Introduction:

A. Integrator

When we change the purely resistive Rf feed back element of an inverting

amplifier with frequency of dependant complex that has reactance, such as capacitor, we
can have RC network connected across the op-amp feedback path which produce another
type of op-amp called as integrator op-amp.

This op-amp performs mathematical operation of integration which can cause the
output to respond to changes to the input voltage over time as the op-amp produces
output voltage which it is proportional to t integral of input voltage.
In other terms, the magnitude of the output signal is determined by the amount of
time that a voltage is available at its input as the current is charged through the feedback
loop or discharges the condenser as the negative feedback required occurs through the
capacitor.
The circuit in figure above is the integrator circuit. Which is a low pass filter with a time
constant R1C. The uncharged capacitor has very little resistance and act like a short
circuit which resulting the voltage gain to be less than 1 which equal to zero output.,
when the voltage Vin was applied to input of integrating amplifier. As the feedback
capacitor C begins to charge up, its reactance Xc decreases and the ratio of Zf/R1 increases
producing an output voltage that continues to increase until the capacitor is fully charged.
At this point the ratio of feedback capacitor to input resistor (Zf/R1) is infinite resulting in
infinite gain and the output of the amplifier goes into saturation. (Saturation is when the
output voltage of the amplifier swings heavily to one voltage supply rail or the other with
no control in between). The circuit design generate triangular wave providing square
wave as input to the integrator. Hence, the integrator circuit generates integral output
with respect to the input waveform. 
Objectives:
1. To identify the function and contruct the differentiator and integrator op amp
2. To analyze and design circuits of the integrator and differentiator for input and
output, impedances, voltage gain and bandwidth
3. To troubleshoot and analyze faults in the op-amp circuits
4. To design and stimulate a differentiator and integrator circuit and observe output
with different input waveforms

Procedure:
1. The circuit was connected as shown in the diagram
2. Then the input signal was given as specified
3. The power supply was switched on
4. The outputs of the CRO was observed and recorded
5. The waveform was observed and recorded
6. The output waveform from CRO was observe. A square wave was generated
triangular wave and sine wave generated cosine wave
7. The output voltage can be calculated by:

8. Then the output was observe using different input waveforms

Results:
1. Sine wave was selected and the frequency was set at 50 Hz
2. The peak was the set at Vpp = 2V with the amplitude also have the same value.

3. The graph was checked

4. Then the circuit has been designed on virtual board

5. Diagram below was the waveform generated and the input was observed on the CRO.
6. The we observed the input wave to measure the amplitude, frequency and waveform.
The frequency was 50 Hz, and the amplitude was 2.06V
7. The phase different was checked between output and input wave
The phase comes out as -92
8. Now the amplitude of the output waveform was generated
The output was 4.31V

Discussions:
Vin = 2.09 sin (2*50*t)
Output of the integrator will be equal to 
 Table representing different output voltages and phase difference at different frequency
input waveforms obtained theoretically and experimentally

Frequency V0 (Theoretical) Vo (Experimental) Phase Diff (Th.) Phase Diff (Pr.)

50 4.72 4.31 -90 -92
55 3.94 4.42 -90 -92
60 4.05 3.38 -90 -91.7
100 2.19 2.43 -90 -92
9. Then the output voltage and phase differences was observed at different frequencies
 Results:
Hence theoretically, output voltage should be 4.72V and phase difference between
input outputs should be
Experimentally phase difference observed is about 92 and output voltage 4.31V.

B. B. Differentiator
Differentiator circuit is where the voltage output is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the input voltage with respect to time. Which means as the fast change to the input
voltage signal, the greater the output voltage change in response.
Standard waveforms such as sine, square and triangular wave will give very different
waveforms at the output as the output of the differentiator is proportional to the input charge.
As we can see from the waveform, as the rate of change of the waveform at the input
become greater, the output voltage will become higher. As we can see at the square wave, only
very short spike can be seen. The spikes are limited because of the slope of the edges of the
inputs and the slew rate and bandwidth.
The triangular wave input then transform to a square line along with the increasing and
decreasing of the input waveform.
The sine wave converted to cosine waveform by give 90° of phase shift of the signal.
The difference between op amp circuit of differentiator of integrator and differentiator is the
positions of capacitor and inductor are different and changed.
The basic of differentiator op amp is opposite from the integrator. The position of the capacitor
and resistor has been changed where the capacitor is connected to the input terminal of inverting
amplifier while the resistor then form a negative feedback across the operational amplifier.
This circuit produces a voltage output which is proportional to input voltage rate of change
and the current flowing through the capacitor.
Only AC type of signals are allowed to go through and the frequency is depending on the rate of
change of output signal as the capacitor block DC content.
The reactance of the capacitor is high at low frequencies which result in low gain and low
output voltage.
 Circuit of differentiator
The output voltage is given by
dVs
Vo=−RC
dt
Where if for proper differentiation, the RC must be much smaller than time period of input
signal.
High frequencies only will result in unstable and break into oscillation
As the input impedance decreases, the frequency increases which make the circuit very sensitive
to high frequency noise.
The input capacitor is the connected in series with resistance Rf to limit the gain of differentiator.
Thus avoiding the high frequency noise and stability problem.
Below is the configuration of op-amp 741 of differentiator.
Objectives:
1. To identify the function and contruct the differentiator and integrator op amp
2. To analyze and design circuits of the integrator and differentiator for input and output,
impedances, voltage gain and bandwidth
3. To troubleshoot and analyze faults in the op-amp circuits
4. To design and stimulate a differentiator circuit and observe output with different input
waveforms

Equipment:
1. Ac function generator
2. IC Op-Amp 741
3. Oscilloscope
4. Capacitors
5. Resistors
6. Multimeter
7. Wires
8. Breadboard with power supply (0-15V)
9. Vlab software

Procedure:
1. The differentiator circuit was assembled on the breadboard as shown in figure below

2. Capacitors with value of 10Nf and Ri with value of 1k ohm was used
3. The sinusoidal wave was applied to the input and the output signal was isplay on the
oscilloscope
4. All the data was recorded and observed
5. As the lab can’t be fully done, we do research on the lab experiment
6. The reference that we were using was using virtual breadboard
7. The circuit then connected as shown in the diagram
8. The input signal was given as specified
9. Then the power suplly was switched on
 10. Then the outputs from the CRO was observed and recorded

Observations using Vlab:

1. The sine wave was set to frequency 45Hz

2. Then the peak voltage Vpp was set to 3V, amplitude 3V

3. The circuit was designed on the virtual breadboard

4. Then the output of the waveform was generated an the input was observed
5. Then the input wave was select as 4, then the frequency an amplitude was measured. The
frequency that comes out was 45Hz and the amplitude was 3.13V
6. The amplitude was observed of the output waveform generated. The output came out
8.97V
Discussions:
1. Vin = 3.13 sin (2*45*t)
The output integrator equal to

Thus, theoretically the output voltage should be 8.93V and the phase different
between input and output should be 90
2. The phase difference was observe about 97 and output voltage was 9 V
Table below representing the different output voltages, and phase different with
difference frequency input waveforms experimentally
Frequency V0 (Theoretical) Vo (Experimental) Phase Diff (Th.) Phase Diff (Pr.)
45 8.93 9.0 90 97
50 6.92 6.45 90 97
55 7.62 6.99 90 98
60 8.314 8.05 90 97
100 13.85 12.26 90 107
3. The output voltage and phase different was observed
4. The waveform output was observed with different types of input waveforms in the
function generator. The frequency and the amplitude was set to check the impulse at
output been given as input.
Conclusions:
As the conclusions, we have been able to learn how to design and stimulate
differentiator and integrator with differents of waveforms.
We also able to identify the function of the integrator and differentiator as what
have we mentioned in the introductions parts
References:

1. Notes, E. (n.d.). Op Amp Differentiator Circuit. Retrieved from https://www.electronics-

notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/operational-amplifier-op-amp/analogue-differentiator-

circuit.php

2. OP-AMP Based DIFFERENTIATOR. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://vlab.amrita.edu/?

sub=3&brch=60&sim=1118&cnt=2165

3. OP-AMP Based INTEGRATOR. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://vlab.amrita.edu/?

sub=3&brch=60&sim=1117&cnt=2163