Parasitology

Mid Term Assignment

PARASITE A.K.A EGG ADULT INFECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC HOST LOC. INT HOST 2ND INT PATHOLOGY MOT PHIL Tx
HOST

Malaria

Plasmodium P. Ring: 1-2 small Schizont: seldom Gametocyte Giemsa/ Wright Mature Female - Uncomplicated: Bite of Yes Comb. with
falciparum falciparum chromatin dots; seen in peripheral crescent or stain thick/thin erythrocytes Anopheles Fever, Chills, female (86%) artemisinin
occasional blood, mature = sausage blood smear in mosquito Sweats, Anopheles derivative
applique forms 8-24 small shape, RDT nutritionally Headaches, Blood 80-90% Atovaquone
merozoites, dark chromatin in Serologis: complex Nausea, Vomiting, transfusion Mefloquone
Trophozoite: pigment, clumped single mass, hemagglutinatio environment Body ache, Contaminat Global, Quinine+/-
seldom seen in in one mass diffuse, dark n, Indirect of General malaise ed syringe/ most doxycycline
perip. Blood, pigment mass fluorescent bloodstream needle commo
compact antibody Malignant: Congenital n in
cytoplasm, dark Immunofluoresc Cerebral Anemia Africa
pigment ence assay Severe anemia
PCR Hemoglobinuria
Radioimmunoas Low BP from CV
say collapse
Acute Kidney
Injury
Hyperparasitemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoglycemia

Plasmodium P. Ring sturdy Schizont matur: 9- Gametocyte Giemsa/ Wright Mature Female - Uncomplicated: Bite of Yes, Chloroquine
malariae malariae cytoplasm, large 12 merozoites round to oval stain thick/thin erythrocytes Anopheles Fever, Chills, female rarely
chromatin with large nuclei, compact, fill blood smear in mosquito Sweats, Anopheles
clustered around RBC, RDT nutritionally Headaches, Blood 0.5-3%
Trophozoite: mass of coarse chromatin Serologis: complex Nausea, Vomiting, transfusion
compact dark brown compact, hemagglutinatio environment Body ache, Contaminat Global
cytoplasm, large pigment, eccentric or n, Indirect of General malaise ed syringe/
chromatin, occasional diffuse, fluorescent bloodstream needle
occasional bands resettes scattered antibody Malignant: Congenital
forms, coarse, brown Immunofluoresc Cerebral Anemia
dark brown pigment ence assay Severe anemia
pigment PCR Hemoglobinuria
Radioimmunoas Low BP from CV
say collapse
Acute Kidney
Injury
Hyperparasitemia
Metabolic acidosis
 Hypoglycemia

Plasmodium P. ovale Ring sturdy Schizont mature: Gametocyte Giemsa/ Wright Mature Female - Uncomplicated: Bite of Yes, Chloroquine
ovale cytoplasm, large 8-14 merozoites round to oval stain thick/thin erythrocytes Anopheles Fever, Chills, female rarely followed by
chromatin with large nuclei, compact, fill blood smear in mosquito Sweats, Anopheles primaquine
clustered mass of RBC, RDT nutritionally Headaches, Blood 5-8%
Trophozoite: dark brown chromatin Serologis: complex Nausea, Vomiting, transfusion
compact with pigment compact, hemagglutinatio environment Body ache, Contaminat Africa
large chromatin, eccentric or n, Indirect of General malaise ed syringe/
large brown diffuse, fluorescent bloodstream needle
pigment scattered antibody , sporozoites Malignant: Congenital
brown Immunofluoresc found in liver Cerebral Anemia
pigment ence assay Severe anemia
PCR Hemoglobinuria
Radioimmunoas Low BP from CV
say collapse
Acute Kidney
Injury
Hyperparasitemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoglycemia

Plasmodium P. vivax Ring: large Schizont lage, Gametocyte Giemsa/ Wright Mature Female - Uncomplicated: Bite of Yes Chloroquine
vivax cytoplasm with may fill RBC, round to oval stain thick/thin erythrocytes Anopheles Fever, Chills, female (13%) followed by
occasional mature 12-24 compact, fill blood smear in mosquito Sweats, Anopheles primaquine
pseudopods, merozoites, RBC, RDT nutritionally Headaches, Blood 50-80%
large chromatin yellowish brown, chromatin Serologis: complex Nausea, Vomiting, transfusion
dots coalesced compact, hemagglutinatio environment Body ache, Contaminat Mostly
pigment eccentric or n, Indirect of General malaise ed syringe/ in Asia
Trophozoite: diffuse, fluorescent bloodstream needle
large amoeboid scattered antibody Malignant: Congenital
cytoplasm, large brown Immunofluoresc Cerebral Anemia
chromatin, fine, pigment ence assay Severe anemia
yellow-ish brown PCR Hemoglobinuria
pigment Radioimmunoas Low BP from CV
say collapse
Acute Kidney
Injury
Hyperparasitemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoglycemia

Plasmodium P. Ring: delicate Schizont mature: Gametocyte Giemsa/ Wright Mature Female - Uncomplicated: Bite of Yes, Probably all Tx
knowlesi knowlesi cytoplasm, 1-2 upto 16 round to oval, stain thick/thin ethyrocutes Anopheles Fever, Chills, female rarely for all plasmodia
prominent merozoites with compact, blood smear in mosquito Sweats, Anopheles
chromatin dots, large nuclei, almost fill RDT nutritionally Headaches, Blood 1-60%
occasional clustered mass RBC, Serologis: complex Nausea, Vomiting, transfusion
applique forms coard, dark-brown chromatin hemagglutinatio environment Body ache, Contaminat Malaysi
 pigment, compact, n, Indirect of General malaise ed syringe/ a and
Trophozoite: occasional eccentric or fluorescent bloodstream needle neighbo
compact rosette, mature diffuse, antibody Malignant: Congenital uring
cytoplasm, large merozoites scattered Immunofluoresc Cerebral Anemia areas
chromatin, segmented brown ence assay Severe anemia
occasional band pigment PCR Hemoglobinuria
forms, coarse, Radioimmunoas Low BP from CV
dark-brown say collapse
pigment Acute Kidney
Injury
Hyperparasitemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoglycemia

Intestinal Nematodes

Ascaris Giant Unfertilized: Female: 20-40 cm Embryonated DFS, Kato thick Intestine - - Larva irritation of Ingestion of Yes Albendazole
lumbricoides roundwor epileptical, x 3-6 mm, egg with L3 smear, Kato intestine embryonate Mebendazole
m narrower longer, posterior straight larva Katz, FECT d eggs from 80-90% Pyrantel
80 µm x 55 µm, and conical, vulva stool Lung migration: the pamoate
thinner shell with mid ventral, examination lung infiltration, contaminate East
irregular albumin distinct groove at asthmatic attack, d soil, food Asia,
coating, opening edema of lips, and water. Pacific
atrophied ovum, vague abdominal Islands
refractile Male: smaller pain, lactose usually
granules, does than female, 15- intolerance,
not float in salt 30 cm x 2-4 mm, vitamin A
sln posterior end malabsorption
curved ventrally to
Fertilized: round/ form hook, 2 Serious:
oval, 60-75 µm x copulatory inhalation- biliary
40-45 µm, bile spicules ascariasis,
stained, golden abscess, acute
brown, smooth peritonitis, chronic
translucent shell, granulomatous
lipoidal vitelline peritonitis,
membrane, intestinal
unsegmented obstruction
ovum, crescentic
area, floats in
salt sln

Trichuris Whip Barrel -S, 2plugs M- curved 360 Embryonated DFS Unembryo Large --- ---- Diarrhea ,iron F-O-R Yes Mebendazole
trichura worm unembryo F- blunt; egg in soil/ eggs in feces intestine, deficiency anemia, 80-90% Albendazole
stichocytes feces whip rectal prolapse Warm Oxantel -
 inserted into ,tropical pyrantel
wall regions.

No migration
phase to
lungs

Necator New oval thin-shelled males are 5—9 L3 ( filariform) Stool exam Small --- --- Anemia Skin Yes , Albendazole
americanus world bodies, mm long, females Harada Mori intestine Pneumonitis Penetration Mebendazole
hookworm measuring 55- 9—11 mm. technique (wakana disease) 1-40 %
77µm in length Males are Creeping eruption
by 35-42µm in bursate, with two - cutaneous larva it is one
width. spicules that are migrans (CML) of the
fused at the distal most
end commo
n
parasite
found in
old age
patient
in
ohilipine
s

Ancyclostom Old world Thin -shelled males measure L3 ( filariform) Stool exam Small --- --- Anemia Skin Yes, Albendazole
a duodenale hookworm 2-4-8 cell stages approximately 8— Harada Mori intestine Pneumonitis penetration, Rarely Mebendazole
( blastomeres) 12 mm long, and technique (wakana disease) transmamm
Colorless and females measure Creeping eruption ary
measures 60- approximately 10 - cutaneous larva Most
75 µm by 35- —15 mm long. migrans (CML) warm
40 µm areas

Mainly
in Asia
And
Africa

Stronglycoide Threadwo ellipsoid, 40– males grow to Filariform Stool exam, Small --- --- Diarrhea F-O-R Rare in IVERMECTIN
s stercoralis rm 85 μm in only about 0.9 larva Duodenal intestine Honey Comb Soil Philippi ALBENDAZOLE,
mm (0.04 in) in Aspirate, Ulcer contaminat THIALBENDAZO
length, with a nes LE,
length, females Entero test ed with
thin wall MEBENDAZOLE.
containing a can grow from human most
larva 2.0 to 2.5 mm faeces, commo
(0.08 to 0.10 in). by n in
Both sexes also penetration tropical
possess a tiny of the skin
and
 buccal capsule by the subtropi
and cylindrical filariform cal
esophagus larva areas
without a Most
posterior commo
bulb.Males can n in
be distinguished Americ
from females by
a
two structures:
the spicules and
gubernaculum.

Enterobius Pin worm The eggs are Adult males of Embryonated Scotch tape Large --- --- Itchiness fecal-oral Yes Mebendazole
vermicularis elongate-oval in Enterobius ova swab intestine Secondary route
shape, measure vermicularis Swellengrebel bacterial infection 30-40 %
50-60µm in measure up to 2.5 Petrolatum Nocturnal pruritus
length by 20- mm long by 0.1- coated swab ani usuall
30µm in width, 0.2 mm wide;
y in
and are adult females
characteristically measure 8-13 mm tempe
asymmetric long by 0.3-0.5 rate or
about the long mm wide. Adult colder
axis being males have a
climat
distinctly blunt posterior
flattened on one end with a single es and
side. spicule; females tropica
possess a long l
pointed tail. In
countri
both sexes, there
are cephalic es
expansions.

Capillaria Pudoc unembryonated The adult worms Larva in IH DFS Intestinal Glass fish fish- Abdominal pain consumptio Yes Albendazole
philippinensis worm eggs Capillaria of Capillaria Concentration mucosa(jeju eating Diarrhea n of Mebendazole
philippinensis are philippinensis technique num) birds Weight loss infected 80-90%
peanut shaped are long and (FECT) Malabsorption raw or
 and are usually slender, and Duodenal Low plasma improperly
between 26- usually measure aspirate electrolyte cooked Endemi
45µm long and between 4 and 5 concentration small c in
21 µm wide. mm. The males Borborygmi freshwater Philippin
usually measure microulceration fish. es
between 2.3 and (Luzon)
3.2 mm and are
slightly shorter Also
than the females found
who usually in
measure between
other
2.5 and 4.3 mm. East
and
Southe
ast
Asian
countri
es

Tissue Nematodes

Wuchereria Bancroft’s The eggs Wuchereria L3 ( filariform) A blood smear Lower Anopheles --- • Asymptomatic Bite of Yes anthelmintic
bancrofti filarial average 40 by 25 bancrofti is a is a simple and lymphatic , aedes, microfilaremia, mosquito drugs, such as
worm μm in size. They translucent fairly accurate culex acute areas diethylcarbam
lack a true shell, white worm diagnostic tool, adenolymphangitis across
azine,
instead being with a smooth provided the , lymphadenitis , the
enclosed in a blood sample is Lymphedema, broad ivermectin, or
cuticle. The albendazole.
membrane which head is rounded taken during the lymphangiovarix, equatori
stretches to form period in the chronic funiculitis, al belt The severe
and separated
a sheath over the day when the epldidymiltis (Africa, symptoms
from the body
microfilaria juveniles are in hydrocele, the Nile caused by the
(embryo). by a neck-like the peripheral elephantiasis, Delta,
constriction. In parasite can
circulation.[8] chylothorax, Turkey, be avoided by
females the tail Technicians chyluria India,
tapers cleansing the
analyzing the the East
gradually and is blood smear Indies, skin, surgery
rounded at the must be able to Southea
tip, while in distinguish st Asia,
males the tail between W. Philippin
curves bancrofti and es,
ventrally. Males other parasites Oceanic
and females potentially Islands,
live coiled present. and
together. parts of
Females vary in Knott’s method South
America
length from 30-
).
100 mm with a
 diameter
ranging from
100-300 μm.
Males are
smaller,
typically half
the size of
females.

Brugia malayi Malayan No egg found Female adults L3 ( filariform) A blood smear Upper Mansonia --- • Asymptomatic Bite of Yes anthelmintic
filarial B. malayi measure is a simple and lymphatic bonneae, microfilaremia, mosquito drugs, such as
worm microfilariae are between mm in fairly accurate M. acute occur diethylcarbam
200–275 µm in diagnostic tool, UNIFORMI adenolymphangitis only in
length by μm in azine,
length and have provided the S , lymphadenitis , Southea
a round anterior width. Males blood sample is Lymphedema, st Asia. ivermectin, or
end and a measure taken during the lymphangiovarix, albendazole.
pointed posterior between mm in period in the chronic funiculitis, The severe
end. The length and by day when the epldidymiltis symptoms
microfilariae are μm in width. juveniles are in hydrocele, caused by the
sheathed, which Microfilariae, the peripheral elephantiasis, parasite can
stains heavily measuring μm circulation.[8] chylothorax, be avoided by
with Giemsa. Technicians chyluria
in length and 5- cleansing the
The sheath is analyzing the
actually the egg 7 μm in width, blood smear skin, surgery
shell, a thin layer which are must be able to
that surrounds sheathed distinguish
the egg shell as (diagnostic) between W.
the microfilariae bancrofti and
circulates in the other parasites
bloodstream. potentially
present.

Knott’s method

Loa loa African No egg found Adult females third-stage Demonstration subcutaneo Day-biting --- Subcutaneous bite of Yes but Diethylcarbamaz
eyeworm. The adult female measure about larvae of microfilaria in us tissues. flies swellings (Calabar infected very ine with
produces large 40 to 70 mm in peripheral blood They may (mango swellings), ocular Chrysops rare simultaneous
numbers of during day. High also occur in flies) of the granuloma, edema during their administration of
 microfilariae, length and 0.5 eosinophil count the genus of eyelid and blood meal. 1-10% corticosteroid of
about 250 to 300 mm in diameter. subconjuncti Chrysops, proptosis. other drugs
μm in length and Males measure val tissue ( C. Commo which may be
6-8 μm in width dimidiata, nly used. lvermectin
some 30 to 34
C. silacea found in or albendazole.
mm by 0.35 to and other Europe
0.43 mm. The species) ans
adult female Africa
produces large
numbers of
microfilariae,
about 250 to
300 μm in
length and 6-8
μm in width.

Mansonella Acanthoc No egg found Adults that third-stage Diagnosis is Skin Culicoides --- Infection may Bite of the Yes diethylcarbam
streptocerca heilonema Microfilariae of larvae made by species cause dermatitis vector azine (DEC)
reside in the
, Mansonella demonstration with pruritus and 1-30%
Dipetalon streptocerca are dermis, most of the hypopigmented
ema, or unsheathed and commonly less microfilariae in macules.
Tetrapetal measure 180— than 1 mm from skin clippings. Commly
onema 240 µm by 3—5 found in
streptocer µm. The tail is the skin surface tropical
ca, bent into a hook- • SIZES ares
like shape and Females: 27 and in
the nuclei extend Africa
to the end of the mm in length;
tail. diameter is 50 µ
m at the level of
the vulva
(anteriorly) ad
ovaries (near
the posterior
end), and up to
85 µ m at the
mid-body
Males: 50 µ in
diameter
Onchocerca river No egg found The adult worms third-stage Demonstration subcutaneo Female --- Subcutaneous infected No lvermectin is the
volvulus blindnes The microfilariae are whitish, larvae of microfilaria us black flies nodule formation Simulium drug of choice
s are unsheathed opalescent, with from skin snips connective (Simulium) (onchocercoma). bites a
and non periodic. transverse and aspirated tissue Ocular person. Commly
• They measure striations on the material form manifestations- found in
about 300 by 0.8 cuticle. subcutaneous sclerosing Africa
µm. • The the posterior end nodules. keratitis, and
microfilaria is is curved, hence Demonstration secondary South
found typically in the name of lgG4 antibody glaucoma. optic America
the skin and Onchocerca, and PCR. atrophy,
subcutaneous which means chorioretinitis. It is
lymphatics in the "curved tail''. • the the second major
vicinity of parent male worm cause of blindness
worms. measures about in world.
30 mm in length
and 0.15 mm in
thickness and the
female measures
50 cm by 0.4mm.

Parastrongyl Angiostro Elongated A. cantonensis is Third stage CSF Branches of Slugs Rats Eosinophilic food-borne Yes No anthelminthic
us ngylus ovoidal eggs a nematode larva examination pulmonary ,molluscs meningoencephalit routes, treatment
cantonensis /Rat Lung have delicate roundworm with 3 with moderate artery in rats and snails is,increasing ingestion 30-40%
worm hyaline shell.they outer protective to highWBC , Brain of confusion,
of raw or
measure 46 to collagen layers, count , human incoherence, Commo
48 micrometer by and a simple Patient history impaired memory insufficientl nly
68 to 74 stomal opening of eating any Marked tissue y cooked found in
micrometer and with no lips or possible necrosis contaminat South
are buccal cavity intermediate ed America
unembryonated leading to a fully host, large molluscs, , Africa
when oviposited developed number of crustacean And
gastrointestinal Charcot-Leyden , or other East
tract. Males have crystal are Asia
hosts; or
a small copulatory present in the
bursa at the meninges ingestion
posterior. of
Females have a vegetables
“barber pole” contaminat
 shape down the ed with
middle of the infectious
body, which is larvae
created by the
twisting together
of the intestine
and uterine
tubules. The
worms are long
and slender -
males are 15.9-19
mm in length, and
females are 21-25
mm in length

Gnathostoma larva The eggs are female worms Third stage Cyclops Freshwat the infection in People Yes Albendazole,
diagnosis of Gastric
spinigerum migrans oval, brown, are larger than larva er fish humans are become mebendazole
gnathostomiasis wall
profundus unsegmented males by an and frog migratory infected 30-40%
is possible (with
bearing a estimated 4 microscopy) swellings under primarily
transparent mm in length Endemi
knob-like
after removal of the skin and by eating c in
and 0.65 mm in the worm. The increased levels undercook
thickening at one width. philippin
primary form of of eosinophils in ed or raw
end es
Respectively, diagnosis of the blood. freshwater
their size gnathostomiasis
Rarely, the fish, eels,
ranges from 11 is the
to 54 mm and identification of parasite can frogs,
11 to 31 mm larva in the enter other birds, and
Generall
long. Females tissue.Serologic tissues such as reptiles.
y found
are distinct in al testing such the liver, and the in Wet
that they as enzyme- eye, resulting in tropical
possess only linked vision loss or Environ
immunosorbent
two large blindness, and ment
assay (ELISA)
papillae around the nerves,
or the Western
their slightly spinal cord, or Found
blot are also
in East
rounded brain, resulting Asia <
reliable but may
posterior ends. in nerve pain, India ,
not be easily
When viewed paralysis, coma Sri
accessible in
from the side, Lanka
endemic and death.
the dorsal And
areas.CT
outline is even in
scanning or MRI
rounded, africa
can be used to
and
whereas the help identify a
america
ventral side soft tissue worm
appears flat. and when
Males have looking at CNS
eight caudal disease it can
papillae be used to
encompassing reveal the
the anus on presence of the
their bluntly worm. The
presence of
rounded ends.
haemorrhagic
Characteristic
tracks on
of males is the gradient-echo
presence of T2-weighted
blunt spicules MRI is
that play the characteristic
important and possibly
reproductive diagnostic
role of holding
open the vagina
during sperm
transfer. These
male copulatory
organs measure
1.1 mm and
0.4 mm long.
Dracunculus Guinea - Drinking water Adult worms in Skin and Copepods - Drinking Philip removing the
medinensis worm (Female worms containing lesion, larvae subcutaneo Migration of water certified whole worm and
disease do not lay eggs infected from worm in us tissue, female worm containing free of caring for the
but birth larvae. copepods ulcer, intestinal causes allergic infected dracunc wound.
four larval stages which has tract reactions, copepods uliasis There is no
prior to the Male Larvae stage which has specific drug to
s: 2-4 cm in Infections,
formation of of generally produce Larvae 73% treat or prevent
large adult length with D.medinensis stage of found in GWD.
unequal spicules two types of
worms) lesions: D.medinens Sudan No vaccine.
subcutaneous or is
Females: creamy- deep abscesses
white, grows up around dead
to 80cm in length worms or
by 2mm in width cutaneous papules
which rapidly
become blisters,
many cases
involve secondary
bacterial infections

Trichinella Trichina Eggs measure Contaminated Larva encysted Larva: pigs/anthro The first Ingestion of Yes Anti-
spiralis worm, 40×30 µm and meat (muscle) in muscle of encysted in pophilic symptoms appear raw/uncook since inflammatory
pork hatch in the containing human Striated rodents/ho between 1- 2 days ed Possibili drugs. When
worm uterus encysted larva muscle rses after ingestion. contaminate ty of infected, it is
Male:1.5mm (pig) tissue The worms d meat transmis also suggested
posterior end Adult: small In sylvatic migrating in the sion of that you get a lot
ventrally curved intestine of cycle: intestinal the of rest to help
with 2 copulatory man bear/moos epithelium disease give your body
appendages e/wild boar Inflammation of is there time to recover.
Female: 3.5mm duodenal and due to Mebendazole is
single ovary jejunal mucosa: consum used.
Posterior end This causes: ption of
bluntly rounded inflammation, meat.
nausea,
vomiting,
sweating, and
diarrhea.

Anisakis spp. Herring share the Third stage Third stage Usually the crustacean Various Invasive gastric Ingesting Yes Surgical/
Worm/Co Type I larvae: common features infective larva larva stomach s species anisakiasis, intermediate since endoscopic
d The 3rd stage of all nematodes. wall/intestin of fish invasion of small hosts in eating removal of
Worm/Se larvae of such as e. intestine, allergic raw/underco raw worms.
alworm Anisakis simplex vermiform body, Ectopic: reactions oked state. fishes is
disease are milky white in non oropharynx, becomin Albendazole.
color, measuring segmented.When esophagus, g
19 to 36 mm in in the final host, colon commo
 anisakids are n in the
length, with a longer, thicker, Philippin
long stomach, and more sturdy, es too.
and a blunt tail to deal with the
with mucron. hazardous
environment of a
mammalian gut
Type II larvae:
Other species of
Anisakis have
third stage larvae
with shorter
stomachs and
blunt tails.

Toxocara Dog Embryonated L3 larvae The hatched infects Humans Yes .

canis roundwor Brownish and Male worms eggs with L3 migrates in larvae have essentially Ocular larva become Especial Prednisone
m almost spherical measure 4–6 cm, larvae tissues been found all wild and migrans (OLM): infected by ly in
posterior end is in the liver, domestic Toxocara ingesting Laguna.
lungs, heart, canids; infective Albendazole or
curved ventrally infections can Mebendazole
and the tail is eye, and patent cause an eye eggs, often
bluntly pointed, brain infections disease which can due to close Zoonoti
has a single are more cause blindness. contact with c
tubular testis prevalent puppies or transmis
among from egg sion
puppies Visceral larva infected with hence
Female worms: than older migrans (VLM): soil owning
6.5 cm –15 cm. In dogs. Repeated dogs
the female, the Toxocara can be
vulva is about infections can consider
one-third the body cause a disease ed a risk
length from the that causes factor.
anterior end. The swelling of the
ovaries are very body’s organs or
large and central nervous
extensive. The system.
uteri contain up to
27 million eggs at
a time
Toxocara cati Feline Dark brown with Has 3 lips and a Ingestion of L3 larvae Liver, lungs, cats Yes
roundwor pitted shells. 85- pair of cervical embryonated migrates in CNS, eye Ocular larva Toxocara Visceral
m 75micro alae. eggs with L3 tissues migrans (OLM): eggs are Zoonoti toxocariasis can
micrometer Male: 4-6cm larvae Toxocara transmitted c be treated with
Female: 6-10cm infections can to humans transmis antiparasitic
cause an eye by sion drugs such as
disease which can contaminate hence albendazole or
cause blindness. d feces of owning mebendazole.
cats cats can Treatment of
be ocular
Visceral larva consider
migrans (VLM): toxocariasis is
ed a risk more difficult
Repeated factor.
Toxocara and usually
infections can consists of
cause a disease measures to
that causes prevent
swelling of the progressive
body’s organs or damage to the
central nervous eye.
system.

Intestinal Cestodes

Taenia Beef No hooks present Oncospheres Eggs or gravid Muscle, Cattle, By eating Yes and
saginata tapeworm Eggs develop in on the scolex developing proglottids in viscera, reindeer Worm produces raw/underco is more Praziquantel
hyaline capsules into cysterici feces and brain, small antigens= allergic oked beef commo
and are shed in muscle passed into intestine reactions n than
after leaving the Adult worm is environment T.soliu
proglottid. Eggs white, ribbon m
Abdominal
contain an outer shaped, flattened discomfort
membrane, and segmented.
roughly 31-43 About 5-
micrometer in 10meters, entirely Diarrhea
diameter. covered by
tegument, has Nausea
scolex, neck and
strobilia Obstruction of
intestine if high
 intensity

Taenia Pork Eggs develop in Hooks present on Oncospheres Eggs or gravid Brain, skin , Pig, wild By eating
solium tapeworm hyaline capsules the scolex than developing proglottids in muscle, boar Mild, non specific raw/underco The Praziquantel
and are shed T.saginata into cysterici feces and small abdominal oked pork Philippin
after leaving the in muscle passed into intestine complaints es is
proglottid. Eggs Slightly shorter environment consider
contain an outer and has a ed an
membrane, modified scolex. Cysticercus
cellulosae endemic
roughly 31-43 area for
micrometer in involving any
organ or tissues cysticer
diameter. cosis
because
Auto infection by
cases in
finger
both
contamination with
humans
eggs from perineal
and pigs
skin or faeces.
have
been
neyurocysticercosi reported
s

Taenia Asian When Eggs or gravid Liver Pig - Humans are the F-O-R Yes Praziquantel
asiatica taenia/ oncospheres proglottids in sole definitive
Asian develop into stool host. When Further Niclosamide
tapeworm Unarmed cysticerci in ingested, study
Thick radiate liver cysticercus required
rostellum on adult
shell develops into a to
scolex
Hooklets visible reproductive adult determi
Large no. of
within (6 hooked in the small ne
'uterine twigs'
oncosphere) intestine in 2 - 3 prevale
'posterior
protuberance months. nce and
Symptoms rare magnitu
but may include de
abdominal
discomfort and
diarrhea
Hymenolepis Dwarf Eggs characteristic Small Insects - usually Ingestion of Yes Praziquantel
nana tapeworm non bile stained intestine. such as rat asymptomatic. food and
eggs with polar eggs hatch fleas like If severe and the water warm
1–4 filaments out, Pulex worm burden containing climate
thin inner between the penetrate irritans and exceeds 1000- eggs
membrane cm in length
Head/scolec:glob shell the intestinal Xenopsylla 2000 Autoinfectio prevale
surrounding a membranes in wall and cheopis. worms, anorexia, n with their nce of
hooked ular with four
suckers and a the stool develops abdominal own eggs less
oncosphere into pain, headache, released than 1%
Polar filaments rostellum bearing
single row cysticercoid dizziness and in the small in
arise from larvae in 4– diarrhea may intestine. humans
opposite poles of of 20–30 hooklets
Neck: long and 5 days. develop. Rarely, by .
the inner accidental
membrane and gives rise to
proglottids ingestion of
spread out into insects with
the space Strobila: 200
proglottids Mature cysticercoid
between the larvae.
inner and outer proglottids contain
membranes male and female
reproductive
organs. Genital
pore opens
laterally on the
same side. Uterus
has lobulated
walls. Only
3 testicular
follicles

Hymenolepis Rat Cysticerci in Eggs in stool Small Insects - worm burden in by Yes Praziquantel
diminuta tapeworm body cavity of intestine. rodents is accidental
insect eggs hatch relatively low. In ingestion of prevale
out, man, the highest insects nce of
60–80 μm polar 1m penetrate number recorded containing H.
filaments absent +, Scolex bears the intestinal is 19 worms. the diminut
and bile stained four suckers, wall and Clinical cysticercoid a was
rostellum but no develops manifestations are larva. found to
hooklets into minimal and non- be
Proglottids < 200. cysticercoid specific. Short life about
800–1,000 larvae in 4– span in humans 8%.
proglottids 5 days. and human
infections are
usually light.
Dipylidium Flea ingestion of By Scolex Insects Infection is rarely ingestion of Yes Praziquantel
caninum tapeworm flea demonstration attaches in such as heavy and flea
Double- containing of proglottids or intestine fleas symptoms containing first
pored cysticercoid eggs in feces. are minimal. Slight cysticercoid human
tapeworm larva intestinal larva infection
discomfort, reported
Eggs are
epigastric pain, in 1912
spherical, thin-
10–70 diarrhea, anal Surveys
shelled with a
cm long, scolex pruritus, and of dogs
hexacanth
has 4 oval allergic reactions in
embryo
suckers and is have been Manila
armed with reported. While showed
rostellum most patients are prevale
and 1–7 rows of asymptomatic, nce of
hooklets moderate 5.19-
eosinophilia has 36.0%,
been reported. while
dissecti
on of
dog and
cat fleas
for
cysticer
coids
showed
prevale
nce of
2.4%.

Raillietina Common cysticercoid Diagnosis is cysticercoid flour - Patients are Infected commo Praziquantel
garrisoni rat larvae made by finding larva beetle usually insects are n
tapeworm the attaches to Tribolium asymptomatic. accidentally intestina
Eg characteristic the intestinal confusum Children ingested l
g capsules are 60 cm in length proglottids or villi to are brought for in the
200 μm with a minute, ova in stools. develop into medical Philippin
structures with subglobular an consultation when es. 20+
dark center, scolex with four adult proglottids are human
containing eggs acetabula. The passed out with infection
measuring 25 - rostellum is their feces. s have
35 μm; each egg armed with two been
has a hooked alternating reported
larva circular rows of in
90- Philippin
140 hammer- e
shaped hooks. scientifi
small rice grain- c
like proglottids journals.
(which may be Almost
motile in freshly all
 passed stool) and infection
collections of s
eggs, each occurre
containing a d in
hooked larva children
Proglottid, has who
single lateral or were
dorsal uterine below
pore three
years

Diphyllobothri Fish Third stage Characteristic Small Fresh Fresh Mostly Humans get Yes Praziquantel
um latum tapeworm plerocercoid eggs in the stool intestine water water asymptomatic. infection by
larvae – surrounded copepods fishes Minor ingestion of Seven
by egg shell and mainly of (pike, manifestations undercooke human
Fer an operculum at the genera salmon, include abdominal d fresh infection
tilized eggs are 10m+, 3000+ one end Cyclops perch discomfort, water fish s have
oval, 70 μm proglottids and a knob at and and diarrhea, vomiting, containing been
by 50 μm Eggs Head or scolex is the other end. Diaptomus trout) weakness and third stage docume
are operculated spoon shaped, Proglottids (with weight loss or plerocercoid nted in
at one end and bears two a characteristic rarely acute larva. the
bear a longitudinal coiled uterus) abdominal pain Philippin
knob at the other grooves called as may be and intestinal es.
end bothria (one on discharged in obstruction,
When freshly ventral and the stool. cholangitis or prevale
passed in the other on dorsal cholecystitis (may nt in
feces, they are surface) by which be produced by tempera
unembryonated, it attaches migrating te zones
surrounded by to the small proglottids) where
egg shell intestine. No Vitamin B12 the
Embryonated suckers and deficiency leads to populati
egg contains a rostellum. development on has
hexacanth Neck is next to of megaloblastic a habit
oncosphere lined scolex and anemia and of
by a ciliated represents some people may eating
membrane. the growing end, exhibit neurologic raw or
from which the sequelae like imprope
proglottids paresthesia rly
arise. It is cooked
unsegmented and fish
longer than the
head.
Strobila has
3,000+ segments
divided
into immature,
mature and gravid
segments
Extraintestinal Cestodes

Echinococcu Hydatid Hydatid cyst Hydatid cyst Most Sheep and Man acts Most Men (and Filipinos Surgical
s spp. worm common site other as asymptomatic other who resection for
of location of herbivores accident Symptoms occur intermediate have large (>10 cm in
Dog sm the cyst is al due to: hosts) traveled diameter)
sm
tapeworm all and round liver (60– intermedi Pressure effect of acquire the to or liver cyst,
all (2-6mm long)
(30-43µm), thick- 70%, right ate the enlarging cyst: infection by worked secondary
and have a scolex
shelled and lobe) or lung host Leads to palpable ingestion of in infection, or
with only three
contain a (20–30%) (dead abdominal mass, food endemic cysts in
attached
hexacanth (6- but may be end). hepatomegaly, contaminate areas extrahepatic
segments. The
hooked) embryo found in any abdominal d with dog’s may get sites.
scolex has four
(oncosphere) organs like tenderness, portal feces infected Small (<7 mm
lateral suckers
and the rostellum spleen and hypertension and containing in diameter),
is non-retractable kidney 3– ascites E. isolated cysts,
and armed with a 5%), brain Obstruction: granulosus uncomplicated
double crown of and heart Daughter cyst may eggs. cysts, and
28-50 recurved (1–1.5%) erode into the Rarely flies patients with
hooks. The and rarely biliary tree or a serve as a negative
anterior segment bones bronchus mechanical serology-
is immature, the and enter into the vector of the chemotherapy
middle segment is lumen to cause eggs. with
mature with cholestasis and benzimidazole
functional testes dyspnea compounds.
and ovaries, and Secondary Treatment with
the posterior bacterial infection albendazoleor
segment is gravid can cause mebendazole
with the uterus pyogenic abscess for a minimum of
filled with eggs formation in the three months
hydatid cysts has been
Anaphylactic demonstrated to
reactions: Cyst be effective.
leakage or rupture Percutaneous
may be associated aspiration,
with a severe injection, re-
allergic reaction to aspiration
hydatid fluid (PAIR)
antigens; leading technique may
to hypotension, be indicated for
syncope and fever patients with
single or multiple
cysts in the liver,
abdominal
cavity, spleen,
kidney, or
bones, who
cannot
undergo
surgery. This
 technique
involves: (a)
ultrasound-
guided
percutaneous
puncture, (b)
aspiration of
substantial
amounts of
cystic fluid,
(c) injection of a
protoscolicidal
agent (e.g.,
95% ethanol or
hypertonic
saline) for at
least 15
minutes, and (d)
re-
aspirationTreatm
ent with PAIR
plus albendazole
or mebendazole
has been
shown to have
greater efficacy
and lower rates
of morbidity,
mortality, and
disease
recurrence.

Spirometra - Plerocercoid Surgical penetrates Cyclops Frogs L3 larva Ingestion of Yes surgical
spp. larva (L3 removal of the the snakes penetrates the undercooke removal of the
stage) nodules and intestinal and intestinal wall and d reptiles transmis larvae from the
called as demonstration wall and birds. migrates to and birds sion infected tissues.
sparganum. of the elongated migrates to subcutaneous containing may Praziquantel has
adult worms can worm like subcutaneo Man acts tissues, muscles, plerocercoid have been
operculate,
grow to be 1.5 m. sparganum us tissues, as eyes and visceral larva L3 occurre recommended,
ovoid, and
The mature larva muscles, accident organs like the ingestion of d but its
measure 55-76 x
proglottids have a eyes and al host brain and cyclops through efficacy in
30-43 µm. Eggs
genital pore and a visceral lymphatics. containing drinking humans has not
of Spirometra
uterine opening organs sparganum gets procercoid water been proven.
spp. may be
for secreting like brain encysted to form larva (L2) with
confused with
eggs. The uterus and painful fibrous which gets Cyclops
trematode eggs
is spiral lymphatics nodules transformed containi
due to the
measuring 2 cm into ng
presence of a
associated with sparganum procerc
distinct
pruritus and in human oids.
operculum, or to urticaria intestine.
those of Ocular by local
Diphyllobothrium sparganosis is a application
spp serious of raw
manifestation infected fl
and presented as esh
painful edematous of any 2nd
swelling of the intermediate
eyelids (usually host as
upper lids) poultice
with lacrimation containing
and pruritus sparganum.
Lymphatic
involvement can
lead to
elephantiasis
Aberrant
sparganosis:
caused by
Spirometra
Proliferum is a
rare tapeworm
larva that grows by
budding and
continuous
branching. The
spargana are
recovered from
subcutaneous
tissue, muscle,
intestine wall,
etc. The normal
tissue organization
is lost. The adult
form of this
parasite is
unknown.