ELECTRIC FLU: ‘The total number of electric lines of force passing, through certain area is called electric flux. It is denoted by .. The scalar product of electric field E and vector area da of a surface S is equal to electric tux. de = Evda ‘The net electric flux through entire surfac. =$ E.da Where da is called vector arca whose magnitude is the area of the surfa da ¢ element and direction is outward drawn normal to surtace. The circle on integral means closed surface, The SI unit of electric flux is called Nenv/C. MAXIMUM FLU! The electric flux through a surface will be maximum when surface is held perpendicular to electric field Iines. The ans 1s 7er0 p= 4 Eda “f be = 4} EdaCoso” = § Eda F da Cos0) hetween normal n and electric field lines E ‘Scanned with CamScannera MINIMUM FL zle betwee: When surface is held parallel to electric field lines, the ane ie “ . Normal nd electric field lines is 90°. In this seas electric flux through surface is minimum, FE olimal be i E.da => = $ EdaCos6 —= § Eda Cos90" =0 ‘Scanned with CamScanner“GAUSS'S LAW, } The Gauss’s tw states that electric ux passing through any closed surface is ea to = times charge enclosed by that surtace & ry rs Of the surface. Take small area elemeni da = da 8 of the surface at point P. The normal g to area element makes angle 0 with electric field line. The electric field at point P due wy +q charge having distance ris given as e- M9e “The electric ux through area element da is dg. = Eda ‘The net flux through entire surface is of Ea PROOF Consider a +q charge is placed in a closed surface. The electric field lines come gue | | | Hence, Gauss’s law is proved. __ag ‘Scanned with CamScannerINTEGRAL FORM The volume charge density is defined as dg p= Ww dq = pdV a = Ipav : The net flux through entire surface is a be = P E.da ----+------- (2) Put eq(1) and eq(2) in Gauss’s law _ 4: be = Ey > > | § E.da= — J pdv A voy This is called integral form of Gauss’s law. ‘Scanned with CamScanner,DIFFERENTIAL FORM We know that Apply divergence theorem fE.da= (9. Byav Compare eq (1) and eq(2) Liv. Byav = + Spav 0 liv. E)dV = 2 Spav This is called differential form of Gauss’s law ‘Scanned with camScannerState Gaust’s'law for electric field and derive Coulomb's law tro, eee een eth te eer Oee Oa Ce Ce aN PURINA sau Sis ete oR OR anu Leg “SLAW The Gauss’s law states that elec! through any closed surface is char sed by that surface Law having radius r. The sphere is ‘outward and perpendicular to the DEDUCTION OF COULOMB'S LAW FROM GAL Co i called gaussian sur he sphere, element da of the sphere. The unit vector m indicates the direetion Thea je between n and E is zero, 1 of sphere is ; = FE.da pee & = F Eda cose (#? @ = § EdaCoso" § Ea a ay The Gauss’s es that electric flux passing through surface of sphere is equal times charge enclosed by surface of sphere. 4 @ ‘Scanned with CamScannerComparing eq(1) and eq(2) dy E(4nr) = o - 1 k E ie Pi Bo ge @) The electric force per unit charge is called electric field when a charge qo is pl in this field. ss ESE * ‘Scanned with CamScannerSe {CHAPTER 3] GAUSS’S LAW Ka qo z This is Gauss’s law. statement of Coulomb's law. Hence, Coulomb's law is deduced from ‘Scanned with CamScannerCTRIC FIELD DUE TO INFINITE LINE OF CHARGE Consider a straight positively cha thickness. Now take a eylind, encloses the some pa reed wire as shown in fig. The P is the point on the surface of the a cylinder where we want to evaluate eleciric field Take a small length e of the Tine having charge dg. The In density Aisgivenas E ‘ i . + = & ST FH {i > = > +> > The eylinder has three surfaces © Top circular surface © Bottom circular surface © Curved surface The electric field lines will be along a of each surface of the sturface and electric field Ii The angle between normal nto ar citeular surface and field lines is 90°. dius of eylinder. Take a small area element inder. The angle between normal ito area element of curved clement of top circular surface and bottom « ‘Scanned with CamScanner6 Electric flux through bottom ci e = Jed = Je da Cos6 6: = JE daCos9” =0 (“Area = (2arjh ln Je da Cos8 Jedacoso’ = JEda © " 2 The net flux through entire surface of cylindet b = 7 + Os 6. = 0 +0 = EQarh) o = E(QQarh) 0 ----------- (2) ‘Scanned with CamScanner,ach EQnrh) = 0 E= In vector form ~ hoe Ee Srevr . ‘Scanned with CamScannerState Gauss’s law and apply it to calculate electric field near an infi char; Da eae AUSS*S LAW The Gauss’s law states that electric flux passing thro sh any closed surface is equal times charge enclosed by that surface. ‘Scanned with CamScannerT OF CHARG thin positively charged sheet having infinite length and none ‘conducting, to calculate electric field at points near the sheet by using Gauss’s Imagine a cylinder called gaussian surface having cross-sectional area A. Now this cylinder through sheet, Take small arca element da of sheet having charge da, pe & charge density o is defined as dg da dq = oda ‘The charge of sheet enclosed by the cross-sectional area A of cylinder is a = Joda : q=cA an cylinder has three surfaces 0 Top capped surface @ Bottom capped surface ©. Curved surface. 8 he electric field E is parallel to end capped surfaces. The end-capped surfaces art at equal distance from the sheet, so electric field E has the same magnitude at the en caps. ‘Scanned with CamScannerap>- ; ‘phe cylinder has three surfaces so flux : cach surface is given as yrough Electric flux through top-capped surface is o = JE.aa o: = JEdaCoso 6: = JEdaCos0” = EA Electric flux through bottom-capped surface is a+ > g: = JE.da 6 = JEdaCoso $: = JEdaCos0” =EA Electric flux through curved surface is il > > o;.= JE.da 6; = JEdaCose ie, ‘Scanned with CamScannerLOUNENSM BSc.c4, 6 JE da Coso® + 0 Ss Phe net Mux through entire surface of cylinder is ¢ bi + bs + oy de + EA oy Put eq (1) and eq (2) in Gav ce 2EA oO E = 2&0 ) vector form ‘Scanned with CamScanner