INTRODUCTION:

1. Drug therapy plays a major part in the treatment of patients.

Traditionally, medicines have been prescribed by doctors and the nurse's responsibility
has been to ensure safe and reliable administration and to monitor side-effects.
2. The administration of a medicine is a common but important clinical procedure. It is the
manner in which a medicine is administered that will determine to some extent whether
or not the patient gains any clinical benefit, and whether they suffer any adverse effect
from their medicines.
3. Children experience difficulty in swallowing drugs because of large size or sour and bad
taste when they are diluted. Administering oral medications to children is a very difficult and
challenging experience for nurses, parents and children
4. Due to a lack of age‐appropriate formulations, administration of drugs to children
remains a challenge. Manipulation was a widely used method to administer drugs to
children.

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

Administering oral medicine to toddler client can be very difficult task and challenging for
pediatric nurses. At present, it remains a challenging task for both parents and healthcare
providers when a child is in sick.

According to Erick Erikson’s developmental theory, the second stage of a toddler are said to be
focused on acquiring a sense of personal control over physical skills. In fact, almost young
children around the world when sick they lose their sense of self control[ CITATION Car16 \l
13321 ].Also the sense of independence, toddlers exploring their independence can be
persuaded to take their medicine if they’re given little power and choice the matter.

Similarly, to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in preoperational stage toddler expresses

themselves loudly and intensely, which is normal for these stages of growth and development.
Temper tantrums are a common response from toddlers whose wishes are not granted.
[ CITATION Vid173 \l 13321 ]. According to physical development and psychological awareness
that there is no standardization of a pediatric patient, the ability to use various oral medication
can vary significantly depending on the health condition and inter-patient differences, the age at
which children can comfortably ingest solid or liquid oral dosage types