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CQT, Lecture#1: Unified Model for

Quantum Transport
Nanodevices and Maxwell’s Far from Equilibrium
Demon
Objective: Σs
To illustrate the subtle interplay of
dynamics and thermodynamics
that distinguishes transport physics. μ1 H μ2
Reference:
S.Datta,"Nanodevices and Maxwell's
Σ1 Σ2
demon", to appear in the Proceedings
of the Third ASI International
Workshop on Nano Science & “QTAT”
Technology, Ed. Z.K.Tang, Taylor & Datta, Quantum Transport:
Francis (2007). Atom to Transistor,
http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.1623 Cambridge (2005)

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Maxwell’s demon

Electronic demon

<---- L ---->
Channel

Source Drain

----
V =V0 I

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Top-down view
<---- L ----> V=IR or I=VG
Channel
Source Drain
Conductance, G = 1/R
= σ A/ L
I
V G

Conductivity

CHANNEL σ = q nτ /m2

m=? n=?
τ =? “Very
complicated”

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nanoHUB.org Bottom-Up View
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Bottom-up View “Top”

Ohm’s law
<---- L ---->
Source Channel Drain I = GV , G = σ A/ L

Escape rate
I
V
Density of states
γ ≡ escape rate
G = (q / h) (π D γ )
2

CHANNEL
G = ( q 2 / h)
1 / 25.8 KΩ “Bottom”

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nanoHUB.org Equilibrium Energy Level Diagram
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VG < 0
VG “Gate” Vacuum
Level VG > 0
S Channel
Insulator D

PTY
EM
µ No states
V
LED
FI L

Electrochemical
S Channel D
Potential

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nanoHUB.org What makes electrons flow?
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S Channel D

µ1
µ2 µ1
µ2

I I
V V
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Escape rate

γ1 / γ2 / Current depends on
Density of states, D(E)
µ1 around the contact
electrochemical
qV
potentials.
µ2
AND

on escape rates
γ / : Escape Rate γ1 γ2
γ has dimensions of energy

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nanoHUB.org Where is the power dissipated ?
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γ γ
Power = V I qV {
<---- L ---->
Channel γ D(E) γ
Source Drain

V
I
Dissipation Dissipation

Contacts assumed
to remain in equilibrium Newton’s law
Schrodinger equation
Thermodynamics
Dynamics

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nanoHUB.org Dynamics and dissipation
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Separate dynamics Dissipation Dissipation

+ dissipation
γ Dynamics γ
Landauer {
model
}

Newton’s law
Schrodinger equation
Mixed dynamics
+ dissipation
γ γs γ
Boltzmann
NEGF

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Spin Valves

Source Channel Drain Anti-parallel (AP)

Insulating substrate

Imperfect
Source Current
AP

Perfect
AP
Drain Voltage

V
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Spin
flip
Source Channel Drain

Insulating substrate
- +
Source Drain

Spin
flip Current with spin-flip

w/o spin-flip
+ - Voltage
Source Drain

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Spin
flip
Source Channel Drain

Insulating substrate
- +
Source Drain

Spin Current
flip

+ - Voltage
Source Drain

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nanoHUB.org Current at zero voltage ! !
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1
current --->
Normalized

Source Channel
0.5
Drain
0

-0.5

Current
-1
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1

Voltage --->

Fig : 1A

Voltage

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nanoHUB.org Device to “demon”
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current --->
Normalized
0.5

Source Channel Drain

-0.5

-1
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1

Voltage --->

No further current

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nanoHUB.org Where did the energy come from?
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Source Channel Drain Source Channel Drain

Answer: From the contacts

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nanoHUB.org Second law ?
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Source Channel Drain Source Channel Drain

S = k ln W
S=0 S = Nk ln 2

Energy upto T ΔS may be extracted

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nanoHUB.org Resetting the demon takes energy
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No energy needed

Source Channel Drain

Source Channel Drain

Need > N kT to “Erase”

Maxwell’s demon, ed. H.S.Leff and A.F.Rex,

ISBN 0-691-08727-X pbk

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nanoHUB.org Nanomagnets : Bistable demons
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.. A finite-sized
0.9

0.8 Higher energy

demon .. gets so Energy 0.7

Normalized Energy
hot that he cannot 0.6

see very well after

0.5

0.4

a while ..”, 0.3

Feynman lectures, 0.2

Vol.1, 46-5.
0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Angle of magnetization from plane of magnet

Flipping a spin
costs energy

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nanoHUB.org The cool demon as a heat engine
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0.25

Cooled 0.2

Current --->
TD 0.15
TD =0.160K
0.05
0
-0.05

TD = 300K
-0.1

Q1:-0.15
heat from contacts
Q 2: heat to demon
-0.2
Source Channel TD = 600K
Drain -0.25

Q1 -0.05
- Q2 : useful0 work 0.05
300K 300K Voltage --->

Carnot’s Q1 Q2
<
principle kT kTD

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nanoHUB.org Cooling the demon: Refrigerator
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TD Cooled Heat from

by device surroundings

Q1: heat delivered to contacts

Source Channel Drain
Q2: heat taken from demon
300K 300K
Battery delivers Q1 - Q2

Carnot’s Q1 Q2
>
principle kT kTD

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nanoHUB.org Why is the flow unidirectional ?
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S = Nk ln 2 S=0
No energy needed

Source Channel Drain

Source Channel Drain

Need > N kT to “Erase”

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nanoHUB.org Entropy as a driving force
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All
“blue”

Source Channel Drain

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nanoHUB.org Entropy-driven vs. dynamic processes
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“Reservoir” “System”
Down > Up
E

Σs
μ1 H μ2
Density
of states Σ1 Σ2

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nanoHUB.org Entangled “demon”
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Entangled !

+
*A *B

Source Channel Drain

A2 B2

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Unified model for nanodevices
Macroscopic “Even simple things .. work .. in only one
0.1 dimensions direction because it has some ultimate
mm contact with the rest of the universe ..”
<--- L --> Feynman lectures, Vol.1, 46-8
10 µm Diffusion

1µm Hot
0.1 µm Boltzmann Σs
10 nm + “Landauer” = μ1 H μ2
1 nm “NEGF” Σ1 Σ2
0.1 nm Atomic
dimensions
Nanowires, nanotubes, molecules …..
Switches, energy conversion …

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