The American Revolution

The American Revolution is where the colonists threw off the rule of an imperial
monarchy and replaced it with a government that didn’t have a king, a radical idea in a world
that didn’t feature many non-monarchial forms of government. There are to ideas central to the
revolution, property rights and equality. The Articles of Confederation gave the government no
power to tax, which had the effect of making sure that people who had property were able to
keep it because they never had to pay the government anything in exchange for the right to own
and use it. Declaration of Independence, “We hold truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal.” By the time those words were written, 30% of the American population were
slaves of African descent who were held as property and definitely, 100% not treated as equal to
whites. In fact, the guy who wrote that phrase held slaves, and was fighting against a government
who promised to free any slaves who supports it. No women can vote and a few white men that
doesn’t own enough property. The Enlightenment was primarily a celebration of humans’ ability
to understand and improve the natural world through reason. Immanuel Kant said that human
reason rendered a belief in God unnecessary and, by extension, proclaimed that any belief in
divine intervention or divine plan for humanity was just superstition. America made sure that
there would be never be a formal nobility and it recognized the equal rights of daughters and
widows, when it came to inheriting and possessing property.

People involved:
Abigail Adams. Helped organized the Committee of Correspondence.
John Adams. Lawyer who defended the British Soldiers following the Boston Massacre.
Wentworth Cheswell. An African-American who rode to warn the countryside that the British
were coming.
Samuel Adams. Founder of the Son’s of Liberty and helped organize the Boston Tea Party.
Mary Otis Warren. She was a propaganda writer for the Patriot Cause.
John Armistead. Slave who acted as a spy for the Patriots.
Benjamin Franklin. American diplomat that worked to get the French involved in the Revolution.
Bernardo de Galaviz. Spanish Governor of Louisiana, who helped to protect the American ships
from the British. Also helped transport goods to aide in the American’s winning war.
Crispus Attucks. African-American who was killed by the British during the Boston Massacre.
King George III. King of England during the Revolution who wanted to keep control of the
territories so Revolutions wouldn’t start in other parts of the Kingdom.
Haym Solomon. Jewish spy for the Americans and also helped finance the war.
Patrick Henry. American Patriot best known for saying “Give me liberty, or give me death”
Marquis de Lafayette. French leader who helped train and lead the troops with George
Washington
Thomas Paine. Writer of “Common Sense”]
John Paul Jones. Founder of American Navy.
George Washington. Commander of Continental Army.

Lessons and comments.

Marami ngang mga nangyari simula noong 1760s na nagsimula sa mga tagumpay ng mga
British. Nagawa nila magdiklara ng Stamp Act na kung saan pinatakan ng mga stamps na may
kapalit na pera. Maraming mga tao ang nakakuha ng kalayaan noong American Revolution dahil
pantay na ang pagturi ng mga lalaki at babae ng panahon. Pinabayad pa rin ang mga Amerikano
ng mga tax sa mga British sa paraan ng Townshed Acts. Mayroong mabuti naman ang epekto ng
American Revolution sa bansa kahit walang naka-akdang pinuno rito dahil sa Articles of
Confederation. Hindi maayos ang pakikitungo nila sa mga alipin noon at kaya ipinaglaban nila
ang kalayaan na kung saan equal ang pakikitungo sa isa’t isa.
 The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people
of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir
Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government
created the country of the Soviet Union. Before the revolution, Russia was ruled by a powerful
monarch called the Tsar. The Tsar had total power in Russia. He commanded the army, owned
much of the land, and even controlled the church. During the period of time before the Russian
Revolution, life for the working class people and the peasants was very difficult. They worked
for little pay, often went without food, and were exposed to dangerous working conditions. The
aristocrat class treated the peasants like slaves, giving them few rights under the law and treating
them almost like animals. A Large number of workers were marching to the Tsar's palace in
order to present a petition for better working conditions. They were fired upon by soldiers and
many of them were killed or injured. This day is called Bloody Sunday. Before Bloody Sunday
many peasants and working class people revered the Tsar and thought that he was on their side.
They blamed their troubles on the government, not on the Tsar. However, after the shootings, the
Tsar was perceived as an enemy of the working class and the desire for revolution began to
spread. In 1914, World War I began and Russia was at war with Germany. A huge Russian army
was formed by forcing working class and peasant men to join. Although the Russian army had
great numbers, the soldiers were not equipped or trained to fight. Many of them were sent into
battle without shoes, food, and even weapons. Over the next three years, nearly 2 million
Russian soldiers were killed in battle and nearly another 5 million were wounded. The Russian
people blamed the Tsar for entering the war and getting so many of their young men killed. Over
the next several months the two sides ruled Russia. One of the main factions of the Petrograd
Soviet was a group called the Bolsheviks. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and believed that the
new Russian government should be a Marxist (communist) government. In October of 1917,
Lenin took full control of the government in what is called the Bolshevik Revolution. Russia was
now the first communist country in the world.

People involved:
Joseph Stalin. Secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Vladimir Lenin. Founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and leader of the
Bolshevik Revolution.
Nicholas II. The last Russian Emperor was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October
Revolution.
Leon Trotsky. Communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russia’s October Revolution.
Anastasia. Grand duchess of Russia and the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas.
Alexandra. Consort of the Russian emperor Nicholas II.
Aleksandr Kerensky. Moderate socialist revolutionary who served as head of the Russian
provisional government from July to October.
Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Head of the first Soviet secret police organization.
Nikolay Bukharin. A prominent leader of the Communist International (Comintern).
Lev Kamenev. Prominent member of the Communist Party and Soviet government.
Alexis. Son of Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia and the tsarina of Alexandra.

Lessons and comments.

Noong nagsimula ang World War, nag-away ang Russia kalaban ang Germany. Ang mga
taga-Russia ay walang kalaban laban dahil sa kulang ng armas at hindi sanay sa gira. Naging
mahirap sila sa pagpanalo laban sa mga taga-Germany. Marami ang nagalit kay Tsar dahil
maraming Russians ang nasugatan at namatay at kakulangan sa pagkain. Marami ang nagprotesta
sa Petrograd dahil sa kakulangan ng tinapay at pinapatay ang mga protestante. Nagwakas si Tsar
sa kanyang posisyon sa politika at pinalitan ng Petrograd Soviet at ang Provisional Government.
Nagsimula ang Bolshevik Revolution dahil sa Provisional Government na nagpapanatili sa
World War at hindi nagbigay ng pagmamay-ari sa mga magsasaka. Pinahalagahan ni Valdimir
Lenin ang kalayaan, pagkain at lupa na para sa mga magsasaka. Pagkatapos ng rebolusyon ay
huminto sila sa gubat at nagpirma ng Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
 French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of time in France when the people overthrew the
monarchy and took control of the government. It began on July 14, 1789 when revolutionaries
stormed a prison called the Bastille. The revolution came to an end 1799 when a general named
Napoleon overthrew the revolutionary government and established the French Consulate (with
Napoleon as leader). At the start of the revolution, representatives from the Third Estate
established the National Assembly where they demanded that King Louis XVI give them certain
rights. This group soon took control of the country. They changed names over time to the
Legislative Assembly and, later, to the National Convention. After the Reign of Terror, a new
government was formed called the Directory. The Directory ruled until Napoleon took
control. The darkest period of the French Revolution is called the Reign of Terror which lasted
from 1793 to 1794. During this time, a man named Robespierre led the National Convention and
the Committee of Public Safety. He wanted to stamp out any opposition to the revolution, so he
called for a rule of "Terror." Laws were passed that said anyone suspected of treason could be
arrested and executed by guillotine. Thousands of people were executed including Queen Marie
Antoinette and many of Robespierre's political rivals. Many of the new political ideas and
alliances of the French Revolution were formed in political clubs. These clubs included the
powerful Jacobin Club (led by Robespierre), the Cordeliers, the Feuillants Club, and the
Pantheon Club.

People involved
George-Jacques Danton. The first president of Committee of Public Safety.
Jean-Paul Marat. The leader of the Radical Monatagnards Faction.
Charlotte Corday. Part of the Girondin Conservative, the opposing side against revolution.
King Louis XVI. King of France during Revolution.
Marie Antionette. Wife of King Louis XVI.
Marquis de Lafayette. French aristocrat who fought alongside American colonists against Bristish in
American Revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre. Radical Jacobin Leader, believed the idea of the Reign of Terror where anyone
who was a threat to the revolution was killed.

Lessons and comments.

Napakabrutal ang paraan ng mga French sa mga mamamayan dahil sa Reign of Terror.
Ito ang kanilang paraan upang matakot ang mga tao sa kung ano ang mangyari kapag may
masamang balak. Marami ang namatay noon kahit siya ay hinuhusgaan laman. Dahil sa mga
patakran ng pagpatay noon, nagsimula nang mag-iba ang pamraan ng pamahalaan sa France.
Pagkatapos ng French Revolution, nagsimula na silang mamahala sa mga Simbahan.
 Latin America
The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place
during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of
independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French
Revolution, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the
Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States to independence,
during the Haitian Revolution. Creoles in South America, led by Simon Bolivar, followed with
revolutions of their own gaining independence for the rest of Latin America. he reforms imposed
by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between
the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage
but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth,
political power, and social status. Others did not suffer during the second half of the 18th
century; indeed, the gradual loosening of trade restrictions actually benefited some Creoles
in Venezuela and certain areas that had moved from the periphery to the centre during the late
colonial era. However, those profits merely whetted those Creoles’ appetites for greater free
trade than the Bourbons were willing to grant. More generally, Creoles reacted angrily against
the crown’s preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of
the caste system and the Creoles’ privileged status within it. After hundreds of years of proven
service to Spain, the American-born elites felt that the Bourbons were now treating them like a
recently conquered nation. In cities throughout the region, Creole frustrations increasingly found
expression in ideas derived from the Enlightenment. Imperial prohibitions proved unable to stop
the flow of potentially subversive English, French, and North American works into the colonies
of Latin America. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the
18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European
Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques
Rousseau. The Enlightenment clearly informed the aims of dissident Creoles and inspired some
of the later, great leaders of the independence movements across Latin America.

Lessons and comments.

Ang mga lalaki ang may-hawak sa mga gagawin ng kanilang mga asawa. Ang mga anak
rin nila ang susunod na hawak sa kanilang mga pinag-aarian. Si Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz ang
babaeng makapagsalita ng limang lenggwahe. Siya rin ang nagpakumbagang lalaki para
makapag-aral. May apat na lahi noon: mga puti, black, mestizo, puti at American Indian. Ang
Latin America ay mayroong napakaraming lahi noon. Makikita ang pag-iiba ng mga lahi noon sa
mga casta paintings. Pinamunuan ang Brazil ng Spain. Nang si Napeleon ang namuno sa
Portugal, lumipad ang pamilyang maharlika patungo Brazil at napamahal nila ang bansa. Mabuti
ang kalagayan ni King Joao sa bansa kahit natalo si Napoleon sa Battle of Waterloo. Idiniklara
rin ni Pedro ang konstitusyon ng monarkiya bilang hari sa Brazil. Nakuha na ng Brazil ang
kanilang kalayaan at ang huling bansang makapagtigil sa pagpa-alipin. Sa ng panahon ng Latin
America makikita ang pagging multiculturalism.
 Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars, series of wars between Napoleonic France and shifting alliances of
other European powers that produced a brief French hegemony over most of Europe. Along with
the French Revolutionary wars, the Napoleonic Wars comprise a 23-year period of recurrent
conflict that concluded only with the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon’s second abdication on
June 22, 1815. In Holland a capitulation had been signed for the withdrawal of the Anglo-
Russian expeditionary force. Although the Russo-Austrian forces in Italy had won a series of
victories, the course of the campaign in Switzerland had reflected growing differences
between Austria and Russia. Despite Russia’s subsequent abandonment of the common cause
and France’s recovery of control over Holland and Switzerland, the British government paid no
serious attention to Bonaparte’s proposals for peace in December 1799. On the one hand the
regime in France had yet to prove itself and on the other it was expected that the Austrians would
make further gains. Austria had decided on an equal division of its strength by maintaining
armies of approximately 100,000 men in both the German and Italian theatres. Instead of
reinforcing Austrian strength in northern Italy, where there was most hope of success, the British
government spent its efforts in limited and isolated enterprises, among them an expedition of
6,000 men to capture Belle-Île off the Brittany coast and another of 5,000 to join the 6,000
already on the Balearic Island of Minorca. Bonaparte’s plan was to treat Italy as a secondary
theatre and to seek a decisive victory in Germany. It proved impossible to increase Victor
Moreau’s Army of the Rhine to more than 120,000—too small a margin of superiority to
guarantee the success required. In Italy André Masséna’s 30,000–40,000 outnumbered troops
were to face the Austrians in the Apennines and in the Maritime Alps until the army of reserve,
marching to the south of the Army of the Rhine, should cross the Alps, fall upon the Austrians’
lines of communication, cut off their retreat from Piedmont, and bring them to battle. Bonaparte
had hoped that Moreau would mass the Army of the Rhine in Switzerland and cross the river
at Schaffhausen to turn the Austrian left in strength and obtain a decisive victory before
dispatching some of his army to join the force descending on the rear of the Austrians in Italy.

Lessons and comments.

Ang Napoleonic Wars ay naganap noong (1799-1815). Ito ay ang sigalot sa pagitan ng
France sa pamumuno ni Napoleon Bonaparte at mga Allied Countries. Ito ay ang British, Unang
Imperyo ng France, Spain, Imperyong Ottoman, Prussia, Russia, Poland, Rhine, Austria, Italy,
Bavaria, Naples, Denmark-Norway, Saxony, Württemberg, Holland, Sicillies, Sardinia, Portugal,
Wallachia, Nassau, Netherlands, Tuscany, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Moldavia, Etrunia, Sweden-
Finland, Bourboun Spain, at Hungary. Nang bumalik si Napoleon sa France ay directory na ang
ginagamit ng gobyerno noon. Binenta Napoleon ang French Louisana sa United States upang
hindi masakop ng mga Britain. Binumangkulong ng Royal Navy ang France habang namumuno
ang Britain. Naging emperor si Napoleon at nagging hari ng Italy na rin. Itinatag ni Napoleon
Continental System na kung saan walang bansa ang makapagkalakal sa Britain