Types of Tissues

 Tissues are collections of similar cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them
 Histology is the study of tissues
 The four primary tissue types are
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
 Primary tissue types are derived from the embryonic germ layers
1. Endoderm- Forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives
2. Mesoderm- Forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels
3. Ectoderm- Forms the outermost layer of skin and the nervous system

Epithelial Tissue
1. Covers surfaces
2. Has little extracellular material
3. Usually has a basement membrane
4. Has no blood vessels
5. Epithelial cells
6. Have a free, or apical, surface (not attached to other cells)
7. A lateral surface (attached to other cells)
8. A basal surface (attached to the basement membrane)

Epithelial Tissue

Functions:
1. Protecting underlying structures
Example: outer layer of skin and oral mucosa
2. Acting as barriers
Example: outer layer of skin
3. Permitting the passage of substances
Example: epithelium in the lungs
4. Secreting substances
Example: mucous glands and sweat glands
5. Absorbing substances
Example: epithelial cells of the intestine

Epithelial Tissue Classification

Epithelia are classified according to the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells
1. Simple Epithelium- has one layer of cells
o Simple Squamous
o Simple Cuboidal
o Simple Columnar

2. Stratified epithelium- has more than one cell layers

o Stratified Squamous- non keratinized (moist) and keratinized
o Stratified Cuboidal-rare
 o Stratified Columnar-rare
3. Pseudo stratified epithelium- has one layer, but appears to have two or more layers
4. Transitional epithelium- is stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched (from
cuboidal to squamous)

Structural and Functional Relationships

Cell Layers and Cell Shapes

 Simple epithelium is involved with:
 Diffusion
 Secretion
 Absorption
 Stratified epithelium serves a protective role
 Squamous cells function in:
 Diffusion
 Filtration
 Cuboidal or columnar cells, which contain cellular organelles
 Secrete
 Absorb
 Free Cell Surfaces
 smooth, free surface reduces friction
 Example: Lining of blood vessels
 Microvilli are cylindrical extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area (cells
involved in absorption of secretion)
o Example: Lining of the small intestines
 Cilia propel materials over the cell surface
o Example: Lining of the nasal cavity and trachea
Glands in Epithelial Tissue
 A gland is a single cell or a multicellular structure that secretes
o Endocrine glands- do not have ducts; Secrete hormones directly into the blood
o Exocrine glands- have ducts; Secretions are released onto a surface or into a
cavity
Structure of Exocrine Glands
Simple: have one duct
Compound: have ducts that branch repeatedly
Tubules: ducts end in small tubes
Acini: ducts end in saclike structures
Alveoli: ducts end in hollow sacs
Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types
 Merocrine – no loss of cellular material
(Ex. sweat glands)
 Apocrine – part of the cell pinches off
(Ex. mammary glands)
 Holocrine – entire cell is shed
(Ex. sebaceous glands)
Sweat glands and mammary glands
Classified by:
 Structure
 How products leave the cell

Connective Tissue
 Consist of cells seperated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix
 Functions
1. Enclosing and separating
2. Connecting tissues to one another (Ex. Ligaments and Tendons)
3. Supporting and moving (Ex. Bones and cartilage)
4. Storing (Ex. Adipose tissue and Bones)
5. Cushioning and insulating (Ex. Adipose tissue)
6. Transporting (Ex. Blood)
7. Protecting (Ex. Blood and Bones)

Connective Tissue Cells

 Specialized cells of various connective tissues produce the extra cellular matrix
 End in suffixes that identify the cell functions
 Blast (germ) cells form the matrix
 Cyte (cell) cells maintain it
 Clast (break) cells break it down

Classification of Connective Tissue (6)

Mesenchyme is an embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to six major categories of
connective tissue.
1. Loose, or areolar, connective tissue is the “loose packing” material of the body
 Fills the spaces between organs
 Holds organs in place
2. Adipose tissue (fat)
 Stores energy
 Pads and protects parts of the body
 Acts as a thermal insulator
3. Dense connective tissue consists of a matrix containing densely packed fibers
 Collagen fibers (Ex. tendons, ligaments, and dermis of the skin)
 Elastic fibers (Ex. elastic ligaments and in the walls of arteries)
4. Cartilage provides support
 Hyaline cartilage (Ex. covers ends of bones and forms costal cartilages)
 Fibrocartilage (Ex. disks between vertebrae)
 Elastic cartilage (Ex. external ear)
1. Bone has a mineralized matrix
 forms most of the skeleton of the body
1. Compact bone has more matrix than spaces
2. Cancellous bone has more spaces then matrix
2. Blood has a liquid matrix
  Found in blood vessels
 Produced in hemopoietic tissue (red bone marrow)

Muscle Tissue
 Main fxn: to contract, or shorten, making movement possible
 Three types of muscle tissue
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth
Lesson 5: Nervous Tissue
 Brain, SC, Ganglia/ Spinal Nerves
 Specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals)
 Neurons- conduct action potentials
 Neuroglia -support the neurons; surround neurons
 Neurons have 3 parts:
1. Cell Body- contains the nucleus
2. Dendrites- receive electrical implulse from other neurons
3. Axon- Transmit electrical impulse to other neurons

Membranes

 Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the outside of the body
1. Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
2. Contain glands
3. Secrete mucus
 Serous membranes line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the body
1. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
2. Do Not contain glands
3. Secrete serous fluid
 Synovial membranes line freely movable joints

Inflammation Process

 Function of the inflammatory response is to mobilize body’s defenses isolate and destroy
harmful agents
 Five symptoms:
1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Disturbance of function
 Chronic inflammation results when the agent causing injury is not removed or something
else interferes with the healing process