Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Ship Stability

September 2013

Myung-Il Roh

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Seoul National University

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 Ship Stability

þ Ch. 1 Introduction to Ship Stability

þ Ch. 2 Review of Fluid Mechanics
þ Ch. 3 Transverse Stability
þ Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability
þ Ch. 5 Free Surface Effect
þ Ch. 6 Inclining Test
þ Ch. 7 Longitudinal Stability
þ Ch. 8 Curves of Stability and Stability Criteria
þ Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in Naval Architecture
þ Ch. 10 Hydrostatic Values
þ Ch. 11 Introduction to Damage Stability
þ Ch. 12 Deterministic Damage Stability
þ Ch. 13 Probabilistic Damage Stability (Subdivision and Damage
Stability, SDS)

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 Ch. 6 Inclining Test

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 The Problem of Finding
an Accurate Vertical Center of Mass(KG)

The problem of finding an accurate KG for a ship is a serious one

for the ship’s designer.

FG How can you get the

value of the KG?

G ü Any difference in the weight of structural

parts, equipment, or welds in different ship
will produce a different KG.

K
K: Keel
G: Center of mass

There is an accurate method of finding KG for any particular

ship and that is the inclining test.

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 t r = FB × GZ
Required Values to Find the KG (1/3) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG

The purpose of the inclining test is to determine the position of the center of
mass of the ship in an accurately known condition.
z z¢ te

Required values to find the KG

M
f d
FG • Draft
Z • Total weight(FG)
G1 y
• Hydrostatic values(KB, BM)
• Weight(w)
y¢ • Distance(d)
B1
• Angle of inclination(f )*
FB
G: Center of total mass
B: Center of buoyancy at initial position t * Angle of inclination should be within the range of inclinations
r
G1: New position of center of total mass after the weight has been moved where the metacenter(M) is not changed(about 7°~10°).
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after the ship has been inclined
Z: The intersection of vertical line through the center of buoyancy with the transversally
parallel line to a waterline through center of total mass
M: The intersection of a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at previous position(B)
with a vertical line through the present position of the center of buoyancy(B1) after the τe : Heeling moment
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ship has been inclined transversally through a small angle
Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh τr : Righting moment
 t r = FB × GZ
Required Values to Find the KG (2/3) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG

z Shift of center of total mass

z¢
w×d
te GG1 =
FG
M Heeling moment produced by total weight
f d
t h = FG × GG1 cos f
FG
Z Righting moment produced by buoyant force
G1 y
t r = FB × GZ » FB × GM sin f
Static equilibrium of moment
y¢ FG × GG1 cos f = FB × GM sin f
B1
(Q Static equilibrium : FG = FB )
FB
GG1 w×d
\ GM = =
tan f FG × tan f
tr Inclining test formula

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 t r = FB × GZ
Required Values to Find the KG (3/3) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG
Inclining experiment formula
z w×d
z¢ GM =
te FG × tan f
KG
M
f d
FG
KG = KB + BM - GM
Z w×d
G1 y = KB + BM -
Known Known FG × tan f
Known
y¢
B1 The angle of inclination can be
measured when we perform
the inclining test.
FB

tr

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 t r = FB × GZ
Derivation of Inclining Test Formula (1/5) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG

Suppose that the center of

B d yB d zB
zn
mass is located at zK
n . Then the
z¢
KN represents the righting arm.
B1
f
M
KB sin f
d yB cos f d z B sin f
f
K,G N0 N, Z
w

y y

d yB
B
B B1 y¢
FG
FG d zB
FB FB FB
K,G N0 N, Z
K,G

GZ = KN
= KN 0 + N 0 N
= KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f
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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh These terms have positive effect to the restoring moment arm.
 t r = FB × GZ
Derivation of Inclining Test Formula (2/5) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG
KG = d zG
z z
z¢ z¢
M M

f f
FG
G Z
y y

d zG
d yB f dy
B B B

B1 y¢ B1 y¢
FG
d zB FG d zB
FB FB FGB ' FB
K,G N0 N, Z K 현재 이 이미지를 표시할 수 없습니다 .

N0 N

GZ = KN GZ = KN - KG '
= KN 0 + N 0 N = KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f
= KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f -d zG × sin f
This term has negative effect to the restoring moment arm. 9
Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 t r = FB × GZ
Derivation of Inclining Test Formula (3/5) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG
KG = d zG
G d yG
z
z¢ Z zn z¢
GG1 = d yG
M G1 M
f
d yG cos f Z1
f f
d
FG G' G1 ' N FG F
G

G Z G Z
Z
d yG G1 1
y y

d zG
f
d yB d yB
B B y¢
B1 y¢ B1
FG d zB d zB
FGB ' FB FGB ' G1 ' Fd yG cos f
B
K dN
zG sin f N K d zNG sin f N
0 0

GZ = KN - KG ' G1Z1 = KN - KG '- G ' G1 '

= KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f = KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f
-d zG × sin f -d zG × sin f -d yG × cos f
This term has negative effect to the restoring moment arm.
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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 t r = FB × GZ
Derivation of Inclining Test Formula (4/5) GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
GM = KB + BM - KG KG

ü Rotational transformation matrix (b to n frame) KG = d zG

zb zn zn z GG1 = d yG
n
rP z=b n R b b rP z¢
é cos f
M
- sin f ù n
M
ê sin f = R b (f )
ë cos f úû
yb
f yn f f
d
FG FG F
ü Rotational transformation matrix (b to n frame) G
zn z
b G Z G Z
Z
d yG G1 1
é cos(-f ) - sin(-f ) ù n y
ê sin(-f ) = R b (-f )yn
ë cos(-f ) úû
d zG
yn f
-f d yB
B
yb yb B1 y¢
ü In n-frame, because the forces are acting on
vertical direction, moment arm is yn-component. d zB
G' FGB ' G1 ' Fd yG cos f
B
n b
é d yB ù Ké cos f N f ù é d yB ù
sin K
현재 이 이미지를 표시할 수 없습니다 .

N0 N
ên ú=ê ê ú
ë d z B û ë - sin f cos f úû ë bd z B û
G1Z1 = KN - KG '- G ' G1 '
n
d yB = bd yB cos f + bd z B sin f = KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f
n
d yG = bd yG cos f + bd zG sin f -d zG × sin f -d yG × cos f n
d yB
Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh - nd yG 11
 w×d
Derivation of GG1 =
FG
t r = FB × GZ
GZ » GM × sin f (at small angle f )
Inclining Test Formula (5/5) KG = d zG
GM = KB + BM - KG KG
GG1 = d yG

z Calculation of moment using “GZ”

z¢
te G1Z1= KN - KG '- G ' G1 '
= KB × sin f + d yB × cos f + d z B × sin f
M -d zG × sin f -d yG × cos f
f d
= KN - KG sin f -GG1 cos f
FG
= GZ
Z
G1 y = GM sin f : Assume that f << 1
= GM sin f - GG1 cos f
Moment produced by total weight & buoyant force
y¢
B1 d M = D × G1Z1
= D × (GM sin f - GG1 cos f )
FB
Static equilibrium of moment
GM sin f = GG1 cos f
tr GG1 w×d
\ GM = = : Inclining test formula
tan f FG × tan f
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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 Precautions to be Taken During the Inclining Test
Certain precautions must be taken to ensure that accuracy is
obtained.
(1) The ship must be floating upright and freely without restraint from
ropes.
(2) There should be no wind on the beam.
(3) All loose weights should be fixed.
(4) All cross-connections between tanks should be closed.
(5) Tanks should be empty or pressed full. If neither of these conditions is
possible, the level of liquid in the tank should be such that the free
surface effect is readily calculable and will remain sensibly constant
through the experiment.

(6) The number of men on board should be kept to a minimum and they
should be on the center line.
(7) Any mobile equipment used to move the weights across the deck
must return to a known positions for each set of readings.
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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 Inclining
Method of Measuring GM =
w×d
test
FG × tan f formula
the Angle of Inclination (1/2)
How can you measure the angle of inclination
when you perform the inclining test?
z
z¢

f
y
Deflection
L
y¢ Mark ! Mark !
Deflection

Deflection
L: Length of plumb line \ tan f =
Plumb: The line which is exactly vertical or perpendicular to
a level horizontal line
L
Batten: Long and thin strip of wood

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 Method of Measuring
the Angle of Inclination (2/2)

* Reference: http://www.mchl.fr
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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 w×d Inclining
GM = test
Example FG × tan f formula
KG = KB + BM - GM
A ship is inclined by moving a weight of 40 tons a distance 8 m from
the center line. A 12 m pendulum shows a deflection of 0.3 m.
Displacement of the ship is 3,700 tons. If the KB is 5 m and BM is 14 m,
what is the KG ? z ¢ z
Solution)

0.3
tan f = = 0.025
M d = 8m 12
w×d 40 × 8
GM = = = 3.46
Z FG × tan f 3700 × 0.025
G1
f y
12 m KG = KB + BM - GM
= 5 + 14 - 3.46
y¢ = 14.54
B1
0.3m \ KG = 14.54[m]

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
 w×d Inclining
GM = test
List Problems FG × tan f formula

The inclining test formula can be used in list problem as follows:

(1) To find the angle of heel f, a ship will take by moving a weight a
transverse distance d.
w×d
tan f =
GM × FG

2) To find the weight w necessary to remove or produce a heel by

moving it a transverse distance d.
GM × tan f × FG
w=
d
3) To find the distance d necessary to move a weight in order to
remove or produce a heel.
GM × tan f × FG
d=
w

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh