The Nature and matter

1. Water Cycle
2. A. Atom and Molecules
Elements Compound Matter Mixtures
Substances that Pure substances made Any substances that Any substances
cannot be chemically from two or more, has mass and takes made by mixing
broken down in to element chemically up space by having other substances
simpler one combined together volume together.
Ex : C, P, Al, Mg, H2, CO, CO2, H2O, C2H5OH It can be substances Sea water :
O2, Cl2 and mixture Consists of Salt
and Water, etc

B. Separation Techniques
Decantation Separating INSOLUBLE SOLID from LIQUIDS
Filtration Separating INSOLUBLE SOLID from LIQUIDS
Distillation Separating LIQUID from a SOLUTION
Fractional Separating a LIQUID from a mixture of two( Or more) miscible liquids
Distillation
Chromatography Separating two or more dissolved solids in solution can be carried out.

C. The structure of Atom

The Atom has several parts in it, they are:

Proton : as the (+) Charge

Electron: as the (-) Charge
Neutron: as the atom with none charge

Neutron = Mass Number – A. number.

Isotopes : Atoms of the same element which 𝐻11

have the same proton number but a differen 𝐻12
nucleus. 𝐻13
1. it would be 2 or more Elements These there element have similar atomic
2. the atoms have the same Number of number. It is = 1
Proton and Electron
3. Chemical Form and Formulas Name
1: mono Cr2+ Chrom II
2: di Cr3+ Chrom III
3: tri Mn2+ Mangan II
4: tetra Mn3+ Mangan III
5: Penta Fe2+ Fero
6: Heksa Fe3+ Feri
7: Hepta Co2+ Cobalt II
8: Octa Co3+ Cobalt III
9: Nona Cu+ Cuprum I / Cupro
10: Deca Cu2+ Cuprum II / Cupri
Hg22+ Merkuro
Hg2+ Mercuri
Sn2+ Lead II
Sn4+ Lead IV
Pb2+ Plumbun II
Pb4+ Plumbun IV
P2O5 diPospor Pentaoxide Examples:
KNO3 Potasium Nitrate
K2MnO4 Potassium PbCl2 Plumbun II Chloride
Permanganate
Mn2O3 Mangan II trioxide
Fe(OH)3 Feri trihidroxide

4. Electron Configuration and Lewis Dot

 5. Trend in periodic
Atomic Radius
Electronegativity : Tendency of an element to attract with electron
pairs
 shorter the atomic radius, Bigger the Electronegativity
 longer the atomic radius, Smaller the electronegativity
Affinity Electron: Amount of energy released when one or more
electron is added to the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
 shorter the atomic radius, Bitter the energy released
 longer the atomic radius, Much more the energy released
Potential Ionization: Amount of energy required to remove an
electron from the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
 shorter the atomic radius, Shorter the energy required
 longer the atomic radius, Much more the energy released
 Atomic radius decreases from left to right within a period.
 Atomic radius increases from top to bottom within a group
 From left to right across a period of element, the electronegativity Increases
 From top to bottom, Electronegativity Decreases
 Electron affinity increases from left to right within a period. This is caused by the decrease
in atomic radius
 Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom within a group. This is caused by the increase
in atomic radius.
 The ionization energy of the elements within a period generally increases from left to right.
 The ionization energy of the elements within a group generally decreases from top to
bottom
Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons
during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with
relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to
resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under
normal conditions except for Mercury.

Physical Properties of Metals

 State: Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is
liquid at room temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days).
 Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be
polished e.g., gold, silver and copper.
 Malleability: Metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into
thin sheets known as foils. For example, a sugar cube sized chunk of gold can be
pounded into a thin sheet that will cover a football field.
 Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires. For example, 100 g of silver can be drawn
into a thin wire about 200 meters long.
 Hardness: All metals are hard except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can
be cut with a knife.
 Valency: Metals typically have 1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms
 Conduction: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and
copper are the two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest
conductor of heat. Bismuth, mercury and iron are also poor conductors
 Density: Metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the
highest densities whereas lithium has the lowest density.
 Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten
has the highest melting and boiling points whereas mercury has the lowest. Sodium
and potassium also have low melting points.
 Because of the reactivity with water in the Air, the alkali metals should be stored
under oil.

Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-
metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-
lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can
be gases, liquids or solids.

Physical Properties of Non-metals

 Physical State: Most of the non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at
room temperature: gases (oxygen) and solids (carbon). Only bromine exists as a liquid
at room temperature.
 Non-Malleable and Ductile: Non-metals are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into
wires or pounded into sheets.
 Conduction: They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
 Luster: These have no metallic luster and do not reflect light.
  Melting and Boiling Points: The melting points of non-metals are generally lower
than metals, but are highly variable.
 Seven non-metals exist under standard conditions as diatomic molecules: H2(g),
N2(g), O2(g), F2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(l), I2(s)

Metalloids
Metalloid is group of chemical elements that has both metal and non-metal properties. It
cannot be recognized. There are seven of them are given below:
: Elements categorized into metals, non-
metals and metalloids.
Metals Non-metals Metalloids
Gold Oxygen Silicon
Silver Carbon Boron
Copper Hydrogen Arsenic
Iron Nitrogen Antimony
Mercury Sulfur Germanium
Telurium and
Zinc Phosphorus
Polonium