gaavrcela muhamedma anu mahmadma (aqedan,
_ mahmadianoba, maxmadianoba).
veyrdnobiT gamokvlevebs: miuleri, mahmadi da misi moRvaweoba, d. uznaZis
redaqciiT, quT. 1914; misive, islami da arabTa saxelmwifo, quT. 1914
(erTvis d. uznaZis werili: xalifatis warmoSoba da ganviTareba); a. masse,
islami (istoriuli narkvevi), moskovi, 1963.
muhamedi 570-632 wlebSi cxovrobda. igi yureiSelTa tomidan, haSimis gvaridan

iyo. daibada da aRizarda qalaq meqaSi, romelic arabeTis sakulto centrad iTv-
leboda wmida taZris _ qaabas gamo. es iyo panTeoni, _ sinkretuli salocavi,
romelsac TiTqmis yvela sarwmunoebis warmomadgeneli akiTxavda. warmarTebTan
erTad iq SexvdebodiT iudevelebs da qristianebsac ki. maT yuradRebas ipyrobda
taZris umTavresi siwmide _ Savi qva (arab. hajar al-asvad), romelsac saswaul-
moqmed Zalas miawerdnen. legendis mixedviT, igi alahma uboZa adams. adamis Svilma
misTvis aago pirveli taZari, romelic warRvnis Semdeg ganaaxles àlahis megob-
rebma~ _ abraamma da ismailma. bunebrivia, rom am salocavs ar aklda Tayvanismce-
melTa ricxvi. maT Soris aqtiurobda vaWari muhamedi, romelsac rTuli cxovrebis
gza ganevlo. igi, Raribi vaWris _ abdalahis _ Svili, adre daoblebula da bavSvoba
mojamagireobaSi gautarebia. iyo mwyemsi, Semdeg _ qaravnis gamyoli (aqlemTa
gamrekavi). mere mdidari qali _ hadija _ SeirTo da gaxda vaWari. hadija vaWris
Svili iyo da, ori qmris gardacvalebis Semdeg, Tavadac vaWrobas mihyo xeli.
muhamedma da hadijam umwikvlo ojaxi Seqmnes da savaWro operaciebs erToblivad
awarmoebdnen. mistikosi vaWari xSirad ismenda ebraeli da qristiani sasuliero
pirebis qadagebebs.
muslimanTa rwmeniT, muhameds 610 wels euwya zeciuri sibrZne, romelsac igi

sxvaT gadascemda. TandaTan, moZRvris qadagebaTa Sesabamisad, es sibrZne etratze,
palmis furclebsa da Tu qvis filebze gadaitanes misma wera-kiTxvis mcodne
mimdevrebma. ase Seiqmna yurani, rac arabulad `kiTxvas~ niSnavs. muhamedis saxeli
ki mociqulis pativiT Seimosa.
pirvel xanebSi warmarTebi muhamedis qadagebas nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen,
magram Semdeg seriozuli zomebi miiRes. axali rjulis moZRvarma droze Seityo
mosalodneli safrTxe, datova meqa da mowafeebTan erTad iasribSi gadaixvewa,
romelsac `winaswarmetyvelis qalaqi~ _ madina rasul alah, SemoklebiT _ medina
ewoda. gadmocemis mixedviT, medinaSi gadasaxleba anu hijra moxda 622 wels. am
faqts muslimanebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben, radgan miiCneven islamis pirvel
triumfad. es weli maTi eris (welTaRricxvis) dasawyisad iqna aRiarebuli.
medinaSi axali sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa ricxvi swrafad gaizarda. maT iq aages
salocavi saxli _ meCeTi da ganaCines religiuri gangeba. amis Semdeg muhamedi,
axali saxelmwifos damaarsebeli da sardali, dabrunda da 630 wels, hijridan 8
wlis Semdeg, zar-zeimiT Sevida meqaSi, daamyara iq xelisufleba da gardaicvala
medinaSi 632 wels. gviandeli cnobis Tanaxmad, muhamedi ierusalimsac swvevia da
wmida adgilebi moulocavs. amitom aRniSnuli qalaqebi _ meqa, medina da
ierusalimi _ muslimanTa udidesi sakulto centrebia.
islamis gavrcelebis misia ikisres muhamedis mowafeebma da mimdevrebma, metad-
re _ xalifebma. maT did warmatebas miaRwies. es religia male gabatonda arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze da mis farglebs gareTac _ aziisa Tu afrikis mraval qveyanaSi,
agreTve kavkasiis did nawilSi.
islamis pirvelwyaroa yurani. xSirad mas muslimanur biblias uwodeben, razec
metyvelebs meore saxeli _ qiTab (arab. `wigni~).
islamuri RvTismetyvelebis Tanaxmad, yurani bibliisagan _ Zveli da axali
aRTqmisagan _ gancalkevebiT ki ar dgas, aramed misi srulyofili saxea. yurani
aris zecis wigni, romelic eboZa yvela Rirs winaswarmetyvels: adams, noes, abraams,
moses, ieso qristes da, ra Tqma unda, winaswarmetyvelTa gvirgvins _ muhameds. aq,
cxadia, yuranis anu qiTabis qveS moazrebulia uzenaesi sibrZne anu saRmrTo
werili zogadad. musulmanebi fiqroben, rom yvela bibliuri wigni, Tora Tu sa-
xareba (injili) Cvenamde Seryvnili saxiTaa moRweuli. yurani aris erTaderTi,
romelic srulyofilad Seicavs WeSmaritebas. xiluli yurani, muslimTa TqmiT,
mxolod aslia ciuri yuranisa, romelic dedamiwaze mTavarangelozma gabrielma
Camoitana, mimadla rCeulTa rCeuls _ muhameds, vinac Caiwera msaxurTa meSveobiT.
muslimTa rwmeniT, yurani RvTis Semecnebis gzaze saboloo nabijia da msgavs
RvTiur gamocxadebas adgili aRar eqneba.
yurani dawerilia gariTmuli proziT. Sedgeba 114 Tavisagan, romelTac arabu-
lad surebi ewodeba. TiToeuli sura gulisxmobs gamocxadebas anu xilvas, rac

winaswarmetyvels miemadleboda xolme eqstazuri locvebis Jams. surebs sakuTari
saxelebi (saTaurebi) aqvT. isini dayofilia muxlebad anu leqsebad (aiebad). sul
6211 leqsia. maTgan zogierTi, maRalmxatvruli saxeebisa da Rrmaazrovnebis gamo,
msoflio poeziis Sedevradaa aRiarebuli. aq islamuri RvTismetyveleba da msof-
lgageba gacxadebulia ZiriTadad da arsobrivad. Txroba SegonebiTi xasiaTisaa.
Warbobs sentenciebi da alegoriebi, saRvTismetyvelo da zneobrivi Sinaarsis
mowodebebi.
yurani moklebulia siuJets. amitom iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom iq sxvadasxva
azrebi da legendaruli ambebi, ama Tu im personaJis istoria gadmocemulia
usistemod, logikuri kavSiris, qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobisa da raime gegmis
gareSe. yurani iziarebs bibliur uwyebas samyarosa da sazogadoebis Tavgadasa-
valze, samyaros eqvs dReSi Seqmnaze, samoTxeze, pirvelcodvaze, msoflio warR-
vnaze, patriarqebze, rCeul erze, winaswarmetyvelebze, ieso qristesa da mociqu-
lebze, meored mosvlasa da mkvdarTa aRdgomaze. ase rom, saRmrTo istoriis game-
orebis aucilebloba qiTabis winaSe TiTqos arc dgas. es istoria areklilia mis
striqonebsa da strofebs _ aiebs _ Soris. Zveli da axali aRTqmis ama Tu im pasaJs
SexvdebiT yuranis yovel gverdze. sxva sakiTxia, Tu ramdenad zustad da obieq-
turadaa warmodgenili da gaSuqebuli muslimanTa pirvel wignSi bibliuri moti-
vebi. fiqroben, rom muhamedi uSualod ar icnobda saRmrTo werils. man Zveli da
axali aRTqmis Tqmulebani an ebraelebTan da qristianebTan saubrisas, an zepir-
sityvieri gadmocemebidan SeiTvisa. qristian informatorebad ki, upiratesad,
meqaSi mcxovrebi eretikosebi unda vigulvoT.
muhamedi fiqrobs, rom qristianebma ver gaiges sworad da daamaxinjes iesos
moZRvreba. savalaloa, rom isini ar cxovroben maTive maswavleblis mcnebaTa Sesa-
bamisad, yovel nabijze arRveven rjuls da Seuracxyofen udidesi winaswarmet-
yvelisa da mociqulis _ ieso qristes (isa feiRanbaris) _ saxels. amdenad, muhamedi
akritikebs ara qristes da mis saxarebas, aramed qristianebs, maT moZRvrebas da
zne-Cvevebs.
muhamedma uaryo qristianuli dogma samebis Sesaxeb. magram irkveva, rom mas
mcdari warmodgena hqonda am sakiTxze. kerZod, misTvis ucxoa cneba erTarseba-
sameba. igi yovelTvis sam RmerTze, sam RvTaebaze laparakobs. esenia: mama, ieso da
mariami. unda vifiqroT, rom muhamedi qristianuli moZRvrebis Sefasebisas ganic-
dida im seqtis gavlenas, romelsac RvTismSobeli RvTis rangSi ahyavda, anda mis
kults erTob zrdida. yuranis ganmcxadebeli uaryofda ara mxolod mariamis,
aramed misi Zis _ qristes _ RvTaebobas. misi argumentebia: 1. iesosa da mariams
axasiaTebdaT yvela is moTxovnileba, rac bunebrivia adamianisaTvis; 2. ieso araa
yovlisSemZle. aqac savaraudebelia, rom meqeli vaWari monofizitebis garemoc-
vaSi cxovrobda da maTi moZRvrebis mixedviT sjida qristologiis kardinalur

sakiTxebs; ar iTvaliswinebda marTlmadideblur moZRvrebas, rom qriste bunebiT
ara mxolod RmerTi, aramed adamianicaa.
yurani gamsWvalulia mariamisadmi udidesi pativiscemiT, Tumca qristianebs
sayvedurobs, igi RmerTad rad SeracxeTo. amaSi, cxadia, brali miuZRvis seqtantTa
im wres, romelSic axali religiis qadagi trialebda da, misda uneburad, samebis
dogmatze mcdari Sexeduleba uyalibdeboda.
arasaxarebiseuli da eklesiis mier Seuwynarebeli apokrifebis beWedi azris
agreTve aiebs qristes Sobis Sesaxeb. me-19 sura gvamcnobs: rodesac moaxlovda
Jami, mariami ganerida sazogadoebas da wavida àRmosavleT adgilas~. RmerTma
gaugzavna mas Tavisi suli (rux), romelmac srulyofili adamianis saxe miiRo...
mariams tkivilebi palmis xesTan miiyvans. igi kvnesis da itanjeba. am dros qvemodan
(muclidan) Semoesmeba xma, romelic amxnevebs da xalxTan wasvlas urCevs. palmis
Ziridan ankara wyaro amoxeTqavs, xolo palma nayofs miscems mariams. roca mariami
dabrundeba bavSviT, mas lanZRaven rogorc meZavs, magram yrma laparaks daiwyebs
da xalxs daarwmunebs Tavis RvTaebrivobaSi. orientalistTa azriT, aSkaraa mu-
hamedze iudauri kritikis gavlena, romelic celsiuss aqvs dafiqsirebuli da
romelic mariams aRwers rogorc feiqar qals, romelsac eyola Svili gaqceuli
romaeli jariskacisagan. am gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mariamma Cumad imSobiara sadRac
trial mindorSi. ucnobi iudeveli avtoris mier mogonili es istoria mariamisa
da misi Zis komprometacias isaxavda miznad. Tumca muhamedi akritikebs da sasti-
kad gmobs maT, vinc mariam qalwulis mSobiarobis ambavs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs,
iudauri Woris gavlenas mainc ganicdis.
muhamedi Tvlis, rom ieso RvTis sulisaganaa naSobi. igi aris àlahis~ sityva
da suli. RmerTi angelozebis meSveobiT Tavis suls, anu STagonebas, ugzavnis
kacTagan mas, visac gamoirCevs. am suls damoukidebeli substancia eniWeba, rome-
lic adamianSi rCeba rogorc masze RvTis zemoqmedebis produqti. ase Seiqmna adami,
_ RvTis nebisa da sulis erTjeradi mobervis Sedegad. adamis msgavsad ki _ qriste.
gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirvels ar hyavs xorcieli deda. sxva mxriv ki erTic da
meorec adamiania, RvTis mier Seqmnili da movlenili.
ieso qristes qveynad movlinebis mizezs yurani Semdegnairad xsnis: vinaidan
moses rjuls yavli gauvida, saWiro gaxda misi reforma. es misia daekisra mariamis
Zes, romelic eubneba ebraelebs: `davamtkiceb WeSmaritebas, rac mogecaT Cemamde
rjulSi (igulisxmeba moses kanonebi) da davrTav nebas zogierTi ramisa, rac iyo
akrZaluli TqvenTvis~. `nebis darTva~ aq zneobriv Tavisuflebas unda gulisxmob-
des. esaa kanonisadmi monuri morCilebis Secvla siyvarulis dauwereli kodeqsiT,
razec miuTiTebda mociquli pavle. amitomaa, rom, sxva winaswarmetyvelebTan
SedarebiT, iesos moraluri saxe yuranSi vrcladaa warmodgenili. igi sakuTari
magaliTebiT aZlevs xalxs zneobrivi cxovrebis gakveTils. ieso aris wmida da

umanko, rogorc uwinaswarmetyveles mariams. igi amasTanave iqms saswauls, raTa
mociqulebsa da mowafeebs Soris ganamtkicos rwmena.
muhamedisa da, Sesabamisad, islamisaTvis ucxoa gamosyidvis qristianuli
dogmati. misi moZRvrebis mixedviT yvela Tavis Tavze agebs pasuxs. amitom, yuranis
TqmiT, ieso soflis mxsneli da macxovari ki ara, _ winaswarmetyvelia. igi gakvirve-
bulia qristianebis rwmeniT mesiis jvarze sikvdilis Sesaxeb da ambobs: rogor
dauSvebda RmerTi aseTi winaswarmetyvelis sikvdils da isic sxvaTa codvebis
gulisaTvis?
muhamedma icis, rom iesos sikvdilis gamo `kamaTobs wm. werilis xalxi~.
man scno sayovelTao da miRebuli faqti qristes amaRlebisa. Tu misi sikvdilis
faqtsac scnobda, maSin mkvdreTiT aRdgomac unda mieRo, rac iesos RvTaebobis
damamtkicebeli sabuTi iqneboda. amitom man gaiziara zogierTi mwvaleblis
Teoria da ganacxada: ieso qriste ar momkvdara, mis magivrad sxva (svimon kviri-
neli) gaakres jvarze, xolo Tavad zecad amaRlda enoqisa da elias msgavsad; pir-
dapir Sevida samoTxeSi, sadac jerjerobiT, sayovelTao aRdgomamde, mxolod
winaswarmetyvelebi da mociqulebi arian. muhameds swams, rom ieso qriste kvlavac
mova dedamiwaze, `roca dadgeba saaTi~ qveynierebis aRsasrulis da gankiTxvisa.
es dro xalxisaTvis ucnobia. adamianebi mxolod niSnebiT mixvdebian mis moaxlo-
ebas. jer gaqreba rwmena kacTa Soris da gamravldeba codva. aqedan gamomdinare
_ SuRli, Wiri da omebi. maSin gamoCndeba ori meomari eri _ gogi da magogi, ro-
melTa Setakebis dros ganadgurdeba kacobrioba. mere aRdgeba saocari cxoveli,
romelic aRniSnavs morwmuneT da urwmunoT, maSin mova qveynad ieso da yvela ir-
wmunebs mas.
muslimanebi da qristianebi erTxmad aRiareben, rom mesia aris RvTis sityva.
uTanxmoeba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ieso qriste, islamuri RvTismetyvelebis (qa-
lamis) Tanaxmad, Seqmnilia, xolo yurani maradiuli da Seuqmneli. ase rom, islami
upirispirdeba eklesiis mrwamss, romelic gvamcnobs: RvTis sityva aris `Sobili
da ara qmnili~. am sakiTxSi muhamedi da misi mimdevrebi ariozis poziciaze dganan
(ix. zemoT). es Tvalsazrisi ki, bunebrivia, qristianTa mZafr reaqcias iwvevda;
amtkicebdnen, rom yurani ar aris RvTis sityva, miTumetes _ Seuqmneli; maradiuli
RvTis WeSmariti sityva aris misi mxolodSobili Ze.
irkveva, rom swored ieso qristes dausabamobisa da maradiulobis dogmats asa-
buTebda mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli islamis apologetTa winaSe (ix. g. jafariZe,
raze ekamaTeboda daviT aRmaSenebeli ganjis yadis? `religia~, 1993, N 3-4).
islami, romelic arabuli sityvaa da morCilebas niSnavs, monisturi religiaa;
aRiarebs erTsaxovan RmerTs. igi mkveTrad daupirispirda poliTeizms. man qris-
tianuli triada sam RmerTad moiazra da uaryo igi. yuradReba SeaCera ebraul
Teologiaze, rac gaxda wyaro misi mrwamsis ZiriTadi formulisa, Sahadisa: `la

ilaha illa-l-lahu va muhamadu rasuluhu~ (ar ars RmerTi garda alahisa da muha-
media alahis mociquli).
islami, rogorc yvela religia, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: dogmatika (anu moZ-
RvrebiTi mxare) da kulti, e.i. RvTismsaxureba. moZRvreba xuT elements Seicavs:
1. erTi RmerTis, alahis rwmena; 2. angelozebis rwmena; 3. saRvTo werilis anu
yuranisa da winaswarmetyvelTa sxva wignebis rwmena; 4. sayovelTao aRdgomisa da
ukanaskneli samsjavros rwmena da 5. bedisweris rwmena. yurani ase ayalibebs is-
lamis ZiriTad doqtrinas: `morwmuneno, iwameT RmerTi, misi mociquli, wigni, ro-
melic mas mouvlina; mis uwinares movlinebuli werili. visac ara swams RmerTi,
misi angelozebi, misi wignebi, misi mociqulebi da ukanaskneli dRe, Rrma cdomi-
lebaSia~. rogorc qristianuli RvTismetyveleba emyareba nikea-konstantinopo-
lis rwmenis simbolos, islamuri moZRvrebac gamomdinareobs zemoaRniSnuli xuTi
debulebidan, _ islamis xuTi mcnebidan.
es moZRvreba warmodgenilia wignebSi, romlebic V I I I -IX ss-Si Seiqmna arabul ena-
ze. maTgan, yuranis garda, aRsaniSnavia suna da SariaTi. `suna~ niSnavs `gadmoce-
mas~, ganmartebas. muslimanTaTvis esaa ~sulismargebeli krebuli~, sadac asaxulia
muhamedisa da sxva pirvelmuslimanTa cxovreba, rogorc etaloni Semdgomi Ta-
obebisaTvis. didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve `SariaTs~, rac aris kanonTa kodeqsi,
e.i. muslimanTa rjulis kanoni.
sunas Seqmnis mizezi asea axsnili specialur literaturaSi: yuranis bevri ad-
gili bundovania da orazrovani. maTgan zogierTis mniSvneloba gasagebi iqneba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gvecodineba: ra garemoebaSi eboZa muhameds esa Tu is `gamocxade-
ba~, rogor esmoda mas yuranis esa Tu is adgili, vin da ra igulisxmeba konkretul
SemTxevaSi ama Tu im frazis miRma. amis gamo muslimani RvTismetyvelebi Tavidanve
agrovebdnen cnobebs winaswarmetyvelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis detalebze.
maTTvis pirvelwyaro iyo zepirgadmocema, romelic TviTmxilvelTa bageTagan
momdinareobda. erT-erT sarwmuno informatorad iTvleboda muhamedis sayvareli
coli aiSa, romlis naambobs sunitebisaTvis (ix. qvemoT, gv. 188) didi fasi aqvs.
islamur kultmsaxurebis ZiriTadi elementebia rwmenis formula (Sahadi), loc-
va, marxva, mowyaleba anu qvelmoqmedeba (zaqaTi) da piligrimoba (haji) anu salo-
cavad mogzauroba meqasa da medinaSi. locvas, rogorc wesi, win uZRvis mosamzade-
beli safexuri _ ganbana. dawesebulia dReSi xuTgzis locva: diliT _ mzis amosv-
lamde, SuadRisas, naSuadRevs, saRamos da daRamebisas (dawolis win). yoveli locva
iwyeba zemoaRniSnuli formuliT: àr ars RmerTi...~ am formulas muslimani war-
moTqvams yvelgan, yovel mniSvnelovan momentSi, maT Soris _ sikvdilis win. locvis
dros Sahadi ramdenjerme meordeba.
muslimanebi valdebuli arian Seinaxon ramazani da gadaixadon dResaswaulebi.
ramazani dawesebulia muslimanuri mTvaris kalendris me-9 Tves, rac moZravia da

sxvadasxva dros modis. am dros morwmuneni mzis amosvlidan mzis Casvlamde
arafers Wamen, arc svamen, arc ibanen da arc sqesobriv cxovrebas ewevian.
islams aqvs dResaswaulTa mdidari cikli. `dResaswaulis~ arabuli saxeli _
`yidun~, romlis Ziri `dabrunebas~, `ganmeorebiT gakeTebas~ niSnavs, _ naTlad
gamoxatavs samaxsovro dReTa periodulad aRniSvnis religiur arss. misi mizani,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris adamianTa sulsa da gulSi im madlis SenarCuneba,
rasac gulisxmobs saTayvanebeli dRe da ambavi. muslimebisaTvis aseTi dReebia:
uraza-bairami (gazafxulis marxvis damTavrebis anu gaxsnilebis dRe), yurban-
bairami (uraza-bairamidan 70 dRis Semdeg: esaa msxverplSewirvis dRe, _ klaven
cxovelebs), mavlidi _ muhamedis dabadebis dRe, mihraji _ muhamedis zecad amaR-
lebis dRe, Sahsei-vahsei anu aSura da sxva. ukanaskneli samgloviaro dResas-
waulia, riTac muslimebi ixsenieben muhamedis SviliSvilis _ huseinis _ mowamebriv
Rvawls. esaa religiur-samgloviaro ceremoniali, rasac axlavs TviTgvema: morw-
muneebi danebiT iseraven tans, iborkaven xel-fexs, icemen mjiRs da mosTqvamen _
`Sah husein, vah husein!~
muslimanTa sazogadoeba daarsebis pirveli aswleulidan or nawilad: sunite-
bad da Siitebad gaiyo. sunitebi Tavs Tvlian `sunas~ _ muhamedisa da misi mowafe-
ebis cxovrebis amsaxveli wignis _ mimdevrebad. igi islamis ZiriTadi mimarTule-
baa da iTvleba orTodoqsulad. miCneulia, rom sunizmi, SiizmTan SedarebiT, de-
mokratiuli, lmobieri, Semwynarebeli da swavla-ganaTlebis pativismcemeli kon-
fesiaa. Siitebis partia (arab. Sia-seqta, partia, mimdevarTa jgufi) Seiqmna arabTa
saxalifoSi V I I s-is Sua wlebSi, rogorc erT-erTi politikuri dajgufeba. igi,
sunitebisagan gansxvavebiT, kanonier xalifad (imamad) mxolod muhamedis asulis
fatimasa da misis meuRlis alis STamomavlebs Tvlida da maTi uflebebis dasaca-
vad gamodioda. es partia politikur sarbielze damarcxda, magram gadaizarda
religiur-politikur mimarTulebad. isini jiutad aRiarebdnen alisa da misi
STamomavali 12 imamis (alidebis) kanonier xelisuflebas da ukanonod acxadebdnen
arabeTis pirvel xalifebs _ abu baqris, omars, osmans da sxvaT. am ukanasknelTa
gverdiT muhamedis sayvareli coli aiSa idga. alis mimdevrebma (Siitebma) ar ir-
wmunes `suna~ da sunitebs gaemijnen. antagonizmma sunitebsa da Siitebs Soris
mwvave xasiaTi miiRo, rac araerTxel gadazrdila religiur omebSi.
islamis istoriaSi, aRniSnuli mimdinareobebis garda, cnobilia seqtebi, romel-
Tagan zogi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kanonikuri, oficialuri da tradiciuli
islamisagan rogorc garegnulad, ise SinaarsiT. am seqtaTa Soris yvelaze Zvelia
xarijizmi, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTuli iyo xalifebis ganusazRvrel
uflebaTa winaaRmdeg. mas hqonda lozungi xalifebis demokratiulad arCeviTo-
bis Taobaze. qadagebda zneobisadmi meti yuradRebis gamoCenas, ritualebis Sem-
cirebas, pirovnebis Rirsebas, arCevanis Tavisuflebas da a.S.

aRmosavleTis religiur da politikur sarbielze TvalsaCino roli Seasrules
Siizmis ganStoebebma: ismailitebma, muTazilizmma (rac gandgomas, ganmxoloebas
niSnavs), aSarizmma (damfuZnebeli abu-al-hasan aSari) da sxvam, romelTac, SesaZ-
lebelia, islamuri protestantizmi vuwodoT, radgan ewinaaRmdegebodnen ofici-
alur kultmsaxurebas. zogi met simkacres moiTxovda, zogi _ piriqiT, qadagebda
Tavisuflebas dogmatikisa da ritualebis TvalsazrisiT. maTi SexedulebiT,
religiaSi mniSvneloba aqvs Sinagans, mistiur mxares. wes-gangebani da yovel-
dRiuri cxovrebis moTxovnilebani ubralo formalobaa. isini saWiroa mxolod
mdabioTaTvims, romelTac Zala ar SeswevT Seignon maTi simboluri mniSvneloba.
amdenad, islamur seqtebSi Tavi iCina individualurma mistikam.
mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas ismailitebze SevaCerebT.
ismailitTa seqta warmoiSva V I I I s-is 60-ian wlebSi da dResac arsebobs. isini
Tvlian, rom imamebis xazi wydeba ara Tormetze (rogorc Siitebs miaCniaT), aramed
Svidze. sagulisxmoa istoriuli faqti: daaxloebiT 760 wlis meeqvse imamma _ ja-
far sadikma _ memkvidreoba waarTva Tavis Svils _ ismails, radgan spirtiani sasme-
lebisaken miswrafeba SeamCnia. jafaris TqmiT `RvTiuri Tvisebebis matarebel
imams loTobasTan araferi saqme aqvs~. Siitebis umravlesobam gaiziara imamis gada-
wyvetileba. umciresobam ki gailaSqra am moqmedebis winaaRmdeg da Seqmna seqta,
romelic gamoirCeoda liberalobiT, kerZod, alkoholTan damokidebulebis sa-
kiTxSi. am seqtam SeimuSava religiur-filosofiuri sistema, romelic efuZneboda
antikuri moazrovneebis _ platonisa da aristoteles _ ideebs, agreTve _ neop-
latonizms. danerga yuranis alegoriulad gaazrebis tradicia da moiTxova Tavi-
sufleba cxovrebis sxvadasxva ubanze. XI-XII ss-Si ismailitebs gamoeyvnen jgufebi,
romelTagan Cvens yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT ismailit-mulidebis anu asasinebis
ordeni ipyrobs.
`vefxistyaosnis~ zogierTi mkvlevris winaSe wamoiWra sakiTxi: sworupovar po-
emaSi qajebisa da maTi cixe-simagris qveS xom ar igulisxmebian ismailit-asasinebi
da maTi qalaqi almuTi? am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gasca akad. k.kekeliZem
(ix. gamokvleva _ avtori vefxistyaosnisa da dro misi dawerisa, etiudebi..., X I I ).
manve mimoixila problemis istoriuli foni, rac mravali kuTxiTaa saintereso.
mulidebi anu molidebi warmoadgendnen ismailitebis erT-erT Stos. es, Tavda-
pirvelad sarwmunoebrivi seqta, SemdegSi iqca samxedro-politikur organiza-
ciad, romelic Camoyalibda 1081 wlis maxloblad. igi gasaidumloebuli sazoga-
doeba iyo da, cxadia, gancalkevebuli danarCen mahmadianTagan. miuval mTebSi,
sal kldeebsa da napralebSi, asasinebs hqondaT cixe-simagreebi, saidanac avrce-
lebdnen TavianT gavlenas. centrad seqtisa, sadac cxovrobda maTi meTauri, iTv-
leboda almuTi (rac àrwivis budes~ niSnavs. amis gamo qarTul wyaroebSi mulidebi
àlmuTelebad~ iwodebian). es iyo cixe-qalaqi CrdiloeT sparseTSi, yazvinis max-

loblad, gaSenebuli cicaboebsa da napralebze, romelSiac Sesvla gvirabebiTa
da xvrelebiT SeiZleboda mxolod. selCuqianTa sulTanebma mTeli TavianTi Rone
da energia Sealies mas, magram aRebiT mainc ver aiRes, imdenad Zlieri da miuvali
iyo is. Zlierebis ZiriTadi mizezi ki is iyo, rom asasinebi, darwmunebulni imaSi,
rom emsaxurebian RvTis saqmes, ar eridebodnen araviTar xifaTs da gansacdels,
sixaruliT egebebodnen sikvdils. amasTanave, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, isini,
ordenis wevrebi, flobdnen meomrisaTvis udides Zalas da xelovnebas, rasac
aRwevdnen sagangebo wvrTnis, fizikuri da fsiqologiuri, sportul-religiuri,
asketuri momzadebis Sedegad. maT SeTvisebuli hqondaT gauCinarebis fandebi,
rasac saidumlod inaxavdnen. amis wyalobiT asasinebi metad moxerxebuli adami-
anebi iyvnen: ar iyo iseTi dabrkoleba, romelic maT ar gadaelaxaT miznis ganxor-
cielebisas; ar iyo iseTi saqme, romelic maT ar scodnodaT mowinaaRmdegeTa bana-
kidan; ar iyo iseTi sajaro adgilebi da dawesebuleba, sadac isini SeumCnevlad,
rogorc uxilavi suli da grZneuli arseba, ar Separuliyvnen da isic ara marto
RamiT, aramed dRisiTac. isini midiodnen Sors, cxra mTas iqiT, raTa sasikvdilo
dana CaecaT Zlevamosili mtrisaTvis misi jaris Tvalwin, Zlier sulTanisaTvis
fxizeli darajebiT garSemortymul sasaxleSi, gavleniani moxeleebisaTvis maT
garSemo Semokrebili mdivnebis wreSi. almuTelebi Tavzars scemdnen mTeli aR-
mosavleTis mefe-batonebs da jvarosan raindebs... da mainc qarTvelTa, monRolTa
da sparsTa SeerTebulma laSqarma, udidesi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, Svidwliani da-
ucxromeli da sisxliani brZolebis Semdeg, 1256 wlis 24 noembers, Semusra almuTi
da gaaqarwyla miTi misi uZlevelobis Sesaxeb.
mulidebis ucnaur ordensa da `qajTa samefos~ Soris msgavseba SesamCnevia.
mkvlevarebs gamoaqvT daskvna, rom islami da islamuri samyaro ar aris erTsa-
xovani. iq, sxva relegiebis msgavsad, ganirCeva ori mxare _ egzoTeruli (garegani)
da ezoTeruli (Sinagani). pirveli gulisxmobs masebisaTvis, e.i. martivmorwmune-
TaTvis gankuTvnil kultsa da dogmas, meore ki _ mistiur moZRvrebas, TviTSemec-
nebis gziT pirovnebis iniciacias anu sulier zeaRsvlas. amis saukeTeso magaliTia
sufizmi.
sufizmi aris saerTo saxeli mistiur-asketuri seqtebisa, romlebic Caisaxa
islamis wiaRSi. misi udidesi warmomadgeneli da Teoretikosia al-Razali. man
arabul enaze Seqmna traqtatebi, romlebSic warmodgenilia pirovnebis sulieri
srulyofis sistema. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufizmi aris islamis ezoTeruli mxare.
misi arsebiTi niSania pirovnebaSi absolutis aRmoCena da individis erTyofa
uzenaesTan. iq maswavleblebs erqvaT Seixebi, mwir-moZRvrebs ki _ derviSebi,
mowafeebs _ miuridebi. pirovneba srulyofis gzaze gadioda sam ZiriTad etaps:
1) tarikaTi anu `gza~. es niSnavs mowafis dadgomas marTebul gzaze. igi gulisxmobs
garkveuli wesebis dacvas da ritualebis Sesrulebas, mistiur savarjiSoebs. maTi

Tavyriloba xSirad musikisa da rokvis fonze mimdinareobda; 2) hakikaTi anu WeSma-
riteba. aq mowafe ukve Tvals usworebs WeSmaritebas. garkveuli azriT, esaa tari-
kaTis Sedegi, rodesac miurids exsneba sulieri mzera da ufaqizdeba cnobiereba.
ase rom, hakikaTi sakmaod maRali donea; 3) saboloo etapi, rasac cotani Tu aRwe-
ven, aris fana anu danTqma. igulisxmeba universalur gonTan absoluturi erTi-
anobis damyareba. Teozisis anu ganRmrTobis am stadiaSi pirovneba qreba da mTli-
anad erwymis absoluts.
sufizmis filosofiur safuZvels neoplatonizmi warmoadgenda, romelmac srul-
yofili saxe me-3 s-Si plotinis mier miiRo. misi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, yofiereba
warmoadgens RvTis emanacias (gamoSvebas, SeiZleba iTqvas _ gamosxivebas), romelic,
manZilis gamo, TandaTan klebulobs da uxeSdeba. magaliTad: sxivi, rac ufro Sordeba
sawyiss, fermkrTaldeba da bolos wyvdiadSi qreba. aseve, _ safexuridan safexuramde
sustdeba RvTaebrivi eminaciis Zala. bolos igi materiis, xiluli samyaros, xorcis
saxiT gvevlineba. amitomac, qveyana degradaciis Sedegia. maSasadame, Cveni sisxli da
xorci, rogorc materialuri samyaros nawili, aris wyvdiadi, sruli gauxeSeba,
boroteba. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna: Tuki gsurs, Tavi daaRwio borotebas,
moiZule xorci da grcxvenodes misgan. mxolod eqstazi, sulis aRtyineba, sxeulis
sapyrobiledan gaTavisufleba migvaaxlebs uzenaes ideals, agvamaRlebs transcen-
dentur sinamdvilemde da dagvnTqavs maradiul naTelSi. es rTuli procesia, rome-
lic adamianma sulis ganwmendiT (kaTarzisiT) unda daiwyos. Semdegi safexuria as-
ketoba, vnebaTagan gandgoma, xorcis naWuWSi myofobis dros imave xorcisadmi zizRisa
da omis gamocxadeba. iniciaciis gza marad zeaRmavalia.
sufizmi gavrcelda TiTqmis yvela muslimanur qveyanaSi. vinaidan igi mwignob-
ruli da inteleqtualuri sistema iyo, dadebiTi gavlena iqonia kulturaze.
metadre klasikur sparsul da Turqul poeziaze, romlis saxelovani warmomadgen-
lebi arian: jalal ed-din rumi, omar xaiami, hafezi, nizami ganjeli, abdul-rahman
jami da sxva.
saqarTveloSi islamis gavrceleba arabobis xanidan (V I I -IX ss-idan) daiwyo. ro-
gorc ioane sabanisZe gvauwyebs, Cveni Tanamemamuleebis nawili, zogi nebiT, zogi
ZaliT, zogi cdunebiT, zogi angarebiT, zogi `siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT~ muslimani
anu, Zveli qarTuliT, sarkinozi, ismaiteli gaxda. samxreT saqarTvelos (aWaris,
tao-klarjeTisa da mesxeT-javaxeTis) islamizacias adgili XVI-X V I I ss-Si hqonda.
qarTveli muslimanebis ricxvs is kaxelebic Seematnen, romlebic Sah-abasma iranSi
gadaasaxla da maTi STamomavalni dResac iq cxovroben (fereidneli qarTvelebi),
politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu sxva motivebiT islams zogjer Cveni xalxis elita-
ruli nawilis warmomadgenlebic aRiarebdnen. SemorCenilia qarTvelTa gamah-
madianebis osmaluri wesis teqsti (ix. Cveni saxelmZRvanelo `religiis karibWe~,
gv. 336-337).

ase rom, saqarTvelos geografiuli da istoriuli pirobebis gamo islamur
samyarosTan intensiuri urTierToba hqonda, ramac kvali qarTuli kulturis isto-
riasa da eTnografiul yofaSic datova. òqros xanas~ da aRorZinebis periodSi (XI-
XIII da XVI-X V I I I ss.) qarTul enaze islamuri sityvakazmuli mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela
pirvelxarisxovani Zegli iTargmna. ueWvelia, rom gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebidan
SemoqmedebiTi unariT ara erTi da ori pirovneba gamoirCeoda. maTgan zogi mSob-
liur enaze agrZelebda moRvaweobas (magaliTad, XVII s-is istorikosi farsadan
gorgijaniZe), umravlesoba ki sxvaenovan garemos Seesisxlxorca. maTi saxelebis
gamovlena da warmoCena Cveni aRmosavleTmcodneebis kvleva-Ziebis sagania.
gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebi, Suasaukuneobrivi erovnul-politikuri xedvisa
da mentalitetis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebad aRar iTvlebodnen. Tanamedrove cnobi-
erebiT, es gaugebrobaa da am gaugebrobisagan Cveni xalxi mTlianad gaTavisuf-
lebuli dResac araa, rac azianebda da azianebs erovnuli erTianobis ideas. am
ideis mixedviT qarTveli eri _ qristianic da muslimanic _ aris erTiani da ganu-
yofeli. Tu gvinda gavufrTxildeT mas, pativi unda vceT TiToeulis sindiss da
sarwmunoebas keTilmorwmune daviT aRmaSeneblis msgavsad.
magaliTad Cveni qveynis axlo warsulidan saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis
oficialuri gancxadebac gamogvadgeba:
`... nuravin ifiqrebs, rom sarwmunoeba xels SeuSlis qristian da mahmadian qarT-
velebis erTobas. rjuli rjulia, magram sisxli da erovneba kidev sxvaa. Cven mah-
madian Zmebs rjuli aerTebs sxva mahmadianebTan, magram eniT, sisxliT, ieriT qris-
tian qarTvelebTan arian... qristiani qarTvelebi ar vicnobT mahmadis sarwmuno-
ebas da bevrs hgonia, rom igi saerTod ganaTlebisa da dawinaurebis winaaRmdegia.
es marTali araa. arabebi da sparselebi mahmadianebi arian, magram erT dros Tavis
ganaTlebiT evropis yvela erze maRla idgnen. TviTon mociquli mahmadi qristi-
anebis saxarebas didad afasebda da ambobda _ saxareba RvTisgan movlenili
wigniao. mahmadis yuranSi bevria qadageba siyvarulisa da keTili saqmeebis da
yoveli qristiani qarTveli yovelTvis pativs unda scemdes mahmadis rjuls,
romlis aRmsarebelia mravali milioni sxvadasxva xalxi da romelsac misdevs Cveni
RviZli Zmebic. mahmadis rjuli Cveni Zmebis rjulia da mudam gansakuTrebulis
yuradRebiT unda vepyrobodeT mas. pativs unda vscemdeT yoveli adamianis rjuls,
miT ufro Zmisas.
unda gavimeoroT kidev erTxel: rjuli sxvadasxva gvaqvs mahmadian da qristian
qarTvelebs, magram oriveni erTi saqarTvelos Svilebi varT. erTi ena, erTi sis-
xli, erTi xasiaTi gvaqvs. Cveni Zala SeerTebaSia. bednierebas mxolod erToba da
Zmoba mogvitans.
aravin unda daiviwyos es. amisaTvis unda vmuSaobdeT yvela~ (`mahmadiani qarT-
velebi~, tf. 1920, gv. 15-16).

saqarTveloSi dRes islams naxevar milionze meti moqalaqe aRiarebs. aWareli
da afxazi muslimanebi sunitebi arian. maTi zusti ricxvi cnobili araa. aRmosav-
leT saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanelTa Soris, Siizmia gavrcelebuli. Tbilisis meCe-
Ti aRmosavleT saqarTavelos muslimanTa centrad iTvleba. iq aRmosavleT saqar-
Tvelos mTavari mola da axundi (zedamxedveli) msaxurobs (b-ni ali alievi). Tbi-
lisis meCeTSi Siitebi da sunitebi erTad loculoben, rac iSviaTobaa.
muslimTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi yvarlis, lagodexis, Telavisa da axmetis
raionebSic gvxvdeba. isini daRestnelebi (lekebi) da qistebi arian. maTi sarwmu-
noeba sunituria, radgan islami kavkasiaSi TurqeTidan, sunitebis qveynidan, Sevi-
da, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, daRestnur-CeCnur-inguSuri islamisaTvis niSan-
doblivia sufizmis, kerZod, tarikaTizmis (ix. zem.) gavlena da sunitur-sufiuri
praqtikis mTis adaT-wesebTan Sexameba.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mZafr interess pankisis xeobis (axmetis raionis)
qistebi iwveven. eTnikurad da enobrivad isini CeCnebis monaTesave tomia da XIX s-
is Sua wlebamde axlandeli CeCneTis teritoriaze saxlobdnen.
CeCen-qistebi ufro metad soflur (paganizebul) qristianobas misdevdnen,
Tumca Cans, rom adre iq eklesiur-kanonikuri qristianobac sakmaod fesvgadgmuli
yofila. rodesac Crdilo kavkasias ruseTis jarebi moadgnen, adgilobrivma to-
mebma yuradReba islamis mimarT gaamaxviles, radgan misi droSis qveS erovnuli
TavisTavadobis SenarCunebas da rusebisagan Tavis mozRudvas cdilobdnen. 1785
wlis gazafxulze CeCneTSi Seixi mansuri, adrindeli, mwyemsobisdroindeli sa-
xeliT, _ uSurma, gamoCnda. rusebis winaaRmdeg man hazavaTi (saRvTo omi) gamoac-
xada da mxaris islamizaciis procesi gaaaqtiura. qistebi, romlebic pankisis xe-
obaSi XIX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi jguf-jgufad Camosaxldnen, metwilad qristianebi
iyvnen. gaSenda sami sofeli, romelTagan erTSi, duisSi, muslimanebi cxovrobdnen,
orSi, joyolosa da omaloSi _ qristianebi. ucnauria, rom isini, TiTqmis masob-
rivad, XX s-is Sua wlebSi, komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, gamuslimandnen. maT
Soris islamis, ufro zustad, _ sunizimis is saxeoba dainerga, romelic XIX s-is
60-ian wlebSi CeCenTa religiurma liderma Seixma qunT-hajim Camoayaliba. mas
zikrullaxi anu, meorenairad, ziqrizmi ewodeba. `ziqr~ arabuli sityvaa da
`xsenebas~ niSnavs. igulisxmeba uflis mouklebelad gaxseneba da misi saxelis
àllahis~ mudmivi ganmeoreba.
zikrullaxi, igive ziqrizmi, romelsac qunT-hajis mimdevrobasac uwodeben,
sinkretuli konfesiaa, _ sunizmisa da aRmosavluri misticizmis konglomerati.
igi Sexamebulia adgilobriv koloritTan da tradiciebTan da mTis qristianuli
wes-Cveulebebis mimarTac (saklavis dakvla, sanTlis danTeba, jvar-xatebSi siaru-
li) loialobiT gamoirCeva. mas eqstazuri ritualebi da locvebi axasiaTebs, rac
mamakacTa ritualur wrebrunvebSi, mZafr meditaciebsa da egzaltaciebSi gamo-

ixateba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa nazmebi (galobani), romelsac qalebi mistiuri
gznebiT da TavdaviwyebiT asruleben.
qistebis umravlesoba, 4000-mde, qunT-hajis mimdevaria. maT sulier liders
imami ewodeba. am Tanamdebobaze dRes idriz ciciaSvilia. arian sxva wesis musli-
manebic. maTgan yvelaze metad vahabitebi aqtiuroben.
vahabizmi islamuri protestantizmia. igi X V I I I s-is Sua wlebSi saudis arabeTSi
aRmocenda. saxelwodeba damaarseblis muhamed ibn abd al-vahabis gamo SeiZina. vahabi
Tavis moZRvrebasa da religiur praqtikas `sufTa islams~ uwodebda da rwmenis
erTaderT wyarod yurans miiCnevda. igi yovelgvari siaxlis danergvis winaaRmdeg
gamovida. man gailaSqra tradiciuli islamis winaaRmdeg, romelic, misi azriT, iseT
elementebs Seicavs, rac yuranSi mocemuli araa. vahabma msoflios islamizaciis
idea wamoeyena, rac misma mimdevrebma aitaces da mezobel qveynebSic danerges.
vahabitTa cnobierebaSi wamyvani adgili jihads uWiravs. esaa omi urwmunoebisa
da urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg. isini qmnian TanamoazreTa Temebs _ jamaaTebs, romleb-
sac cxovrebis mkacri reglamenti aqvT. jamaaTi upirispirdeba islamur, magram
Ria sazogadoebas, romelic saero kulturaze, zogad ganaTlebaze, xelovnebaze,
sportze uars ar ambobs. jamaaTis wevrebs rjulisadmi totaluri morCileba da
sabrZolo mzadyofna evalebaT, _ maTi sporti omi da saomari xelovnebis dauf-
lebaa. vahabizmi saudis arabeTis oficialuri religiaa.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vahabizmi arabuli qveynebidan Semosulma mujahedebma Se-
moitanes. maTgan yvelaze cnobili iordaneli arabi xatabi iyo (ruseTis sainfor-
macio wyaroebis Tanaxmad, igi daiRupa), romelmac `sufTa islami~ CeCen meomrebs
Soris warmatebiT gaavrcela. maTi meSveobiT ki igi pankisis xeobaSi gadmoinerga.
amjerad, 2002 wlis ivlisisaTvis zepiri da arazusti informaciis Tanaxmad,
pankiseli vahabitebis ricxvi 500-s aRemateba. isini, qunT-hajis mimdevrebisagan
gansxvavebiT, adgilobriv islamur-qristianul tradiciebs globalurad upiris-
pirdebian. amis niSani balTagoris wm. giorgis salocavis (Zveli bazilikis) afeT-
qebaa, rac, xalxSi moaruli xmebis Tanaxmad, vahabitebis namoqmedaria. isini Seiara-
Rebulebi arian. maTi organizaciis struqtura gasaidumloebulia.
zoroastrizmi
Caisaxa da aRmocenda sparseTSi. amis gamo mas xSirad farsizmsac eZaxian. misi
damaarsebelia zoroastri anu zaraTuStra. am saxelisganaa warmomdgari termini
_ zoroastrizmi.
zaraTuStra cxovrobda da moRvaweobda Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si. igi iyo mazdeani anu
RvTaeba ahuramazdas erTguli msaxuri. ase rom, zoroastrizmi mazdeanobis mem-
kvidrea.

mazdeizmi erT-erTi uZvelesi dualisturi religiaa. saxelwodeba dakavSire-
bulia uzenaes da keTil RvTaebasTan _ ahuramazdasTan. igi gavrcelebuli iyo
sparselTa winaprebs _ arielebs Soris. mis dogmatebsa da RvTismsaxurebis wesebs
saboloo saxe zaraTuStram (berZnuli warmoTqmiT _ `zoroaster~) misca, risTvi-
sac ukanasknels moixsenieben reformatorad da winaswarmetyvelad. man dawera
gaTebis anu sagaloblebis krebuli, romelic Sesulia aRniSnuli religiis fuZe-
mdebel wignSi _ avestaSi (gaTebis krebuli qarTulad Targmna prof. giorgi axvle-
dianma. daibeWda 1979 wels). àvesta~ dawerilia Zveli iranuli enis erT-erT di-
aleqtze. misi pirvandeli sruli teqsti ar gadarCenila: rogorc varaudoben,
nawili ganadgurda aleqsandre makedonelis mier iranis dapyrobis dros, nawili
moispo iranSi islamis SemoWris Sedegad.
garkveulia, rom es wigni iqmneboda da ivseboda aTasze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi
(Zv.w. IX _ ax.w. I I I ). masSi warmodgenilia locvebi (iasnebi) da sagaloblebi (gaTebi);
Camoyalibebulia zoroastrizmis arsi.
uzenaesi RvTaebaa ahuramazda anu ormuzdi. mas dasabamidanve upirispirdeba
da ebrZvis arimani _ borotebisa da wyvdiadis meufe. brZola sikeTesa da boro-
tebas Soris ganuwyvetelia. es Widili ki, Tavis mxriv, msoflios ganviTarebisa
da civilizaciis safuZvels warmoadgens, radgan sikeTe uZlevelia. ahuramazdas
gverdiT keTili Zalebi dganan. esenia: misi Svili miTra, romelic cidan qveynad
Camovida da kacis saxe miiRo. agreTve keTili angelozebi, e.w. iazatebi. xolo
arimanTan boroti sulebi _ devebi arian, igive demonebi da eSmakebi. ahuramazdas
simboloa cecxli. igi asaxierebs RvTis samarTals. amitomac, qadagebda zaraTuS-
tra, adamianma pativi unda miagos cecxls, rogorc marTlmsajulebis amqveyniur
saxes. cecxli adamians unda axsenebdes zeciur samsjavros da iq Cauqrobel als,
rom iyos fxizlad, _ ar gadaiqces geeniis tyved. aqedan warmodgeba cecxlTay-
vanismcemloba. mazdeanur taZrebSi, sakurTxevlis win, Cauqroblad enTo koconi,
rasac morwmuneni sasoebiT emsaxurebodnen. pirovnebis uzenaesi valia, gaakeTos
arCevani sikeTis sasargeblod, TiToeulma Cvenganma monawileoba unda miiRos bo-
rotebis Semusrvis saqmeSi. zaratustra ambobda: borotebis daZlevis saSualebaa
`keTili azri~, `keTili sityva~, `keTili saqme~.
wuTisofelSi kacobriobas Semwed da xelisampyrobelad egulveba miTra (zoro-
astrizmis ganStoebaa miTraizmi). igi, ahuramazdas meore piri, Suamavalia Rmer-
Tsa da adamians Soris da icavs samyaros mzis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis daxmare-
biT. miTra guSagiviT dgas sinaTlesa da sibneles _ ahuramazdasa da arimans Soris
da TeTrcxenebiani etliT daqris zRvasa da xmeleTze dev-qajebis Sesamusravad.
misi pirdapiri da ZiriTadi misiaa kanonisa da wesrigis dacva; moixsenieba epiTe-
tebiT: àTasyuriani~, àTasTvaliani~, ùsamarTloTa damsjeli~, dovlaTisa da
naxiris, Zalauflebisa da nayofierebis mboZebeli. naTqvamia, rom `zeciur arse-

baTa Soris miTra pirveli Tanamgzavria ukvdavisa da swrafmavali mzisa da Tavisi
mowyale TvaliT zecidan umzers arielTa sadgomebs, anayofierebs maT miwas da
saqonelsac vrcel saZovrebs aZlevs~. miTra Zlieri mxedaria da mxedarTa mfar-
velic: `miTra vercxlis Cafxutiani mxedaria, tanze acvia oqros abjari, hkidia
gamgmiravi xanjali, xelSi uWiravs grZeli maxvili da TeTr cxenze zis~.
zaraTuStras moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, miTras meoxebiT sabolood mainc daiTr-
guneba boroteba da qveynis dasasrulis Jams adamianebi Tav-TavianT sxeulTan
erTad mkvdreTiT aRdgebian: damyardeba caTa sasufeveli.
saistorio wyaroebi adasturebs, rom zoroastrizmi erT dros saqarTveloSic
iyo gavrcelebuli. es bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aRniSnuli sistema
saukuneTa manZilze sparseTis samefo dinastiebis _ aqemenidebisa da sasanianebis
_ oficialuri konfesia iyo. Cvens qveyanas politikurad, ekonomikurad da kultu-
rulad ZvelTaganve mWidro kavSiri hqonda mezobel qveynebTan. maT Soris, aRmo-
savleTis civilizaciebTan da cxadia, egrisisa da iberiis samefoebSic SemoaR-
wevda ormuzdisa da miTras kultebi, e.i. cecxlTayvanismcemloba. amas adasturebs
Cvenamde moRweul literaturul ZeglTa Soris uZvelesni _ wm. SuSanikis, wm. evs-
taTisa da wm. abibos nekreselis `wamebani~. metadre `SuSanikis wameba~, sadac naT-
qvamia, rom qarTlis erT-erTma gavlenianma pitiaxSma _ varsqenma _ aRiara ~arto-
Sani (e.i. cecxli) da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa~. `moqcevai qarTlisai~ gvamcnobs, rom
wmida ninom mcxeTis maxloblad, mTaze, ixila kerpebi. maT Soris upiratesi _
armazi, romelsac emosa mxedris atributebi: àha, dga kaci erTi spilenZisai da
tansa missa ecva jaWvi oqrosai da Tavsa missa edga Cafxuti oqroisai. da samxarni
esxnes... da xelsa missa aqunda xrmali lesuli~. safiqrebelia, rom es iyo ahura-
mazdas Zis _ miTras _ qandakeba. marTlac, miTra yvela, dRemde aRmoCenil, bare-
liefze warmodgenilia rogorc mxedari. mas asxia samxare, Tavze axuravs Cafxuti-
seburi qudi da xelSi uWiravs alesili xanjali, riTac is xars hklavs (amis gamo
miTra espaneli toreadorebis saTayvanebeli RvTaeba iyo). me-5 s-is somexi isto-
rikosi mose xoraenelic adasturebs, rom qarTvelebi Turme, adre, ahuramazdas
anu ormuzds dilaadrian TavianTi saxlebis banidan Tayvans scemdnen. `qarTlis
cxovrebaSic~ vkiTxulobT, rom V s-is Sua wlebSi arCil mefem dasva episkoposi,
saxeliT mobidani, romeli iyo `mogvi usjulo da SemSleli wesTa... romeli faru-
lad werda wignebs yovlisa sacTurisao~. fiqroben, rom mobidani SefarviT maz-
deanobis propagandas eweoda.
miTraizmis kvali, istoriul-literaturuli teqstebis garda, gamovlenilia
Zvel qarTul onomastikonSic (sakuTar saxelebSi): miTridate, mirdat (`miTras
boZebuli~), mirian (`miTraseuli~) da sxva. agreTve _ eTnografiaSi. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi _ samegrelos, svaneTsa da guriaSi _ SemorCienilia wes-Cveuleba,
romelsac misroba (mirsoba) ewodeba. esaa didmarxvis wina dReebSi, yvelieris

orSabaTamde, Roris dakvla, romelsac garkveuli rituali axlavs. am dros `mir-
sas~, rogorc sinaTlis RvTaebas, xalxi Tvalis Cinsa da gamWriaxobas SesTxovs.
mkvlevrebi `misras~ sparsuli `miTras~ qarTul variantad miiCneven (ix.
s. makalaTia, miTras kulti saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, 1926, N 3).
gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom sparsuli religiis gavlena qarTvel mosaxleobaze IV
s-is Semdegac grZeldeboda. mis aRmosafxvrelad didi Sroma gawies sirielma
mamebma VI s-Si.
zogierTi qristiani RvTismetyveli da religiaTa mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom maz-
deanoba da miTraizmi qristes qveynad mosvlas mistiurad, dafarulad winaswar-
metyvelebda da maradiuli qristes gankacebas moaswavebda. igi amiT kacobriobas
ubiwod Sobis, jvarcmisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saidumloebaTa saidumlosTan
misaaxleblad amzadebda. mas Semdeg ki, rac winagangebulebam xorci Seisxa da deda-
miwaze mxsneli movida, zaraTuStras moZRvrebam misia amowura da ramdenime sau-
kunis ganmavlobaSi arsebobas inerciiT ganagrZobda.
dReisaTvis igi Secvlili saxiTaa SemorCenili indoeTsa da iranSi: indoeTSi _
farsebis seqta, iranSi _ gebrebisa. zoroastrizmis elementebs Seicavs agreTve
iezidebis religiuri rwmena da praqtika.
iezidebi
iezidebi anu, rogorc TavianT Tavs uwodeben, ezdiebi eTniurad da enobrivad
qurTebi arian. maTgan mxolod religiiT gansxvavdebian, ris gamoc calke eTnoss
Seadgenen. maTi religia sinkretulia, axlos dgas zoroastrizmTan, magram, amave
dros, masSi qristianobis, iudaizmisa da islamis elementebicaa asaxuli. iezidTa
religiis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Seixi adi (XI I s.), romelsac winaswarmetyvels uwo-
deben.
iezidebi aRiareben erT RmerTs da Tayvans scemen amomaval mzes, romelic, maTi
rwmeniT, RvTis amqveyniuri xatia. Tayvans scemen agreTve varskvlavebs, mTvares da
cecxls. maTi mTavari dResaswaulia `mzis dabadeba~, romelic 20 dekembers aRes-
ruleba. morwmuneTa sazogadoeba or kastadaa gayofili _ saerod (miuridebad) da
sasulierod. sasuliero wodeba ierarqiulia: arian firebi da arian Seixebi.
iezidebis religiis ZiriTadi literaturuli wyaroebia: `gamocxadebis wigni~
(èjilva~) da `Savi wigni~ (`masxavi raSi~). Tumca firebisa da Seixebis umravlesobas
rjuli da RvTismsaxurebis wesebi ara wignebiT, aramed zepirmetyvelebis gziT
aqvs SeTvisebuli. TiToeul ojaxs Tavisi firi da Seixi hyavs. sakulto nagebobebi,
Seix adis taZrisa da misi saflavis garda (erayi, laleSi), iezidebs ara aqvs.
saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi qurT-iezidebi 1875 wlis axlo xans TurqeTidan gad-
mosaxldnen, meore nakadi ki 1917-1918 wlebSi Semovida. saqarTveloSi maTi ricxvi
dRes 30000-s aRwevs. aqvT saTvistomo da kulturis centri.

vedebi, brahmanizmi da induizmi
induizmi Camoyalibda indoeTis naxevarkunZulze. mas sinkretul religias uwo-
deben, radgan fiqroben, rom igi Seiqmna iranul-siriuli da indoeTis adgilobrivi
kultebis Serwymis Sedegad. aborigenebis Zveli religia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
cnobilia vedebis saxeliT. igi iyo poliTeisturi, magram, arielTa zegavleniTa
Tu Sinagani potenciis wyalobiT, Z.w. I I -I aTaswleulebis mijnaze monoTeizmSi
gadaizarda, Tumca mravalRmerTianobis elementebi SeinarCuna. TandaTan gamoik-
veTa brahmas kultis primati da, Sesabamisad, _ brahmanizmi, romlis wiaRSic, erTi
mxriv, warmoiqmna damoukidebeli konfesia _ budizmi, xolo, ganviTarebisa da
srulyofis momdevno etapze (a.w. VI-V I I ss-Si), _ rTuli religiuri sistema, romelic
dRes induizmis anu hindumatas, hindusamaias, hindu dharmas saxeliTaa
cnobili. amdenad, vedebi da brahmanizmi induizmis wina safexurebia.
indoelTa fuZe religia moicavda magiasa da msxverplSewirvas, mravalricxovan
legendebs, miTebs sxvadasxva RmerTze, ritualebs, locvebsa da sagaloblebs,
romelTac TandaTan iwerdnen. ase Seiqmna veda, rac sanskritze codnas niSnavs.
veda induri literaturis uZvelesi Zeglia. igi aerTianebs sakulto-saRvTis-
metyvelo literaturas, umTavresad _ himnebis krebulebs. amitomac ixmareba
forma _ vedebi. esaa qvemodasaxelebuli wignebis erToblioba:
1. oTxi veda, sxvagvarad _ samhita: a) yvelaze arqauli da mniSvnelovania rig-
veda (qebaTa codna). dawerilia sxvadasxva saleqso sazomiT da dayofilia 10 cik-
lad (mandalad). aqaa aTasze meti qeba anu himni RvTaebaTadmi. Sedgenilia daax.
3000 wlis winaT. qarTulad Targmnilia ori qeba _ `dasabami nivTTa~ da `cisa da
dedamiwisadmi (àrmaRani~, Tb., 1965); b) samaveda (simReraTa veda. saman-simRera).
igi sainteresoa induri musikis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, radgan Seicavs sanoto
niSnebs; g) iajurveda (samsxverplo veda); msxverplSewirvis dros warmosaTqmeli
formulebi da locvaTa teqstebi, xSirad _ prozauli, romelsac komentarebis
saxe aqvs; mogvianebiT maTT daemata _ d) aTharvaveda: Seicavs magiur formulebs
da Selocvebs leqsad da proziT; gamoirCeva xalxuri xasiaTiT.
SedarebiT gvianaa Seqmnili:
2. brahmana (axsna); 3. araniaka (tyis wigni); 4. upaniSadebi (komentarebi)
da bolos, danarTis saxiT, 5. sutra (sityvasityviT: Zafi, samarTi, Targi).
pirveli oTxi _ samhita, brahmana, araniaka da upaniSadebi _ miCneulia RmerTis
_ brahmas _ sityvad, mis RvTaebriv gamocxadebad. maT ewodeba Sruti (mosmenili,
gagonili) sapirispirod sutrasi, romelic aris politikuri xasiaTis teqstebisa
da kanonTa krebuli.
vedebis gverdiT dgas `mahabharata~ (didi bharata), _ vrceli poema, romlis
fasi indoelTa sulieri kulturisaTvis ganuzomelia. amas cxadyofs indoeTis
respublikis saxeli hindi enaze _ bharata.

`mahabharata~ gvamcnobs istoriul, Zv.w. XI-X ss-is, ambavs _ ZalauflebisaTvis
brZolas bharatTa gvaris or Stos _ pandavebsa da kauravebs, e.i. pandusa da kurus
STamomavlebs Soris. es iyo sastiki omi, rasac auracxeli msxverpli mohyva. sis-
xlma daafiqra sazogadoeba da gaaRviva mSvidobisa da saTnoebis impulsi; Serige-
bis, patiebis, Sewyalebis, saRmrTo valis Segnebisa da gaTavisebis suliskveTeba,
rac aris ZiriTadi saTqmeli aRniSnuli Zeglisa zogadad da, kerZod, ramdenime
CarTuli epizodisa, romelTagan zogs damoukidebeli nawarmoebis saxe aqvs. ase-
Tebia: `ramaiana~, `bhagavatgita~, `savitri~ da sxva (samive Targmnilia qarTul
enaze da gamoqveynebulia komentarebiT).
Teologiur-filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva `bhagavatgita~, romelSic
warmodgenilia meetlisa da sardlis _ kriSnasa da arjunas _ dialogi. kriSna
RmerTia, movlenili dedamiwaze pandavebis naTesavad, megobrad da samxedro mrCev-
lad, maTi gamarjvebis sawindrad. amkobs epiTetebi: brZeni damrigebeli, meomari,
borot sulTa dammarcxebeli, RvTaebrivi mwyemsi. legendebi mis siyvarulze mwyem-
si gogonebisadmi uZvelesi droidan Sesulia indur literaturasa da xelovnebaSi.
misi sityva _ `bhagavatgita~ (RvTaebrivi simRera) _ filosofiuri poeziis Sedev-
ria msoflio masStabiT.
ganxilul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri
traqtatebi, rasac, Cveulebriv, vedebs urTavdnen. aqedan warmodga saxelwodeba
vedanta, rac sanskritze niSnavs `vedas dasasruls~. amave saxeliT cnobilia ag-
reTve indusTa eqvsi mTavari skolidan erT-erTi, romelsac Semajamebeli saxe
hqonda, radgan iq yvealaze safuZvlianad damuSavda aRniSnuli religiis sakiT-
xebi. am skolis mier Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba, saxeldebuli vedantad, iTvle-
boda da iTvleba induizmis orTodoqsul mimarTulebad. mas uwodeben `mimanzas~
(gulmodgined gamokvleuls) da aRiareben avtoritetad. misi Seqmnis zusti Ta-
riRi cnobili araa. es unda momxdariyo budas Semdeg, radgan uZveles vedantur
ZeglSi `brahma-sutra~ gvxvdeba polemika budistebTan garesamyaros realurobis
Taobaze.
vedanta, rogorc filosofiur-Teologiuri sistema, aris vedas Teoria. aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, _ vedanta aris induizmis `codnis wyaro~, misi Teo-
logiis jami, vedebSi warmodgenili sibrZnis mecnierul enaze gadmocema, srulyo-
faSi moyvana. udides warmomadgenlebad iTvlebian badaraiana da Sankara (anu
Sankara aCaria). ukanaskneli cxovrobda daax. V I I I s-Si q.S.
vedanta gvamcnobs (vsargeblobT vladimer soloviovis statiiT brokhauz-ef-
ronis enciklopediidan):
WeSmariti moZRvrebisa da msaxurebis, e.i. religiis, safuZvelTa safuZvelia
gamocxadeba (Sruti), da gadmocema (smriti). gamocxadeba, razec mivaniSnebdiT,
daunjebulia vedebSi. maSasadame, veda, maRali azriT, Seqmnilia qveynis uwinares

(yuranis msgavsad) uzenaesi arsis mier. istoriul xanaSi igi mxolod Caiweres wmida
da brZenma kacebma. maTve SeTxzes misi pirveli komentarebi _ upaniSadebi, rom-
lebic cnobilia vedas filosofiur nawilad da warmoadgens xids vedasa da ve-
dantas Soris. gamocxadebis sadari avtoritetiTaa Semosili saRmrTo gadmocema,
razec agebulia manu ~samarTlis wigni) da mahabharata, metadre _ misi Teosofi-
uri epizodi hagavatgita. gadmocema emsaxureba gamocxadebis Semecnebasa da Sev-
sebas, mis ukeT gagebas (aq sruli analogiaa qristianul saRmrTo werilsa da saRm-
rTo gadmocemasTan).
Tumca gamocxadebuli sibrZne daunjebulia vedebSi, marTebuli Semecnebis
misaRwevad sakmarisi rodia saRmrTo werilis swavla. saWiroa winapirobebi:
1) maradisobisa da wuTisoflis erTmaneTisagan garCeva; 2) garegan jildosa Tu
gasamrjeloze uaris Tqma saaqaosa da saiqioSi; 3) e.w. eqvsi niWis anu talantis,
gnebavT _ saxsris floba: sulieri simSvide, zomiereba, gandegiloba, moTmineba,
gulisxmiereba, rwmena; 4) swrafva xsnisaken.
marTebuli Semecnebis meoxebiT veziarebiT adamianTa da RvTaebaTa uzenaes
ideals _ WeSmaritebas, romelic gamoiTqmis sami formuliT: 1) arsebobs is, mxolod
erTi, _ sxvis gareSe; 2) esaa _ Sen; 3) me Tavad var brahma. ai, indusTa rwmenisa da
filosofiis reziume, romelic gvamcnobs: xiluli da araxiluli samyaro,
mikrokosmosi da makrokosmosi arsobrivad erTi da igive realoba. ufro zustad
_ erTi sinamdvilis ori gamovlineba. maTi urTierTmimarTeba ase gamoiTqmis: es
qveyana da aqauri feradovneba aris maia, iluzia. misi xilva da gancda ùvicobis~
(avidias) Sedegia. vinc ganikurneba uvicobisagan, Tvals gausworebs WeSmaritebas:.
WeSmaritebis mecani ki yvelgan da yvelaferSi Wvrets erTs, radgan misi suli (atmana)
aris msoflio sulis anu umaRlesi RvTaebis (parama-atmanas) nawili, xolo mizani
_ masTan erTyofa, samadhi, romelic iTargmneba `danTqmad~ (igulisxmeba _ uflis
wiaRSi damkvidreba). rac metad aRwevs Tavs pirovneba maias (moCvenebiT sinamdviles),
miT metad erwymis uzenaes arss, romlis mTavari saxelia brahma.
brahma aris samyaros suli, romlisganac Sedgeba yoveli da romelic yvelgan
sufevs realurad da arsobrivad. igi gvauwyebs: `me var dauSreteli Tesli yove-
live arsebulisa. me var sinaTle, nayofTa sitkbo, yvavilTa surneli, mamakacTa
sicocxlis Zala, brZenTa codna, guladTa Zalgulovneba, mistikosTa aRmafrena,
TavSekavebis unari asketTa~. brahma ixilveba yovel saganSi, wuTisoflis nebismier
movlenaSi: qvaSi, xeSi, cxovelSi, cxadia _ adamianSi, qarsa Tu mzeSi, omsa Tu
qorwilSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi epiTetebisa da simboloebis simravle. me-
tadre _ sakulto xelovnebis Tavisebureba, indusTa taZrebis mravalgamosaxu-
lebiani bareliefebi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom iq uamravi RmerTia, magram Tevzebis,
gvelebis, yvavilebisa da sxvaTa saxiT morwmune Tayvans scems brahmas, romelmac
miiRo es droebiTi da iluziuri formebi. amdenad, brahma samyaroSia da samyaro

brahmaSi. esaa panTeisturi Tvalsazrisi, rasac efuZneba indusTa kosmologia.
erT-erT wignSi naTqvamia: ~brahmas Tavi cas ebjineba, misi Tvalebi mze da mTvarea,
misi sunTqva qaria da dedamiwa _ misi saZirkveli~.
brahma marto ar aris: sufevs or TanaarsTan _ viSnus (vedebis mixedviT, rud-
rasa) da SivasTan - erTad. esaa trimurti, rac erTarseba-samebis qristianul dog-
mats mogvagonebs.
trimurti sanskritze niSnavs samsaxovnebas, samgvamovnebas, triadas (tri _ sami,
murti _ saxe, xati, sxeuli). am terminiT aRiniSneba sami RmerTis _ brahmas, viSnus
(igive rudras) da Sivas _ erTianoba, erTeba. e.i. trimurti aris erTi da igive
RvTaebis sami gamovlineba, sami sxvadasxva forma, sami gvami. mahabharatas dama-
tebaSi _ garivanSaSi _ vkiTxulobT: ìs, vinc aris viSnu, aris imavdroulad Siva;
is, vinc aris Siva, aris brahma. arsebiT erTia, magram sami RmerTia: Siva, viSnu,
brahma~. trimurti aerTianebs sam kosmiur princips _ Semoqmedebas, ngrevas da
SenarCunebas: Semoqmedia brahma, damangreveli _ Siva. xolo mcveli anu SemanarCu-
nebeli _ viSnu. samive arsebobs erT RvTaebaSi da TiToeuli _ samebaSi.
trimurts gamosaxavdnen samTavian arsebad: SuaSi brahma, marjvniv viSnu da mar-
cxniv Siva.
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom Sua saukuneebSi trimurtis idea
TandaTan dakninda. brahmas saxeli TiTqmis mTlianad daiviwyes. samebis danarCeni
wevrebi ki _ Siva da viSnu _ calcalke aRzevdnen uzenaesi RvTaebis rangamde.
maTgan TiToeuls Tayvanismcemlebi gamouCndnen ramdenadme gansxvavebuli kult-
msaxurebiT: indusebi gaiyvnen. ase Camoyalibda ori mimarTuleba: Sivaizmi da viS-
nuizmi, Tumca maT Soris arsebiTi sxvaoba araa da antagonizmic ar SeimCneva. aRsa-
niSnavia isic, rom indoTa sityvierebasa Tu saxviT xelovnebaSi vxvdebiT araerT
Teonims, _ RvTis saxelsa Tu saxes. esenia RmerTebi da naxevarRmerTebi: indra
(cisa da amindis mmarTveli, Zlevisa da gamarjvebis wyaro), iama (sikvdilisa da
suleTis meufe), suria (mzis RvTaeba), soma (mTvarisa), varuna (wyalTa mflobeli),
kuvera (simdidrisa), maruti (qarisa) da sxva. gansakuTrebiT _ kriSna (viSnus mecxre
xorcSesxma anu inkarnacia; mwyemsi, mwyemsebis mfarveli) da rama (mefeTa ideali,
viSnus ukanaskneli gardasaxva dedamiwaze). maTi ricxvi, erTi wyaros mixedviT,
udris ocdacamets (`ramaiana~, Tb., 1951, gv. 20). aq TiTqos saqme gvaqvs poliTeizm-
Tan. sinamdvileSi ki TiToeuli aris an viSnus, an Sivas inkarnacia TavTavianTi
funqciis mixedviT. ukanasknelni _ viSnu da Siva arian kosmiuri erTis _ brahmas,
yovlis mizezisa da miznis, sawyisTa sawyisis, Semoqmedis ori sxeuli, ori piri,
ori atributi, ori Zala: SemanarCunebeli da damangreveli. maTi erTadyofna da
Tanadgoma aris samyaros maradiulobis, sikvdil-sicocxlis monacvleobis safuZ-
veli. vuxmobT ra zemoCamoTvlilTagan romelimes, vukavSirdebiT uzenaes erTs,
romelmac Seqmna yovelive cisqveSeTsa Tu zesTasofelSi.

kosmiuri Sesaqme `rigvedaSi~ aRwerilia ase (Targmani g. axvledianis. _ àrma-
Rani~, Tb., 1965, gv.9):
`mas Sina ara iyo ra: arc yofna da arc aryofna.
ar iyo sivrce, arc saaqao, arc saiqio...
riT ifarvoda yovelive, an ra iZvroda?
vin flobda wyals da ufskrul siRrmeT?
ar iyo maSin arc sikvdili da arc sicocxle.
ar iyo maSin dRisa da Ramis sxvadasxvaoba.
mxolod sunTqavda TavisTavad erTi, urxevi...
arara iyo Tvinier misa...
maSin pirvelad gaCnda survili,
pirveli Tesli azrovnebisa...
vin uwyis namdvil, vis ZaluZs axsna,
viTarmed iSva qmnileba igi?
RmerTni qmnilebis aqeT arian,
vin ityvis, viT warmoiqmnen TviTon igini~?
maSasadame, Tavdapirveli erTis, `TavisTavad msunTqavi da urxevi~ arsebis sur-
vilisamebr Seiqmna araxiluli da xiluli samyaro.
xiluli samyaro arsebiT aseTia: qmnilebebi daxarisxebulni arian zeaRmavali
kibis msgavsad. RmerTi wuTisoflis yovel saganSi sufevs sxvadasxva doziT, yve-
laze metad ki _ adamianSi. amitomac iTvleba pirovnebis, individis, e.i. `mes~ suli
uzenaesi arsis _ RmerTis _ nawilad, mis anasxletad. aqedan cxadia yoveli suld-
gmulis ideali _ ganicados samadhi da daubrundes pirvel sawyiss. es martivad
ar xdeba: uzenaesTan misaaxleblad suls momzadeba sWirdeba. man unda gaiaros
ganwmendisa da gaumjobesebis vrceli gza. amisaTvis erTjer dabadeba ar kmara.
pirovneba dedamiwas evlineba sxvadasxva dros da aRniSnuli gzac ramdenime cxov-
rebis jaWvisagan Sedgeba. amas gvauwyebs moZRvreba karmasa da samsaraze. esaa
metemfsiqozi anu reinkarnacia. e.i. xelaxali gansxeulebis, sulebis gardasaxvis
rwmena da Teoria.
karma sityvasityviT niSnavs `saqmes~, `moqmedebas~, iTargmneba `misagebelad~,
`sazRaurad~, `sanacvlod~, SeiZleba gaviziaroT `bedadac~. religiuri aspeqtiT
karma aris keTili da boroti saqmeebis jami, rasac wuTisoflis stumari yovel
nabijze daatarebs rogorc tvirTs JamiTiJamad Cadenili codvebisa Tu momuSake-
buli madlis mixedviT. karmazea damokidebuli adamianis bedi, misi momavali. ami-
tomac, bunebrivia, adamiani cdilobs piradi karmis gaumjobesebas, tvirTis Semsu-
buqebas. bolos ki _ uRlis, e.i. karmis Tavidan moSorebas, mospobas, radgan igi
qveezideba suls da atyvevebs dedamiwaze.
karma aris mizezi imisa, rom adamiani daqvemdebarebulia samsaras (gamoiTqmis

`sansarad~). es sityva sanskritze niSnavs `mogzaurobas~. mocemul SemTxvevaSi _
sulis mogzaurobas sxeulidan sxeulSi, arsebidan arsebaSi. e.i. samsara aris axal-
axal dabadebaTa, axal-axal gardasaxvaTa, gansxeulebaTa wrebrunva.
riT SeiZleba davaRwioT Tavi samsaras? _ wuTisoflis ukeTurebaTa daTrgun-
viT, ganwmendiT, ganspetakebiT da amaRlebiT SevZlebT reinkarnaciis jaWvis gaw-
yvetas da msoflio sulTan miaxlebas, mis wiaRSi danTqmas _ samadhis. arsebaTagan
am idealis srulyofa mxolod adamians, zeaRmavali kibis umaRles safexurze
mdgoms, ZaluZs. amasTanave _ ara yvelas, aramed _ brahmanT, Tanac Rirseul brahmanT.
vin arian brahmanebi?
indusTa rwmeniT, RmerTebma sazogadoeba dayves varnebad, anu, evropuli ter-
miniT _ kastebad. `varna~ niSnavs fers.
kacobrioba Sedgeba oTxi feris anu varnisagan: brahmanebis, qSatriebis, va-
iSiebis da Sudrebisagan. maTgan TiToeuls sakuTari funqcia, Rirseba da warmo-
mavloba aqvs. amis Taobaze vedebSi naTqvamia (ix. `savitri~, Sesavali, Targmani da
komentarebi e. aleqsiZisa, Tb., 1986, gv. 5). brahmanebi Seiqmnen brahmas bageTagan,
qSatriebi _ xelebisagan, vaiSiebi _ TeZoebisagan da Sudrebi _ fexis terfebisagan.
ase rom, umaRlesi fena brahmanTa varnaa. is emsaxureba RmerTebs. misi wevrebi
arian wminda gonebisa da saqmis erTgulni. maTi niSania sattva _ wmida saqme,
sulieri siwmide, xolo simbolo _ TeTri feri; qSatriebi meomarTa klasia,
romelTac agreTve miekuTvnebian mefeebi (rajebi) da sefekacebi. maTi niSania
rajas _ gzneba, vneba, swrafva, feri _ wiTeli; vaiSiebi saSualo fenis warmomad-
genlebi arian _ xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedni, mejogeebi da vaWrebi. am varnaSi are-
ulia brahmanebisa da qSatriebis niSnebi da maTi feric yviTelia (wiTelisa da
TeTris narevi ZvelindoelTa warmodgeniT); uqvemoesi kastaa Sudrebi _ mojamagi-
reni, romelTa feri aris Savi, _ sibnelis, umecrebis, tamasis (prakritis, e.i. bu-
nebis umdablesi Tvisebis) simbolo.
varna STamomavlobiTi institutia: adamiani, dabadebuli romelime varnaSi, rCe-
ba am varnis warmomadgenlad sicocxlis bolomde. Tu romel varnad unda moev-
linos dedamiwas konkretuli suli, ganapirobebs winare cxovrebaSi Cadenili saq-
meebis Sedegi, e.i. karma. vinc wesier, RvTismosawon cxovrebas eweva, Semdegi gans-
xeuleba umaRles varnaSi aResruleba. xolo uRirsi _ mdabali adamiani qvemo rangs
daubrundeba, anda sulac cxovelad an Wiad moevlineba qveyanas.
iTvleba, rom varnebis rwmena sazogadoebaSi amyarebs Tanxmobasa da wesrigs,
radgan moqalaqeebs morCilebasa da pasuxismgeblobas STaagonebs. am cnebebzea
dafuZnebuli dharmis principi, rac indusTa eTikis amosavali wertilia. dharma
aris samarTlianobis principi da Sesabamisad: misi wesi, kanoni, adaTi, movaleoba,
zne da Cveuleba dharmad iwodeba, rac niSnavs agreTve umaRles WeSmaritebas. ku-
rus veli _ kuruqSetra, sadac gaimarTa zemoxsenebuli brZola, gaazrebulia

dharmis, e.i. Rirsebis, movaleobisa da kanonis velad. sardal arjunas anu, Tar-
gmanebiT, _ `naTels~, `dilis riJraJs~, aRar surs omi, radgan mowinaaRmdegeTa
banakSi Tvis sisxlsa da xorcs xedavs: biZaSvilebs, megobrebsa da maswavleblebs.
meetle kriSna anu `Savi~, romelic RvTaeba viSnus inkarnacia e.i. RmerTia xorc-
Sesxmuli, amcnobs mas saRmrTo velis _ dharmis _ aRsrulebis aucileblobas. omi
gardauvalia, radgan problemis mSvidobianad mogvarebis yvela saSualeba amo-
iwura: kauravebis jiutobas da Tavxedobas sazRvari aRar aqvs. amis gamo RmerTi
TvalSeudgami kanonierebis safuZvelze aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi akurTxebs Zalis
demonstracias da kacTmoyvareobis motiviT xmaldaSvebuli raindic kvlav aRig-
zneba, aRiWurveba da gairjeba diaxac rom erisa da moyvasis sakeTildReod, boro-
tebis daTrgunvisa da sikeTis ZlevamosilebisaTvis, urCTa moTvinierebisa da da-
fiqrebisaTvis, yvelgan da yvelaferSi dharmis danergvisaTvis.
ama qveynis moqalaqeobrivi asparezic dharmis velad moiazreba. TiToeul
pirovnebas sakuTari dharma akisria im kastis Sesabamisad, romelSic iSva. yvelam
unda moixados vali RvTisa da kacis winaSe, _ gaumjobesdes zneobrivad da daicvas
rjuli.
indusTa RvTismsaxurebi iwodebian qurumebad an brahmanebad. Temis winamZ-
Rvari da maswavlebelia guru. wuTisoflis xmaurs gandegil-ganmxoloebuli mor-
wmuneebi, e.i. berebi da monazvnebi, cxovroben aSramebSi (monastrebSi), romlebsac
qalaqis an soflis gareT, ufro xSirad _ tyeebSi ageben. cnobilia moxetiale
RvTismsaxurebis anu, Cveneburad, mwirmonazvnebis institutic. bevr sakulto wess
ojaxis ufrosi asrulebs saojaxo sakurTxevlis winaSe.
indusTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia animizmi, winaparTa kulti, fetiSizmi, magia. Tay-
vans scemen wmida mTebs, mdinareebs (gansakuTrebiT _ gangis), mcenareebs (mag.
lotoss), cxovelebs (maimuns, spilos, gvels, metadre _ Zroxas).
amboben, rom gamoirCevian rjulSemwynareblobiT. Tumca religiuri Sexla-
Setakebebi arc maTTvisaa ucxo. gansakuTrebiT bolo dros _ siqebTan, ramac
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba indoeTis istoriis samarcxvino furceli: premier-
ministris, indira gandis mkvleloba.
indusTa saerTo ricxvi 2000 wlis monacemebiT 859 milionamde aRwevs.
siqizmi induizmis ganayofi konfesiaa (budizmis msgavsad). aRmocenda penjabSi
saprotesto-reformatoruli moZraobis Sedegad, romelic mimdinareobda XV-XVI
ss-Si guru nanakis meTaurobiT (termini warmodgeba sityvisagan siq, rac hindi
enaze mowafes niSnavs). misi arsebiTi niSnebia: mkveTri monoTeizmi, varnebis
uaryofa, socialuri Tanasworoba, gamartivebuli kultmsaxureba, gansakuTrebu-
li tansacmeli da moSvebuli wveri. aRiarebs indoeTis mosaxleobis 1,8%. mcire
mrevli afrikaSic hyavs, saerTo ricxvi daaxloebiT 10,4 milionia.

budizmi
budizmi gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT aziaSi, magram mimdevarni TiTqmis yvela
kontinentze hyavs. warmoiSva Zv.w. VI-V ss-Si CrdiloeT indoeTSi. misTvis niSandob-
livia Zveli da Semdgomdroindeli sinkretizacia sxvadasxva sistemasTan _ brah-
manizm-induizmTan, daoizmTan, ZenizmTan da a.S., ris gamoc budizmis Tavdapirveli
saxe advilad gaiTqvifa adgilobriv kultebSi. ukanasknelT ki, Tavis mxriv, axa-
li gezi da orientacia misca. ase moxda imitom, rom budizms, rogorc sistemas,
ar axasiaTebs monoliTuroba, dogmatizmi. ar gaaCnia wes-gangebis dadgenili saxe
anu tibikoni. visac budistur qveynebSi umogzauria, ambobs, rom aramcTu olqebsa
da qalaqebs, aramed soflebsa da ubnebsac ki erTmaneTisagan SesamCnevad gansxvave-
buli kultmsaxurebis tradicia aqvs. ase rom, es religia, dRidan daarsebisa, ga-
nicdis cvalebadobas da Cvens droSi warmodgenilia nairgvari formiT. miuxedavad
amisa, mas aqvs ZiriTadi da ucvalebeli ideebic. maTgan umTavresia xsnis idea da
misi realizaciis specifikuri gza.
budizms zogjer aTeistur religias uwodeben da arcTu usafuZvlod. budis-
tebisaTvis ucxoa pirovnuli RmerTis rwmena. maTi religia arc monoTeisturia,
arc poliTeisturi da arc panTeisteri. isini yuradRebas ar amaxvileben samyaros
Semqmnelis, mfarvelisa da ganmgeblis Sesaxeb. RmerTi, maTi gagebiT, ganusazRvre-
lobaa, okeanea, saidanac gamosxlta adamiani da sadac unda dabrundes misiis aRs-
rulebis Semdeg. bunebrivia, aseT RmerTs _ nebis, fiqrisa da survilis armqone
arsebas (ufro sworad, ararsebobas) _ ver vigulvebT mxsnelad. gza xsnisa pirov-
nebam TviTon unda moZebnos. esaa cxovreba budas moZRvrebis kvaldakval.
buda cxovrobda VI s-Si qristemde. igi iyo indoeTis erT-erTi tomis, Sakiebis,
ufliswuli, gautamas gvaridan. misma dedam _ maiam (maha-maiam `didma maiam~) Svilis
dabadebamde sizmarSi TeTri spilo ixila, romelic ferdSi Seuvida. sidhartac,
ase daarqves bavSvs, dedis ferdidan daibada. deda ki gardaicvala. saswaulebrivi
Soba damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli momavlisa da daniSnulebis pirovnebisaT-
vis. aseTi iyo sidharta, rac niSnavs `mowodebis aRmsrulebels~. mogvebmac uwinas-
warmetyveles mamas: Seni Svili mefe gaxdeba, oRond ara ama qveynisao. mSobeli, amis
gamgone, daizafra, radgan ar surda, rom memkvidre religiur moRvaweobas Sed-
gomoda da amqveyniur didebaze uari eTqva. igi Svils fufunebaSi _ sagangebod
mowyobil sasaxlesa da baRnarSi zrdida, garesamyarosagan izolirebiT; cdilob-
da, momaval mefes cxovrebis Wirvarami da Crdilovani mxareebi ar exila, wuTisof-
lis xmaurs mis yuramde ar mieRwia, rom misgan ganSorebis survili ar gasCenoda.
miuxedavad amisa, sidharta Tavs bednierad ver grZnobda. xSirad ganmartovdebo-
da, dajdeboda sadme kunWulSi da miecemoda fiqrebs. mamas ar eama es faqti. ifiq-
ra: Svili gandegilad ar wavideso da saswrafod SerTo mSvenieri asuli _ iasidori.
magram moxda sabediswero ram: 29 wlis iyo ufliswuli, roca ineba da msaxurTan

erTad sra-sasaxlis galavans gadaabija. sidhartam oTxi `siaxle~ ixila, ramac
SeZra igi da Secvala misi cxovreba. mas jer sazarlad dawylulebuli, sneuli
adamiani Semoeyara, mere ki _ welSi moxrili, Rrmad moxuci kaci; naxa Sromisagan
ilajgawyvetili, mSieri da daglaxakebuli arseba; waawyda samgloviaro procesias,
da bolos dainaxa mZime fiqrebSi Caflul-CaZiruli moxetiale gandegili.
hkiTxa msaxurs mixrwnil moxucze: nuTu aseTi daibadao? _ ara, is iseTive
axalgazrda da ayvavebuli iyo, rogorc Sen; mere bevria magisTanao? _ bevri, Cemo
xelmwifev, aseTia cxovrebis kanoni, yvelani unda davberdeTo; meco? _ diax, Cemo
xelmwifev, Senc!
... da ufliswulma imave RamiT datova sasaxle, axalgazrda coli, ToTo vaJi da
ganmxolovda sazogadoebisagan; iwyo fiqri, Tu rogor unda daexsna Tavi adamians
borotebisa da satanjvelisagan. Svidi wlis manZilze sidharta gautama amaod
Trgunavda xorcs, amaod gvemda sakuTar sxeuls, raTa gamoesyida Tavisi uzrunve-
li da fufunebiani cxovreba sasaxleSi; amaod ukirkitebda wmida wignebs am wuTi-
soflis saidumlos amosaxsnelad. ase uSedegod grZeldeboda TviTgvema...
da, ai, erTi mdinaris napiras, bodhis xis Ziras, igi gasxivosnda: gamoecxada oT-
xi WeSmariteba. aq daerqva mas budha (`gasxivosnebuli~). misi pirveli zraxva iyo
xalxisaTivis gaecxadebina es WeSmaritebani, rogorc wamali tanjvisa. magram bo-
roti suli, mara, SeuCnda mas da yovelmxriv _ aTasgvari xiblebiT, muqarebiT,
daSinebebiT _ cdilobda aeZulebina sidharta ufliswulyofili, aw ukve budha
anu `gasxivosnebuli~, uari eTqva am ganzraxvaze, im mowodebaze, risTvisac moev-
lina igi wuTisofels. budam daZlia cTunebani da SiSebi, avsulisagan movlenili,
da Tavisi moZRvrebis qadagebas Seudga (gavixsenoT maTes saxarebidan, rogor ga-
moscdida eSmaki iesos udabnoSi ormoc dRes, raTa daebrkolebina igi). misi pirve-
li msmenelebi iyvnen xuTi adamiani da ori iremi. qadageba ase daiwyo: `bWeni xsnisa
dae gancxaddes suyvelasaTvis! adamianebo, ganixveniT yurni Tqveni da mismineT me:
gza xsnisa napovnia! me gmoZRvravT Tqven da, Tu Cemi swavlis Tanaxmad icxovrebT,
miiRebT imas, ris gulisTvisac keTilSobilni Wabukni toveben samSoblos da midian
ucxo qveynebSi gasanaTleblad. Tqven pirispir ixilavT WeSmaritebas~.
WeSmariteba aris oTxi:
1. arsebobs tanjva. yvelaferi tanjvaa wuTisofelSi. mTeli sicocxle gadis
moralur, sulier an fizikur tanjvaSi. dabadeba aris tanjva, sneuleba aris tan-
jva, siyvaruli aris tanjva, siyvarulis saganTan ganSoreba aris tanjva, siyvaru-
lis vermixvdoma aris tanjva, sibere, sikvdili aris tanjva...
2. arsebobs tanjvis mizezi. es aris wyurvili yofnisa, arsebobisa, sicocxlisa,
rasac adamiani mihyavs dabadebidan dabadebisken. tanjvas iwvevs survilebi, vne-
bebi, swrafvani survilTa dasakmayofileblad da sxva.
3. arsebobs gankurneba: gaTavisufleba yoveli survilisgan.

4. arsebobs gza gankurnebisa da xsnisa, romelic rva safexurisgan, bilikisagan
Sedgeba: a) marTali sarwmunoeba anu rwmena, rom sicocxle tanjvaa; b) marTali
ganzraxva, raTa moviqceT am oTxi WeSmaritebis Sesabamisad; g) marTali sityva
anu marTali ganzraxvis gamoxatva marTali sityviT; d) marTali saqme anu marTali
qceva, rogorc marTali sityvis realizacia, raTa erTi iyos sityva da saqme im
oTxi WeSmaritebis Sesatyvisad; e) marTali cxovreba: aravis avno, ar miayeno ziani
cocxal arsebas; v) marTali swrafva: miswrafebani, tendenciebi im oTxi WeSmari-
tebis kvaldakval; z) marTali mexsiereba: adamians sulmudam unda axsovdes, Tu
kidev ra rCeba gaukeTebeli WeSmariti cxovrebis gzaze; c) marTali TviTdaunjeba:
mexsierebaSi, xsovnaSi aRar unda inaxebodes miwieri cxovrebis STabeWdilebebi,
radgan miwieri cxovreba iluziaa.
tanjvaTa mospobis gza moicavs agreTve xuT mcnebas: 1. ar mokla arc erTi kaci,
arc erTi cxoveli, arc erTi cocxali arseba; 2. ar moiparo; 3. ar imruSo; 4. ar
icruo; 5. ar iloTo!
mxolod aRniSnul WeSmaritebaTa da mcnebaTa meoxebiT aRwevs adamiani nirvanas.
nirvana aris sruli simSvide: ara sicocxle, ara sikvdili, aramed _ Taviseburi
yofna, ufro _ zeyofna, roca yoveli SegrZneba nulovan wertilSia moqceuli.
pirveli mokvdavTagan, vinc miaRwia nirvanas, iyo buda, romelic ise ar momkvda-
ra, rogorc mokvdavni kvdebian. ormoci wlis xetialisa da WeSmaritebaTa qadage-
bis Semdeg, oTxmocdaxuTi wlis asakSi, igi wavida nirvanaSi, rasac budistebi amgva-
rad saxeldeben: maha-pari-nirvana anu `didi gadasvla nirvanaSi~. gadmocemiT,
budas ase miumarTavs Tavisi mowafeebisTvis: àxla ki, berebo, mets verafers get-
yviT, garda imisa, rom yoveli qmnileba dasaRupavad aris ganwiruli. mTeli Za-
liT eswrafeT xsnas~.
xsna swored nirvanaSia. iq wyvets moqmedebas karmisa da samsaris kanoni. gavixse-
noT: imis mixedviT, Tu ras iqmoda pirovneba saaqaoSi, ganisazRvreba momavali.
zneobrivi cxovrebis xarisxi ganapirobebs xelaxali dabadebis saxes. Cven, winare
cxovrebaSi mopovebuli madlis kvaldakval, SeiZleba davibadoT mcenared, cxo-
velad, umaRlesi an umdablesi kastis adamianad. ideali ki dabadeba-sikvdilTa
ciklidan gasvla da nirvanas miRweva, e.i. budad (`gaRviZebulad~, `gasxivosnebu-
lad~) gardasaxvaa.
ismis kiTxva: yvelas SeuZlia nirvanaSi gadasvla, misi miRweva? am sakiTxSi
budistebi gayofili arian or did Stod. esenia: 1. hinaiana anu `viwro gza xsnisa~
(`viwro etli~), romlis Tanaxmad yvela ver miaRwevs nirvanas, mas mxolod rCeulni
miaRweven da 2. mahaiana anu `farTe gza xsnisa~ (`farTo etli~), romelic aRiarebs
or princips: a) yvela adamians SeuZlia nirvanas miRweva anu budad qceva, radgan
yvela adamianSia erTgvari kosmiuri substancia – buddhata da b) arseboben bod-
hisatvebi, romlebic nebasyoflobiT gadadeben nirvanaSi gadasvlas, raTa

wuTisofelSi darCeniT Semweoba gauwion sxvebs tanjvisgan xsnaSi, karmis gaumjo-
besebaSi, samsarisagan Tavis daRwevasa da, sabolood, nirvanis miRwevaSi. maTi es
aqti _ nirvanaze uaris Tqma sxvaTa gadasarCenad _ udides Tavganwirvad iTvleba.
nirvanas, cxadia, samsaris naskvis gaxsnis Semdeg veziarebiT. idealTan wuTiso-
felSi yvelaze axlos asketebi dganan. isini arian berebi, romlebmac ama qveynis
yvela cdunebaze gaimarjves da amaRldnen. berebi qmnian saZmos _ monasters _ da
deben aRTqmas, rom daicaven ara marto zemoCamoTvlili mcnebebs, rac eriskaceb-
sac moeTxovebaT, aramed _ danarCen xuTsac. esenia: 1. marxva (SuadRis Semdeg),
2. garToba-sanaxaobebze (cekvaze, simReraze, Teatrze) uaris Tqma; 3. morTva-
mokazmulobaze xelis aReba; 4. mdidruli sawolis uaryofa da 5. oqro-vercxlis
saCuqrad miReba.
budizmi pasuxs ar cems kiTxvaze, rogor warmoiSva samyaro. yvelaferi, rac
arsebobs, mudam arsebobda, yvelaferi mudmiv cvalebadobaSia. samyaro mxolod
iluziaa. erTaderTi realuri, WeSmariti arseboba aqvs nirvanas, riskenac unda
miiswrafodes adamiani.
budistebi mizanSewonilad ar Tvlian fiqrs imazec, Tu ra elis adamians sikv-
dilis Semdeg. maTi TqmiT, es Semecnebis wyurvilia, rac iwvevs tanjvas. unda vico-
deT erTi ram: Tavidan rom aviciloT gardasaxvaTa wrebrunva, vicxovroT bune-
basTan SeTanxmebiT. yvelaferSi saWiroa zomiereba. unda vimoqmedoT gonivrulad,
yovelTvis SevinarCunoT sulieri simSvide. unda SeveguoT, rom yovelive warma-
valia. Cveni erTaderTi sazrunavia: gaviumjobesoT karma, raTa momavalSi ufro
da ufro maRali registris arsebad movevlinoT wuTisofels. bolos ki _ vZlioT
igi, vZlioT samsara da miveaxloT nirvanas. buda gvaswavlis: `mwuxarebis samefoSi
nirvana ar arsebobs, nirvana mwuxarebis uaryofaa. me, gautama, zneobis TviTgaum-
jobesebas vwirav Cems Tavs, raTa umaRles zneobriv simSvides, nirvanas mivaRwio~.
budizmSi, qristes moZRvrebis msgavsad, uaryofilia borotebis winaaRmdeg
borotebiTve brZola, orivegan umaRlesi zneobrivi principia mtris siyvaruli
(`giyvardeT mterni Tqvenni~, maTe 5:44). budistur wignebSi vkiTxulobT: `vai imas,
vinc Zaladobas ZaladobiT ebrZvis!... mtroba arasodes mospobila mtrobiTve,
aramed siyvaruliT... nu gvZuls, visac vezizRebiT. moviklaT gulSi mtrobis
grZnoba... ganrisxeba sikeTiT daamarcxe, boroteba _ siqveliT~. sxvagan: `man
gamlanZRa, mcema, mtanja!... vinc ase hgodebs, mtrobis grZnoba daixSos gulSi,
radgan mtroba mtrobiTve ver moispoba. misi Zleva aramtrobiT Tu SeiZleba.
amgvari wesia ukunisidan~.
ra gziT davZlioT wuTisofeli?
erTi budisturi igavi gviambobs:
axalgazrda, lamaz da mdidar qals _ kasagotamis _ moulodnelad gardaecvala
mxolodSobili Ze. dedam fiqradac ar gaikara Cvilis sikvdili. mkerdze miikona

igi da kar-kar siaruls Seudga: avadaa balRi da wamali SemawieTo. mxolod buda
Tu giSveliso, _ uTxra erTma berma. sasowarkveTilmac ar daayovna... kargio, uTxra
budam, mxolod mdogvis marcvali momitane im ojaxidan, sadac aravin momkvdara.
kasagotami davalebis Sesrulebas Seudga, magram amaod, radgan yvela ojaxs hyavda
mkvdari: zogi Svils mistiroda, zogi ded-mamas, zogi megobars. pasuxic aseTi
iyo: cocxlebi cotani arian, mkvdrebi bevrio. maSin gaSuqda mSoblis goneba da
moiwminda cremli, radgan darwmunda, rom mkvdari iyo misi vaJi, godeba ki _ uqmi,
mwuxareba _ ugunureba. budamac uTxra: ugunurebaa giyvardes is, rac warmavalia,
rac Cvens xelT ar aris da rac sapnis burTiviT ikargeba... axalgazrda qalma Seigno
WeSmariti sicocxlis arsi.
marTalia budizmi indoeTSi warmoiSva, magram ufro farTo gavrceleba am qvey-
nis gareT hpova, gansakuTrebiT CineTSi, CineTis gziT ki iaponiaSi, koreaSi, Sore-
uli aRmosavleTis bevr sxva qveyanaSi. budizmis Zlieri kera arsebobda tibetSi,
sadac tibetur enaze Seiqmna umdidresi budisturi literatura. tibetis gavle-
niT budizmi monRolebs Sorisac gavrcelda. am moZRvrebiT dainteresebuli arian
Tanamedrove anTroposofebi. maTi Teoria ZiriTadad efuZneba rwmenas karmasa
da samsaraze.
budistebis saerTo ricxvi dRes 359 milions aRwevs.
`kriSnas cnobiereba~
XX s-is 60-ian wlebSi amerikisa da evropis mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda religiur-
Teosofiuri sistema, romlis mimdevarni kriSnaitebad an vaiSnavebad iwodebian.
maTi konfesiis istoria aseTia.
indoeTSi gurum mowafes, profesiiT qarxnis menejers, uTxra: wadi amerikaSi
da iq indusTa RmerTis _ kriSnas _ moZRvreba, konkretulad, _ ufal Caitanias
epistole gaavrceleo.
davaleba Sesrulda.
guru Sriala bhaqtisiddhanta sarasvati gosvami maharaja prabhupada iyo,
SemoklebiT sarasvati gosvami, indoeTSi cnobili mecnieri da mravali veduri
institutis damaarsebeli.
mowafe _ bhaqtivedanta svami prabhupada, kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis Semqmneli _ aCaria.
svami prabhupada daibada kalkutaSi 1896 wels. daamTavra adgilobrivi univer-
siteti, 1922 wels gaxda xsenebuli gurus mowafe da 1933 wels q. alahabadSi inici-
rebul (xeldasxmul) iqna brahmanad. guru `kriSnas cnobierebaze~ uambobda, prab-
hupda bejiTad Sromobda da dawera `bhagavadgitas~ komentarebi. 1950 wels man
Tavi daaneba samenejero saqmianobas, miatova coli, xuTi Svili da ganeSora yovel-

dRiurobas, raTa religiuri rudunebisaTvis Seewira sicocxle. dasaxlda wmida
qalaq vrindavanSi. eweoda samecniero da literaturul saqmianobas. 1965 wels
Cavida amerikaSi. iq man, indoeli wmindanis samoselSi gamowyobilma, yovelgvar
materialur saxsars moklebulma, daiwno kriSnas moZRvrebis qadageba. imedgacru-
ebuli, sapyari da narkomani xilxis didma nawilma mas mousmina. maT 1966 wlis
ivnisSi `kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ daaarses, romelmac sa-
moRvaweo veli msoflio masStabiT gaafarTova.
prabhupadam 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi 14-jer Semouara msoflios. qadagebda da
leqciebs kiTxulobda. iyo moskovSic, sadac SeiZina TanamoazreTa jgufi. maT
1978-80 ww-Si organizaciebi Camoayalibes moskovSi, peterburgSi, kievSi, talinSi,
erevanSi, Tbilissa da soxumSi. Taosnobis iniciatorebi _ ricxviT 50 _ sabWoTa
kanonmdeblobiT gaasamarTles da dasajes. devna perestroikamde gagrZelda.
`kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ daarsebis dRidanve amerikasa
da evropaSi intensiur muSaobas Seudga. daaarsa asobiT taZari, aSrami da skola.
maT Sorisaa aRniSnuli sazogadoebis Tbilisis filiali _ veduri kulturis
centri, romelic 1986 wels Seiqmna (registrirebulia 1992 wlidan). mas aqvs aSrami
(keliebi) erTgulTaTvis da taZari _ ZiriTadi RvTismsaxurebisaTvis. analogiuri
centrebi moqmedebs soxumSi, quTaissa da baTumSi. qarTveli kriSnaitebi, reli-
giur da sagamomcemlo-literaturul saqmianobasTan erTad, ewevian qvelmoqme-
debas: xsnian ufaso sasadiloebs. afxaz separatistebTan omis dros gaWirvebul-
TaTvis sakvebi mihqondaT.
`kriSnas cnobierebas mindobilni~, aSramis mkvidrni, gansakuTrebuli reJimiT cxov-
roben: dilis 4.30-ze iwyeba msaxureba _ mangala arati (ciskris Tayvaniscema), `hare
kriSna _ mahamantras~ individualurad krialosanze ganmeoreba (japa meditacia), rasac
mosdevs RvTaebaTa misalmeba, didi sulieri moZRvris _ Sriala (svami) prabhupadas _
gaxseneba da leqcia. esaa maTi wmida werilis _ `Srimad-bhagavatamis~ _ kiTxva-
komentireba, e.i. Studireba. Semdeg miirTmeven prasads (wyalobas) anu ufal kriSnasadmi
SeTavazebul saWmels. ewevian vegeterianul cxovrebas, magram Cai, yava, alkoholi,
Tambaqo akrZalulia. dagmobilia azartuli TamaSobebi. dawesebulia sqesobrivi
cxovrebis mkacri reglamenti. atareben specialur samosels. Sublze Tixis xsnarisagan
dasmuli aqvT niSani. iparsaven Tmas (garda kowolisa). daaqvT patara naWris abgebi.
`kriSnas cnobiereba~ dafuZnebulia vedur literaturaze, ZiriTadad ki _ `bha-
gavatgitaze~. svami prabhupadas TqmiT, radgan àr arsebobs gansxvaveba kriSnasa
da mis sityvebs Soris, `bhagavatgita~ iseTive Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs, rogor-
sac Tavad ufali kriSna, rameTu orive absoluturia~. gvmarTebs, gavixsenoT, rom
kriSna, Zvelinduri tradiciiT, viSnus xorcSesxma da gardasaxvaa. aqedan daskvna:
kriSna da viSnu erTi da igivea, _ erTi RmerTis ori saxeli. amitom misi Tayvanis-
mcemlebi kriSnaitebadac iwodebian da vaiSnavebadac.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kriSnaitebis moZRvreba vedantas eyrdnoba, TviTSegnebiT
igi damoukidebeli konfesiaa. mis damaarseblad iTvleba Caitania mahaprabhu,
uzenaesi uflis kriSnas inkarnacia, e.i. ufali Caitania, romelic, kriSnas cnobi-
erebis Tanaxmad, igive ufali kriSnaa. igi XV s-Si cxovrobda, qadagebda bengaliaSi.
mas literaturuli memkvidreoba ar dautovebia, magram uflebamosilebiT aRWur-
va mowafeebi, CaeweraT sityvierad Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba. ase gaformda reli-
giuri sistema, rasac axal epoqaSi msoflio masStabi Srila prabhupadam SesZina.
Caitania-prabhupadas mimdevrebs swamT:
kriSna uzenaesi pirovnebaa; Tavdapirveli ufali, mizezTa mizezi. yvelaferi
mas ekuTvnis da emorCileba; yvela naxevarRmerTi: brahma, Siva, Candra, varuna da
sxv. misi msaxurebi arian. kriSnas hyavs uricxvi piradi eqspansia, romlebic ar
gansxvavdebian misgan. esenia: viSnu, naraiana, damodara, vamana da sxv. kriSna yoveli
cocxali arsebis gulSi imyofeba zesulis saxiT. misi cnobiereba Tvlems nebismi-
eri adamianis gulisa da gonebis wiaRSi. kacis mizania moiZios, gamoafxizlos da
aaRorZinos es cnobiereba. kriSna materialuri samyaros miRma, sulier samyaroSi,
planeta vriSnalokaze imyofeba, magram energiebiT yvelganaa. cocxali arsebebi
misi maradiuli msaxurebi arian, magram masTan sxvadasxva saxis urTierToba
akavSirebT: SeiZleba iyvnen neitralurni, SeiZleba _ msaxurebi, megobrebi, an
SeiZleba masTan mSoblis an satrfos damokidebuleba iqonion. siyvaruli imasac
ki aviwyebinebs maT, rom kriSna RmerTia. Tavi rom davaRwioT samsaras anu sikvdil-
sicocxlis borbals da sulier samyaroSi davbrundeT, unda mivendoT kriSnas,
gavxdeT misi msaxuri. maSin materialuri energia, gnebavT, _ karmis kanoni, veRar
moaxdens samsaraze gavlenas da aRar mogviwevs wuTisofelSi Semosvla. es ideali
da srulyofis gza gvamcno Tavad kriSnam bhaqtis anu siyvarulis iogas saxiT,
rac gulisxmobs RvTis saTno cxovrebas anu misi mcnebebis kvaldakval svlas.
esenia: RvTis sityvis smena, mis Sesaxeb baasi, misi saxelis galobiT gandideba,
vedreba da Tayvaniscema, qvelmoqmedeba, gandegiloba, sulisa da gonebis ganspe-
takeba, rasac Tan sdevs materialur survilTagan Tavis daRweva, fufunebis, dide-
bis, saxelovnebis arad Cagdeba. samagierod _ RvTis siyvarulis ganviTareba da
samadhi.
bhaqtis anu RvTaebrivi siyvarulis aRzrdisa da ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSu-
alebaa mahamantra, e.i. didi mantra. `mantra~ sanskritze niSnavs marcvals, sityvas,
frazas, `mahamantra~ _ did, zebunebriv sityvas, romelsac mistiuri da STamagone-
beli Zala aqvs. iq, mindobilTa rwmeniT, areklili da kodirebulia aRniSnuli
moZRvrebis siRrme. igi meditaciis (sulieri Wvretis) saSualebaa. misi daxmarebiT
_ am sagaloblis maradis da `moukleblad~ warTqmiT _ individi maRldeba warmaval
sinamdvileze, aRwevs eqstazs da navardobs wmida sulebis samflobeloSi zeciur
planetebs Soris.

mahamantras Tavisuflebis anu, Zveli qarTuliT, gaxsnilebis diad sagalobels
uwodeben:
`hare kriSna, hare kriSna,
kriSna kriSna, hare hare,
hare rama, hare rama,
rama rama, hare hare~.
`hare~ niSnavs uflis energias, kriSna da rama ki uflis, RmerTis saxelebia (ix. zem.).
maTi warmoTqmiT mlocveli imoseba RvTis energiiT, riTac, SeiZleba iTqvas, Trgu-
navs maiad wodebul samyaros da Sinagan `mes~ amave energiis wyarosTan aziarebs.
es wyaro ki yvelaze cxovlad kacTa winaSe kriSnasa da ramas saxiT gacxadda. ami-
tomac erTgulebi cxovrebisa da Sromis yovel monakveTze warmoTqvamen maha-
mantras. atareben krialosnebs (fskvnils), romlis 108 kvanZi asaxierebs kriSnas
108 Seyvarebul mwyems qals. TiToeul mZivTan igalobeba `mahamantra~. amtkiceben,
rodesac pirovneba amgvarad adidebs RvTaebriv saxels, Tavisufldeba tkivili-
sagan da ganicdis eqstazs anu aRtaceba-aRfrTovanebas. Cndeba cekvis moTxovni-
leba. xSirad ki, Tu saTanado pirobebia, _ marSisa instrumentebiT, simReriTa da
rokviT quCebsa da bunebis wiaRSi. esaa kirtana, sityvasityviT _ galoba. am ritu-
alis safuZveliao, gvaswavlis prabhupada, arjunas sityvebi uzenaesi brahmani-
sadmi _ kriSnasadmi: `samyaros uxaria Seni saxelis mosmena da yvela Sen Semognat-
ris!~
bolo wlebSi qarTveli kriSnaitebis aqtiuroba Semcirda.
bahaizmi
`bahais sarwmunoeba~ axali epoqis nayofia. misi samSoblo irania, damaarsebeli
_ baha-ula. saxeli arabulia da `RvTis didebas~ niSnavs.
baha-ula XIX s-is Sua wlebSi cxovrobda. igi muslimani iyo, magram qristianuli
da sxva monoTeisturi literaturiT dainteresda da mowiful asakSi sakuTari
religiur-Teologiuri sistema SeimuSava, romelsac bahai (`dideba~) ewoda, mis
mimdevrebs ki bahaelebi.
xelisuflebasa da molebs axali moZRvrebis antiislamuri orientacia SeumCne-
veli ar darCeniaT. baha-ula da bevri misi Tanamosagre daapatimres. baha-ula yve-
laze mkacr sapyrobileSi daamwyvdies da sastikad gauswordnen, magram bahaelTa
ricxvis Semcireba ver moaxerxes da arc baha-ulas Seuwyvetia saqmianoba. igi samo-
Rvaweo asparezze gamosvlidan ormoci wlis Semdeg, 1892 wels, gardaicvala. dak-
rZalulia wmida miwaze, israelSi, q. bahdJiSi. misi saflavi bahaelebis saTayvane-
beli adgilia.
bahaelebi Tvlian, rom axal moZRvrebas da mis mqadagebels RmerTma winamorbedi

daaxvedra. misi saxelia babi, rac arabul enaze kars niSnavs. mis mizans da misias
bahaelebi ioane naTlismcemlis mizanTan da misiasTan aTanabreben da amboben:
ramdenime wlis winaT, vidre baha-ula Tavis saRvTo misias gaacxadebda, RmerTma
maxarebeli moavlina, romelsac misTvis gza unda moemzadebina da karibWis funqcia
Seesrulebina. babi qadagebda: `vadastureb, rom RvTis aRTqmuli dRis ganTiadi
dadga... miwieri survilebisagan ganwmindeT gulebi da angelozebs daemsgavseT,
raTa aRTqmas eziaroT, vinaidan RvTis gamocxadebis Secnoba mxolod ganwmendil
gulebs ZaluZT~. cnobilia babis epistole, romelmac iranSi sakmao popularoba
moixveWa. avtori Seipyres da TebrizSi gadaasaxles. iq 1850 wels daxvrites da
gvami TxrilSi Caagdes, magram mowafeebma amoiRes, Seinaxes, ramdenime wlis Semdeg
wm. miwaze gadaasvenes da qarmelis mTaze dakrZales.
babisa da baha-ulas ideebi maTma mowafeebma gaavrceles. am saqmeSi yvelaze
didi wvlili baha-ulas ufros vaJs abdul-bahas miuZRvis. sikvdilis win mamam
igi àRTqmis centrad da Tavisi moZRvrebis erTaderT ganmmarteblad~ gamoacxada.
fiqroben, rom amiT (èrTaderT ganmmarteblad~ gamocxadebiT) religiis damfuZ-
nebels samomavlod azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da uTanxmoebebisaTvis safuZvelis ga-
mocla hqonda Cafiqrebuli. SesaZlebelia asec iyos, radgan, rogorc bahaelebi
amtkiceben, maT Soris seqtantur dayofas da ganxeTqilebas dRemde adgili ar
hqonia.
abdul-baham mamis xvedri gaiziara. igi didxans ijda satusaRoSi, magram iranis
Sahma, romelsac humanizmsa da civilizaciaze pretenzia hqonda, abdul-baha gaaTa-
visufla da sazRvargareT wasvlis saSualeba misca. man, xandazmulobis miuxeda-
vad, evropisa da amerikis kontinentebi Semoiara da mimdevarTa SesamCnevi ricxvi
SeiZina. ase rom, bahaelTa sarwmunoebas saboloo saxe abdul-baham misca.
bahaelTa rwmeniT RmerTma samyaro siyvaruliT Seqmna da adamianebi imdenad
uyvars, rom maTTan aRTqma anu xelSekruleba dado. xelSekruleba ki ormxriv
valdebulebas gulisxmobs, ris gamoc RmerTi Cven oblad ar gvtovebs da Tavis
nebas da ganzraxvas gvatyobinebs. rodesac kacobrioba gzidan gadauxvevs da suli-
erad avaddeba, RmerTi dedamiwaze Tavisi nebis warmomCensa da ganmcxadebels gzav-
nis. igi adamianebs RvTis sityvas da ganzraxvas auwyebs. amgvari ganmcxadebeli
Zvel droSi qriste iyo, axal droSi ki _ baha-ula. erTic da meorec, bahaelTa
TqmiT, ise areklaven RvTis saxes, rogorc gaprialebuli sarke mzis sxivebs. Tu
gvinda SevimecnoT RmerTi da gavigoT misi neba, qristes da baha-ulas unda mo-
vusminoT. RvTis neba ki erTi mwyemsis erT samwysoSi kacobriobis gaerTianebaa.
Tvalis erTi gadavlebac sakmarisia, rom SevniSnoT _ bahais sarwmunoebis arse-
biTi niSani rasaTa da tomTa erTianobisaken, kacobriobis erTianobisken mowode-
baa. bahaelTa ideali kacobriobis erTi sarwmunoebis orbitaSi gaerTianeba da am
saxiT RvTis sasufevlis dedamiwaze damkvidrebaa. es sarwmunoeba aris baha-ulas

moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmad kacTa modgma mSvenieri baRis msgavsia, sadac sxvadas-
xva formisa Tu surnelis yvavilebi xaroben. mSvenierebis sawindari swored yvavi-
lebis simravle da mravalferovnebaa. kacobriobis xiblic rasaTa da tomTa nair-
gvarobaa. àdamianebo, Tqven erTi xis nayofebi da erTi totis foTlebi xarT!~ _
qadagebs baha-ula.
bahaelTa RvTismsaxurebis mTavari momenti yoveldRiuri individualuri loc-
vaa. locva SesaZlebelia yvelgan, radgan RmerTi yvelganmyofia: sagangebo Seno-
bebi saWiro araa. mTavari aqcenti pirovnebis gaumjobesebaze unda iqnas gadata-
nili, unda aikrZalos magari sasmelebi da uazro garTobebi, raTa sazogadoebaSi
mSvidobam da harmoniam daisadguros. baha-ulas moZRvreba àxal msoflio wes-
rigs~, axali qveynis mSeneblobas gulisxmobs.
bahaelebs dadginebuli sasuliero pirebi ar hyavT. TiToeuli sakrebulo
yovelwliurad irCevs cxra pirovnebas, romlebic àdgilobriv sasuliero kre-
buls~ qmnian. maT specialuri skolebi ara aqvT. rjulSi ganswavla urTierTkon-
taqtis Sedegad xdeba.
bahaizmi sinkretuli (gaerTianebuli) religiaa. rogorc Teoriis, ise praqtikis
TvalsazrisiT igi qristianobis, iudaizmis, islamisa da zoroastrizmis konglo-
meratad warmogvidgeba.
saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi, 1993 wlidan `bahais sasuliero asamblea~ moqmedebs,
romelic qveynis masStabiT 500-mde moqalaqes aerTianebs.
ioga
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis didi nawilis TvalSi ioga niSnavs fizikuri varji-
Sebis kompleqss, romelic emsaxureba janmrTelobas, sulisa da sxeulis harmonias.
asecaa, magram es mainc garegani mxarea. SeiZleba iTqvas, _ meoradi mniSvneloba.
sinamdvileSi ki, milionobiT adamianisaTvis aRmosavleTSi, ioga aris cxovrebis
gza, romelic STagonebuli da gasxivosnebulia filosofiuri da religiuri ide-
ebiT, kerZod, budizmisa da induizmis TeologiiT, kultiT, eTikiT.
aqedan cxadia, rom ioga, rogorc religiur-filosofiuri sistema, Caisaxa da
aRmocenda aRmosavleTSi, indoeTSi, iqauri religiebis wiaRSi. igi erT-erTia
indoeTis eqvsi filosofiuri skolidan (vedantas msgavsad). fuZemdeblad iTvleba
brZeni patanjali (Zv.w. I I s.). amis gamo iogas patanjalis sistemasac uwodeben,
romlis Tanaxmad WeSmaritebis Semecnebisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis auci-
lebelia naTeli goneba, sulisa da sxeulis ganwmenda.
sityva ìoga~ momdinareobs zmnis Ziridan ìuj~, rac sanskritze niSnavs èrTad
Sekonvas~, `SeuRlebas~, gadataniT _ kavSirs, jgufs, jams. igulisxmeba kavSiri
absolutTan: pirovnuli, konkretuli `me~-s ziareba uzenaes `me~-sTan.

amrigad, cneba ioga dakavSirebulia religiur idealebTan, kaTarzisTan
(ganwmendasTan), fizikur da sulier qmedebasTan, varjiSTan, romlis reglamenti
saukuneTa manZilze viTardeboda da mdidrdeboda.
ase rom, dRevandelobis TvaliT, ioga religiur-fsiqologiuri da fsiqo-fi-
zikuri varjiSebis saerTo saxelia, romelTac aqvT pirdapiri an iribi kavSiri
indur-tibetursa da Cinur samyarosTan. amdenad, gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi mi-
marTuleba: tibeturi ioga (budizmi) da Cinuri ioga (daoizmi).
arsebobas iogas uamravi saxe anu, rogorc xSirad ityvian, _ biliki, romelTac
mivyavarT idealTan, RvTaebriv sindisTan, samadhisTan. ukanaskneli gulisxmobs
saboloo kavSirs RmerTTan da yovelive RvTaebrivTan.
es bilikebia: 1. `Jnana ioga~ _ kavSiri codniT, SemecnebiT; 2. `bhaqTi ioga~ _
kavSiri siyvaruliT; 3. `karma ioga~ _ kavSiri msaxurebiT, saqmiT; 4. `mantra ioga~
_ kavSiri sityviT; 5. `haTha ioga~ _ kavSiri sxeulis kontroliT; 6. `raja ioga~ _
kavSiri gonebrivi kontroliT. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularulia
haTha ioga da raja ioga. Tumca sxva gzebic ar aris ignorirebuli da daviwyebuli.
bevri srulyofili iugis anu ioguri cxovrebis misaRwevad TiTqmis yvela aRniS-
nul gzas mihyveba.
ioga qadagebs TviTganwmendis rva saSualebas: 1. iama _ Tavis Sekaveba anu daTmena
codvebisa: sicruis, qurdobis, mruSobis, Zunwobis; 2) niama _ kultura, rac gulis-
xmobs sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis daxvewas, sxeulis movlas, sisufTaves,
kvebis reJims. agreTve, _ aklimatizaciis unaris SeZenas; 3) asana _ fizkultura
janmrTelobisaTvis, metadre _ nervuli sistemisaTvis; 4) pranaiama _ sunTqviTi
sistemis mowesrigeba; 5) pratiahara _ emociebis daZleva; 6) drahana _ yuradReba;
7) dhiana _ Wvreta da 8) samadhi _ gonebis koncentrireba raimeze (yuradRebis
daZabva).
amtkiceben, rom maRali rangis iogebi gansakuTrebul Zalas iZenen. SeuZliaT
mxecebis moTviniereba, nivTebis survilisamebr gaCena (dematerializacia da rema-
terializacia), winaswarmetyveleba, daxSul oTaxSi Sesvla, stiqionTa _ wylis,
cecxlis, haerisa da miwis _ damorCileba, telepatia, telekinezi da sxva. Tumca
saswaulmoqmedebas, rasac zogi jadosnobad naTlavs, erTguli iogebi ukidures
SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven. maTi uzenaesi mizania TviTkontrolis daxvewa da am gziT
sazogadoebis gajansaReba. es suliskveTeba msWvalavs axali drois Teoreti-
kosebis _ rama kriSnas, vivekanandas da iogandandas _ Semoqmedebas.
ioga aswavlis: RmerTi aris bunebaSi da buneba _ RmerTSi. amdenad, mecnierebaSi
miRebuli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, esaa panTeisturi moZRvreba, vinaidan iq abso-
luts, e.i. msoflio sulsa Tu kosmiur Zalas iazreben samyaros msgavs arsebad da
yovelive xilulisagan ganuyofel substanciad.
sainteresoa iogas damokidebuleba qristianobasTan. maTi azriT, qristes cxov-

reba aris Zvirfasi magaliTi CvenTvis, magram qriste ar aris unikaluri: qristi-
anoba RvTaebis anu absolutis mier STagonebul moZRvrebaTagan erT-erTia. gvax-
sendeba rama kriSnas sityvebi: ~ar dagaviwydes arasdros, rogorc did adamians,
rom qriste, kriSna da buda unapiro okeanis talRebia da Sen Tavad xar okeane~...
iogas meTodebi gamoiyeneba medicinaSi. dRes Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxva
kuTxeebSic moqmedebs haTha-iogas sistemis moyvarulTa jgufebi, romelTa klini-
kebSi mkurnaloben sxvadasxva saxis Sinagan Tu fsiqonervologiur daavadebebs.

Tavi 3
konfesiaTa urTierToba saqarTveloSi
monokonfesiuri da monoeTniuri saxelmwifo ar arsebobs, arc eri (am sityvis

Tanamedrove politikis gagebiT). amitom erovnebaTa da aRmsareblobaTa urTier-
Tobis problema yvela qveynis winaSe dgas, radgan religiurobis kultura anu
rwmenis eqspresiis (gamovlinebis) normebi, ise rogorc urTierTobaTa sxva for-
mebi, daxvewili da srulyofili arsad araa. ase iyo Zvelad da asea axla. saTanado
magaliTebi winamdebare wignSic moipoveba. mkiTxveli, albaT, im bunebriv faqtsac
SeniSnavda, rom gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa.
saistorio wyaroebi, rogorc qarTuli, ise berZnuli, laTinuri da somxuri,
mowmobs, rom religiur niadagze dapirispirebebs aqac hqonda adgili. cnobilia,
sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv garemoSi, Sexla-Semoxlani monofi-
zitebsa da diofizitebs, marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikebs da sxvebs Sorisac
rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
religiuri Tu nebismieri sxva saxis antagonizmi Tumca wuTisoflis ganuyreli
nawilia, man saqarTveloSi bolo dros gansakuTrebiT mZafri xasiaTi gamoavlina,
razec sainformacio saSualebebi TiTqmis yovel dRe ityobinebian. SemaSfoTe-
belia ara is, rom Cvens politikur elitaSi, inteligenciasa Tu sasuliero uwye-
baSi eqstremistuli Zalebi arseboben da muSaoben, aramed maTi gavlena mosaxle-
obis arc Tu umniSvnelo raodenobaze. erTi SexedviT es aralogikuri da paradoq-
sulia, Tu Cveni qveynis konstitucias, demokratiul struqturas da, amasTanave,
Cveni sazogadoebriobis didi nawilis pretenziebs gaviTvaliswinebT qarTveli
eris civilizebulobaze, humanurobasa da tolerantobaze. imperiuli da totali-
taruli reJimis Semdgomdroindel periodSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma msgavs
pretenziebs safuZveli gamoacala da dagvanaxa, rom qarTveli eri iseTive eria,
rogorc nebismieri sxva. absurdia, romelime eris, maT Soris qarTveli eris, bune-
baSi gansakuTrebuli Rirseba an gansakuTrebuli uRirseba eZebo. am mxriv erebs
Soris gansxvaveba araa. karg an cud Tvisebas esa Tu is eri, ufro sworad, _ eris
garkveuli nawili, konkretuli garemoebebisa da mizezebis Sesabamisad avlens.
eri gaqvavebuli mocemuloba rodia. igi Sedgenilia pirovnebebisa da individebi-
sagan da imave masStabis cvalebadobas eqvemdebareba, ra masStabis cvalebadobac
pirovnebam da individma SeiZleba ganicados. pirovneba is arsebaa, romelic icvlis
xasiaTs, Tvisebebs, znes; umjobesdeba an uaresdeba. yvelafers, cxadia, mizezi
aqvs. Tuki qarTveli eri, davuSvaT, warsulSi marTlac gansakuTrebiT humanuri
Tavi 3. konfesiaTa urTierToba saqarTveloSi 217

da rjulSemwynarebeli iyo, xolo dRes am Tvisebebs veRar amJRavnebs, es, erTi
mxriv, samarcxvinoa, radgan saqme regresTan gvaqvs, da, meores mxriv, egeve faqti
mizezebis Ziebisaken gvibiZgebs.
sirTuleebi, rasac saqarTvelo dRes Sin Tu gareT awydeba, bevrwilad sarwmu-
noebriv niadagzea aRmocenebuli. arasamarTlebrivi da arasaxelmwifoebrivi
cnobiereba, rasac Cvens sazogadoebaSi Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli, yvelaze cxa-
dad sindisis Tavisuflebisadmi mosaxleobis didi nawilis damokidebulebaSi
vlindeba. es nawili Tavs marTlmadideblobaze debs, magram misi azrovnebisa da
gemovnebisaTvis marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba realurad erTob ucxo da Sore-
ulia. marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis arsebiTi niSani pirovnebis sindisis
(msoflmxedvelobis) da nebis Tavisufleba gaxlavT. eklesia imiT gansxvavdeba
seqtisagan, rom iq, seqtaSi, vimeorebT, met-naklebi doziT, totalitarizmi bato-
nobs, romelic pirovnebis yovelmxriv STanTqmas lamobs. Tu es ar moxerxda,
e.i. individi koleqtivs Tu globalurad ar Seerwya, mas gaaZeveben. eklesiis
wevrTa winaSe, saxeobrivad rom vTqvaT, srulyofilebasTan ziarebis ierarqiuli
kibea, romlis safexurebze isini nebayoflobiT dgebian (jer eri, mere beri).
iZuleba Tu dakabaleba RvTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba. RmerTma adamians ara marto
arCevanis ufleba, aramed arCevanis gakeTebis, nabijis damoukideblad gadadgmis
anu am uflebis realizaciis saSualebac dautova, rasac samoTxis SuagulSi ori
xis arseboba adasturebs. esaa imis mizezi, rom kaTolike eklesiaSi pirovnebebTan
mizanmimarTuli anu individualuri misionerobis, individebis sulier samyaroze
zedamxedvelobis da kar-kar qadagebis Cveuleba danergili ar aris. TiToeuli
adamiani WeSmaritebas Tavisufali sindisisa da nebis Sedegad unda eziaros.
damunaTeba, _ ratom Seicvale msoflmxedveloba, ratom gaxdi ama Tu im aRmsa-
reblobis mimdevari! _ Tavisuflebis bibliur gagebas ewinaaRmdegeba. marTlma-
dideblobiT gaamayebuli Cveni mosaxleoba, ufro xSirad `Savi samyaros~ warmomad-
genlebi an am samyarosaken midrekili pirovnebebi cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad
dRes am WeSmaritebis winaaRmdeg gamodian da es faqti zemoaRniSnuli viTarebis
erT-erTi mizezia. sxvadmadideblebis lanZRva da alag-alag muStikriviT angariS-
sworeba ukve iSviaToba aRaraa.
meore mizezi qarTveli erisa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis identifikaciis
mcdeloba gaxlavT. rogorc eklesiologiuri, ise anTropologiuri da polito-
logiuri TvalsazrisebiT romelime eris romelime, miT ufro, msoflio religi-
asTan gaigiveba sruli nonsensia. eri da eklesia heterogenuli anu warmoSobiT
sxvadasxva movlenebia. pirveli amqveyniuri da wuTisofliseulia, meore _ maradi-
uli da zeerovnuli; pirveli xalxTa istoriul erTianobas gulisxmobs, romelSic
genetikas, e.i. jiSsa da jilags garkveuli wili aqvs, meore _ xalxTa rwmenismier
erTianobas, romelic madliT da RirsebiT yvela ers aTanabrebs da aigivebs

(Sdr. 1 kor. 12:13; gal. 3:28; kol. 3:11). erisa da eklesiis identifikacia, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT (ix. gv. 87), aris eklesiologiuri eresi (filetizmi anu metomeoba)
da droa xmamaRla iTqvas, rom marTlmadideblobis damCemebel qarTvelebsa da
maT sulier mamebs Soris dRes am eresis momZlavreba SeiniSneba. unda vaRiaroT,
rom lozungi `qarTveli eri da marTlmadidebeli eklesia erTia!~ aris seqtan-
turi, antipatriotuli da antimarTlmadidebluri azrovnebis nayofi. aqedan er-
Ti nabijia qarTveli eris daqucmacebamde da saqarTvelos daSlamde. Tu qarTveli
eri da marTlmadidebeli eklesia erTi da igivea, aramarTlmadidebeli qarTvelebi
_ muslimanebi, kaTolikebi, protestantebi, marginalebi, marTlmadideblobis
damCemebeli aramarTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba, romlis ricxvi didze didia, da
bolos aTeistebi, qarTvelebi aRar yofilan. am Sinaarsis lozungebiT spekulacia
eklesiis sazRvrebs Slis, xolo saxelmwifos katastrofiT emuqreba, rom nebsiT
Tu uneblieT religiur-nacionalur eqstremizms mwvane Suqi enTeba.
arsebobs mesame mizezic, _ Cveni sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenaSi gamjdari azri
da Tavdajereba ~ucxo religiebisa da seqtebis~ arnaxulad momravlebis Sesaxeb.
gazeT ~alias~ Tu davujerebT (T. rusitaSvilis korespondencia), Cveni Tanamemamu-
leebis meoTxedi ukve gaseqtantebula (2000, 8-9. I, N 3). vrceldeba xma, TiTqos,
saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi, magaliTad kaspSi, ìehovas mowmeebi~ mosaxleobis
30%-s Seadgenen. xSirad gaigonebT: `Tu ase gagrZelda, marTlmadidebloba Cvens
qveyanaSi male religiur umciresobad mogvevlineba~, `naxevari saqarTvelo lamis
ieRoveli gaxda~ da a.S. Tuki es xmebi nawilobriv mainc Seesabameba sinamdviles,
saqarTveloSi yoveli meore Tu ara, yoveli meoTxe, mexuTe, meaTe, ocdameaTe mainc
iehovas mowme, anda romelime sxva denominaciisa Tu seqtis mimdevari unda iyos.
mimovixedoT mezoblebSi, ubnebSi, samsaxurebSi, saswavleblebSi da davsvaT
kiTxva: marTla asea?
movuxmoT faqtebs:
saqarTvelos saxeze myofi mosaxleoba (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebis
gareSe), statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis ukanaskneli, 2001 wlis, monaceme-
bis mixedviT, 4 452 100 anu oTxi milion oTxasormocdaTormeti aTas as suls
Seadgens.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis religiurobis niSniT aRweris Sedegebi jerjerobiT
cnobili araa. Cveni gamokiTxvebis Tanaxmad (ix. zemoT Tav-Tavis adgilze), aramar-
Tlmadidebel qristianTa da araqristianTa demografia saqarTveloSi dReisaT-
vis ase gamoiyureba:

# dasaxeleba ricxvi mosaxleobis %
1. `somxuri samociqulo eklesia~ 200 000 4,0

2. kaTolike 50 000 1
3. luTereli 700 0,01
4. baptisti 6000 0,1
5. ormocdaaTianeli 5000 0,1
6. duxobori 1500 0,03
7. malakani 2000 0,04
8. me-7 dRis adventisti 400 0,0
9. iehovas mowme 15000 0,3
10. `xsnis armia~ 800 0,02
11. àxalsamociqulo eklesia~ 700 0,01
12. sxvadasxva dasaxelebis jgufebi maqs. 300 0,0
13. iudeveli 10 000 0,2
14. muslimani 500 000 11,2
15. iezidi 30 000 0,7
16. kriSnaiti 200 0,0
17. bahaiti 500 0,01
sul 823100
maSasadame, dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi 823100 aramarTlmadidebeli cxovrobs. es

ricxvi qveynis mosaxleobis 18,5%-s Seadgens.
is protestantuli da marginaluri eklesiebi anu is denominaciebi da seqtebi,
romlebic Cvens masmediaSi, agreTve saero da sasuliero oficialuri pirebis mier
xSirad erisTvis saSiS Zalebad inaTlebian _ baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, ad-
ventistebi, iehovelebi, xsnis armielebi, kriSnaitebi, bahaitebi, axalmociqulebi
da sxvadasxva wvril-wvrili jgufebi _ qveynis mosaxleobis 0,6%-s Seadgens anu
erT procentsac ver aRwevs.
saqarTvelos masStabiT es umniSvnelo ricxvia da realuri Zala ar gaaCnia. am
(da Tundac meti) raodenobis ultraprotestantebsa da marginalebs saerTo erov-
nul kulturasa da tradiciul normebze gavlenis moxdena, romc undodeT, ar
ZaluZT.
xmaurisa da aliaqoTis, lamis isteriis safuZvels arc tendencia iZleva. jer

erTi, `saSiSi~ denominaciebi da seqtebi saqarTveloSi dakompleqtebulia ara mar-
Tlmadidebeli mrevlis (yofili marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebis) xarjze, aramed,
da es mkafiod unda iTqvas, _ carieli adgilidan mosulebiT anu im adamianebiT,
romlebic adre aTeistebi, nihilistebi, sarwmunoebisadmi indiferentulad
ganwyobilebi iyvnen. ase rom, koreqtirebas moiTxovs gancxadeba: `seqtebi mrevls
marTlmadidebel eklesias staceben~. rac Seexeba Cvens qveyanaSi marTlmadide-
belTa raodenobas, viTareba, ra masalebzec xeli migviwvdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas,
idealuria. arsad, arc erT qveyanaSi, morwmune marTlmadideblad Tavs mosaxle-
obis imdeni procenti ar aRiarebs, ramdenic saqarTveloSi. vinc marTlmadidebel
eklesiebSi wirva-locvaze dadis, dagveTanxmeba, rom taZrebis umravlesoba mloc-
velebs veRar itevs.
religiaTa kvlevis institutTa monacemebiT, msoflioSi morwmuneTa ricxvi
klebulobs. saqarTveloSi piriqiT, arnaxulad izrdeba. 1978 wels Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetSi RvTismorwmuned Tavs studentobis 1 procenti Tvlida,
2000 wels ki Tavi morwmuned 88,8%-ma gamoacxada, 6,2%-ma _ aramorwmuned, xolo
5%-s pasuxis gacema gauWirda. morwmuneTa umravlesoba _ 97,5% _ marTlmadide-
belia, danarCeni, e.i. 2,5% islamis, iudaizmis, kaTolicizmisa da baptizmis mimdev-
rebi arian (T. fanjikiZe, rogora gvaqvs saqme RmerTTan. _ gaerTianebuli samec-
niero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 62).
im problemisaTvis, razec vsaubrobT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani marTlmadidebel-
Ta ricxovnobis erTob maRali maCvenebelia _ 97 procentze meti. marTalia, am
SemTxvevaSi laparaki studentTa SezRudul kontingentzea, magram Cvens gare-
momcvel viTarebas Tu fxizlad davakvirdebiT, davrwmundebiT, rom aRniSnuli
Sedegebi qveynis sarwmunoebrivi realobisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. visac dRe-
vandeli vaWrobis qselisaTvis Tvali Seuvlia, dagveTanxmeba, rom Tu ramezea moT-
xovnileba, esenia marTlmadideblur-saRvTismsaxuro literatura, salocavi sag-
nebi, samarxvo saWmelebi da a.S.
xelisufalTa, politikosTa da qveynis WirisufalTa SeSfoTebas unda iwvevdes
ara qarTveli marTlmadideblebis raodenoba (vimeorebT, am mxriv tendencia ide-
aluria), aramed is mzvaobroba, araiuridiuli qmedeba da cnobiereba, romelsac
Cveni moqalaqeebi, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da, warmoidgineT, iuristebi
amJRavneben. saukeTeso magaliTad, bevr sxva magaliTs Soris, didube-CuRureTis
erTi gaxmaurebuli da gaWianurebuli sasamarTlo procesi gamogvadgeba. lapa-
rakia `marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiris~ sarCelze saskolo saxelmZRvanelos
(`religia da kultura~) da damxmare saxelmZRvanelos (`religiis karibWe~) wina-
aRmdeg. saCivars sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsi hqonda, _ am wignebSi rjulis sakiTxebi
araadekvaturadaa gaSuqebulio. faqti, rom mosamarTleebma TavianT Tavs msgavsi
sarCelis ganxilvis ufleba misces, savalalo da sagodebelia, radgan saqme

samarTlebrivi cnobierebis gaukuRmarTebasa da regresTan gvaqvs. Cveni sasamar-
Tlo ver dgas im simaRleze, ra simaRlezec romis sasamarTlo jer kidev 2000
wlis winaT idga. sailustraciod `mociqulTa saqmeebis~ erTi epizodis gaxsenebac
sakmarisia (18:12-17). ebraelebma pavle mociqulis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi
sarCeli Seitanes, _ ès kaci arwmunebs xalxs, rom rjulis sawinaaRmdegod
eTayvanon RmerTs~. prokonsulma, romelsac saxelad galioni erqva da mosamar-
Tlis movaleobasac asrulebda, gancxadebis teqsti moismina, Tavi gadaaqnia da
Tqva: vinaidan am kacs kanonis sawinaaRmdego saqme ar Caudenia anu, Cveni sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, ar mouparavs, ar mouklavs, boroti xulignoba ar Caudenia, saxel-
mwifos winaaRmdegac ar gaulaSqria, misi religiuri azrebi da saqmeebi sasa-
marTlo mosmenasa da ganxilvas ar eqvemdebarebao. pasuxma momCivanebi ver da-
aSoSmina, ris gamoc galioni iZulebuli gaxda, rom isini sasamarTlodan kinwis-
kvriT gamoeyara. kargi iqneba, Tuki Cveni mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi da advo-
katebi bibliidan am da bevr sxva msgavs epizodes guldasmiT waikiTxaven da pro-
fesiulad gaaanalizeben.
nacionalur-fileturi emociebi, romelmac bolo aTwleulSi Cveni saero da
sasuliero elitis SesamCnevi nawili moicva, qsenofobiasa da antiseqtantur iste-
rias kvebavs. gaismis mowodebebi da moTxovnebi marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo
religiad da qveynis ideologiad gamocxadebis, `moZalebul seqtaTa~ kanonis Za-
liT alagmvis da saamisod sagangebo specsamsaxuris Seqmnis Sesaxeb. vrceldeba
xmebi (razec Jurnalistebi xSirad sapatriarqos prescentrs imowmeben), rom de-
daqalaqsa da mis SemogarenSi `satanistebi momZlavrdnen da ritualuri mkvle-
lobebic gaxSirda~. gazeT àxali saqarTvelos~ mtkicebiT (2002, 24. I I -2. I I I , #4),
àma Tu im seqtis wevrebis mier masobrivi mkvlelobis faqtebi realurad gvayenebs
okulturi policiis Seqmnis aucileblobis winaSe~ (l.jaSis korespondenciidan).
samarTaldamcavi organoebi am SemTxvevaSic dumils amjobineben, rac sazogado-
ebis egzaltirebul nawils aRagznebs. maTTvis yvela aramarTlmadidebeli seqtan-
tia da, maSasadame, potenciuri mkvlelia, satanistia. msgavsi Tavdajerebebi ubra-
lo dezinformacia araa, aramed _ sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis saSiSi cru-
morwmuneoba. bulvarul presas salaparako eZleva.
radikalur zomebze, òkultur policiaze~ fiqris sababs, Jurnalistebis pro-
pagandiT, marTlmadidebelTa xarjze seqtantebis ricxvis zrda iZleva. monace-
mebi, razec Cven xeli migviwvda da raSic eWvis Setanis safuZveli ara gvaqvs, vime-
orebT, gansxvavebul suraTs gvTavazobs.
saqarTveloSi rogorc morwmune marTlmadidebelTa, ise marTlmadideblobis
damCemebelTa ricxvi dRiTidRe izrdeba. rac Seexeba sxvadmadideblebs, saqar-
TveloSi isinic arian. maTi saerTo ricxvi ase Tu ise, met-naklebad, magram mainc,
aseve izrdeba da SesaZlebelia, metadac gaizardos garesamyarosTan saqarTvelos

komunikaciebis gafarToebis kvaldakval. es demokratiuli da Ria sazogadoebis
principia. adgili aqvs konkurencias: carieli sivrcidan, yamiri miwidan da da-
umuSavebeli venaxidan gaurkveveli religiuri orientaciis pirovnebaTa gamoy-
vanis mcdelobas. gaimarjvebs is, vinc dauxnav, dauTesav da gaumarglav velebs
ukeTes meurned gamouCndeba; adamianebTan urTierTobaSi vinc met daxvewilobas
gamoiCens, axsna-ganmartebis iseT formebs moZebnis, rasac mociquli gvTavazobs
da rac am wignis epigrafadaa wamZRvarebuli; vinc Tanamedrove problemebs gaiT-
valiswinebs da, rac mTavaria, vinc ukeTes zneobriv samyaros da suliskveTebas
gamoavlens. meurnes sidinje, goniereba, kolegiuroba da im sagnis siyvaruli mo-
eTxoveba, rasac emsaxureba. sarwmunoeba sindisis saqmea da saTuTi sfero. marTl-
madidebeli eklesiis xelSi oriaTaswlovani samoZRvro praqtika, gamocdileba
da umdidresi saRvTismetyvelo tradiciaa. rogorc saxelmwifos, ise, pirvel rig-
Si, eklesiis umTavresi mizani, vfiqrobT, am tradiciis siRrmiseulad gaazreba
da mis arsebasTan ziareba unda iyos, raTa erSic da berSic, vimeorebT, saRma
sarwmunoebam anu sarwmunoebrivma kulturam, siyvarulis, mSvidobisa da saTno-
ebis sulma daisadguros.

„saxarebiseuli cnobierebis recidivebi
qristianTa Soris xSirad iCens Tavs. kerZod,
– ganyenebuli spiritualizmi,
avtoritaruli mouTmenloba, magiuri
moweseoba. es gasagebia: 2000 weli Zalian
cotaa imisaTvis, rom kacobriobam
crumorwmunoeba gadalaxos da RvTis gzazed
dadges. es gza absoluturi da amouwuravia...
cudia, roca taZari carielia. ufro cudia,

rodesac taZari savsea, magram sulisagan
daclilia“.
dekanozi aleqsandre meni

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. epistole aRmosavleTis kaTolike eklesiaTa patriarqebisa

marTlmadidebluri rwmenis Sesaxeb. _ `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1988, #3
2. z. kiknaZe, eklesia guSin, eklesia xval, Tb., 2002
3. z. kiknaZe, saubrebi bibliaze, Tb., 1989
4. z. kiknaZe, Sobidan Sobamde, Tb., 1997
5. e. nadiraZe, msoflios religiebi, Tb., 1996
6. n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, Tb., 1996
7. m. sonRulaSvili, bibliuri moTxrobebi, Tb., 1999
8. T. fanjikiZe religiis istoriis sagnis arsi da struqtura (avtoreferati),
Tb., 1993
9. À. Ìåíú, Èñòîðèÿ ðåëèãèè, ò. 1 Ì., 1998; ò 2, Ì., 1998
10. Ïðàâîñëàâíàÿ Áîãîñëîâñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ, ïîä. ðåä. À. Ï. Ëîïóõèíà, ò. 1-6
11. Ï. Ñâåòëîâ, Çíà÷åíèå êðåñòà â äåëå Õðåñòîãî (îïèò èçúÿñíåíèå äîãìàòà èñêóïëåíèÿ),
Êèåâ, 1993
12. Í. Ñìåëçåð, Ñîöèîëîãèÿ, Ì., 1998
13. À. È. Îñèïîâ, Îñíîâíîå áîãîñëîâèå, Ì., 1994
14. Òîëêîâàÿ Áèáëèÿ èëè êîììåíòàðèè íà âñå êíèãè ñâ. Ïèñàíèèÿ, Ñòîêãîëüì, 1987
15. Õîðîùåãî äåðæèòåñü. Öåðêâè è ðåëèãèîçíûå îáüåäèíåíèÿ â Ðîñèèñêîé äåðæàâå,
Ñîâåòñêîì Ñîþçå è íåçîâåñèìèõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ, âîçíèêøèõ ïîñëå åãî ðàñïàäà, Õàðüêîâ, 1999
16. Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü, èçäàòåëè Ô. À. Áðîêãàóç è Ì. À. Åôðîí, ò 1-86
17. Bibeltheulugisches Worterbuch, Herausgegeben von I. B. Baur.
ama Tu im konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

gamoyenebuli literatura miTiTebulia Sesabamis adgilze.
Nugzar Papuashvili
WORLD RELIGIONS IN GEORGIA
Summary
Due to its location at the crossroads of West and the East, Georgia has always
represented a place where different religions and cultures came in close contact with
each other. This statement is confirmed by a number of Greek, Roman and Armenian
historians as well as Georgian scriptures of early mid centuries. According to them, this
part of the Caucasus has always been a very eclectic religious entity. Most important
cultures existing in the region were locally emerged cults of stones, trees, forests or
mountains as well as Greek-Roman Eastern-Mesopotamian polytheist religions as well
as Judaism and Zoroastrism.
In 20s and 30s of the 4th century AD, Christianity received the status of the national
religion in Georgia; however, other denominations did not cease their existence
immediately. Moreover, since mid 7th century Islam started to spread through Georgia
and the entire Caucasus. A considerable part of the population converted into Islam,
though the majority still adhered to the Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Religious life of Georgia was heavily influenced by events that took place in the Eastern
Roman Empire — the Byzantine — and the Western Europe. Historical sources indicate
that in the medieval period various denominations such as Monophysitysm,
Nestorianism, Monothelytism etc. were active on the Georgian territory. Interestingly,
the Roman Catholic Church had a very significant influence on the history of Georgian
culture and identity. Its missioners practiced and propagated Catholicism in Georgia
since 13th century. In the Early 19th century, Lutheran Germans, who were resettled
to Georgia by the Tsarist Russia, were actively engaged in the cultural and economic
life of the country.
It can be suggested that the world religions that had existed in different forms in
Georgia before, still continue to exist today. For example, about 300,000 of Georgia’s
citizens are Iezids, with religious roots in Zoroastrism.
Georgian culture itself, an indispensable entity of the world culture, is a result of

a Christian, more concretely, the Orthodox Christian belief and tradition. The religion
and literal practice has had enormous influence not only on the religious but also on
civic history and contemporary life. While nobody questions the latter statement,
it should also be acknowledged the role of non-Christian in the formation of the
Georgian culture. Thus, culture of non-Christian ethnic Georgians as well as that
of non-Georgians but residents (or citizens) of Georgia has always been part
of the broader Georgian culture.
Today, in addition to Orthodoxy, 17 denominations of Christian and non-Christian

character are represented in Georgia. According to the available data, the number of
followers of these denominations constitutes 823,100 i.e. 18,5% of the entire population.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been a widespread and intense
activism dedicated to defining identity of the Orthodox Christian Church as well the
Georgian nation itself. Slogans like “Orthodoxy is the religion of all Georgians”,
“The Orthodox Church and the Georgian nation is the same” became popular.
According to the same logic, not following the Orthodoxy meant not being Georgian.
In Christian theology, such attitude is described as phyletism — a phenomenon
denounced by number of Church congresses and labeled as heresy. However, in
contemporary Georgia, “Ecclesiastic nationalism” is clearly a characteristic of number
of representatives of the Georgian public as well as religious establishment.
Unfortunately, the above slogans have been successfully portrayed as truly Christian,
and have brought some serious religious excesses and even violence. With the pathos
of Orthodox fundamentalism, pogroms on some Orthodox, Jehovah witnesses, Baptists,
Pentecostals have become frequent. Such facts inevitably discredit not only
the Orthodox Church but also the state itself.
One could think that the ruling elite of Georgia do not realize the importance of such
facts as a political threat to the country. Law enforcement agencies are keep silence,
and sometimes even promote acts of violence. Even some MPs label Jehovah’s
witnesses, Baptists and similar denominations as forces that pose danger for the nation.
Disinformation about their huge, and clearly overblown, numbers is being spread
throughout the population. Reality, however, shows the opposite picture: according
to the information found (through interviews of the leaders of these denominations)
the number of so-called sects in Georgia does not exceed 0.6% of the total population.
Thus, anti sect hysteria in Georgia has no tangible ground.
This book intends to review principal issues of theory and practices of different religious
organizations active in Georgia. Particular focus falls on Christian denominations.
The author attempts to describe internal and external nature of each denomination
and focus on key aspects of their importance. Looking at different religious
organizations from this perspective will promote and cultivate the reader’s impulses
of tolerance and respect towards them.
Sinaarsi:
Sesavali 3
„religia“ (3-5), rwmena (5-6), suli (7), suli da sxeuli (7-8),
RmerTi (8-12), religiis warmoSoba (12-13),
religiaTa klasifikacia (13-15), religiuri organizaciebi (15-17),
saqarTvelo religiebis gzaTSesayarze (18),
religia dRevandel saqarTveloSi (19).
Tavi 1. qristianoba 20
zogadi mimoxilva (20-21), pirvelwyaro (21-23)
saRvTo werili 23-33

sayovelTao interesi (23), saxelwodeba (23-24),
Semadgenloba, Sinaarsi, avtorebi (24-25),
Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi (26),
axali aRTqma (26), rodis Seiqmna kanoni? (26-28),
bibliologiis sakvanZo sakiTxebi (28-29),
xelnawerebi, aRmoCenebi, daskvnebi (30-31),
bibliis qarTuli Targmani (31), bibliis ena (32-33),
biblia da stamba (33).
saRvTo istoria 33-59

Zveli aRTqma (33-56), axali aRTqma (56-59)
RvTismetyveleba da RvTismsaxureba 59-81

RvTismetyveleba (59-75), RvTismsaxureba (75-81)
marTlmadidebloba 81-88
zogadad (81-83), struqtura da kanonikuri wyoba (83-85),
sqizmaturi eklesiebi (85-88)
saqarTvelos eklesia 88-96
denominaciebi eklesiaTa erTianobis xanaSi 96-134

gnosticizmi da mandeizmi (98-100), origenizmi (100-103),
arianoba (103-106), nestorianoba (107-111),
monofizitoba da somxuri eklesia (112-121),
monoTelitoba da maronitebi (121-128), xatbrZoloba (128-134)
eklesiaTa gayofa 134-145
kaTolikoba da kaTolikuri eklesia saqarTveloSi 145-152
reformacia da protestantoba 152-169

istoria da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi (152-154),
anglikanuri eklesia (154-156),
luTerelebi da maTi eklesia saqarTveloSi (156-162),
baptistebi (162-165), evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi (165-167),
„xsnis armia“ (167-168), „axalsamociqulo eklesia“ (168-169)
marginaluri eklesiebi 169-176

duxoborebi da malaknebi (170-172),
„me-7 dRis adventistebi“ (172-175), „iehovas mowmeebi“ (175-176)

iudaizmi 177-181
islami 181-194
zoroastrizmi da iezidebi 194-197
vedebi, brahmanizmi da induizmi 198-207
budizmi 205-209
„kriSnas cnobiereba“ 209-212
bahaizmi 212- 214
ioga 214-216
gamoyenebuli literatura 225
inglisuri reziume 226-227

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
Religion (3-6), Faith (5-7), Soul and Body (7-8), God (8-12),
Birth of Religion (12-13), Classification of Various Religions (13-15),
Religious Organizations (15-17), Georgia on Religious Crossroads (18),
Religion in Today’s Georgia (19)
CHAPTER 1. CHRISTIANITY 20
Overall Summary (20 – 21), First Sources (21 – 23)
Divine scripture 23 - 33
Public Interest (23), Title (23-24), Structure, Content and Authors (24-25),
Non-Canonical Books of the Old Testament (26), New Testament (26),
When Was the Law Formed? (26-28), The Basic Questions of the Biblical
Science (28-29), Scriptures, Discoveries, Conclusions (30-31),
Georgian Translation of the Bible (31), Biblical Language (32-33),
Print and History of Bible (33).
Divine History 33-59

Old Testament (33-56), New Testament (56-59)
Theology and Divine Service 59-81

Theology (59-75), Divine Service (75-81)
Orthodoxy 81-88
General Overview (81-83), Structure and Canonical Order (83-85),
Scismatic Churches (85-88),
Georgian Church 88-96
Denominations at Age of United Church 96-134

Gnosticism and Mandeizm (98-100), Origenizm (100-103),
Arianizm (103-106), Nestorianizm (107-111),
Monofizitizm and Armenian Church (112-121),
Monothelitizm and Maronits (121-128), Iconoclasm (128-134)
Separation of Church 134-145
Catholisism and Catholic Church in Georgia 145-152
Reformation and Protestantism 152-169

History and Main Directions (152-154), Anglican Church (154-156),
Lutherans and their Church in Georgia (156-162), Baptists (162-165),
Evangelist-Pentecostal (165-167), „Salvation Army“ (167-168),
„New Testament Church“ (168-169)
Marginal Churches 169-176

Duxobors da Malakns (170-172), „The 7th Day Adventists“ (173-175),
„Jehovah’s Witnesses“ (175-177)
CHAPTER 2. NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS 177

Judaism 177-181
Islam 181-194
Zoroastrism and Yezidism 194-197
Vedas, Brahmanizm and Hinduism 198-204
Buddhism 205-209
Krisnaism 209-212
Baha 212-214
Yoga 214-216
CHAPTER 3. THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG CONFESSIONS IN GEORGIA 217
Key Literature 225
English Summary 226-227

wigni gamocemulia
Tavisuflebis institutis
mier
Tbilisi 380008, griboedovis 23; tel.: 93 66 15; faqsi: 93 67 84; el-fosta:liberty@liberty.ge

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nugzar papuaSvili

4 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

6 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

8 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

10 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

12 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

14 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

16 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

18 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

20 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

22 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

Semadgenloba, Sinaarsi, avtorebi

24 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

rodis Seiqmna kanoni?

26 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

bibliologiis sakvanZo sakiTxebi

28 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

30 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

bibliis qarTuli Targmani

32 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

34 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

36 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

38 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

40 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

42 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

44 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

46 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

1. aRTqma abraamisa, isakisa da iakobisa (Zv.w. XIX-XVII ss.)

48 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

2. moses rjuli (Zv.w. XIII s.)

50 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

52 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

3. mefe da winaswarmetyveli daviTi (1010-970)

54 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

56 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

58 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

60 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

62 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia moZRvreba erTi

64 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

66 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

68 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

70 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

72 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

74 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

76 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

78 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

80 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

82 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

struqtura da kanonikuri wyobileba

84 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

86 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

88 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

90 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

92 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

94 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

96 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

ZiriTadi literatura: a. p. lebedevi, saeklesio krebebi VI, VII da VIII saukuneebSi,

98 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

100 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

Tavi I. qristianoba 101

102 msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi

Tavi I. qristianoba 103