Project supervision

TYPES OF PROJECTS
Construction projects can be classified in a number of different ways.
 One method of classification is to define projects as being either
 Public projects (or contracts), or
 Private projects (or contracts).
 Construction projects, and the construction contractors who perform these
projects, may also be categorized in terms of the type of work that is being
performed.

a) Residential Contractor.
 Residential contractors are those who construct residences of different types.
Single-family residences, duplexes, apartments, and condominiums may be
included in this classification.
 Within this category, some residential contractors are speculative builders, while
others are custom builders. Some residential builders construct both speculative
and custom building projects.
 Speculative builders are those who construct a residential building in the role of
owner-builder. They acquire real estate, and a design for the residence, and then
they build the facility and offer it for sale.
 Custom residential builders are those who construct a residence for an owner by
the terms of a contract between the owner and the builder.

b) Commercial Construction Contractor

Commercial construction contractors also frequently refer to themselves as “general
contractors.”

c) Industrial Contractor
Industrial contractors are those who build facilities for industry. Examples of industrial
construction include petrochemical refineries, paper mills, manufacturing plants,
chemical process facilities, and so on.

d) Heavy/Civil/Highway Construction Contractor

Some construction contractors refer to themselves as heavy construction contractors or
as civil construction contractors. These contractors build facilities such as power plants,
fresh water treatment plants, and wastewater treatment plants, as well as dams,
aqueducts, storm drains, and the like.
These facilities are typically designed by an engineer, rather than by an architect.
Consequently, projects of this type are frequently referred to as “engineered
construction.”
Highway contractors are builders of roads of all kinds. Usually these contractors also
construct the bridges, culverts, storm drains, inlets, and so forth, which are
accompaniments to highway construction.
 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS
a) Design-Bid-Build
 This project delivery method is also referred to as linear construction.

b) Design-Build
 The design-build method may also be referred to as the turnkey process or as
the turnkey project delivery method.
 In the design-build system, the owner enters one contract with a single
professional entity, and that firm has the responsibility for providing both design
and construction services for the owner.

c) Construction Manager
As the concept has evolved, construction management has come to be defined in two
basic variations: construction management agency, which is often referred to as CMA,
and construction management at risk, frequently referred to by the acronym CMAR. In
the construction manager as agent arrangement, the construction manager enters a
contract with the owner and by the terms of that contract, he represents the owner’s
interests in the owner’s contracts with the architect and with the prime contractor(s). The
construction manager has no contractual relationship with the architect, nor with the
general contractor(s); he provides his counsel and assistance to the owner, and the
owner then decides whether to take action or not.
In the construction management at risk (CMAR) contract form, the construction manager
enters a contract with the owner whereby he has the responsibility for completing the
construction project on time, at or under the stipulated price or the guaranteed maximum
price. Often, this form of construction management contract is written by the owner in
such a way that the construction manager can provide consulting services to the owner
during design, and the construction manager may actually assist the owner in the
selection of the design firm. In construction management at risk, the construction
manager acts as the general contractor during construction. The construction manager
at risk contract form may be utilized in both the single and separate contracts systems,
as noted in Figure 16.3, and may also be used in the design-build method of project
delivery. Thus, the construction management firm frequently has responsibility for
delivery of the project to the owner, from the onset of design through final completion of
the construction of the project.