Chapter 4 : Revision on Matrix

Dr.-Ing. Azmi Mohamed Yusof

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Matrix & Determinant
Definition
▪ Matrix = collection of numbers arranged in rows & columns order
▪ Matrix size = no. of rows (n) x no. of column (m); 𝐴𝑛𝑚

▪ 𝐴 = 1 1 2 ; 𝐴2𝑥3
1 3 4

Determinant
𝑎 𝑎
▪ det 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎12 = 𝑎11 ∙ 𝑎12 − 𝑎12 ∙ 𝑎21
21 22

1 2 1
▪ Example : Calculate the determinant for 𝐴 = 3 2 0
1 1 1

▪ 𝐴 = 1 2 0 − 2 3 0 + 1 3 2 = 1 2 − 2 3 + 1 3−2 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
−3
MEC 521 – VIBRATIONS : Dr. Azmi M.Yusof 2
Cofactor & Transpose matrix
Cofactor

▪ Cofactor 𝛽𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 ; 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗

1 2 1
▪ Example 𝐴 = 3 2 0 ; cofactor 𝛽32 = (−1)3+2 𝑀32 = −𝑀32
1 1 1

▪ 𝛽32 = −𝑀32 = − 1 1 1 = −1 1 0 − 3 1 = 3
3 0

Transpose matrix
▪ Arrange the rows into columns matrix

1 2 1 1 3 1
▪ Example 𝐴 = 3 2 0 , 𝐴𝑇 = 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 0 1

MEC 521 – VIBRATIONS : Dr. Azmi M.Yusof 3

Adjoin matrix
▪ Replacing each element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 by its cofactor 𝛽𝑖𝑗 and then transposing
𝑇
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝛽11 𝛽12 𝛽11 𝛽21
▪ 𝐴= 𝑎 𝑎22 ; 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
𝛽21 𝛽22
=
𝛽12 𝛽22
21

▪ Example : Obtain the adjoin for 𝐴 = 1 2

3 2
▪ 𝛽𝑖𝑗 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = +2; 𝛽12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = −3
▪ 𝛽𝑖𝑗 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = −2; 𝛽𝑖𝑗 = −1 2+2
𝑀22 = +1

𝑇
2 −3 2 −2
▪ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = =
−2 1 −3 1

MEC 521 – VIBRATIONS : Dr. Azmi M.Yusof 4

Inverse matrix
▪ [𝐴]−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗[𝐴]
|𝐴|

▪ Example : Obtain the inverse for matrix 𝐴 = 1 2

3 2

▪ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 2 −2
−3 1

▪ Determinant A = 1 2 = 1 2 − 3 2 = −4
3 2
1 2 −2 −0.5 0.5
▪ Thus [𝐴]−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗[𝐴] =− =
|𝐴| 4 −3 1 0.75 −0.25

MEC 521 – VIBRATIONS : Dr. Azmi M.Yusof 5

Exercise
2 2 3
▪ Obtain the inverse for mass matrix [𝑚] = 4 5 6
7 8 9

Hints
▪ 𝑚 = −3;

−3 6 −3
▪ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝑚 = 6 −3 0
−3 −2 2

1 −2 1
▪ Answer, [𝑚]−1 = −2 1
2
0
2
1 −
3 3

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