World Energy Demand

Trends in energy use are expected to increase all over the world as the population is
growing together with its need for goods and comfort.
The discovery of innovative forms of energy conversion on the earth and in outer
space—not necessarily based on fossil fuels, nuclear, and the current renewable
sources—as well as energy saving in industries, buildings, and transportation might
contribute to smoothing both the increase of energy consumption per person and the
strain of energy as a worldwide political factor.
3.3 Energy End Users
Final energy consumption can be analyzed by taking the energy demand in each sector into
account: industry, transport, residential and nonresidential buildings,agriculture, and non-
energy uses. Final consumption is roughly 70 % of the gross
world consumption because of losses mainly in electric power production plants and in
distribution and in other transformations inside energy industries. For a typical
industrialized country the final consumption could be shared among sectors roughly as
follows: 30 % industry, 25 % transport, 28 % residential and nonresidential buildings, 2 %
agriculture, 5 % non-energy uses, and 10 % energy industry.

3.3.1 Industry
Industrial energy consumption concerns mainly a few sectors only. Iron and steel,nonferrous
metals, nonmetallic minerals, and chemicals account for 40 % of the energy consumed by
industry with a tendency to decrease. Four other sectors,
paper and pulp, textiles, food processing, and glass are responsible for another 40 %. The
remaining energy is shared among other manufacturing sectors such as engineering, plastics ,
electronics, etc.
Table 3.2 Specific
energy consumption
of manufacturing
industries
3.3.2 Transport
More than other sectors road transportation is responsible for energy consumption.
Average values for an industrialized country are as follows: 80–85 % for roadtransport, 10–15
% for air, 3–5 % for rail, 1–3 % for water transport.Differences will be found depending on
local conditions.
3.3.3 Residential and Non-residential Buildings
Residential energy consumption in industrialized countries occurs mainly in heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning, which account for roughly 75–80 % if hot water production
is included. Household appliances are responsible for 15–20 %
of the total consumption and cooking for a further 5 %.
Nonresidential energy consumption (offices, shopping centers, hospitals, public buildings,
universities and schools, airports, etc.) occurs mainly in lighting, heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning.
3.3.4 Agriculture
Agriculture accounts for not more than 1–2 % of the final gross consumption with
differences that depend on local conditions.
3.3.5 Energy Industry
Energy industry includes refinery and fuel transportation, utility plants, and electricity
distribution, with differences that depend on local conditions.
3.3.6 Non-energy Uses
Non-energy uses include oils and lubricants, bitumen, components for motor
vehicles,chemical industries, etc.
4. Renewable Sources:
energy can be used from the so-called renewable sources, i.e., waste
recovery and permanent natural power sources such as sun, wind, geothermal,
wave—tidal and ocean thermal energy, and water. The importance of these
power sources, which are mainly transformed in electricity, depends on their
geographical location, distance from main networks, and the operating period that
generally does not exceed 2,500 h/year.
4.3 Solar Energy
The solar energy reaching the earth surface can be used to produce hot water or to produce
electric energy by means of photovoltaic cells. Typical values of the rate of the solar energy
are 300–1,000 W/m2 depending on the latitude, time of day, and atmospheric conditions.
4.4Wind Energy
Wind energy has traditionally been exploited for mills at sites where windvelocities are high
and quite steady all the year round.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is the natural heat within the earth’s crust. Natural-occurring water from
aquifer with a temperature range of 50–150 _C (122–302 _F) can be used for building
heating, district heating, agriculture, and spas.
4.6 Wave, Tidal, and Ocean Thermal Energy
Wave motion and tidal power can be used to produce electricity. Wave energy is
related to water height, from hollow to crest, and to the kinetic energy due to the water
motion. Tidal energy is related to the exploitation of the oscillatory motion of the
water level that occurs periodically and in a predictable way. Ocean thermal energy
conversion uses the heat energy stored in the Earth’s ocean to produce electricity.
4.7 Renewable Sources: Hydraulic Energy
Hydroelectric power stations are designed to convert the gravitational energy of
water into mechanical and then into electric energy.
4.8 Energy from Waste
Urban and industrial waste can conveniently be used to produce energy in different
ways. Figure 4.4 shows how waste can be treated for use inside or outside theprocess and for
energy production.

4.9 Energy Storage: Hydro, Mechanical, Electric, Fuel Cell,

Thermal Storage
Storage of energy after its transformation from primary energy into various forms is
a deeply felt but rarely satisfied need. For both utility plants and end users, the
storage of energy should be a way of improving energy management and reducing
Hydro Storage
The principle of hydro storage follows the law of pumps (see Sect. 10.2) and of
hydraulic source exploitation by turbines
Mechanical Storage
The flywheel is a typical device for the storage of mechanical energy. The quantity of
stored energy depends on the shaft speed, the mass, and the radius of gyration of the
flywheel (that is, the radius where the total mass is considered to be concentrated).
4.9.3 Electric Storage
Electric energy can be stored directly by using electric batteries, among which the
lead-acid type is the commonest.
The use of electric batteries for storage depends on many parameters such as
charge and discharge cycle life, energy-mass and power-mass ratios, and of course
energy-cost ratio.

4.9.4 Fuel Cells

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices in which electric energy is produced by
combining hydrogen and oxygen and by releasing water vapor into the atmosphere.
Basically, the main components of a fuel cell are the anode, the cathode, and the
electrolyte (liquid, solid, membrane) between them. To obtain the required voltage
a stack of many fuel cells in series is required.
CONCLUSION
Renewable sources can provide significant support only in particular conditions.
Nevertheless, energy management programs must always verify these possibilities.