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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PREAMBLE 1
1.2 VIDEO PROCESSING 1
1.2.1 Video Standards 4
1.2.2 Video Coding 5
1.2.3 High Efficiency Video Coding 7
1.2.4 Structure of a Video Sequence 8
1.2.4.1 Pictures, frames and fields 8
1.2.4.2 Sample shape 9
1.2.4.3 Color representation 11
1.3 HYBRID VIDEO CODING SCHEME 11
1.4 MOTIVATION 15
1.4.1 Motion Estimation 17
1.4.2 Motion Estimation Algorithms 19
1.5 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 20
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK 20
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 21
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 23
2.1 INTRODUCTION 23
2.2 HIGH EFFICENCY VIDEO CODING 23
2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MOTION
ESTIMATION TECHNQIUES 26
2.4 VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF BMA 35
2.5 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE STUDIES 40
2.6 CONCLUSION 40

3. BLOCK MACTHING MOTION ESTIMATION

ALGORITHM 42
3.1 INTRODUCTION 42
3.2 BLOCK MATCHING ALGORITHM 42
3.2.1 Backward Motion Estimation 44
3.2.2 Forward Motion Estimation 45
3.3 BLOCK MATCHING METHODS 46
3.3.1 Matching Criteria 46
3.3.2 Mean Squared Error 47
3.3.3 SAD Criterion 47
3.3.4 MPC Criterion 48
3.3.5 Block Size 48
3.3.6 Search Range 50
3.3.7 Search Accuracy 50
3.4 MOTION ESTIMATION SEARCH
ALGORITHMS 50
3.4.1 Pixel Based Approach 51
3.4.2 Block – Based Motion Estimation 51
3.5 FULL SEARCH MOTION ESTIMATION 51
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.6 FAST SEARCH MOTION ESTIMATION 53

3.6.1 Three Step Search 53
3.6.2 Diamond Search Algorithm 54
3.7 UMHEXAGON SEACH ALGORITHM 55
3.7.1 Initial Search Point Prediction 56
3.7.2 UMHexagonS Algorithm 57
3.8 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 58
3.8.1 Results and Discussion 62
3.9 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL
ALGORITHMS 66
3.10 SUMMARY 66

4. QUADRANT SEARCH AND STATIONARY

BLOCK PREDICTION 68
4.1 INTRODUCTION 68
4.2 QUADRANT SEARCH PATTERN 69
4.3 STATIONARY BLOCK PREDICTION 70
4.4 QSP-BSP BASED MOTION ESTIAMTION 70
4.5 VLSI IMPLEMENTATION 74
4.5.1 Overview of Proposed Hardware
Architecture 74
4.5.2 Processing Unit 75
4.5.3 State Machine Controller 76
4.6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 77
4.6.1 Simulation Results and Discussion 77
4.6.2 Experimental Implementation in VLSI 83
4.7 SUMMARY 86
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5. HYBRID FAST SEARCH BLOCK

PREDICTION TECHQNOUE 87
5.1 INTRODUCTION 87
5.2 HEXAGON BASED SEARCH ALGORITHM 88
5.2.1 Development of Hexagon Algorithm 90
5.3 HYBRID ALGORITHM 92
5.4 FPGA IMPLEMENTATION 94
5.5 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 94
5.5.1 Simulation Results and Discussion 99
5.5.2 Hardware Realization 100
5.6 SUMMARY 103

6. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON 105

6.1 INTRODUCTION 105
6.2 SIMULATION RESULTS 105
6.3 FPGA IMPLEMENTATION 112
6.4 CONLCUSION 115

7. CONCLUSION 116
7.1 SUMMARY AND CONTRIBUTIONS 116
7.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 121

REFERENCES 122

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 134