Professional Documents
Culture Documents
damagedFractureWells PDF
damagedFractureWells PDF
damagedFractureWells PDF
www.arpnjournals.com
ABSTRACT
Pseudolinear flow takes place in finite-conductivity fractures when the fracture face possesses a moderate to high
face skin. Then, an apparent linear flow will be developed once wellbore storage has decayed. If given the case, the
interpreter should avoid interpreting the test using the model for an infinite-conductivity fracture. Although, the straight-
line conventional analysis has been included, this paper presents a methodology that uses characteristic points and lines
found on the pressure derivative plots. The formulated technique was applied to a synthetic example and successfully
compared to conventional analysis.
Keywords: fractured wells, fracture skin, TDS Technique, linear flow, bilinear flow.
8268
VOL. 11, NO. 13, JULY 2016 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
regime
10
wa k
Figure-1. Pearsall field horizontal well data. After S fs x f 1
Stewart (2011). 2 ka
(7)
Wong et al. (1984) presented the mathematical Substituting the dimensionless quantities given
solution for pressure behavior under pseudolinear by Equations (3), (4), (6) and (7) into Equation (1), it
conditions: yields:
3/2 S fs
( PD ) PLF PLF
(tDxf )1/2 (1) k
4 S fs C fD C fD 2 wa 1 k
khPPLF ka
141.2q B 2k f w f (8)
which pressure derivative is:
2
3/2
2x k
f 0.0002637kt
3/2
(tD * PD ') PLF (t 1/2
) (2) 4 k ct x 2f
8 S fs C fD
Dxf PLF
wa 1 k f w f
ka
where the dimensionless quantities are defined by
Equation (8) implies that a Cartesian plot of
pressure or pressure drop versus the square-root of time
0.0002637kt (3) will yield a straight line which general equation is given
tDxf =
ct x 2f by:
8269
VOL. 11, NO. 13, JULY 2016 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
on pressure derivative. If the skin and damage zone width Substituting the dimensionless parameters in the
are small; then, the bilinear flow regime can be seen as above expression:
shown by the field example provided by Stewart (2011).
The pseudolinear behavior is mathematically treated 1/ 2
1 ktPLF (P ) PLF
below. S fs 2 (16)
156.814 x f ct (t * P ') PLF
1.E+01
Radial flow
1/2
k 1 kt PLF (P ) PLF
regime
wa 1 2 (17)
1.E-01
`
Pseudolinear
ka 246.33 ct (t * P ') PLF
1.E-02 flow regime
8270
VOL. 11, NO. 13, JULY 2016 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
2.3.2. Relation between Pseudolinear and Radial Flow tr = 436.4 hr Pr = 321.6 psi
Regimes (t*P’)r = 64.5 psi tPLF = 1.07 hr
As mentioned before, the dimensionless pressure PPLF = 35.12 psi (t*P’)PLF = 7.92 psi
derivative takes the value of one half during radial flow tPLFRi = 23 hr
regime. Then, if the right-hand side of Equation (2) is set
to 0.5, the following expression can be obtained: 1000
PPLF 321.6 psi
ka 3073.832 ct (k f w f )
10 t PLFRi 23 hr
PPLF 35.12 psi
2.3.3. Other Useful Relationships
Tiab (1997) presented an excellent expression to 1
t PLF 436.4 hr
find half-fracture length when fracture conductivity is t PLF 1.07 hr
known or vice versa:
0.1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
1.92173 (27)
t , hr
xf
1 3.31739 Figure-4. Pressure and pressure derivative versus time
log-log plot for the synthetic example.
rwe Sm k f wf
Use of Equations (18) and (19) allow finding permeability
Economides, Watters and Dunn-Norman (1988) and mechanical skin factor:
presented the below to find the skin factor when radial
flow is unseen but the half-fracture length is known: 70.6q B 70.6(500)(2.5)(1.1)
k 50.2 md
h(t * P ') r (30)(64.5)
1.92173 3.31739
Sm ln rw (28)
x f k f w f
8271
VOL. 11, NO. 13, JULY 2016 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
wa 1 (50.2)(665340.8)
a
k 313.7(500)(2.5)(1.1)
Equation (17) is use to find the wa(k/ka-1) product: wa(k/ka-1) = 10.67 ft
Find dimensionless fracture conductivity with
1/2 Equation (6);
k 1 50.2(1.07) 35.1
wa 1 5 2
ka 246.33 (0.1)(2.5)(1 10 ) 13.6 k f wf 665340.8
C fD 66.3
k xf (50.2)(200)
wa(k/ka-1) = 10.9 ft
Determine fracture conductivity with Equation (13) The estimation of fracture conductivity in the
example is 80. The TDS technique provided a closer value
2 than conventional analysis.
1.6216 1.07 500(2.5)(1.1)
k f wf 5
10.9 (0.1)(2.5)(110 ) 30(13.62) CONCLUSIONS
kfwf = 721057.2 md-ft New expressions for the estimation of fracture
conductivity and the wa(k/ka-1) product (a total of three)
Determine the dimensionless fracture were developed to characterize the pseudolinear flow
conductivity with Equation (6); regime found on hydraulic fracture with face skin. The
expressions were succesfully tested with a simulated
example providing acceptable results compared to the
k f wf 721057.2 input-simulated values and conventional analysis provided
C fD 71.9
k xf (50.2)(200) by Cinco et al. (1978).
200
S
Sm Mechanical kin factor
Sfs Skin fracture in fracture face
100
Sfr Fracture skin
bPLF 8.11 psi
t Time, days
0 tD Dimensionless time coordinate
0 5 10 15 20 25
t , hr tD*PD’ Dimensionless pressure derivative
Figure-5. Pressure drop versus square root of time (t*P’) Pressure derivative
Cartesian plot for the synthetic example. xf Half-fracture length, ft
wa Altered zone thickness, ft
8272
VOL. 11, NO. 13, JULY 2016 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
8273