Source: Hammel, A.M., & Hourigan, R.M. (2017).

Teaching Music to Students with Special Needs (2nd

ed.). NewYork, NY: Oxford University Press

○ 1954: Brown v. Board of Education

■ Students with special needs included in public schools

■ Unlawful to discriminate against students for unjust reasons

○ 1965: Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965

■ Inclusion of specific financial support for school systems

○ 1972: The Marland Report

■ Led to allotment of funds for gifted education in 1974

○ 1973: Health and Rehabilitation Act

■ Increase equal access to facilities, services, and treatment for students with

disabilities

○ 1975: Public Law 94-142

■ Specifically mandated free and appropriate public education for all

students with special needs

■ Students are to be educated with non-handicapped peers to the greatest

extent possible

■ Individualized Education Program (IEP)

○ 1986: Public Law 99-457

■ Early intervention in childhood education; expanded range ages 3-21

○ 1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

■ Children were re-termed individuals

■ “Handicapped” was changed to “persons with disabilities”

■ Transition plans for students preparing to enter the workforce or further

education

■ Autism and traumatic brain injury were added to the list of identified

disabilities

■ 1. Zero reject 2. Nondiscriminatory evaluation 3. Free and appropriate

education 4. Least restrictive environment 5. Procedural due process 6.

 Parental involvement

○ 1996: The Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act

■ Funding for programs for students who are gifted, especially for students

from diverse backgrounds

○ 1997, 2002, 2004, 2008: Further changes to IDEA

○ 2001: No Child Left Behind Act

■ Schools required to meet adequate yearly progress, with all students

contributing

○ 2010: Common Core State Standards

■ Unify content

○ 2015: Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

■ Encompasses education programs including

● Title I - school improvement for low-income students

● Title II - preparing, training, and recruiting high quality teachers

● Title III - English language learners

● Title IV - twenty-first century schools

● Title V - state innovation and local flexibility

● Title VI - protections from discrimination/programs for Native

American students

● Title VII - impact aid

● Title VIII - general provisions

● Title IX - education for the homeless

■ Access to general education, access to accommodations on assessments,

concepts of UDL mandated, local education agencies must provide

evidence-based practice and procedures, interventions for

underperforming subgroups, reducing bullying and harassment