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Catalogue 1 Engineering Mechanics and Engineering Design EN PDF
Catalogue 1 Engineering Mechanics and Engineering Design EN PDF
Catalogue 1 Engineering Mechanics and Engineering Design EN PDF
Equipment
for engineering
education
Engineering mechanics
and engineering design
gunt
Table of contents
Engineering mechanics
Welcome to GUNT and engineering design
In this catalogue, we present a comprehensive
overview of our innovative demonstration and
experimental units. Introduction 004
training and education of technical personnel 2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials 076
in trade and industry
studies in engineering disciplines 3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics 142
Index 380
Imprint
© 2019 G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH. Any reuse, storage, duplication and
reproduction of content – even in extracts – is prohibited without the written
approval of G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH.
GUNT is a registered trademark. This means GUNT products are protected,
and subject to copyright.
No liability can be accepted for any misprints.
Subject to change without notice.
Image credits: G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, manufacturers’ photos,
Shutterstock, 123RF.
Design & typesetting: Profisatz.Graphics, Bianca Buhmann, Hamburg.
Printed on non-chlorinated, environmentally friendly paper.
002 003
Engineering mechanics and engineering design
gunt
Teaching and learning systems for the fields of engineering
mechanics, engineering design, and materials testing
Materials
science
Catalogue 1
Mechanics
Catalogue 1
Thermo
dynamics
Technological fundamentals
Catalogue 3
Electrical
engineering
Catalogue 2
Engineering skills
Measuring
methods
Catalogue 1
Process contr.
engineering
Catalogue 2+5c
Control
engineering
Catalogue 2
Computer
sciences
Design, standardisation Production Business studies, Improving the people’s quality of life
Catalogue 1 patents, law through the development and application
of technology.
Technical design
004 005
Engineering mechanics and engineering design
gunt
Teaching and learning systems for the fields of engineering
mechanics, engineering design, and materials testing
MACHIN
CS
NEMATIC
elements, engineering design, and materials testing. The follow- of these topics.
ing table is an excerpt from a typical curriculum of a technical KI
S
MICS,
AND KIN
Engineering mechanics
NA
ET
Statics Strength of materials Dynamics (kinematics Machine dynamics DY ICS
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 and kinetics) Chapter 4
Chapter 3 STATIC
S
• forces and moments, • stresses in: tension, • kinematics of a point, • vibrations in machines
axioms of statics pressure, thrust, and kinematics of a rigid body
• torsional vibrations
NG MECH
• planar force systems,
torsion
• kinetics of the mass point of drive systems, I
AN
GINEER
equilibrium conditions • buckling problems bending vibrations
• systems of mass points
• method of sections and • deformations, stresses
ICS
• body dynamics
internal forces: normal
• law of elasticity
force, shear force, and • vibrations
bending moment • energy methods
N
• beams, trusses, bridges, • principle of virtual work TH OF M
NG
E
members
• experimental stress and
AT
STR
• static and kinetic friction strain analysis
ERIALS
ERIALS T
T
Engineering design
MA
ES
EERING
TING
Engineering drawings & cutaway models Machine elements & assembly exercises IN
Chapter 5 Chapter 5
ENG
DE
SIGN
• development of spatial perception • elements of connecting technology
• three-dimensional display • bearings
• sectional view • transmission /conversion elements
NGS | CU
• design guidelines • assembly exercises WI
TA
RING DR
• cutaway models
WAY MOD
EE
Materials testing EL
S ENGIN
ELEMEN
LY
EXERCIS
• mechanical testing of materials • material fatigue, fatigue limit
NE
I ES
• tensile, pressure, bending, hardness, torsion tests • tribology MACH
• impact test • corrosion
006 007
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Engineering
mechanics and engineering design
gunt
1 Engineering mechanics –
statics
WP 962
Beam on two supports: bending moment diagram 033
SE 110.50 Flyer
Forces and moments Cable under dead-weight 034 Course engineering mechanics 060
TM 110
Fundamentals of statics 016
TM 110.01
Supplementary set – inclined plane and friction 018 Forces in a truss Static and kinetic friction
TM 110.02 Basic knowledge Basic knowledge
Supplementary set – pulley blocks 019 Method of sections for plane trusses 036 Static and kinetic friction 068
SE 110.53 Equilibrium in a
single plane, statically determinate system 024
TM 121
Equilibrium of moments on pulleys 026 Bridges, beams, arches, cables
TM 122 SE 110.18
Equilibrium of moments on a differential pulley block 027 Forces on a suspension bridge 046
SE 110.12
Lines of influence on the Gerber beam 048
SE 110.17
Three-hinged arch 050
SE 110.16
Parabolic arch 052
008 009
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Introduction
gunt
Engineering mechanics
The basic engineering discipline is engineering mechanics, which In conjunction with the basic fields of materials science and In universities, the discipline of engineering mechanics is usually divided
describes the motions of bodies and the forces associated with machine elements, engineering mechanics provides fundamen- into the following subdisciplines:
these motions. tal calculation methods for creating engineering designs. Con-
• engineering mechanics I, focusing on statics
sequently, engineering mechanics should be understood as a
Engineering mechanics investigates the equilibrium of forces
bridge between theoretical knowledge and practical implemen- • engineering mechanics II, focusing on strength of materials (elastostatics)
as well as the resulting components’ stresses and deforma-
tation, without which an understanding and comprehensive
tions. Based on characteristics such as strength, permissible • engineering mechanics III, focusing on kinematics and kinetics (dynamics)
analysis of complex technical systems would not be possible.
stresses, or deformations, a component is designed by com-
paring the applied stress with the capacity to withstand stress.
This requires that the stress on a component is less than its
capacity to withstand stresses.
Topics in engineering mechanics
Statics
Statics courses include elementary knowledge for analysing loads on mechanical systems. This knowledge forms the basis
General classification of the discipline of engineering mechanics for sizing and designing components and machine elements.
and placement in this catalogue
q
Engineering mechanics A
B C D E
Statics Dynamics
Distribution of forces using the example of Millau Viaduct
Forces in Forces and time in
resting bodies moving bodies
Strength of materials
Chapter 1
Strength of materials deals with the deformation of F
elastic systems under loads such as pressure, tension, A
bending, torsion, and shearing as well as calculating the
resulting stress states.
Rigid-body statics Strength of materials Kinematics Kinetics FA
Statics of rigid bodies Statics of deformable Motion effect of bodies Cause of the motion of Bending stress of a cantilever
bodies and systems bodies and systems beam using the example of a
Examination diving board
of forces Stresses and Path, velocity, and Forces, path, velocity,
deformations acceleration and acceleration
Dynamics (kinematics and kinetics) Machine dynamics
Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Dynamics investigates moving systems. Kinematics deals Building on the fundamentals of engineering mechanics,
with motion sequences without enquiring into the cause of machine dynamics deals with the interaction between
motion. Kinetics looks at the motion of rigid bodies under dynamic forces and motion quantities in machines.
the action of forces.
Machine dynamics Oscillating and
Knowledge of dynamics φ rotating inertia
“
forces using
is applied to machines, plants,
Engineering mechanics the example of
and components a reciprocating
is the essential introduction
to the field of engineering, Chapter 4 piston pump
„
as it provides both: FS
learning content and FRTO
methodological training. FS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Mestemacher,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fachhochschule Stralsund. FOSC
Motion of rigid
bodies using
the example of
FG a hoist crane FU
010 011
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Introduction
gunt
Basic knowledge
Statics
FG
Q
AH N N
M M Q
AV BV
Area force: Volume force:
affects only a specific area or is applied acts spatially distributed over the
as a compressive load (water pressure volume of a body (weight, magnetic
FG weight, q snow load, A and B support forces, index V vertical forces, index H horizontal forces,
on a dam, load of snow on a roof) and electrical forces) N normal force, Q shear force, M bending moment
Axioms of statics
F1 F2
F1 FR
2
F12
∑F=0 F21 F12 = F21
1
F4 F2
F3
012 013
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Introduction
gunt
Experimental units for the field of statics
014 015
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces and moments
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TM 110 TM 110
Fundamentals of statics Fundamentals of statics
Specification
1 force gauge, 2 pull rod, 3 weight with hanger, 4 pull-and-push rod, 5 lever rod, 6 slide fix- Technical data
ings, 7 free pulley, 8 torque disk, 9 pivot bearing, 10 torque disk with bearing, 11 pulley
Panel
• WxH: 600x700mm, 13kg
• line grid: 50mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
016 017
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces and moments
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TM 110.01 TM 110.02
Supplementary set - inclined plane and friction Supplementary set - pulley blocks
• elastic deflection of a helical spring • setup and principle of pulley blocks with
(Hooke’s law) 4 pulleys and with 6 pulleys; differential
• dynamic friction as a function of the pulley block
normal force, contact area and sur- • principle of “simple machines”: force
face properties of the friction body transmission, lifting work and potential
• determination of the friction coefficient energy
• rolling friction
• forces on the inclined plane Specification
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
018 019
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces and moments
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TM 110.03 TM 115
Supplementary set - gear wheels Forces in a crane jib
Rack Weights
• modulus: m=2mm • 1x 1N (hanger)
• length: L=300mm • 4x 1N
• 1x 5N
Mounting rail anodised aluminium • 4x 10N
Description • LxWxH: 760x30x30mm Description
LxWxH: 600x200x620mm
• mode of operation of single-stage The base element is an aluminium rail LxWxH: 604x404x132mm (storage sys- • vectoral handling of forces in a A bar of adjustable length and a chain Weight: approx. 10kg
and multistage gears which can be mounted on the panel of tem) planar central force system make up the crane jib, which is attached LxWxH: 720x480x178mm (storage sys-
TM 110 using clamping elements. Weight: approx. 12kg by adjustable clamp elements to a re- tem)
Supplementary set TM 110.03 extends TM 115 represents a planar central taining bar. Weights are applied to the Weight: approx. 10kg (storage system)
the scope of experiments which can be All parts are clearly laid out and well pro- Scope of delivery force system in which multiple forces crane jib. The occurring bar forces are
performed with TM 110 with the issues tected on a storage system. The stor- act on a single point of application. indicated by integrated spring balances. Scope of delivery
single-stage and multistage gear and age systems are stackable, providing for 1 supplementary set Based on the example of a crane jib,
conversion of rotation into linear motion. space-saving storage. 1 storage system with foam inlay forces are determined graphically and 1 experimental unit
A rack is used to demonstrate the con- experimentally: resultant cable force, 2 spring balances
1 set of instructional material
version of rotation into linear motion and tensile force, compressive force. The dir-
1 set of weights
vice versa. ections and magnitudes of the forces
1 storage system with foam inlay
are determined graphically by way of a
force parallelogram. 1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
020 021
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces and moments
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FL 111 EM 049
Forces in a simple bar structure Equilibrium of moments on a two-arm lever
Specification Specification
Bars Weights
• fixed bar: L=440mm • 3x 1N (hanger)
• adjustable bar: L=440, 622, 762mm • 6x 5N
• 12x 1N
Angle between bars
• 60°-60°-60°/45°-90°-45° LxWxH: 600x300x410mm
• 30°-120°-30°/30°-30°-120° Weight: approx. 10kg
LxWxH: 200x70x40mm (storage sys-
Dial gauge tem)
• measuring range: 0…10mm LxWxH: 95x68x35mm (storage system)
• graduation: 0,01mm
Scope of delivery
Weights
Description • 1x 1N (hanger) Description 1 experimental unit
• 1x 10N 1 set of weights
• resolution of forces in simple bar The bar forces occurring are measured • 2x 20N • fundamentals of the equilibrium A vertical column carries the lever. A
1 set of instructional material
structures by the deformation of leaf spring of moments and application of sturdy base plate ensures that the unit
elements in the middle of the bar. Leaf spring element the law of levers stands securely.
FL 111 represents a simple bar struc- • force measuring range: 0…50N
ture. In the single plane system the bars EM 049 is used to investigate the funda-
are only subjected to compression and LxWxH: 900x200x600mm mentals of the equilibrium of moments
tension. Loads are applied only to the Weight: approx. 15kg based on the example of a two-arm
nodes. LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage lever. Moments occurring on the lever
system) are to be brought to equilibrium.
The unit comprises three bars that are
joined together using disks such that the Scope of delivery A centrally mounted beam represents a
joints are free to move. A longi-tudinally two-arm lever. Movable riders are
adjustable bar permits the bar structure 1 frame placed on the lever and weights are ap-
to be constructed with different angles. 3 bars plied. Equilibrium is attained by moving
The bars engage in the disks by snap- the weights. Distances from the pivot
3 node disks
locks. Two of the node disks also form point – the lever arms – can be read
3 dial gauges
the supports (fixed and movable) and from an integrated scale. The calculation
are clamped to the sturdy aluminium 1 set of weights of the lever arms is verified in the experi-
section base frame. The external load is 1 storage system with foam inlay ment.
applied to the upper nodal point by 1 set of instructional material
means of weights.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
022 023
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces and moments
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SE 110.53 SE 110.53
Equilibrium in a single plane, statically determinate system Equilibrium in a single plane, statically determinate system
Specification
5 6 7
Technical data
Ladder
1 support (movable support), 2 clamp weight, 3 ladder, 4 clamp guide pulley, 5 support • length: 650mm
(fixed support), 6 cable, 7 weight, 8 SE 112 mounting frame • weight: 2N
• built-in rule, graduation: 1mm
Weights
• 3x 1N (hanger)
• 9x 5N
The illustration shows SE 110.53 in the frame SE 112.
• 12x 1N
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
024 025
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces and moments
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TM 121 TM 122
Equilibrium of moments on pulleys Equilibrium of moments on a differential pulley block
Specification Specification
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
026 027
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Internal reactions and methods of section
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Basic knowledge
Internal reactions and methods of sections
for bars, beams and cables
The support structures are composed of different structural elements /plane-supporting structures (plates, disks and Free-body diagrams are the main method to represent the the load-bearing capacity of materials as a measure of their
supporting elements. The supporting elements are divided into frames) and one-dimensional supporting elements /linear internal force states in bars, beams and cables. For beam-struc- strength. When designing components, the internal forces
one-dimensional (bar or beam), two-dimensional (plate or disk) structures (beams, bars, arches and cables) are considered. tures in particular, free-body diagrams are used to charac- provide the designer with the crucial indicators for necessary
and three-dimensional elements (solid-supporting structure). In this chapter, we look at one-dimensional supporting struc- terise the internal stress state and, consequently, are used dimensions or the type of load distribution.
tural elements. when dimensioning the beam. Considering the internal forces
To investigate internal reactions in components or mechan-
is a prerequisite for calculating deformation and investigating
ical systems, these are reduced to a few important proper-
ties through modelling. Geometric idealisation then eliminates
seemingly insignificant dimensions. Instead of three-dimen- Internal reactions
sional supporting elements, two-dimensional supporting
1. The studied bodies or mechanical systems are removed 2. All forces acting on the body or system are determined.
One-dimensional supporting elements from the environment through representation in the Especially where the body or the mechanical system
free-body diagram. under investigation is separated from adjacent bodies.
Since the internal forces change between the different
F F cross-sections, we plot their curves for a better overview.
A F F The shear force, normal force and bending moment are
F represented as areas.
F M
F 3. Unknown forces are calculated using the equilibrium
M
F F conditions.
A B F
B
F F
F1 F2 F1 F2
F F F M M Q
N N
Bar: A support element, flexibly Beam: Rectilinear supporting element that Cable: A support element that can only AH AH Q
mounted at both ends, which can transfer forces along its axis, transverse transfer tensile forces. A cable that is AV BV AV BV
can transfer tensile and com- to its axis and moments. Horizontal elements attached at two defined points is the
pressive forces along the bar are generally known as beams or girder and equivalent of a tension bar.
axis. Depending on whether a vertical elements are known as pillars or N(x)
bar transfers tensile or com- columns.
pressive forces, it is referred to
as a tension bar or a compres- x
sion bar. F forces, M bending moment, A, B support forces
Q(x)
Internal forces
Using notional sections, parts are cut out of the support struc- show the forces and moments within a component as a reaction x
ture, which is in equilibrium. To maintain equilibrium, the internal to the action of the external forces.
reactions, also known as section reactions or internal forces,
are entered into the sections. In statics, the internal reactions
x
028 029
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Internal reactions and methods of section
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 960 WP 960
Beam on two supports: shear force & bending moment diagrams Beam on two supports: shear force & bending moment diagrams
Specification
Beam
• total length: 1000mm
• span: 800mm
Weights
• 3x 1N (hanger)
• 12x 1N
Description Learning objectives/experiments • 9x 5N
• max. weight per hanger: 20N
• application of the method of sec- The bending moment occurring at the • calculation of the reactions arising
tions to determine internal reac- section is recorded by a second force from the static conditions of equilibri- Measuring ranges
tions of the beam gauge acting on a fixed lever arm. This um • bending moment via force gauge and lever arm
• direct indication of shear force force readout, divided by 10, gives the • application of the method of sections · lever arm: 100mm
and bending moment at a section bending moment in Nm. Adjuster nuts to calculate the internal forces and mo- · force gauge: ±100N
on the beam on the two force gauges are used to ments · bending moment: ±10Nm
align the beam horizontally and balance · under a point load Internal forces on the beam under mid point load: • shear force: ±50N
Statics observes the effect of forces on out any deflection. · under multiple point loads F applied point load, FA /FB reactions (0,5F), Q shear force, M bending moment • steel rule: 1000mm, graduation: 1mm
a rigid body, ignoring any possible de- • calculation of the shear force diagram
formations which may occur in the pro- In evaluating the experiment it becomes • calculation of the bending moment dia- LxWxH: 1400x320x600mm
cess. The forces are in equilibrium. clear that the shear force, as opposed gram Weight: approx. 35kg
to the bending moment, is mostly negli- • comparison of calculated and meas- LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
A simple example is a statically determ- gible when designing components. ured values for shear force and bend- Weight: approx. 12kg (storage system)
inate bearing-mounted beam subjected ing moment
to point loads. The reactions are de- The various elements of the experiment Scope of delivery
termined from the conditions of equilibri- are clearly laid-out and housed securely
um. To investigate the effect of the point in a storage system. The complete ex- 1 experimental unit
loads in the beam, it is notionally split in- perimental setup is arranged on a 1 set of weights
to two segments. Applying the method frame. 1 set of accessories
of sections, the internal forces and mo- 1 storage system with foam inlay
ments are plotted onto the two seg- 1 set of instructional material
ments and calculated by way of condi-
tions of equilibrium.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
030 031
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Internal reactions and methods of section
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gunt
WP 961 WP 962
Beam on two supports: shear force diagram Beam on two supports: bending moment diagram
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
032 033
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Internal reactions and methods of section
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SE 110.50 SE 110.50
Cable under dead-weight Cable under dead-weight
Specification
1
8
[1] determination of the catenary of a free-hanging
7 cable
[2] symmetrical and unsymmetrical experimental setup
2 6 possible
[3] roller chain as cable with 2 ball bearing-mounted
chain wheels
3 [4] adjustable chain wheel axle spacing
[5] height of a chain wheel adjustable for unsymmetric-
al experimental setup
4 [6] cross-arm with scale to hold chain wheels and rule
5 to measure vertical sag of chain
[7] 2 hangers to load the ends of the chain
[8] storage system to house the components
[9] experimental setup in frame SE 112
1 roller chain, 2 cross-arm with scale, 3 clamp, 4 weight, 5 rule, 6 chain wheel, 7 chain
wheel holder, 8 frame SE 112
Technical data
Roller chain
• DIN 8187
• length: 2400mm
• weight: 0,95kg/m
Cross-arm
Description Learning objectives/experiments • axle base: 600…1000mm
• groove spacing: 50mm
• catenary of a free-hanging cable All the component elements of the ex- • determination of the catenary of a free-
under dead-weight periment are clearly laid-out and housed hanging cable Holder
securely in a storage system. The com- · under dead-weight only • adjustable height of chain wheel: 0…300mm
Free-hanging cables and ropes are often plete experimental setup is arranged in · with additional weights • hole spacing: 50mm
used to support a structure, such as the frame SE 112. · with a symmetrical setup (chain
stay cables. On suspension bridges they wheels at same height) Actual applied cable forces: F1 + F2 forces, L1 + L2 suspended chain length with dead-
Weights
are the load-bearing element of the · with an unsymmetrical setup weight, P1 + P2 marker point on chain wheel, f sag • 2x 1N (hanger)
structure. In many calculations the influ- • measurement of the sag • 8x 1N
ence of the dead-weight of the cable can • comparison of calculated and meas- • 6x 5N
be ignored, because it is low compared ured values
to the other loads. In the case of over- Measuring ranges
head power lines, however, the dead- • horizontal: 0…1000mm
weight of the cable is relevant to the • vertical: 0…850mm
design of the pylons. • graduation: 1mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
034 035
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces in a truss
gunt
Basic knowledge
Method of sections for plane trusses
L
45°
The support forces and bar forces
are calculated using various meth- S5
S3
ods of sections. S2 S3
L
S2 AH
A B
F S1
60° 49° 30° L L AV BV
B C
S1
L L L
S1 F AH F S5
S4
BV
S2 S3
A B AV S2 F
S2 S5
S2
S3 S3
30° S4
S1 C
S1
L S1 S1
F
F S5 AH
AH A 45°
S2 BV
S1 - S5 bar forces, S4
A+B support forces,
S bar forces, A+B support forces, C nodes, F force, AV S2
I- IV nodes, F force,
L bar length, S2 wanted bar force S3
AV index V vertical forces,
index H horizontal forces,
L length,
Ritter’s method of sections is used when only single bar forces
green: circumferential direction S1
need to be determined in a truss. Applying Ritter’s method
of sections requires that the supporting and external forces
S bar forces, A+B support forces, F forces, index V vertical forces,
are known. The section runs through three bars, of which two The Cremona diagram is a graphical method for determining
index H horizontal forces
bars are connected in a node. In the case of the equilibrium of bar forces in a truss. Applying the Cremona diagram requires
moments, it makes sense to choose the intersection of the that the support forces and the external forces are known or
Using the method of joints, all nodes are isolated in succession. The equilibrium conditions two bar forces as the reference point. Consequently, only one that they have been determined beforehand using the method
are established at each node. Applying the method of joints requires that no more than two unknown bar force remains in the equation. The advantage of of joints. Then a force diagram is systematically plotted for each
unknown forces are acting on the node. The advantage of this method is that no bar force this method is that it is possible to calculate individual bar forces node with a known force and two unknown forces. The direc-
is overlooked in complex trusses. without having to consider every node. tion of force is plotted in the entire force diagram of the truss.
The unknown bar forces can be derived from the triangle of
forces. The advantage of this method is that no bar force is
overlooked in complex trusses and all force directions are
correctly plotted.
Equilibrium ∑FV = 0 = -F + S2 sin 49°+ S3 sin 45°
condition
Equilibrium condition ∑ FV = 0 = AV + S1 sin 45° ∑FH = 0 = -S3 cos 30°- S1 - S2 cos 49°
∑ FH = 0 = S2 + S1 cos 45° + AH ∑MC = F · L - S2 · sin 49° · L = 0
036 037
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces in a truss
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.21 SE 110.21
Forces in various single plane trusses Forces in various single plane trusses
Specification
5 [1] investigation of bar forces in a statically
determinate truss
1 [2] construction of various trusses possible
4 [3] 2 supports with node disks
3 [4] load application device with force gauge mountable
on different node disks
[5] measuring points to measure force on each bar
[6] measuring amplifier FL 152 required
2 [7] GUNT-software in FL 152 to evaluate measured
values graphically
[8] storage system to house the components
[9] experimental setup in frame SE 112
Technical data
1 support, 2 load application device with force gauge, 3 node disk, 4 bar with measuring
point, 5 frame SE 112 Bars: 19
• 2 bars 150mm
• 5 bars 259mm
• 7 bars 300mm
• 1 bar 397mm
x • 3 bars 424mm
• 1 bar 520mm
• angle between bars: 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°
The illustration shows SE 110.21 in the frame SE 112.
• maximum bar force: 500N
• measuring points on each bar
Description Learning objectives/experiments • height of truss max. 450mm
• length of truss max. 900mm
• measurement of the bar forces in Consequently, our trusses can be con- • measurement of the bar forces in vari-
a single plane truss sidered as ideal trusses. A load applica- ous single plane trusses Load application device
• construction of various truss tion device attached to a node disk gen- • dependency of the bar forces on the • ±500N
forms erates an external force. All the forces external force • graduation: 10N
• bars with strain gauge measure- on the truss bars are recorded by · magnitude
ment to measure bar force means of strain gauge measurement. · direction LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
3 truss forms
Computerised evaluation of the meas- · point of application red: support reactions, black: external force Weight: approx. 26kg (total)
As light-weight structures offering a high ured values is provided by measuring • comparison of measuring results with
degree of rigidity, trusses are employed amplifier FL 152 (16 input channels). mathematical methods Scope of delivery
in the construction of halls, bridges, The software in FL 152 is used to man- · method of joints
cranes, pylons and masts. Trusses are age the measured data and provide · Ritter’s method of sections 1 set of bars
bar structures in which the bars are graphical representation of the bar • basic principle: measurement of forces 5 node disks
subjected to compression or tension forces. The software features a compre- using strain gauge measurement 2 supports with node disk
loading, but not to bending. hensive help function. 1 load application device
1 set of cables
The object of the experiment is to meas- All the component elements of the ex- 1 storage system with foam inlay
ure the bar forces in a single plane truss periment are clearly laid-out and housed 1 set of instructional material
subjected to a single external force. The securely in a storage system. The com-
SE 110.21 experimental setup features plete experimental setup is arranged in
bars with special snap-lock closures on the frame SE 112.
their ends allowing them to be fixed eas-
ily into the node disk. The range of differ-
ent bar lengths provided permits three
statically determinated truss to be con-
structed. Fixing of the bars in the node disk
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
038 039
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces in a truss
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.22 SE 110.22
Forces in an overdeterminate truss Forces in an overdeterminate truss
Specification
7
1
6 [1] investigation of bar forces in statically overde-
terminate trusses
[2] surplus bar, longitudinally adjustable
[3] straight and inclined loading possible
[4] load application device with force gauge mountable
on different node disks
5 [5] measuring point to measure force on each bar
[6] measuring amplifier FL 152 required
[7] GUNT-software in FL 152 to evaluate measured
values graphically
[8] storage system to house the components
[9] experimental setup in frame SE 112
2 3 4
Technical data
1 support, 2 surplus bar (adjustable), 3 node disk, 4 bar with measuring point, 5 load applic-
ation device, 6 dial gauge with fixture, 7 frame SE 112 Bars: 8
• 5 bars, fixed 300mm
• 2 bars, fixed 424mm
• 1 bar, adjustable 400…450mm
• angle between bars: 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°
x • maximum bar force: 500N
• measuring point on each bar
• height of truss max. 270mm
The illustration shows SE 110.22 in the frame SE 112.
• length of truss max. 500mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
040 041
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces in a truss
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 130 SE 130
Forces in a Howe truss Forces in a Howe truss
Specification
Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
042 043
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Forces in a truss
gunt gunt
SE 130.01
Truss beam: Warren girder
Data acquisition
and visualisation
Learning objectives/experiments
Technical data
Node disks: 8
Description LxWxH: 800x300x15mm
Weight: approx. 8kg
• ready assembled Warren truss The force in the bars is measured using
• bars with strain gauge measure- strain gauge measurement. Owing to Scope of delivery
ment to measure bar force the symmetrical construction, only half
of the bars have measuring points on 1 truss beam: Warren type
Warren truss beams are frequently them. All strain gauge connections are 1 strain gauge connection box
used on steel constructions. housed together in the strain gauge box.
1 ribbon cable
Experiments with the truss SE 130.01
are mounted on the frame of the
SE 130 unit. The mechanical construc-
tion of the truss ensures that only
tensile or compressive forces are active
in the bars. The connection between the
bars by means of node disks is “hinged”.
So this can be described as an ideal
truss.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
044 045
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Bridges, beams, arches, cables
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.18 SE 110.18
Forces on a suspension bridge Forces on a suspension bridge
Specification
6
[1] investigation of a suspension bridge in various load
5
cases
1 [2] suspension bridge, consisting of 2 supporting
4 cables, roadway and 2 deflection pulleys as pylons
[3] supporting cables with parabolic sag
2 [4] hangers (vertical supporting cables) in the form of
U-shaped shackles in graduated lengths
[5] roadway (distributed load) can be loaded by addi-
tional weights
3 [6] 2 selectable roadways: stiff roadway (two-section
with central hinge) and elastic roadway
[7] experimental setup “hanging cable”: supporting
cables without roadway, loaded with point loads
[8] 4 hanger to measure the cable force in both sup-
1 supporting cable, 2 hanger, 3 roadway, 4 weight, 5 deflection roller with fixture, porting cables
6 frame SE 112 [9] storage system to house the components
[10] experimental setup in frame SE 112
Technical data
Suspension bridge
• span: approx. 1050mm
• supporting cable sag: approx. 325mm
The illustration shows SE 110.18 in the frame SE 112.
• number of supporting cables: 2
• shackles: 12, graduated lengths
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Stiff roadway, two-section with hinge, wood
• stiff or elastic roadway for the Two roadways with different stiffness • familiarisation with a suspension • LxWxH: 1000x70x10mm
suspension bridge are available: one stiff and one elastic bridge • dead-weight of roadway: 5,5N
• different load cases possible: roadway. The stiff roadway has a hinge · under dead-weight
point or distributed load in the middle. The hinge permits internal · under additional weight Elastic roadway, PVC
• catenary of a free-hanging cable moments in the roadway occurring in re- · under evenly distributed load • LxWxH: 1000x70x3mm
sponse to uneven loading to be visual- · under unevenly distributed point Substitute model for a suspension bridge: “suspended cable with uniformly distributed load”
• dead-weight of roadway: 3N
Suspension bridges are among the old- ised – the roadway buckles. loads with free-body diagram (bottom); F cable force, q0 distributed load; f maximum sag, L span
est of all bridge designs. Their main sup- • calculation of the supporting cable Weights
porting element is a flexible cable. Since The experimental setup without roadway force • 16x 1N (hanger)
cables are able to absorb high tensile deals with free-hanging cables. Cables • comparison between calculated and • 12x 1N (shackle)
forces while themselves having little with different dead-weights are studied measured values of the supporting • 24x 1N
dead-weight, they enable wide-span sus- by attaching additional point loads dir- cable force • 28x 5N
pension bridges to be constructed. This ectly to the supporting cables. • observation of the effect of internal
makes it possible to bridge longer dis- moments in the roadway under uneven LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
tances with no supporting pillars, such The tensile forces in the supporting load Weight: approx. 37kg (total)
as over wide gorges. The sag of suspen- cables are determined with the aid of · for a stiff roadway
sion bridge supporting cables is parabol- weights. The maximum sag is measured · for an elastic roadway Scope of delivery
ic in shape, as the weights are attached using a scaled rule. The scaled rule is • determination of the catenary of a free-
at relatively short, constant intervals by fixed to a cross-arm. hanging cable 2 supporting cables
way of vertical cables to the main sup- 1 set of shackles for roadways
porting cables. All the component elements of the ex- 1 roadway, stiff
periment are clearly laid-out and housed 1 roadway, elastic
The experimental setup SE 110.18 rep- securely in a storage system. The com- 2 deflection rollers with fixture
resents a suspension bridge. The bridge plete experimental setup is arranged in 1 cross-arm with clamp
consists of two parallel supporting the frame SE 112. Forces on a suspension bridge: red: tensile forces (acting in the supporting cables, the 1 rule
hangers and the anchorages of the supporting cables), blue: compressive force (acting in 1 set of weights
cables with a roadway suspended the pylons)
between them. U-shaped hangers serve 1 storage system with foam inlay
as vertical cables. They are attached to 1 set of instructional material
the main supporting cables at regular in-
tervals, and hold the roadway. Deflection
rollers act as pylons. The roadway acts
upon the supporting cables as a distrib-
uted load, and can be loaded by addition-
al weights.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
046 047
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Bridges, beams, arches, cables
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.12 SE 110.12
Lines of influence on the Gerber beam Lines of influence on the Gerber beam
1 Specification
7
2 [1] investigation of the lines of influence in a statically
determinate Gerber beam under different loading
6 [2] Gerber beam comprising 2 cantilever beams and
1 suspended beam
[3] suspended beam mounted by articulated supports
on cantilever beams
5
[4] beam subjected to moving load or loaded down by
3
single loads
[5] 4 movable supports with force gauge
4 [6] storage system to house the components
[7] experimental setup in frame SE 112
Technical data
1 suspended beam, 2 articulated support, 3 cantilever beam, 4 support with force gauge, Beam
5 weight, 6 moving load, 7 frame SE 112 • total length: 1220mm
• cantilever beam length: 503mm
• suspended beam length: 250mm
Weights
• 24x 5N
The illustration shows SE 110.12 in the frame SE 112.
• 12x 1N
• moving load: 10+20N
Description Learning objectives/experiments
LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
• articulated beam with two canti- The cantilever beam supports are • familiarisation with a Gerber beam Weight: approx. 40kg (total)
lever beams and a suspended equipped with force gauges which indic- • application of the method of sections
beam as an example of a typical ate the support reactions. and the conditions of equilibrium to cal- Scope of delivery
bridge culate the support forces for
• direct indication of reactions Single loads and a moving load are · point load 1 Gerber beam (2 cantilever beams + 1 suspended
• lines of influence for different provided to place load on the beam. This · distributed load beam)
Top: simplified experimental setup (Gerber beam), bottom: free-body diagram: F applied
load cases means the beam can be subjected to · moving load force, FA + FB reactions of the articulated supports, F1…F4 reactions of the supports with 4 supports with force gauge
point or distributed loads, or to a moving • determination of the internal reactions force gauge, L1, L2, LA positions of the supports 1 moving load
Many bridges are executed as Gerber load. The force gauges indicate the ef- under static load 1 set of weights
beams. Bridges are subjected to moving fect of a moving load directly in the sup- · shear force curve 1 storage system with foam inlay
loads. Consequently, it is important to port reactions. The supports are mov- · bending moment diagram 1 set of instructional material
take these moving loads into account in able. • determination of the lines of influence
the design process. To that end, the so- under moving load
called lines of influence are determined. All the component elements of the ex- • comparison of the calculated and
Lines of influence describe static reac- periment are clearly laid-out and housed measured reactions for static and
tions to a moving load, such as the in- securely in a storage system. The com- moving load
ternal reactions of the beam or support plete experimental setup is arranged in
reactions. The lines of influence are de- the frame SE 112.
termined by way of method of sections
and the conditions of equilibrium, in the
same way as the bending moment dia-
gram for a static load for example.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
048 049
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Bridges, beams, arches, cables
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.17 SE 110.17
Three-hinged arch Three-hinged arch
Specification
1 8
[1] investigation of 2 statically determinate three-
2 7 hinged arches
[2] hinged arch with 3 hinges: 1 crown hinge, 2 abut-
3 ment hinges at the support points
[3] 3 arch segments: 2x long (together making a sym-
6 metrical arch), 1x short (together with 1x long: un-
symmetrical arch)
[4] arch subjected to point load, distributed load (each
by loads) or moving load
4 [5] loads to compensate for the support reactions of
an abutment hinge
[6] storage system to house the components
5 [7] experimental setup in frame SE 112
1 weight, 2 long arch segment, 3 crown hinge, 4 short arch segment, 5 support, 6 moving Technical data
load, 7 deflection roller with fixture, 8 frame SE 112; red: cable, blue: springing line
Aluminium arches
• 2x long: 480mm, total arch length: 960mm
• 1x short: 230mm, total arch length: 710mm
• arch height: 250mm
Weights
• 4x 1N (hanger)
The illustration shows SE 110.17 in the frame SE 112.
• 36x 1N
• 16x 5N
Description Learning objectives/experiments • moving load: 10N+20N
• statically determinate three- SE 110.17 includes two long arch seg- • familiarisation with three-hinged LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
hinged arch ments and one short segment, of which arches (unsymmetrical and symmetric- Weight: approx. 56kg (total)
• symmetrical or unsymmetrical two at a time are connected by a hinged al)
arch joint producing a symmetrical or unsym- • application of the method of sections Scope of delivery
• various load cases: point load, dis- metrical three-hinged arch. The arch un- and the conditions of equilibrium to cal-
tributed load, moving load der investigation can be subjected to culate the support forces for 3 arch segments
Top: symmetrically loaded three-hinged arch, bottom: free-body diagram of the loaded arch
point, distributed or moving load. · point load, distributed load, moving 1 moving load
Bridges are often constructed as three- Weights compensate for the support re- load 2 supports
hinged arches. This type of construction actions of a abutment hinge, so enabling • investigation of the influence of the 1 set of weights
is particularly suitable when compres- a comparison between calculated and load on the horizontal thrust in the sup- 1 set of accessories
sion-proof building materials are avail- actual measured values. ports 2x storage system with foam inlay
able. Horizontal thrust occurs in the • determination of the lines of influence 1 set of instructional material
arch at the supports. It permits much All the component elements of the ex- for the supports under a moving load
lower bending moments in the arch than periment are clearly laid-out and housed • comparison of the calculated and
in the case of a beam on two supports securely in a storage system. The com- measured support reactions for static
with the same span. A significant longit- plete experimental setup is arranged in and moving load
udinal compressive force is active in the the frame SE 112.
arch to produce this effect.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
050 051
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Bridges, beams, arches, cables
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.16 SE 110.16
Parabolic arch Parabolic arch
Specification
1 8
[1] investigation of a parabolic arch, optionally statically
2 determinate (1 fixed support, 1 movable support)
7 or indeterminate (2 fixed supports)
3
[2] loading of the arch with a distributed load by way of
7 evenly distributed loads or by point loads or by
suspended roadway with loads
[3] 2 dial gauges record the deformation of the arch
under load
4 6 [4] weights to compensate for the reactions of a fixed
support
5 [5] roadway with 1 set of shackles to be suspended in-
to the arch; shackles in graduated length
[6] storage system to house the components
[7] experimental setup in frame SE 112
1 dial gauge, 2 arch, 3 shackle, 4 fixed support, 5 frame SE 112, 6 movable support with
support plate, 7 weight, 8 deflection roller, red: cable; not shown: elastic roadway
Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
052 053
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Accessories
gunt
FL 152
PC-based recording and analysis of strain gauge signals
SE 110.21 FL 120
Forces in various single plane trusses Stress and strain analysis on a membrane
• touchscreen
SE 110.22 FL 130 operation
Forces in an overdeterminate truss Stress and strain analysis on a thin-walled cylinder • the measured
values are
displayed on the
unit or on a PC USB
054 055
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Accessories
gunt gunt
gunt
FL 152 FL 152
Multi-channel measuring amplifier Multi-channel measuring amplifier
Specification
Technical data
x Amplifier
• number of input channels: 16
• integrated touchscreen
· 4,3”
· 480*272 Pixel
Description Learning objectives/experiments · 16-bit color
• 16 input channels for processing FL 152 is a multi-channel measuring • amplification and display of signals Strain gauge connection in half or full bridge configura-
of analogue strain gauge measur- amplifier which supplies the strain from strain gauge measuring points tion
ing signals, easy connection by gauge bridge circuits with power and • processing of measured values on • resistance: min. 350 Ohm/strain gauge
multi-pin input port processes the received measuring sig- computer • strain gauge supply voltage: ±5VDC
• integrated software for evalu- nals. The measuring amplifier includes • evaluation of stress and strain analysis
ation of stress and strain analys- 16 input channels. The strain gauge experiments, in conjunction with: Application software for stress and strain analysis based on the example of the FL 120
Input voltage: max. ±32mV
is experiments (FL 120, FL 130, measuring points are connected to as- FL 120, FL 130, FL 140 (stress and strain analysis on a membrane)
FL 140) and experiments relating sociated balance potentiometers by a • evaluation of experiments relating to 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
to forces in trusses (SE 130, 68-pin multiport. forces in trusses, in conjunction with: 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
SE 110.21, SE 110.22) SE 130, SE 110.21, SE 110.22 UL/CSA optional
The multi-channel measuring amplifier is LxWxH: 230x200x120mm
Stresses and strains occurring in com- operated via touchscreen or via PC us- Weight: approx. 2kg
ponents are determined in experimental ing the supplied software. The measured
stress and strain analysis by measuring values can be read on the touchscreen Required for operation
strain. In industry, strain is often recor- and in the software and can be saved
ded by strain gauges. Since strain and processed on a computer (using an PC with Windows recommended
gauges deliver only small analogue application such as MS Excel).
measuring signals, the signals must be Scope of delivery
amplified in measuring amplifiers. Then
they are converted into digital pulses 1 multi-channel measuring amplifier
and displayed as measured strain. 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
These strains may also be evaluated and 1 manual
processed on computer.
Example application: FL 152 in conjunction with FL 140 (stress and strain analysis on a
thick-walled cylinder)
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
056 057
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Accessories
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 112 VORLAGE
Mounting frame Momentengleichgewicht am zweiarmigen Hebel
GUNT storage systems keep your lab tidy!
Specification Lerninhalte/Übungen
TM 110.02
Supplementary set –
pulley blocks
TM 110.03
Supplementary set –
gear wheels
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15 - 17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
058 059
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
gunt
Course engineering mechanics
GUNT-Structure Line
A course on engineering
mechanics
060 061
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
gunt
Course engineering mechanics
In GUNT, the term “structure” refers to a supporting structure The series of units offers a variety of opportunities to learn Experiments on statics
or a building structure. The term “line” refers to a GUNT series about common topics such as equilibrium conditions, forces and
of units. The GUNT-Structure Line is a series of units that has deformations or stability and buckling and to develop a more
been specially developed by GUNT to support teaching basic in-depth understanding.
SE 110.16 SE 110.50
engineering principles with practical exercises.
Parabolic arch Cable under
dead-weight
The GUNT-Structure Line offers the following advantages:
• meaningful compilation of experiment subjects • safe storage of small parts such as screws, adapters, or
tools in transparent boxes
• wide range of experiments: one frame is combined with
different add-on parts • stable mounting frame, easy to assemble and disassemble,
with rubber feet for secure standing
• easy to transport and space-saving storage of the add-on
parts thanks to stackable storage systems • easy-to-install add-on parts can be fitted at any point on the
frame using adjustable clamping levers
• orderliness when conducting experiments, thanks to individ-
ual parts being stored in clear foam inserts
SE 110.21
Forces in
various
single
plane
trusses
space-saving
storage
• easy mounting
• secure standing
• sturdy and versatile Experiments on strength of materials
frame
• form-fitting clamping
connection for the SE 110.44 SE 110.19
add-on parts Deformation Investigation of simple stability problems
of trusses
SE 110.47
Methods to
determine
the elastic
line
space-saving
storage
062 063
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
gunt
Didactic concept of the GUNT-Structure Line
The GUNT-Structure Line allows you to build an extensive laboratory on the fundamentals of
engineering. In this way, the rather abstract contents of the lecture can be practically simulated Mechanical Frame, components and connecting elements are
and clearly represented through small-group experiments. This promotes students’ long-term combined into a functioning experimental setup. The
learning success. Meanwhile, group participants’ social skills are encouraged in addition to their experimental setup
points of action for loads, their effect on the support
more technical skills. structures and structural elements and the use of
fixed and movable supports are tested.
This makes the function and the processes in sup-
port systems easy to observe and understand and it
ensures a lasting learning experience.
• The load on the experimental setups, GUNT software Trusses can be simulated and configured in the
and stresses
mainly from weights, gives students a software. Similarly, the behaviour of truss sys-
feeling for masses and forces. tems is reflected in concrete measured values and
the bar forces are graphically displayed (SE 110.21,
SE 110.22).
• evaluating results • Measuring the deformation using dial
gauges provides direct feedback of the
• estimating errors
load. The factors of slack, friction and
the resulting hysteresis – which are
almost always present in real systems –
can be experienced.
064 065
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
gunt
Contents of the GUNT-Structure Line
066 067
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Static and kinetic friction
gunt
Basic knowledge
Static and kinetic friction
While in statics, we study idealised bodies excluding frictional forces, in the study of static and kinetic friction, we investigate real
Static friction Dynamic friction
solid bodies. Friction occurs in all solid bodies that are in contact and that are moved against each other. The cause of the occurring
forces is, among other things, the surface roughness, which causes the surfaces to interlock.
Static friction is present if displacing forces are acting Dynamic friction occurs when a body moves along another
on both bodies, but the bodies have not started to move and in contact with it, i.e. it actually rubs against it. Dynamic
relative to each other yet. This is why we also talk about friction increases with the roughnesses of the bodies’ sur-
static friction that has to be overcome if we want to move faces and the pressure applied between the bodies. The
FG
a body. Static friction is a reaction force; in statically dynamic friction force is a physical force (active force) and
determinate systems, it can be determined from the proportional to the normal force FN.
equilibrium conditions.
F
v=0 v≠0
FR
FG FG
FN F ≤ FHmax F > FR
F F
Top two solid bodies, both with high surface roughness; bottom FG weight, FR frictional force, FN normal force, F external force,
one solid body with high surface roughness and one body with for example tensile force
low surface roughness
FN FH FN FR
Coulomb’s law of friction Typical values for the coefficient of friction μ
states that the frictional
force is proportional to
Materials pairing Coefficient of friction μ The body adheres to its under-layer The body slides over its underlayer
the normal force.
FG weight, FH force of static friction, FN normal force, FG weight, FR force of dynamic friction, FN normal force,
The proportionality F external force, v velocity F external force, v velocity
steel on steel 0,1 bis 0,4
factor μ depends on the
materials pairing of the
bodies and is called the steel on teflon 0,04
coefficient of friction. F ≤ FHmax FHmax = μ S · FN F > FR FR = μ K · FN
FR = μ · FN aluminium on aluminium 1,1 bis 1,7
FHmax maximum force of static friction, μS coefficient of static FR force of dynamic friction, μK coefficient of dynamic friction,
wood on wood 0,3 friction, FN normal force, F external force FN normal force, F external force
Friction
Dry friction
Fluid friction
Coulomb’s friction
068 069
1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Static and kinetic friction
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 210 TM 210
Dry friction Dry friction
Specification
Technical data
• fundamentals of mechanical fric- The friction body is connected to a • difference between static and dynamic Friction body
tion height-adjustable force measuring unit. friction • LxW: approx. 50x40mm
• stationary friction body, uniformly This ensures that the lines of action of • friction forces as a function of • dead-weight force: approx. 1N
moving support friction surface friction force and tensile force are paral- · normal force • smooth / rough (Al), h=20mm
• force gauge with air damping cyl- lel. The force measuring unit is essen- · sliding velocity (relative velocities of • brass / felt, h=5mm
inder tially a force gauge which is fitted with the friction partners) Forces occurring in dynamic friction: 1 friction body, 2 supporting friction surface;
an air damper to compensate as far as · material pairing FG: weight, FH: tensile force, FR: friction force, FN: normal force Drive
Friction is a key factor in mechanical en- possible for slip/stick effects and so in- · surface properties of the friction • synchronous motor
gineering. Static friction needs to be ad- dicate a mean friction force (with no partners • speed: 100min-1
equate to fix components to each other, spiking). · size of the contact area • driving velocities: 23,5cm/min, 47cm/min
such as parking brakes, self-locking • slip/stick effect
threads and frictionally engaged connec- Three support surfaces and two friction • determination of friction coefficients Force gauge with damper
tions. Dynamic friction needs to be kept bodies are available. The normal force • measuring range: 0…2N, graduation: 0,05N
as low as possible, such as on bearings, can be varied by adding weights.
in guideways or in shaping tools. Con- Weights: 8x 0,5N
sequently, great attention is paid to the Experiments can be performed at two
topic in engineering mechanics, and un- constant velocities. The air damping is 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
derstanding of it is enhanced by clearly adjustable. When it is inactive, slip/stick 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
laid-out experiments. effects can also be observed. UL/CSA optional
LxWxH: 720x480x178mm (storage system)
TM 210 provides a broad range of ex- All parts are clearly laid out and well pro- Weight: approx. 10kg (storage system)
periments relating to static and dynamic tected on a storage system. Weight: approx. 7kg (experimental unit)
friction between solid bodies which are
in contact with each other and moving Scope of delivery
relative to each other. Various influ- Rough surface between 2 bodies sliding alongside each other
orange: normal force perpendicular to the contact surfaces of both bodies, blue: n-th por- 1 experimental unit
ences on friction can be investigated, tion of the friction force, green: relative direction of motion between the bodies, black: res-
such as surface properties and material ultant force from normal force and friction force 1 set of weights
pairing. 2 friction bodies
3 support surfaces
A support friction surface slides be- 1 storage system with foam inlay
neath the stationary friction body. The 1 set of instructional material
support friction surface is held in a car-
riage which is drawn along by a motor at
uniform velocity by a motor.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
070 071
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Static and kinetic friction
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 200 TM 225
Fundamentals of mechanical friction Friction on the inclined plane
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
072 073
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1 Engineering mechanics – statics
Static and kinetic friction
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gunt
TM 220 TM 220
Belt drive and belt friction Belt drive and belt friction
Technical data
Flat belts
• 1x leather/polyamide, 15x2,2mm, Extremultus LT10
1 support column, 2 pulley, 3 crank handle, 4 spring balance, 5 belt tension adjustment, • 1x polyamide, 15x0,6mm, Extremultus TT2
6 pivoting belt holder
V-belt
• ISO 4184
• profile: SPZ
• 9,7x8,0mm, rubber/fabric
Cable
• hemp, Ø=3mm
Pulley
• Ø=300mm
• material: grey iron
Dynamometer: 100N ±1N
LxWxH: 700x350x1100mm
Weight: approx. 47kg
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
074 075
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Engineering
mechanics and engineering design
gunt
2 Engineering mechanics –
strength of materials
SE 110.47
Methods to determine the elastic line 086 Experimental stress and strain analysis
SE 110.29 Overview
Torsion of bars 088 Experimental stress and strain analysis 118
WP 100 FL 101
Deformation of bars under bending or torsion 090 Strain gauge application set 120
SE 110.20 FL 100
Deformation of frames 092 Strain gauge training system 122
FL 170 FL 102
Deformation of curved-axis beams 094 Determining the gauge factor of strain gauges 124
TM 262 FL 152
Hertzian pressure 098 Multi-channel measuring amplifier 128
TM 400 FL 120
Hooke’s law 100 Stress and strain analysis on a membrane 130
FL 130
Stress and strain analysis on a thin-walled cylinder 132
FL 140
Accessories Stress and strain analysis on a thick-walled cylinder 134
FL 210
Photoelastic demonstration 138
Basic knowledge
Stability problem buckling 102
SE 110.19
Investigation of simple stability problems 104
SE 110.57
Buckling of bars 106
WP 121
Demonstration of Euler buckling 108
WP 120
Buckling behaviour of bars 110
Overview
Accessories for WP 120 112
076 077
2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Introduction
gunt
Strength of materials
Strength of materials is based on statics. The idealisation of a Strength of materials deals with the effect of forces on deform- Elastic deformation, law of elasticity
real body as a rigid body in statics allows determining the exter- able bodies. In addition, material-dependent parameters should
Machines and components elastically deform under the action mation of solids when this deformation is proportional to the
nal and internal forces on structures under equilibrium. Ensur- be considered as well. An introduction to the strength of mate-
of forces. While the load is not large enough, purely elastic defor- applied force.
ing equilibrium is not sufficient for calculating the mechanical rials is, therefore, given by the concept of stress and strain and
mation remains. The law of elasticity describes the elastic defor-
behaviour of components, including strength, rigidity, stability, by Hooke’s law, which is applied to tension, pressure, torsion and
fatigue strength and ductility, in the real world of engineering bending problems.
Energy methods
practice. Knowledge of the deformability of material bodies is
required, without consideration of the material. Geometric considerations play a subordinate role in the energy Different energy methods are used to calculate general systems
methods. Instead of the previously used equilibrium conditions, and to investigate the stability of elastic structures, such as the
we investigate how much work is produced by external forces principle of virtual displacement, the principle of virtual forces,
during deformation of a system and in which energy form and the Maxwell-Betti theorem, or Castigliano’s theorem.
Basic terms of materials strength
where this work is stored.
The starting point of all energy methods is the principle of vir
Types of stress In studying the strength of materials, the energy methods are tual work. It expresses an equilibrium condition and states: If a
based on the law of conservation of energy and on the principle mechanical system is in equilibrium under the effect of external
Components can be subjected to stress in different ways: tension, pressure, shear stress, bending, torsion, buckling and com-
that all energy transferred to a body or a system from outside and internal forces, then the sum of the total virtual work, pro-
posite stresses.
is converted to internal energy, e.g. into deformation, change in duced by internal and external forces and any virtual displace-
velocity, or heat. ment are equal to zero.
F
Tension Pressure
Principle of virtual work δW = F · δ x = 0; δW = M · δφ = 0
σ σ σ σ
F F F F δW = ∑ δW = ∑ F · δ x = 0 δW virtual work,
δx virtual displacement,
δW = ∑ δW = ∑ M · δφ = 0 δφ virtual twisting angle,
M moment, F force
F
F
F F
Strain gauge
M σ M τ
F F !(¡{
1
Experimental stress and strain analysis uses the mechanical stress
σ τ that occurs in components under load to determine the material
F stress. An experimental method for determining mechanical stress
is based on the relation between stress and the deformation it
causes. This deformation is known as strain and occurs on the sur-
!(¡{
2
Torsion face of the components, which means that it can be measured. The
τ principle of strain measurement is an important branch of experi-
Mt mental stress and strain analysis.
F
078 079
2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt
Basic knowledge
Elastic deformations
Components are differently stressed when subjected to load means that all atoms return to their original position once the
from external forces. Load causes stresses in the components. force action ends. Different loads lead to typical component
Determination elastic behaviour
The mesh of the material is deformed under force action, e.g. deformations.
There is direct proportionality between deformation and from the stress-strain diagram (also see chapter 6 Materials
compressed and stretched. This load leads to volume or shape
applied force. Therefore, it is necessary to know the material testing).
deformation. Unlike plastic deformation, elastic deformation
properties as well as the stress to determine the strain or
In strength of materials, we consider the linear-elastic region,
elastic deformation. These material properties, known as the
since the deformation of the material is reversible in this
Deformation of beams modulus of elasticity, describe the relation between stress
region. When designing beams or supporting structures, the
and strain in the deformation of a solid body with linear elas-
Deflection and load-bearing capacity of beams are extremely Deflection depends on the dimensions, material properties and linear-elastic region should not be exceeded.
tic behaviour. The elastic modulus can be calculated from the
important in practice, in structural engineering and bridge especially on how the beams are mounted at the ends. measured values of the tensile test or determined graphically
building as well as in mechanical and automotive engineering.
σ σ
c
Re
b Rm 1 2 3
Rp
Compression
Extension F
F M
Re
M M Rp
Compression a
Δσ
Extension
Δσ
E = Δε
Δε
Tensile stress results in the extension of the outer strands, whereas compressive stress results in compression of the outer strands. ε ε
The neutral strand (green) passes through the centroid and is neither compressed nor extended.
M moment, F force
The elastic region is divided into a linear-elastic component a, where the strain is proportional to the stress and is reversible
and a nonlinear-elastic component b, where the strain is not proportional to the stress but is still reversible. In the plastic
Deformation of bars due region, the strain is not reversible and the deformation remains even after the force has been removed.
to a twisting moment
When subject to a load due σ stress, ε strain, E elastic modulus, Rp proportional limit, Re yield strength, Rm tensile strength, 1 elastic region, 2 plastic region,
to a twisting moment, bars 3 constriction to fracture, a linear-elastic component, b nonlinear-elastic component, c Hooke’s straight line
are twisted about their bar F
τ
axis. The torsional defor-
mation is described by the The calculation of deformations under load
is described by Hooke’s law of elasticity Elastic modulus for various materials
twisting angle φ. Hooke’s law
states that the twisting Material E in N/mm²
angle φ is proportional to
the externally acting twist- F steel 2,1 · 105
σ=E·ε =
ing moment. Mt φ A
F aluminium 0,7 · 105
Mt
σ stress, E elastic modulus, ε strain, F force, A area
Mt concrete 0,3 · 105
080 081
2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.14 SE 110.14
Elastic line of a beam Elastic line of a beam
Specification
Technical data
Beams
• steel, LxWxH: 1000x20x3mm
1 pinned support, 2 weight, 3 fixed support with clamp, 4 beam, 5 SE 112 frame, 6 dial • brass, LxWxH: 1000x20x6mm
gauge • aluminium, LxWxH: 1000x20x6mm
Weights
• 2x 1N (hanger)
• 10x 1N
• 6x 5N
Measuring ranges
• travel: 0…20mm
The illustration shows SE 110.14 in the SE 112 mounting frame. • graduation: 0,01mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
082 083
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
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WP 950 WP 950
Deformation of straight beams Deformation of straight beams
Specification
1 beam, 2 weight, 3 support with clamp fixing, 4 support with force gauge, 5 dial gauge, Technical data
6 adjustable hook
Beam
• length: 1000mm
• cross-sections: 3x20mm (steel), 4x20mm (steel),
6x20mm (steel, brass, aluminium)
Weights
• 4x 2,5N (hanger)
Description Learning objectives/experiments • 4x 2,5N
• 16x 5N
• deformation of a beam on two or The load application points are movable. • investigation of the deflection for stat-
more supports under point loads Three dial gauges record the resulting ically determinate and statically inde- Measuring ranges
(e.g. single-span beam) deformation. Three articulated supports terminate straight beams • force: ±50N, graduation: 1N
• deformation of a cantilever beam with integral force gauges indicate the · cantilever beam • travel: 0…20mm, graduation: 0,01mm
under point loads support reactions directly. The articu- · single-span beam, dual- or triple-span
• statically determinate or inde- lated supports are height-adjustable, so beam LxWxH: 1400x400x630mm
Elastic lines for statically determinate (left) and indeterminate (right) cases: 1 single-span
terminate systems as to compensate for the influence of · formulation of the differential equa- beam with fixed and movable support, 2 cantilever, 3 beam with 2 fixed supports, Weight: approx. 37kg
the dead-weight of the beam under in- tion for the elastic line 4 propped cantilever LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
Beams are key structural elements in vestigation. A fourth support clamps the • deflection on a cantilever beam Weight: approx. 12kg (storage system)
mechanical engineering and in construc- beam in place. · measurement of deflection at the
tion. A beam is a bar-shaped component force application point Scope of delivery
in which the dimensions of the cross- Five beams of different thicknesses and • deflection of a dual-span beam on
section are much smaller than the made of different materials demon- three supports 1 frame
length and which is subjected to load strate the influence of the geometry and · measurement of the support reac- 5 beams
along and perpendicular to its longitudin- of the modulus of elasticity on the de- tions 4 supports
al axis. The load perpendicular to the lon- formation of the beam under load. · measurement of the deformations 1 set of weights
gitudinal axis causes a deformation of • influence of the material (modulus of 3 dial gauges
the beam – that is, bending. Based on The various elements of the experiment elasticity) and the beam cross-section 1 set of accessories
its size, the beam is viewed as a one-di- are clearly laid-out and housed securely (geometry) on the elastic line 1 storage system with foam inlay
mensional model. in a storage system. The complete ex- • Maxwell-Betti coefficients and law 1 set of instructional material
perimental setup is arranged in the • application of the principle of virtual
The science of the strength of materials frame. work on statically determinate and in-
deals with stress and strain resulting determinate beams
from the application of load to a com- • determination of lines of influence
ponent. Many fundamental principles of · arithmetically
Superposition principle: the total elastic line of the statically indeterminate beam (left) is the
the strength of materials can be illus- · qualitatively by way of force method sum of the deformations of the external force at the support (right)
trated well by a straight beam. (Müller-Breslau)
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
084 085
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
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SE 110.47 SE 110.47
Methods to determine the elastic line Methods to determine the elastic line
Specification
Technical data
Beam
• length: 1000mm
• cross-section: 20x4mm
The illustration shows SE 110.47 in a frame similar to SE 112.
• material: steel
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
086 087
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
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SE 110.29 SE 110.29
Torsion of bars Torsion of bars
A
Specification
7
6 [1] elastic torsion of bars
[2] 2 movable support blocks with clamping chuck for
5 mounting of bars, 1 fixed and 1 movable support
1
[3] 2 movable angle indicators clampable to the bar
[4] 4 bars: round bar with full cross-section, tube, lon-
gitudinally slotted tube, square tube
[5] application of load to the bar by a mass disk, a de-
2 4 flection roller and weights
3 [6] storage system to house the components
[7] experimental setup in frame SE 112
Technical data
Angle indicator
The illustration shows SE 110.29 in the frame SE 112.
• measuring range: ±90°
• graduation: 1°
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Weights
• elastic torsion of a bar under a The clamping length and torque can be • torsion of a bar • 1x 1N (hanger)
torque varied. The resultant torsion is read-off • shear modulus of elasticity and second • 4x 1N
• round bar, tube, longitudinally at two random points on the bar by polar moment of area • 3x 5N
slotted tube and square tube as means of angle indicators. • angle of twist dependent on clamping
test bars length LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
• indication of the angle of twist at The fundamentals of elastic torsion are • angle of twist dependent on torque Weight: approx. 27kg (total)
Torsion of a bar and measurement of the angles α1 and α2, right: shear stresses on the cir-
two random points on the bar illustrated by the round bar. Three other • influence of rigidity on torsion cular section
bars are provided in order to investigate · round bar with full cross-section Scope of delivery
Torsion occurs primarily on axles and special cases: two thin-walled enclosed · tube
drive shafts in motor vehicles and ma- sections (a tube and a square tube) and · tube, longitudinally slotted 2 support blocks with clamping chuck
chines. The torsion occurring in the a longitudinally slotted tube (thin-walled · square tube 2 angle indicators
shaft cause cross-sections of the shaft open section). • calculation of angle of twist 4 bars
to be pushed together around the longit- • comparison of calculated and meas- 1 deflection roller with fixture
udinal axis. When a torque is applied to All the component elements of the ex- ured angle of twist 1 cable
a shaft the cross-section remains flat periment are clearly laid-out and housed 1 set of weights
and no warpage occurs. securely in a storage system. The com- 2 hexagon socket wrenches
plete experimental setup is arranged in 1 storage system with foam inlay
In the event of minor torsion the length the frame SE 112. 1 set of instructional material
and radius remain unchanged. The
straight lines on the outer circumfer-
ence of the shaft running parallel to the
axis become helixes. Non-circular cross-
sections mostly result in warpage.
SE 110.29 investigates the torsion of a Deformation of a rectangular surface element (white): 1 round bar, not deformed, 2 round
bar, twisted, 3 square tube, not deformed, 4 square tube, twisted
bar under a torque. The bar is clamped
into two movable support blocks by a
chuck. The torque is generated by a cir-
cular disk, a deflection roller and a
weight.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
088 089
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
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WP 100 WP 100
Deformation of bars under bending or torsion Deformation of bars under bending or torsion
Specification
1 beam, 2 clamp fixing for bending test, 3 support block, 4 weight, 5 device to generate the Technical data
twisting moment in the torsion test, 6 support for bending test, 7 clamping chuck for tor-
sion test, 8 dial gauge
17 bars for bending tests
• material: aluminium, steel, brass, copper
• height with LxW 510x20mm: h=3…10mm
• width with LxH 510x5mm: w=10…30mm
• length with WxH 20x4mm: l=210…510mm
• LxWxH: 20x4x510mm (Al, St, brass, Cu)
• LxWxH: 10x10x510mm (aluminium)
22 torsion bars
Description Learning objectives/experiments • material: aluminium, steel, brass, copper
• length with Ø 10mm: 50…640mm (aluminium)
• elastic deformation of statically A dial gauge records the resulting de- • bending tests • ØxL: 10x50mm/10x340mm (aluminium, steel, cop-
determinate or indeterminate formation. The support blocks include · determination of the modulus of per, brass)
beams under bending load clamping chucks to hold the torsion bars elasticity • diameter with L=50/340mm: Ø 5…12mm (steel)
• elastic torsion of round bars un- and supports for the bars in the bend · statically determinate systems
der twisting moment test. The supports offer a range of (beam mounted on two supports; Dial gauge
• influence of material, cross-sec- clamping options, enabling statically de- cantilever beam) • 0…10mm, graduation: 0,01mm
tion and clamping length on de- terminate or indeterminate bearing sup- · statically indeterminate systems Beam deflection of a statically determinate (left) and indeterminate (right) system:
formation ports to be investigated. (dual-span beam) 1 cantilever beam, 2 simply supported beam, 3 propped cantilever, 4 built in beam Tape measure
· deformation of a beam dependent • graduation: 0,01m
Bending and torsion are typical loads to The twisting moment is applied by a on material, geometry (section
which components are subjected. The device mounted on a support block. The width, height and length), type of sup- Weights
resultant stresses and deformations point of load application to generate the port and length of span • 1x 100g (hanger)
can lead to failure of the component. A bending moment is adjustable. · formulation of proportional relation- • 1x 100g, 1x 400g, 1x 500g, 1x 900g
number of different factors play a role in ships for the deformation
this, including the material, the cross- The various elements of the experiment • torsion tests LxWxH: 1000x250x200mm
section of the bar, the clamping length are clearly laid-out and housed securely · determination of the shear modulus Weight: approx. 18kg
and the method of bearing support. in a storage system. The complete ex- of various materials LxWxH: 1170x480x207mm (storage system)
perimental setup is arranged on the · angle of twist dependent on clamp- Weight: approx. 12kg (storage system)
WP 100 investigates the influence of frame. ing length, bar diameter
these factors on the deformation of a · formulation of proportional relation- Scope of delivery
bar under bending load or twisting mo- ships for the angle of twist
ment. A set of test bars has been as- 1 frame
sembled so as to permit direct compar- 2 support blocks
ison of measuring results. The bar under 1 device to generate the twisting moment
investigation is fixed to two movable sup- 17 bars for bending test
Torsion on round bar: F applied force, a lever arm, r radius, γ shear angle, φ angle of twist 22 torsion bars
port blocks and loaded down by a
weight. 1 dial gauge with bracket, 1 tape measure
1 set of weights
2 hexagon socket wrenches
1 storage system with foam inlay
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
090 091
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.20 SE 110.20
Deformation of frames Deformation of frames
Specification
8
1
7 [1] investigation of the deformation of steel frames un-
der load
2
6
[2] 1 U-shaped and 1 S-shaped frame
[3] statically determinate or statically indeterminate
5 bearing support possible
[4] 1 long and 1 short clamping pillar
[5] roller bearing for statically indeterminate support
[6] weights with a movable hook to adjust to any load
3 application point
[7] dial gauges record the deformation of the investig-
ated frame under load
[8] storage system to house the components
4 [9] experimental setup in frame SE 112
1 U-shaped frame, 2 weight, 3 short clamping pillar, 4 roller bearing, 5 deflection roller with Technical data
fixture, 6 movable hook, 7 dial gauge, 8 frame SE 112
Frame made of steel
• edge length: 600mm
• cross-section: 20x10mm
• U-shaped: 600x600mm
• S-shaped: 600x600mm
1
Dial gauges
The illustration shows SE 110.20 in the frame SE 112.
• measuring range: 0…20mm
• graduation: 0,01mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments 2
Weights
• elastic deformation of a statically By applying various methods (first-order • relationship between load application • 2x 1N (hanger)
determinate or indeterminate elasticity theory; the principle of super- and deformation on the frame • 8x 1N
frame under point load position; and the principle of virtual • differences between statically determ- • 6x 5N
• U-shaped and S-shaped frame work), the bending moment character- inate and statically indeterminate
• principle of virtual work to calcu- istics are ascertained for a statically de- frames LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
late the deformation and support terminate and indeterminate frame. • familiarisation with the first-order Weight: approx. 34kg (total)
1 S-shaped frame, 2 long clamping pillar
reaction in a statically indeterm- From these characteristic curves and a elasticity theory for statically determin-
inate system chart for integrals (coupling table) the ate and indeterminate systems Scope of delivery
differential equation of the bend line is • application of the principle of superpos-
A frame is a bent beam with rigid formulated. From the bend line and its ition 2 frames (1x U-shaped, 1x S-shaped)
corners which creates a so-called struc- derivations, displacements and the sup- • application of the principle of virtual 2 clamping pillars (1x long, 1x short)
ture gauge. This means that it spans a port force on the movable support can work on statically determinate and 1 support
gap while at the same time creating be calculated. statically indeterminate frames 1 set of weights with movable hooks
height. · determination of a deformation by 1 deflection roller with fixture
A second, S-shaped frame can be used the principle of virtual forces 1 cable
SE 110.20 includes a typical U-shaped to show that the various methods are · determination of a load by the prin- 2 dial gauges with bracket
frame, such as is used in the construc- applicable to any kind of frame. All the ciple of virtual displacement 1 storage system with foam inlay
tion of halls for example. One end is component elements of the experiment • comparison of calculated and meas- 1 set of instructional material
clamped into place, while the other can are clearly laid-out and housed securely ured deformations
be loosely mounted. When the non- in a storage system.
clamped end remains free, the statically
determinate frame is investigated. A The complete experimental setup is ar-
roller bearing on the non-clamped end ranged in the frame SE 112.
creates a statically indeterminate frame. Example deformations of the statically indeterminate frame under load:
The frame is placed under load by red: deformed frame; black: frame under no load
weights. The load application points are
movable. Two dial gauges record the de-
formations of the frame under load.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
092 093
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt gunt
gunt
FL 170 FL 170
Deformation of curved-axis beams Deformation of curved-axis beams
Curved-axis beam
1 circular beam, 2 weight, 3 semi-circular beam, 4 quadrant beam, 5 support block, 6 dial • radius: approx. 150mm
gauge, 7 support, 8 pillar • cross-section WxH: 20x5mm
• material: steel, galvanised
Dial gauges
• measuring range: 0…20mm
• graduation: 0,01mm
Weights
• 1x 1N (hanger)
• 2x 2N
• 1x 5N
• 1x 10N
• 4x 20N
LxWxH: 400x300x650mm
Weight: approx. 21kg
LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
094 095
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.44 SE 110.44
Deformation of trusses Deformation of trusses
Specification
Technical data
1 support with node disk, 2 cross arm for lateral stability of truss, 3 load application device Truss with 19 PVC bars
with force gauge, 4 node disk, 5 dial gauge, 6 frame SE 112 • height of truss: max. 450mm
• length of truss: max. 900mm
• bar lengths: 2x 150mm, 5x 259mm, 7x 300mm,
1x 397mm, 3x 424mm, 1x 520mm
• angle between bars: 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°
• maximum bar force: 200N
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
096 097
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 262 TM 262
Hertzian pressure Hertzian pressure
• resulting shape of the contact area un- [1] demonstration of Hertzian pressure
der point contact with different radii of [2] silicone rubber pressure pad
curvature [3] transparent plastic plate with grid lines makes it
• shape of the contact area as a func- easier to measure the contact area
tion of the contact force [4] spring scale to measure force
• influence of an additional transverse [5] movable device for the spring balance to generate
component of the contact force a continuously adjustable contact force
[6] optimum illumination of the contact area by side-
mounted halogen lamp
Technical data
Spring balance
• 0…25N
1 double convex plexiglas disk, 2 halogen lamp, 3 sliding weight to compensate the mass of • graduation: 0,5N
the load mechanism, 4 load mechanism, 5 rubber pressure pad with convex surface,
6 spring balance, 7 movable device for the spring balance
Pressure pad
• 60 Shore
Halogen lamp
• voltage: 12V
• power: 20W
Scope of delivery
1 experimental unit
1 spring balance
Contact area between two bodies with curved surfaces; 1 halogen lamp
grey: contact area in the shape of an ellipse, orange compressive force (pressure) 1 set of instructional material
Description
• demonstration of the contact Heinrich Hertz, a physicist, developed a Using a spring balance, the force is
area under Hertzian pressure theory to calculate the largest pressure, measured at the lever and the contact
• generation of circular or elliptical also known as Hertzian pressure. The force is determined. A halogen lamp at
contact areas size and shape of the contact areas and one side perfectly illuminates the con-
• especially clear results due to the extent and distribution of the mech- tact area. Grid lines on the plastic plate
pairing transparent plastic with anical stresses under the contact areas make it easier to measure the contact
silicone rubber can also be calculated. area.
When two bodies with a convex surface The TM 262 experimental unit demon-
are pressed against each other, ideally, strates the shape of the occurring con-
these bodies only come into contact lin- tact area under Hertzian pressure as an
early or at one or more points. In the example. A rubber pressure pad is
real world, as the two bodies approach pressed against a transparent plastic
each other, an elliptical contact area oc- plate via a lever. The plate and pressure
curs at the contact point due to deform- pad are curved. Both circular and ellipt-
ation. In this case, the compressive ical contact areas can be generated.
stresses (compression) are proportion-
ally distributed to the deformations.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
098 099
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Elastic deformations
gunt
Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Accessories
gunt
gunt
TM 400 SE 112
Hooke’s law Mounting frame
• elastic behaviour of tension For this purpose, a spring is suspended Weights • mounting frame for setup of ex- SE 112 comprises four steel sections
springs under load from a stand and loaded. The elongation • 1x 1N (hanger) periments in statics, strength of which are bolted together to form a
is read-off directly from a scale. As a lin- • 10x 0,5N materials and dynamics frame. Two feet on the sides provide sta-
Hooke’s law describes the elastic beha- ear relationship is shown between the bility. The frame is quick and easy to as-
viour of components where deformation active force and the elongation of the LxWxH: 250x250x900mm The mounting frame SE 112 provides a semble, with just a few actions needed.
is proportional to the load acting upon spring, Hooke’s law can be applied. Weight: approx. 5kg clearly laid-out, user-friendly means of
them. This behaviour is typical for LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage setting up experiments in the fields of
metals under light loads. system) statics, strength of materials and dy-
Weight: approx. 12kg (storage system) namics.
TM 400 demonstrates the application
of Hooke’s law and shows the deforma- Scope of delivery
tion of tension springs under load.
1 stand
2 helical springs
1 set of weights
1 storage system with foam inlay
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
100 101
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Buckling and stability
gunt
Basic knowledge
Stability problem buckling
If slim and long components such as bars, beams and columns reaches the buckling force FK of the bar, the bar suddenly starts
are subject to compressive stress owing to a force along the to buckle. The components, thus, lose their ability to function.
Euler’s buckling cases
bar axis, these can end up in indifferent or unstable equilibrium Buckling is usually a very sudden and abrupt process which
The mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler defined four typical buckling cases to calculate the buckling force. For each of these
positions. If the force F is less than the critical force FK, also causes large deformations.
cases, there is a buckling length coefficient β that is used to determine the buckling length LK.
known as buckling force, the component is in a stable equilib-
rium position and there is a strength problem. If the force F
LK = 0,5L
LK = 0,7L
LK = 2L
LK = L
F F
Bars under pressure are a typical stability problem. Here, we conditions, bending stiffness and geometry of the shape of the
investigate when a straight bar collapses. The critical buckling bar cross-section. Euler’s four buckling cases are taken as the Determining the buckling force FK Determining the buckling stress σK
force FK describes the smallest possible compressive force basis for the study of the bending stability of bars with constant
under which the bar buckles. The critical buckling stress σK To determine the buckling stress we use the degree of slenderness λ as
bending stiffness.
is the stress that occurs at the critical buckling force FK. The a material parameter and the moment of area radius i.
π2 · E · I
buckling force for pressure-loaded bars depends on the support FK =
LK2 β·L
λ=
i π2 · E
σK =
FK critical buckling force, LK bar length, E elastic modulus, λ2
I axial second moment of the cross-section area I
i=
A
102 103
2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Buckling and stability
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.19 SE 110.19
Investigation of simple stability problems Investigation of simple stability problems
Specification
11
1 10 [1] investigation of the buckling load under different
2 9 conditions (elastic joint, elastic fixed end)
[2] two-part buckling bar with central joint
3 [3] loading continuously variable with lever and weights
4 [4] determination of loading via scale on load applica-
8 tion lever
5 [5] various degrees of clamping via leaf spring with
variable length on bottom support
[6] thrust pad guided friction-free inside spherical shell
6 [7] low-friction joints with roller bearings
[8] device to generate shear forces
7 [9] storage system to house the components
[10] experimental setup in frame SE 112
1 articulated support, 2 support with pressure pad and stop screw, 3 buckling bar, 4 artic- Technical data
ulated spring, 5 deflection roller, 6 weight, 7 articulated support, 8 leaf spring,
9 weight, 10 load application lever with scale, 11 frame SE 112
Two-part buckling bar with central joint
• WxH: 20x20mm
• length: 2x250mm
• support: pinned-pinned (articulated-articulated)
Elastic joint
• 2 tension springs, rigidity: 2N/mm
The illustration shows SE 110.19 in the frame SE 112.
• lever arm: 50mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments Elastic clamp fixing with steel leaf spring
• length: 500mm
• representation of simple stability The continuously variable loading is de- • determination of the buckling force for • cross-section: 10x2mm
problems on a buckling bar termined precisely with the aid of a the case of an: • second moment of area: 6,66mm4
• determination of the buckling scale on the load application lever. · elastic joint • modulus of elasticity: 205000N/mm2
load under different conditions · elastic fixed end support
• continuously variable load applica- Experiments can depict a variety of con- • investigation of the buckling behaviour Compressive force range: 25…120N
tion on the buckling bar ditions, such as an elastic joint or an under the influence of: Shear force: 0…20N
elastic clamp fixing. Two tension springs · of additional shear forces 1) experimental setup for elastic support Load application lever, lever ratio: 1:2…1:5
Buckling is a stability problem which oc- serve as the elastic joint. For the elastic · of pre-deformation 2) experimental setup for elastic joint;
Fk buckling force, F1 articulation force, FAy support reaction, Mφ internal bending moment, Weights
curs in practice when slim components clamp fixing option, a steel leaf spring is Lφ deflection, cφ torsional rigidity,
are subjected to compressive loading. mounted in the bottom joint. The vari- φ deflection angle • 2x 1N (hanger)
Following a “disturbance” to its equilibri- able length of the leaf spring means vari- • 8x 1N
um, such as caused by compressive ous degrees of clamping are possible. • 6x 5N
loading, a stable system returns to equi- The two cases can be combined.
librium when the loading is removed. If LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
the compressive load increases excess- Another experiment demonstrates the 1) Weight: approx. 28kg (total)
ively, instability of the system results. influence of additional shear forces. It in-
The component buckles and fails. The volves applying a shear force to the joint Scope of delivery
critical compressive load at which the in the buckling bar with a cable and a
system becomes unstable is termed the weight. 1 buckling bar, two-part
buckling force. 1 set of weights
In all experiments the buckling bar is 4 supports
A simple model for representing stability placed under load until it reaches an un- 1 deflection roller
problems is a two-part bar with an elast- stable situation. The length of the lever 1 load application lever
ic joint which remains stable up to a cer- arm at which the buckling bar buckles is 1 leaf spring
tain load level. If the buckling force is ex- read from the scale and the buckling 2 tension springs
ceeded, the bar suddenly buckles and so force is then determined. 1 cord
becomes unstable. 1 hexagon socket wrench
All the component elements of the ex- 1) experimental setup for elastic joint with transverse loading 1 storage system with foam inlay
SE 110.19 is used to investigate simple periment are clearly laid-out and housed 2) free-body diagram; FQ shear force, FB and FA support reactions, Mφ internal bending mo- 1 set of instructional material
ment, Lφ deflection, φ deflection angle, Fk buckling force, F1 articulation force, F2 cable force
stability problems on a buckling bar un- securely in a storage system. The com-
der different conditions. The buckling plete experimental setup is arranged in
bar is in two parts, with a central articu- the frame SE 112.
lated joint. A compressive load is applied
to the bar by a lever and weights.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
104 105
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Buckling and stability
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gunt
SE 110.57 SE 110.57
Buckling of bars Buckling of bars
Specification
Technical data
Test bars
• 3x steel, LxWxH: 600x20x4mm
1 load mechanism, 2 dial gauges for lateral deflection of the sample bar, 3 test bar, • 2x aluminium, LxWxH: 600x25x6mm
4 weight, 5 cable, 6 SE 112 mounting frame • 1x aluminium, LxØ: 600x10mm
• 1x aluminium, LxWxH: 600x15x2mm
Weights
• 1x 2,5N (hanger)
• 3x 5N
Measuring ranges
The illustration shows SE 110.57 in the SE 112 mounting frame. • force: ±5kN
• travel: 0…10mm, graduation: 0,01mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments
LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
• demonstration of buckling in bars This experiment also demonstrates that • investigation of buckling behaviour un- Weight: approx. 30kg (total)
• test bars made of different ma- other factors affect the buckling beha- der the influence of
terials and for different support viour, such as the material and the · different supports, clamps Scope of delivery
types cross-sections. Another experiment · different cross-sections
• experiments with eccentric ap- shows the influence of additional shear · different materials 1 load mechanism
plication of force and shear forces. In this experiment, a shear force · additional shear forces 1 set of test bars
Various equilibrium positions: a stable, b indifferent, c unstable;
forces is applied to the joint in the buckling bar • testing Euler’s theory: buckling on position 1 deflection of the bar due to load, position 2 bar after load is removed 1 support
through a cable and a weight. elastic bars 2 dial gauges
Long and slim components such as • measure force and displacement 1 cable
bars, beams and columns are often sub- The parts of the experiment are clearly • calculate the expected buckling force 1 pulley
jected to compressive forces along their laid out and securely housed in a stor- with Euler’s buckling formula 1 set of weights
long axis owing to their function. Under age system. The entire experimental • graphical analysis of the deflection and 1 storage system with foam inlay
the influence of critical compressive setup is constructed in the SE 112 the force 1 set of instructional material
forces, such components can lose stabil- mounting frame.
ity and deform laterally. The technical
term for this loss of stability, which oc-
curs suddenly or continuously, is buck-
ling. In this case, it is not the material
that fails but the component shape. The
stresses in the bar are often still in the
elastic region.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
106 107
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Buckling and stability
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 121 WP 121
Demonstration of Euler buckling Demonstration of Euler buckling
Specification
Technical data
Test bars
• quantity: 4
• bar length: 180mm
• bar cross-section: 0,5x12mm
1 weight, 2 pinned support, 3 bar, 4 backing wall with grid pattern, 5 fixed support, 6 mount • material: steel 1.4310 cold-worked
for weight • buckling loads: approx. 2…32N
Weights
• 10x 5N
• 5x 1N
LxWxH: 380x110x270mm
Weight: approx. 10kg
LxWxH: 720x480x178mm (storage system)
Weight: approx. 10kg (storage system)
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Scope of delivery
• demonstration of all buckling The test bars are made of stainless • demonstration of various buckling
cases of Euler buckling spring steel, and remain within the elast- problems 1 experimental unit
• buckling length clearly visible with ic range during the experiment. · Euler case 1 – fixed-free bar 1 set of specimens
various methods of support · Euler case 2 – pinned-pinned bar 1 set of weights
• test bars made of spring steel The test bars are either fixed or pinned · Euler case 3 – fixed-pinned bar 1 storage system with foam inlay
• set of finely graduated weights (free to rotate), depending on the · Euler case 4 – fixed-fixed bar 1 set of instructional material
Buckling length dependent on end conditions of bars:
chosen support method. This enables all • familiarisation with the correlation 1) Euler case 1: fixed-free bar
In stability theory, the four cases of Euler buckling cases according to Euler to be between buckling length, buckling load 2) Euler case 2: pinned-pinned bar
3) Euler case 3: fixed-pinned bar (pinned at the top)
buckling represent the elastic flexural set up with the various support condi- and various methods of support 4) Euler case 4: fixed-fixed bar;
buckling of straight bars. Above a specif- tions. Mounts are provided in the top F applied buckling load, s buckling length
ic load – the buckling load – a loss of supports to hold the weights.
stability occurs and the bar increasingly Load is gradually applied to the test bars
changes shape. The axis of the bar is de- in small increments. This enables the
flected laterally. Euler describes four sudden loss of stability – the buckling –
cases for the buckling of an elastic bar to be clearly shown.
with central application of compressive
force and various methods of support. The various elements of the experiment
are clearly laid-out and housed securely
WP 121 demonstrates the four cases in a storage system.
of Euler buckling. Depending on the end
conditions, different weights are re-
quired until the buckling load is reached
and the axes of the bars are laterally de-
flected. The buckling length is clearly vis-
ible against the white backing wall with
the grid patterning.
storage system
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
108 109
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Buckling and stability
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 120 WP 120
Buckling behaviour of bars Buckling behaviour of bars
• investigation of buckling behaviour un- [1] investigation of all relevant buckling cases
der the influence of [2] verification of Euler’s theory of buckling
· different supports and clamps [3] experiments in the horizontal or vertical position
· different bar lengths and cross-sec- [4] test bars with different lengths made of different
tions materials
· different materials [5] test bars pinned or fixed
· additional lateral load [6] spindle for applying forces
• testing Euler’s theory: buckling on [7] lateral load mechanism generates shear forces
elastic bars [8] force measurement using a hydraulic dynamomet-
• calculating the expected buckling force er
with Euler’s formula [9] measurement of lateral deflection with a dial gauge
• graphical analysis of the deflection and [10] further experiments with WP 120.01 expansion
the force set
• determine elastic modulus for an un- [11] storage system for parts
known material (GFRP) 1 spindle, 2 height-adjustable load member, 3 dial gauge for lateral deflection of the test
• measure force and deflection bar, 4 dynamometer, 5 mechanism for generating a lateral load, 6 test bar
Technical data
• with the WP 120.01 expansion set in-
vestigation of buckling behaviour under Test bars
the influence of • quantity: 11
· different cross-section shapes • bar lengths: 350…700mm (max.)
· eccentric application of force • materials: aluminium, copper, brass, steel, GFRP
• cross-sections: 10x4mm, 25x6mm, 25x10mm
Load spindle
• force: max. 2000N
• stroke: max. 10mm
Lateral deflection: max. 20mm
Sample holder hole diameter: Ø 20mm
Measuring ranges
a) experiment on how bar length affects the buckling behaviour: F applied force, L bar
length; 1 top movable support, 2 top clamp, 3 bottom movable support, 4 bottom clamp • force: 0…2500N, graduation: 50N
• deflection: 0…20mm, graduation: 0,01mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Buckling and stability
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Accessories for WP 120 GUNT storage systems keep your lab tidy!
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Compound stress
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FL 160 FL 160
Unsymmetrical bending Unsymmetrical bending
Specification
Technical data
1 dial gauge, 2 device to adjust the eccentricity of the load application point and flange to Aluminium beam
mount the load, 3 weight, 4 clamping pillar, 5 clamping flange of beam with angle scale, • deformed length: 500mm
6 beam
Dial gauges
• 0…10mm, graduation: 0,01mm
Angle scale
• 0…360°, graduation: 1°
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Compound stress
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WP 130 WP 130
Verification of stress hypotheses Verification of stress hypotheses
• generation of multi-axial loads on test [1] experiments verifying comparative stress hypo-
samples made of ductile metals: theses from the science of the strength of materi-
· steel, copper, brass, aluminium als
• generation of various load moments [2] 7 different load combinations of bending and tor-
· pure bending moment sion
· pure twisting moment [3] loading of the test specimen without shear force by
· combined bending moment and compensation for the influence of dead-load
twisting moment [4] test specimens made of steel, copper, brass, alu-
• determination of the yield point minium
• verification of the Rankine yield cri- [5] generation of load moments by means of weight
terion and lever arm
• verification of the Tresca yield criterion [6] measurement of the deformation at the point of
• representation in Mohr’s circle of maximum deflection
stresses and strains [7] storage system to house the components
1 dial gauge, 2 balance weight, 3 weight, 4 loading plate, 5 test specimen in clamps, 6 de-
flection roller and cable to compensate for the dead-load of the plate
Technical data
Specimens
• length: 49mm
• clamping length: 11,5mm
• specimen diameter in measuring cross-section: Ø
4mm
Clamped specimen: 0° = pure bending, 90° = pure torsion, all angle settings between =
Deformation
combined loading • measuring range: 0…10mm
• graduation: 0,01mm
Description LxWxH: 390x330x360mm
Weight: approx. 17kg
• verification of the Rankine yield The experimental unit WP 130 is used The loading plate has a graduation grid LxWxH: 720x480x178mm (storage system)
criterion and the Tresca yield cri- to verify these comparative stress hypo- enabling weights to be attached at 15° Weight: approx. 10kg (storage system)
terion theses on test specimens made of vari- increments. This permits purely bending
• multi-axial loads of test speci- ous metals. For the purpose, a multi-axi- moment and twisting as well as com- Scope of delivery
mens made of ductile metals by al stress state is produced at a point on bined load moments to be achieved. Dia-
pure bending, pure torsion or a the specimen and the resulting deforma- metrically opposite the weight, measur- 1 experimental unit
combination of the two tion is measured. ing points are provided on the loading 1 set of specimens (4x St, 4x Cu, 4x Al, 4x brass)
• loading of the test specimen plate to measure the deformation. This 1 set of weights (loading)
without shear force by compensa- The specimen is clamped on one end to enables the deformation at the point of 1 set of weights (compensation)
tion for the influence of dead-load the fixed frame. A loading plate is maximum deflection to be measured. 1 hexagon socket wrench
clamped to the specimen on the other 1 storage system with foam inlay
Stress hypotheses are applied in the sci- end. A weight is attached on the outer The various elements of the experiment 1 set of instructional material
ence of the strength of materials when circumference of the plate. A balance are clearly laid-out and housed securely
calculating comparative stresses where weight compensates for the dead-load in a storage system. Mohr’s circles for combined loading: bending with simultaneous torsion; 1 pure torsion,
unequal stresses are combined. of the plate and the applied weight. As a pure bending, 3 bending and torsion together; σ direct stresses, τ shear stresses
result only direct and shearing stress
The following stress hypotheses, taking occur at a point on the test specimen
into account material properties, have and shear forces are avoided.
been tried and proven in practice: Rank-
ine yield criterion (direct stress hypo-
thesis), von Mises yield criterion (change
of shape hypothesis) and Tresca yield
criterion (shear stress hypothesis).
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
116 117
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
gunt
Experimental stress and strain analysis
When dimensioning components are subject to mechanical load Two methods of non-destructive experimental stress and strain
Representation of the stress distribution using photoelasticity
so that they can properly perform their function, it is necessary analysis are presented here:
to know the nature of the loads. In particular, it is important to
• the electrical method of strain measurement using strain Photoelasticity is a method with great illustrative qualities and ically or numerically performed stress considerations can be
determine the maximum occurring stresses, which ultimately
gauges to indirectly determine the actual stresses a simple experimental setup, in which two-dimensional stresses visually verified.
define the dimensions. These stresses should be determined in
in the model of a component are made visible. Polarised light
advance and then tested by experiment. Experimental stress • the photoelastic method for a direct representation of the The relevant effect is attributed to the birefringence of trans-
shines through the model – which is made of a special trans-
and strain analysis can therefore be regarded as a link between stress distribution parent materials under mechanical load and light exposure. In
parent plastic – and it is subjected to mechanical load. The load
theoretical calculation and experimental evidence. plastics, birefringence occurs in the direction of the principal
causes stresses in the model. This causes birefringence in the
stresses. These physical properties are used in photoelasticity
plastic in the direction of the principal stresses. Stresses can
to make visible stresses or the resulting strains. This is why
be made visible in the model using a polarisation filter (analyser).
plastic models are used in these experiments instead of the
Photoelasticity, therefore, provides a complete picture of the
original materials.
stress field and offers a good overview of areas of high stress
Strain measurement using strain gauges concentration and areas of low stress. Consequently, analyt-
Stresses in components can be determined via the circuitous Strain gauges comprise resistance wires that are adhered to the
route of strain measurement, as the strain of the material is surface of the workpiece. If the surface is extended, the wire is
directly related to the material stress. An important branch of lengthened and its cross-section decreases. This increases the Principle of photoelasticity
experimental stress and strain analysis is based on the principle electrical resistance. In the case of compression, the resistance
of strain measurement. The advantage of this method is that decreases. In a Wheatstone bridge, the resistors are connected
strain gauges can be used on real components in operation. as a voltage divider. The measuring circuit is particularly suited !(¡{
1 !(¡{
2 !(¡{
3 !(¡{
4 !(¡{
5 !(¡{
6 !(¡{
7
for measuring small changes in resistance and, therefore, for
determining the resistance change of a strain gauge.
F F
F F F
F F
F F
F F
F F
Dark field of an Dark field
arch in mono of an arch in
chromatic light, white light,
F F F F force F force
Uniaxial stress state Biaxial stress state Unknown direction Torsional strain Shear stress in the A polariscope can be used to study transparent models of com- The arch shown here is loaded by the force F like a vault. The high
such as tension or of principal stress neutral strand ponents, whose optical properties change under the influence density of isochromats in the inner circle of the arch – where
pressure
of internal stresses. If the model is stress-free, there is no the highest stresses occur – can be clearly seen. The individ-
birefringence and the model appears black. If a load is applied ual lines are better resolved in monochromatic light, and in the
Different structural shapes for different applications
and increased, this creates a path difference that increases in above illustration, we can clearly recognise the onion-like linear
F force proportion to the magnitude of the difference in the principal paths under the application of force.
stresses.
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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gunt
FL 101 FL 101
Strain gauge application set Strain gauge application set
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 100 FL 100
Strain gauge training system Strain gauge training system
Specification
1 fixture, 2 strain gauge measuring point, 3 measuring amplifier, 4 weight, 5 bending Technical data
bar, 6 adjustable rider
Tension bar
• measuring length: 50mm
• cross-section: 2x10mm2
• modulus of elasticity: 191000N/mm2
• Poisson’s ratio: 0,305
Bending bar
• length: 385mm
• cross-section: 5x20mm2
• modulus of elasticity: 210000N/mm2
Description Learning objectives/experiments • section modulus: 74,26mm3
Torsion bar
• basic introduction to measure- The specimens can be inserted quickly • fundamentals of measuring with strain • length: 500mm, Ø=10mm
ment with strain gauges and precisely into the frame. The strain gauges • section modulus: 196,3mm3
• test bars for tension, bending gauge measuring range is protected by • strain gauge types and application • shear modulus: 80000N/mm2
and torsion with strain gauge a Plexiglas cover, which also makes it techniques
measuring points as full bridge clearly visible for inspection purposes. • calculation of the mechanical deforma- Weights
• universal 1-channel measuring The measuring amplifier supplies the tions under tension, bending and tor- a) strain gauge arrangement on the tension bar (full bridge),
• small: 10x 0,5N, 1x 1N (hanger)
amplifier bridge supply voltage, and displays the sion b) full bridge circuit: 1 display, 2 amplifier, 3 active strain gauge • large: 1x 5N, 2x 10N, 1x 20N, 1x 5N (hanger)
load-dependent “bridge detuning” digit- • correlation between mechanical strain
Strain gauges are used extensively in ally in voltage values. The digital display and electrical resistance in a strain Strain gauge measuring point: full bridge, 350Ω
sensor systems to detect forces, mo- also features a zero balancing function gauge
ments and deformations. to allow for any preloading. • with FL 100.01, FL 100.02, Amplifier
FL 100.03: determination of the modu- • measuring range: ±24mV
The FL 100 experimental unit provides a The various elements of the experiment lus of elasticity for various materials • resolution: 1µV
wide-ranging introduction to the funda- are clearly laid-out and housed securely from the measuring data of a tensile • zero balancing adjustment range: ±1mV
mentals of measurement by strain in a storage system. test • supply voltage: 10VDC
gauges. Three test specimens for ten-
sion, bending and torsion are each fitted Three additional tension bars are avail- Frame opening WxH: 480x450mm
with four strain gauge measuring points. able as accessories, in brass
The strain gauges are wired in the full (FL 100.01), copper (FL 100.02) and 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
bridge. The specimens are loaded incre- aluminium (FL 100.03), enabling the 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
mentally allowing for the strain reading modulus of elasticity to be ascertained UL/CSA optional
to be sequentially monitored. in experiments. LxWxH: 560x410x610mm (frame)
LxWxH: 600x400x320mm (storage system)
Weight: approx. 20kg
Layout of a strain gauge measuring point: 1 cover sheet, 2 adhesive, 3 component, 4 sub-
strat, 5 gauge measuring grid Scope of delivery
1 frame
3 strain gauge test specimens
2 sets of weights
2 hexagon socket wrenches
1 measuring amplifier with strain gauge connecting
cable
1 storage system with foam inlay
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 102 FL 102
Determining the gauge factor of strain gauges Determining the gauge factor of strain gauges
Specification
Technical data
1 base frame, 2 handwheel, 3 connection to measuring amplifier, 4 bending bar, 5 strain
gauge measuring point, 6 spindle, 7 dial gauge, 8 fixture for dial gauge, 9 cross-arm Bending bar made of steel: 660x25x12mm
Amplifier
• measuring range: ±2mV/V
• resolution: 1µV/V
Description Learning objectives/experiments • zero balancing adjustment range: ±1mV
• supply voltage: 10VDC
• measurement of deflection and In the experiment, a bar is mounted on • fundamentals of measurement using
strain ball bearings at two points, thereby per- strain gauges Dial gauge
• determination of the gauge factor mitting purely bending stress to be ap- • measurement of deflection using a dial • 0…20mm
of strain gauges plied. The bar is placed under load by gauge • graduation: 0,01mm
means of a spindle and the resulting de- • determination of the gauge factor of
As universal aids to experimental stress flection is recorded by a dial gauge. As a strain gauges 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
Force and bending moment characteristic on the bending bar:
and strain analysis, strain gauges enable result, the deformation can be read-off black: applied force, red: support reactions 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase, 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
mechanical strain to be converted into directly. At the same time the strain on UL/CSA optional
electrical signals. The signal obtained is the surface of the bar is recorded by LxWxH: 660x200x430mm
processed by a strain measuring amplifi- two strain gauges on the compression Weight: approx. 20kg
er to give a display of the resulting side and two on the tension side. The
strain. strain gauges are wired in the full Scope of delivery
bridge. The measuring amplifier supplies
It is expected that the quantity meas- the bridge supply voltage, and displays 1 experimental unit
ured by a measuring device and the the load-dependent “bridge detuning” di- 1 measuring amplifier
readout subsequently indicated are gitally in voltage values. The digital dis- 1 set of accessories
identical. Consequently, the planning and play also features a zero balancing func- 1 set of instructional material
evaluation of measurements makes al- tion to allow for any preloading.
lowance for the sensitivity to elongation
(gauge factor) of strain gauges. A key The unknown gauge factor, as a key
character value of strain gauges – the characteristic, can then be calculated
gauge factor – indicates the correlation from the deflection ascertained by the
between the strain and the change in strain gauge measurements.
resistance.
1 strain gauge on top of bar (compression side), 2 strain gauge on underside of bar (ten-
Practical fundamentals, such as gauge
sion side), 3 bending bar, 4 dial gauge; Mb bending moment, F applied force
The FL 102 experimental unit is used to application and configuration to form a
measure deformation by means of a dial measuring bridge, can be easily integ-
gauge and at the same time to measure rated into the overall teaching concept.
strain by means of four strain gauges in
full bridge configuration. The gauge
factor of the strain gauges is then calcu-
lated arithmetically from the measure-
ments.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
gunt
FL 152
PC-based recording and analysis of strain gauge signals
SE 110.21 FL 120
Forces in various single plane trusses Stress and strain analysis on a membrane
• touchscreen
SE 110.22 FL 130 operation
Forces in an overdeterminate truss Stress and strain analysis on a thin-walled cylinder • the measured
values are
displayed on the
unit or on a PC USB
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 152 FL 152
Multi-channel measuring amplifier Multi-channel measuring amplifier
Specification
Technical data
x Amplifier
• number of input channels: 16
• integrated touchscreen
· 4,3”
· 480*272 Pixel
Description Learning objectives/experiments · 16-bit color
• 16 input channels for processing FL 152 is a multi-channel measuring • amplification and display of signals Strain gauge connection in half or full bridge configura-
of analogue strain gauge measur- amplifier which supplies the strain from strain gauge measuring points tion
ing signals, easy connection by gauge bridge circuits with power and • processing of measured values on • resistance: min. 350 Ohm/strain gauge
multi-pin input port processes the received measuring sig- computer • strain gauge supply voltage: ±5VDC
• integrated software for evalu- nals. The measuring amplifier includes • evaluation of stress and strain analysis
ation of stress and strain analys- 16 input channels. The strain gauge experiments, in conjunction with: Application software for stress and strain analysis based on the example of the FL 120
Input voltage: max. ±32mV
is experiments (FL 120, FL 130, measuring points are connected to as- FL 120, FL 130, FL 140 (stress and strain analysis on a membrane)
FL 140) and experiments relating sociated balance potentiometers by a • evaluation of experiments relating to 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
to forces in trusses (SE 130, 68-pin multiport. forces in trusses, in conjunction with: 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
SE 110.21, SE 110.22) SE 130, SE 110.21, SE 110.22 UL/CSA optional
The multi-channel measuring amplifier is LxWxH: 230x200x120mm
Stresses and strains occurring in com- operated via touchscreen or via PC us- Weight: approx. 2kg
ponents are determined in experimental ing the supplied software. The measured
stress and strain analysis by measuring values can be read on the touchscreen Required for operation
strain. In industry, strain is often recor- and in the software and can be saved
ded by strain gauges. Since strain and processed on a computer (using an PC with Windows recommended
gauges deliver only small analogue application such as MS Excel).
measuring signals, the signals must be Scope of delivery
amplified in measuring amplifiers. Then
they are converted into digital pulses 1 multi-channel measuring amplifier
and displayed as measured strain. 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
These strains may also be evaluated and 1 manual
processed on computer.
Example application: FL 152 in conjunction with FL 140 (stress and strain analysis on a
thick-walled cylinder)
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 120 FL 120
Stress and strain analysis on a membrane Stress and strain analysis on a membrane
Specification
Aluminium disk
• outer diameter: Ø 230mm
• diameter used in the experiment: Ø 200mm
x • thickness: 3mm
• deflection and strain of a mem- Strains on the surface of the membrane • measure radial and tangential strain Dial gauge
brane under compressive load are recorded by strain gauges. The lay- using strain gauges • 0…20mm
• membrane with strain gauge ap- out of the strain gauges at optimally se- • measure deflection using a dial gauge • graduation: 0,01mm
plication lected points provides a comprehensive • calculate the stresses from the meas-
• determine radial and tangential view of the stresses and strains over ured strains: radial stress, tangential Manometer
stress profiles from measured the entire disk. The maximum stresses stress Strain gauge layout on the disk: 1 strain gauge measuring points, 2 disk, 3 wiring;
• 0…1bar
strains and strains are calculated by applying • determine direction of principal stress red: strains in the radial direction, blue: strains in the tangential direction, green: shear • accuracy: class 1,0
the law of elasticity. • application of Mohr’s strain circle to
In experimental stress and strain analys- determine the principal strains gunt FL 120 STRESS AND STRAIN ANALYSIS ON A MEMBRANE System pressure
is, strain gauges are used to determine The strain gauge measurements are re- • fundamental principle: using strain • max. 0,6bar
stresses and strains in components and corded and displayed by means of the gauge technology to measure strains
structures. The maximum stresses and FL 152 measuring amplifier. The meas- LxWxH: 700x350x350mm
strains are key variables in terms of its ured values can be imported into the ap- Weight: approx. 25kg
structure, and ultimately dictate the di- plication software for visualisation to
mensions of a component. Strain evaluate the experiment. Scope of delivery
gauges provide the means required to
evaluate mechanical stress and strains. At the same time, the deflection of the 1 experimental unit
membrane is measured by a dial gauge. 1 set of instructional material
The FL 120 experimental unit can be The dial gauge can be moved along a
used to measure the deflection and cross-member, enabling measurements
strain of a disk under different com- to be taken at any radius.
pressive loads. For this purpose, a thin
disk, also called a membrane or dia-
phragm, is clamped into place and sub-
jected to pressure. A cylinder with a Application software in FL 152 for stress analysis: representation of the stress curve
hand-operated piston generates pres-
sure in a maintenance-free hydraulic sys-
tem. This pressure is indicated on a
manometer.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 130 FL 130
Stress and strain analysis on a thin-walled cylinder Stress and strain analysis on a thin-walled cylinder
Specification
Technical data
1 hand wheel for adjusting the piston, 2 vessel, 3 strain gauge measuring point, Aluminium vessel
4 manometer, 5 hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic pump, 6 port for FL 152 measuring ampli- • length: 400mm
fier
• diameter: Ø=75mm
• wall thickness: 2,8mm
• internal pressure: max. 3,5N/mm2 (35bar)
• strain on a vessel under internal Internal pressure is generated inside the • measure strains with strain gauges Manometer
pressure vessel by a hydraulic pump. A manomet- • application of Mohr’s stress circle to • 0…40bar
• cylinder with strain gauge applic- er indicates the internal pressure. Strain determine the principal strain • accuracy: class 1,0
ation as vessel gauges are attached to the surface of • determine the principal stresses: axial
• uniaxial or biaxial stress state the vessel to record the strains. The and circumferential stresses by mag- LxWxH: 700x350x350mm
shown in the experiment FL 152 measuring amplifier displays the nitude and direction Weight: approx. 21kg
measured values. The measured values · in an open vessel (pipe) a) Strain gauge layout on the vessel: 1 vessel, 2 strain gauge measuring points,
Pipes, pressure vessels, steam boilers can be imported into the application · in a closed vessel (boiler) 3 wiring; σa stress in the direction of the vessel axis, σt stress in the circumferential direc- Scope of delivery
tion, pi internal pressure;
etc. are considered as thin-walled ves- software for visualisation to assist in the • comparison of open/closed vessels b) plane stress state in the wall: a axial direction, t circumferential direction, r radial direc-
sels during design. The principal evaluation of the experiment. • determine Poisson’s ratio tion
1 experimental unit
stresses are key variables in calculating • investigation of relations between 1 set of instructional material
and designing these vessels. The Mohr’s stress circle is used to graphic- strains, pressure and stresses in a gunt FL 130 STRESS AND STRAIN ANALYSIS ON A THIN-WALLED CYLINDER
stresses and strains occurring in a ves- ally represent the conversion of the plane biaxial stress state
sel are not directly measured but are strain and to determine the principal
determined by measuring the strains on strains. The principal stresses are calcu-
the surface using strain gauges. lated from the principal strains by apply-
ing the law of elasticity.
The FL 130 experimental unit is used to
investigate stresses and strains in a thin-
walled vessel subjected to internal pres-
sure. The oil-filled vessel is closed with a
lid at one end and with a movable piston
at the other end. A hand wheel with a
threaded spindle is used to move the
piston. Two load cases are presented:
biaxial stress state of a closed vessel
such as a boiler tank and uniaxial stress
state of an open vessel such as a pipe. Software screenshot FL 152: Mohr’s stress circle
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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gunt
FL 140 FL 140
Stress and strain analysis on a thick-walled cylinder Stress and strain analysis on a thick-walled cylinder
Specification
Technical data
1 cylinder, 2 strain gauge measuring point, 3 pressure gauge, 4 hydraulic pump, 5 connec- Aluminium cylinder
tion for measuring amplifier FL 152 • length: 300mm
• diameter: Ø=140mm
• wall thickness: 50mm
• internal pressure: max. 7N/mm2 (70bar)
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 200 FL 200
Photoelastic experiments with a transmission polariscope Photoelastic experiments with a transmission polariscope
• together with the accessories or your [1] produce the mechanical stress curves through pho-
own models: toelastic experiments
· generate plane stress states in vari- [2] 2 linear polarising filters (polariser and analyser)
ous models under load: bending, [3] 2 quarter-wave filters for generating circular polar-
tensile load and compressive load ised light
· investigate stress distributions with [4] all filters have 360° angle scale and indicate the
linear or circular polarised light main optical axis
· interpret photoelastic fringe pat- [5] filters mounted on roller bearings and can be
terns: stress concentrations, zero pivoted
points, neutral strands, areas of con- [6] white light produced by a fluorescent tube and two
stant stress and stress gradients incandescent bulbs
· graphically and computationally de- [7] monochromatic light (yellow) generated by sodium
termine the stresses vapour lamp
[8] frame cross-members can be vertically adjusted
1 light source, 2 polarising filter as polariser, 3 quarter-wave filter, 4 frame for clamping [9] pressure or tensile forces generated by a threaded
and loading the models, 5 polarising filter as analyser, 6 quarter-wave filter, 7 model under spindle
load (FL 200.03)
[10] finished polycarbonate (PC) models available as ac-
cessories for the demonstration
Technical data
Light source
• lamp box with white diffuser
• for white light
· 1 fluorescent tube TL-E 32W/33 (colour: 33)
· 2 incandescent bulbs, candle lamp, frosted E14,
230V, 25W
• for monochromatic light (yellow)
· 1 sodium vapour lamp SOX 35, 35W
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
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FL 210 FL 210
Photoelastic demonstration Photoelastic demonstration
• generate plane stress states in various [1] photoelastic experiments with an overhead polari-
models under load scope
· compressive load [2] polariser and analyser each comprise a polarising
· tensile load filter and a quarter-wave filter
• investigate stress distributions with lin- [3] filter enclosed, with stress-free glazing
ear and circular polarised light [4] all filters arbitrarily rotatable in the horizontal plane
• interpret photoelastic fringe patterns [5] linear or circular polarised light possible
· stress distribution [6] green filter for monochromatic light
· stress concentration [7] load application device with force gauge for pres-
sure and tensile load
[8] eight different polycarbonate models are delivered
[9] storage system for parts
Technical data
1 green filter, 2 analyser, 3 polariser, 4 overhead projector (FL 210.01), 5 frame, 6 load
application device with force gauge, 7 plastic model Filter bracket with polariser and analyser
• diameter of filters: Ø 165mm
8 models, PC
• unnotched bar
• bar with hole
• bar notched on one side
• bar notched on both sides
• rectangle without recesses
• rectangle with recesses
• fork
• crane hook
a) model under bending load, stress profile
The illustration shows the FL 210 device with a normal overhead projector, which is not part of the scope of de- b) model under tensile load, stress profile LxWxH: 500x190x30mm (frame)
livery. LxWxH: 280x280x90mm (filter bracket)
Weight: approx. 8kg
Description LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm (storage system)
• demonstration unit as an attach- Various transparent plastic models are Additional models are also available to Scope of delivery
ment for an overhead projector mounted inside a frame. A load applica- represent stress profiles in roller bear-
• generate stress patterns with lin- tion device is used to apply pressure or ings, tooth flanks, screw connections 1 frame with load application device
ear or circular polarised light in tensile loads to the model under invest- and wrenches. 1 filter bracket with polariser and analyser
typical polycarbonate compon- igation through a spindle. 1 green filter
ents All parts of the experiment are clearly 8 photoelastic models
• detect stress concentrations An arrangement of polarising filters and laid out and securely housed in a stor- 1 storage system with foam inlay
quarter-wave filters generates either lin- age system. 1 set of instructional material
Photoelasticity can be used to demon- ear or circular polarised light. A green fil-
strate stress profiles and stress con- ter to generate monochromatic light is
centrations in component models. also part of the scope of delivery. The
light source is an overhead projector
The distribution of stress in plane, trans- (e.g. FL 210.01).
parent bodies (plastic models) is invest- Schematic representation of the photoelastic demonstration:
igated using polarised light. Polarising fil- The use of monochromatic light pro- 1 light source, 2 polariser, 3 linear polarised light, 4 model under load, 5 light decomposed
ters represent the stress profiles in col- duces a system of dark and light stripes, into two components in the directions of the principal stresses, 6 analyser, 7 horizontal
components of the light
our. The notching and point loading and which reflect the distribution and mag-
the criteria dictating component design nitude of mechanical stresses. The mod-
are clearly visualised. els which belong to the scope of delivery
represent typical components, permit-
The FL 210 unit can be used with over- ting experimentation in relation to notch-
head projectors. ing and point loading. The stress profiles
shown on the model are identical to
those in real-world components.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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2 Engineering mechanics – strength of materials
Experimental stress and strain analysis
gunt
FL 200 and FL 210
Representation of stress distribution in component models
Models for photoelastic experiments with a transmission polariscope (FL 200) Models for photoelastic demonstrations and experiments under load (FL 200 and FL 210)
FL 200.05
FL 200.01 Set of three photoelastic
Set of five photoelastic models, comparison of
models notches
FL 200.06
FL 200.02 Model – stresses on
Model – arch, PC weld seams, PC
FL 200.03 FL 200.07
Model – crane hook, PC Model – wrench, PC
Models for photoelastic demonstrations with an overhead projector (FL 210) Tensile load with stress concentration on
cross-sectional contraction
Additional models as accessories Bending load with central force and cross-sectional contraction
140 141
Engineering mechanics and engineering design
gunt
3 Engineering mechanics –
dynamics
KI 120 TM 161
Kinematic model: crank slider 147 Rod and gravity pendulum 172
KI 130 TM 162
Kinematic model: four-joint link 148 Bifilar/trifilar suspension of pendulums 173
KI 140 TM 163
Kinematic model: Whitworth quick return mechanism 149 Torsional vibrations 174
KI 150 TM 164
Kinematic model: Hooke’s coupling 150 Coil spring vibrations 175
KI 160 Overview
Kinematic model: Ackermann steering mechanism 151 TM 150 Vibration trainer 176
GL 105 TM 150
Kinematic model: gear drive 152 Vibration trainer 178
TM 150.20
System for data acquisition 180
TM 610
Rotational inertia 154
TM 611
Rolling disk on inclined plane 155
TM 612
Kinetic model: flywheel 156
GL 210
Dynamic behaviour of multistage spur gears 158
GL 212
Dynamic behaviour of multistage planetary gears 160
TM 630
Gyroscope 164
TM 605
Coriolis force 166
TM 632
Centrifugal governor 168
142 143
3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Introduction
gunt
Basic knowledge
Kinematics and kinetics
Dynamics Kinetics
While statics deals with bodies in equilibrium, i.e. which are at rest or moving with Kinetics studies movements under the influence of forces; therefore, the cause of the motion is taken into consideration. To describe
constant velocity, dynamics deals with the accelerated motion of a body caused the spatial and temporal evolution of a mechanical system acted on by external forces, we use equations of motion. These generally
by forces. As such, time plays a key role in dynamics. In dynamics, both the forces comprise a system of second-order differential equations.
acting on a body and the resulting motions of the body are considered. Knowledge
of dynamics is needed in all areas of mechanical engineering. Kinetics are primarily based on Newton’s laws of motion
1st law: principle or law of inertia 3rd law: principle of reaction or interaction
Without external force, a body remains at rest or in rec- Reaction forces between two mass points are equal in magni-
tilinear uniform motion. Inertia: the body only changes tude, opposite in direction and collinear.
its state of motion under the action of an external force.
actio = reactio
2nd law: principle of action
The acting force and the acceleration achieved are proportional
to each other. The ratio of the acting force to the acceleration
Dynamics comprises kinetics and kinematics. In practice, the difference achieved is constant for every body and equals its mass.
between kinematics and kinetics is the way of looking at the same machine or
component. Kinematic questions only consider the geometry of the motion.
Kinetics also takes into account the cause of the motion. Fundamental law of dynamics: Newton’s fundamental law: ∑F=m·a
force = mass · acceleration
The aim of dynamics is to calculate the stress and strain on components or F=m·a
systems in order to be able to design them.
144 145
3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinematics
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KI 110 KI 120
Kinematic model: crank mechanism Kinematic model: crank slider
• crank mechanism with fixed and oscil- • conversion of a uniform rotary motion
lating cylinder into a purely harmonic reciprocating
motion
Specification • influence of crank length and input
angle on the output stroke
[1] investigation of a crank mechanism • recording the transmission function of
[2] adjustment of the crank radius at a crank slider
three positions of the crank on the
crank disk Specification
[3] adjustment of the angle by turning
the crank disk [1] investigation of a crank slider
[4] measure the stroke on the cylinder [2] generation and investigation of
[5] pivoting cylinder can be blocked to purely harmonic stroke movements
study the crank mechanism with [3] adjustment of the crank radius at
either a fixed or oscillating cylinder three positions of the connecting rod
on the crank disk
Technical data [4] adjustment of the angle by turning
the crank disk
Crank disk [5] measure the stroke on the cylinder
• anodised aluminium
• mounted on ball bearings Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
146 147
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinematics
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KI 130 KI 140
Kinematic model: four-joint link Kinematic model: Whitworth quick return mechanism
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
148 149
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinematics
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KI 150 KI 160
Kinematic model: Hooke's coupling Kinematic model: Ackermann steering mechanism
The KI 150 unit can be used to study a The KI 160 unit can be used to study a The elements are mounted on a base
universal joint shaft. A universal joint is steering trapezoid. The experimental plate, which can also be mounted on a
also known as Hooke’s coupling. The ex- unit comprises two track rods with drag wall.
perimental unit comprises two universal link, two track-rod arms and two steer-
joints with intermediate shafts. The ar- ing pins, where, in theory, the wheels are
rangement of the universal joints and attached. The length of the axis corres-
the deflection angle can be set using ponds to the distance between the
two rotary disks on the base plate. steering pins.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinematics
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GL 105 GL 105
Kinematic model: gear drive Kinematic model: gear drive
Specification
Technical data
Gears
• quantity: 4
• plastic
• module: 1mm
1 fixed axle, 2 additional axles arranged at any point, 3 rail, 4 handle, 5 storage box, 6 rail • number of teeth: 40, 60, 80 and 100
lock, 7 gears, 8 bearing
LxWxH: 380x120x100mm
Weight: approx. 3kg
Scope of delivery
1 kinematic model
1 set of instructional material
• investigation of single-stage and The rail is locked in experiments with • investigation of single-stage or
multistage spur gears spur gears. Depending on the aim of the multistage spur gears
• investigation of planetary gears experiment, one or two additional axles • investigation of planetary gears
can be positioned on the rail. The gears • determine the transmission ratio
The gear is the element of a machine can be coupled to each other via driving
that transmits and transforms motion. pins or to the fixed axle. It is driven by Experimental setup with locked rail and two additional axles
A gear comprises at least one drive, an hand. The full revolutions are counted to Gear with intermediate wheel: driving wheel (40 teeth), intermediate wheel (80 teeth), driv-
output and a frame. determine the transmission ratio. en wheel (100 teeth)
Gear drives are uniform translation To investigate planetary gears, the rail is
gears. The rotary motion is transferred released and pivoted about the fixed
from one shaft to a second through pos- axle. The rail serves as a planetary wheel
itive transmission by gears. support on which the planetary wheels
are positioned and represents the input
In spur gears, the gears are mounted on of the gear. The sun wheel forms the
parallel axles. The drive and the output output of the gear. It is driven by hand.
shaft are arranged in parallel. Planetary The transmission ratio can be determ-
gears are a type of spur gears, in which ined by counting the full revolutions.
the drive and the output shafts are on
the same axle.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
152 153
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: basic experiments on dynamics and moment of inertia
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TM 610 TM 611
Rotational inertia Rolling disk on inclined plane
• investigation of the inertia of rigid bod- • proof of the law of falling bodies on the
ies in rotational motion inclined plane
• determine mass moments of inertia of • influence of the mass of a body on its
different, regularly shaped bodies acceleration
• investigation of the mass moment of • determine the mass moment of inertia
inertia as a function of the radius by rolling experiment and pendulum ex-
periment
Specification • Steiner’s theorem
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: basic experiments on dynamics and moment of inertia
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TM 612 VORLAGE
Kinetic model: flywheel Momentengleichgewicht am zweiarmigen Hebel
Visit
• investigation of uniformly acceler- The time needed to roll down is meas- gewichts und Anwendung des He- und Gewichte aufgebracht. Durch Ver-
ated rotational motion ured and compared to the times for oth- 1 experimental unit belgesetzes schieben der Gewichte wird ein Gleich- Artikel-Nummer 049.04900
er weights. 1 set of weights gewicht eingestellt. Abstände vom Dreh-
The resistance with which a rigid body Mit EM 049 werden am Beispiel eines punkt, die Hebelarme, können auf einer
our website
1 set of instructional material
opposes a change to its rotation is indic- The mass moment of inertia of the fly- zweiarmigen Hebels die Grundlagen des integrierten Skala abgelesen werden.
ated by the mass moment of inertia. It is wheel is calculated from the measured Momentengleichgewichts untersucht. Die Berechnung der Hebelarme wird im
a measure of the inertia of a body in ro- time, the mass of the flywheel and the Auftretende Momente am Hebel sollen Versuch überprüft.
tation. Using the TM 612 kinetic model, acceleration distance. ins Gleichgewicht gebracht werden.
we can conduct basic experiments on Eine Standsäule trägt den Hebel, eine
uniformly accelerated rotational motion. The experimental unit is designed to be Ein mittig gelagerter Balken stellt einen stabile Grundplatte gewährleistet siche-
fixed to a wall. zweiarmigen Hebel dar. Auf den Hebel ren Stand.
The experimental unit comprises a fly- On our website you will find all you need to know,
wheel with shaft, a cable and a set of
weights. The shaft forms the axis of
including all the latest news.
rotation in the centre of gravity of the fly-
wheel. It is mounted on two bearings.
One end of the cable is attached to the
shaft. A weight is attached to the other
end. The attached weight sets the fly-
wheel in a uniformly accelerated motion.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15 - 17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: basic experiments on dynamics and moment of inertia
gunt gunt
gunt
GL 210 GL 210
Dynamic behaviour of multistage spur gears Dynamic behaviour of multistage spur gears
• determining the angular acceleration [1] investigation of the dynamic behaviour of 1-stage,
on gears 2-stage or 3-stage spur gears
• determining the mass moment of iner- [2] 4 shafts, 3 drive wheels and 3 drivegears
tia of the gear [3] shafts can be coupled by coupling pins
• determining the friction [4] optional attachable flywheels to increase the rota-
• determining the gear efficiency tional inertia on each shaft
[5] gear is accelerated via cable drum and variable set
of weights
[6] weight raised by hand crank; ratchet prevents acci-
dental release
[7] clamping roller freewheel enables free further rota-
tion after the weight has been released
[8] gear decelerated via hand-operated brake
[9] transparent protective cover with safety lock and
1 set of weights, 2 speed sensor, 3 flywheels, 4 drivegear, 5 protective cover, 6 cable protective grill for the set of weights
drum, 7 hand crank [10] inductive speed sensors on all drivegears
[11] GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under
Windows 7, 8.1, 10
Technical data
Drive
• set of weights: 5…50kg
• drop height: max. 0,65m
• max. potential energy: 320Nm
x 2E
Measuring ranges
Determining the angular acceleration: 1 driving gear, 2 driven gear, 3 flywheel; speed-time
diagram: determining the angular acceleration from the gradient of the curve, green curve • speed: 0…2000min-1
for 1-stage gear
230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
Description 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
UL/CSA optional
• single-stage, two-stage or three- The trainer includes four parallel shafts, Inductive speed sensors on all drive LxWxH: 970x760x1550mm
stage spur gear with distributed three drive wheels and three drive gears allow the speeds to be measured. Weight: approx. 155kg
rotational inertia gears. Coupling pins can be used to The measured values are transmitted
• drive via cable drum and variable couple the shafts such that different directly to a PC via USB. The data ac- Required for operation
set of weights gear stages can be realised. A flywheel quisition software is included. The angu-
• inductive speed sensors on all may be attached to each shaft in order lar acceleration can be read from the PC with Windows
shafts to increase the rotational inertia. The diagrams.
gear is accelerated via a cable drum and Scope of delivery
Gears are employed as a link between a variable set of weights. The set of
driving machine and driven machine. weights is raised via a crank. A ratchet 1 trainer
They are used to vary torque and speed prevents the weight from accidentally 1 set of weights
and to change direction. The aim of dy- escaping. A clamping roller freewheel 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
namic gear analysis is an understanding enables free further rotation after the 1 set of instructional material
of the motion sequences and the influ- weight has been released. A hand brake
ence of inertia. allows smooth deceleration. The trans- Determining the angular acceleration: 1 driving gears, 2 driven gears, 3 flywheel; speed-
parent protective cover with safety lock time diagram: determining the angular acceleration from the gradient of the curve
The GL 210 unit is used to study the dy- prevents accidental contact with the ro-
namic behaviour in single-stage, two- tating parts.
stage and three-stage spur gears during
transient operation.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
158 159
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: basic experiments on dynamics and moment of inertia
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GL 212 GL 212
Dynamic behaviour of multistage planetary gears Dynamic behaviour of multistage planetary gears
• determine the transmission ratio for a [1] investigation of the dynamic behaviour of a 2-stage
locked gear planetary gear
• measure transmitted forces for a [2] three planet gears per stage
locked gear [3] four different transmission ratios possible
• gear acceleration under constant driv- [4] gear is accelerated via cable drum and variable set
ing torque of weights
• influence of the transmission ratio [5] weight raised by hand crank; ratchet prevents acci-
• determine reduced mass moment of dental release
inertia [6] clamping roller freewheel enables free further rota-
• conversion of potential energy into kin- tion after the weight has been released
etic energy [7] shock absorber for weight
• determine friction [8] transparent protective cover
• determine gear efficiency [9] force measurement on different gear stages via
3 bending bars, display via dial gauges
1 dial gauge, 2 bending beam, 3 set of weights, 4 set of weights for measuring transmis- [10] inductive speed sensors
sion ratios, 5 planetary gear, 6 hand crank, 7 protective cover [11] GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under
Windows 7, 8.1, 10
Technical data
Drive
• set of weights: 5…50kg
• max. potential energy: 245,3Nm
Load at standstill
x 2E
• weight forces: 5…70N
Layout of a planetary gear: 1 ring gear, 2 sun gear, 3 sun gear shaft, 4 planet carrier
The illustration shows a similar unit. shaft, 5 planet carrier, 6 planet gear Measuring ranges
• speed: 0…2000min-1
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
160 161
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: dynamics of rotation
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TM 600 TM 600
Centrifugal force Centrifugal force
Specification
Orbit
• orbital radii: 25mm, 50mm, 75mm, 100mm, 125mm
• max. velocity: 6,5m/s
Drive motor
• max. power: 35W
Description Learning objectives/experiments • max. speed: 6000min-1
• laws of the behaviour of rotating The speed, also displayed digitally, of the • investigation of the centrifugal force as Measuring ranges
masses controlled drive motor can be continu- a function of • speed: 0…500min-1
ously adjusted. A transparent protective · the speed • force: 0…25N, resolution: 0,1N
Centrifugal force occurs in the motion of cover above the rotating arm ensures · the size of the rotating mass
a rigid body on an orbit and is the inertia safety: operation is only possible when · the rotation radius 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
force, which acts with a direction away the protective cover is properly at- 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
Principle of force measurement with force-proportional deformation:
from the centre of rotation. The counter tached. 1 mass, 2 rotating arm, 3 member, 4 bending beam, 5 position sensor , 6 member; UL/CSA optional
force associated with the inertial force r radius, w deformation LxWxH: 420x400x270mm
is the centripetal force. Both forces are Weight: approx. 23kg
of equal magnitude and opposite in dir-
ection. Centrifugal forces occur in all ro- Scope of delivery
tating machinery such as turbines and
must be controlled to prevent damage 1 experimental unit
to machine elements. 1 set of tools
1 set of weights
The TM 600 unit can be used to study 1 set of instructional material
centrifugal forces under various condi-
tions. The core of the experimental
unit is a rotating arm on a vertical rota-
tion axis. Different masses are attached
to the arm. The orbital radius can be set
via the position of the mass on the arm.
There are three different masses avail-
able. The occurring centrifugal force is
transferred from the arm to a bending
Dependence of centrifugal force on the speed green: calculated values, red: measured val-
beam. The force-proportional deforma- ues; F centrifugal force, n speed
tion is detected via an electronic meas-
uring system and displayed digitally.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: dynamics of rotation
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TM 630 TM 630
Gyroscope Gyroscope
Specification
Technical data
Gyro
• drive motor power: 3,6W
1 protective cover, 2 gyro drive motor, 3 speed displays and adjustment for of the horizont- • moment of inertia of the spinning top: 375gcm2
al gyro axis and the vertical precession axis, 4 spinning top flywheel mass, 5 lever, 6 sliding • speed of the rotation axis: 1000…6000min-1
weight, 7 inner frame
• gyroscopic moment: 0…61Nmm
Precession
• drive motor power: 19W
• speed of precession axis: 5…63min-1
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
164 165
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: dynamics of rotation
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TM 605 TM 605
Coriolis force Coriolis force
Specification
Technical data
Rotating arm
• continuously adjustable speed: 0…60min-1
1 pump, 2 water tank, 3 speed display, 4 switch for direction of rotation, 5 speed adjust- • adjustable direction of rotation
ment, 6 rotating arm, 7 water jet
Submersible pump
• flow rate: 10L/min
• visualisation of the Coriolis force The TM 605 experimental unit is de- • inertial or apparent force 1 experimental unit
effect signed to clearly demonstrate the effect • interference of a rotational movement 1 set of tools
• rotating reference system of the Coriolis force in a rotating refer- on a translational movement 1 set of instructional material
• water jet as moving mass ence system. A transparent water tank • visualisation of the Coriolis force effect
with submersible pump is placed on a
When a mass moves relative to the ref- rotatable arm and then rotated. Within 1 nozzle for water jet, 2 pump, 3 tank, 4 deflected water jet, 5 pivot point of the arm, 6 wa-
erence system within a rotating refer- the rotating reference system, the ter jet with a stationary arm, 7 direction of rotation; A starting point of the moving mass
ence system, this movement is deflec- pump produces a water jet in a radial
ted. This deflection is caused by the Cori- direction. Depending on the flow rate of
olis force, an apparent or inertial force. the pump or the water velocity, as well
The Coriolis force plays a crucial role in as speed and direction of rotation, the
meteorology and physical oceanography, water jet is visibly deflected due to the
since it influences the course of air and Coriolis force. The degree of deflection
water currents due to the Earth’s rota- can be determined by means of a scale
tion. on the water tank. The speed is continu-
ously adjustable, electronically controlled
In engineering, the Coriolis force occurs and digitally displayed.
when a rotational motion interferes with
a further movement of the same object.
This can occur for example in cranes,
gearboxes or robots.
Effect of the Coriolis force: A starting point of the moving mass, Fc Coriolis force; orange: ro-
tating reference frame, red: direction of the Coriolis force, green: current motion of the
mass, dashed blue: direction of movement without rotation, blue: actual direction of move-
ment with rotation
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
166 167
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Kinetics: dynamics of rotation
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TM 632 TM 632
Centrifugal governor Centrifugal governor
Specification
Technical data
1 spring, 2 Hartnell governor centrifugal system, 3 control element for adjusting speed,
4 speed display, 5 centrifugal mass DC motor
• max. power: 35W
Speed control: 60…400min-1
Proell governor
• sleeve mass: 3x 100g
• centrifugal mass: 2x 150g
Porter governor
• sleeve mass: 3x 100g
Description Learning objectives/experiments • centrifugal mass: 2x 400g
• visualisation of the effect of cent- The TM 632 experimental unit presents • kinetics and kinematics of the following Hartnell governor
rifugal force centrifugal systems that demonstrate centrifugal systems • centrifugal mass: 2x 400g
• how various centrifugal systems the different principles of operation of · Porter governor • 2 compression springs, adjustable spring preload
work both weight and spring-based gov- · Proell governor
• determination of characteristic ernors. · Hartnell governor Measuring ranges
curves and setting curves of dif- • adjustment of centrifugal governors • speed: 0…600min-1
Different centrifugal systems: A Porter governor, B Hartnell governor, C Proell governor
ferent centrifugal governors The housing holds the drive with an elec- • recording the governor characteristic
tronically controlled motor. The speed is curves and setting curves 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
Centrifugal governors use the proper- continuously adjustable and displayed di- • calculation of the structural design and 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
ties of centrifugal force to control the gitally. The governors are inserted into a adjustment of different governors UL/CSA optional
speed of a machine. Due to centrifugal chuck on the drive. Centrifugal masses, LxWxH: 420x420x430mm
force, a rotating flyweight mass has the sleeve forces and spring preload can be Weight: approx. 30kg
tendency to move away from the axis of varied using the accessories supplied,
rotation and is prevented by counteract- depending on the governor. The stroke Scope of delivery
ing mechanisms. These mechanisms can be read on markings on the gov-
are differentiated into those governors ernor shaft. A transparent protective 1 experimental unit
that use weights and those that use cover above the rotating centrifugal gov- 3 centrifugal governors
springs. Corresponding kinematics ernor ensures safety: operation is only 1 set of tools
cause a deflection proportional to the possible when the protective cover is 1 set of weights
speed to occur on the governor. Via an properly attached. 1 set of instructional material
actuator, this affects the energy sup-
plied to the machine, thereby controlling
the machine’s speed.
Settings and characteristic of the Hartnell governor at constant centrifugal force lever arm:
a centrifugal mass adjustment, l centrifugal force lever arm, n speed, x spring preload;
green increasing speed, red decreasing speed
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
168 169
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Vibrations
gunt
Basic knowledge
Vibrations
Vibration is the process occurring when a physical quantity When the system continues to vibrate with a constant ampli-
periodically changes depending on time. This is associated with tude, the vibration is referred to as undamped motion. Without
Undamped harmonic motion
a conversion of energy from one form to another. further addition of energy, each vibration is damped more or
less strongly, i.e. its amplitude decreases. If the course of the
In the case of mechanical vibrations, periodic potential energy is The characteristic variables of an undamped
vibration can be described by a sinusoidal function, we call the
converted into kinetic energy and the reverse. Every mechanical harmonic motion are illustrated in the
vibration a harmonic motion.
vibration is an unevenly accelerated motion. It arises due to the diagram using the example of a spring
addition of energy to a vibratory system, e.g. a pendulum, which pendulum. The velocity is calculated via the
has force applied to it. first derivative, the acceleration using the
second derivative:
y(t)
ω
Characteristic variables of a vibration
ŷ
ŷ y
Elongation y = y(t) Rest φ y T/4 T/2 T Time t in sec
Characteristic Formula Technical description position π/2 π 2π Phase angle
variable (symbol) y = ˆ
y · sinφ -ŷ φ in radians
Elongation y = y(t) Momentary distance of the vibrating body from the rest or
equilibrium position
v(t)
ŷω
φv
Amplitude ˆy oder ym Maximum value of elongation
Velocity v = y ŷ v
Time t in sec
v = ˆ
y · ω · cosφ φ
Frequency f = 1/t Number of vibrations per unit of time t Phase angle
v = ˆ
v · cos φ φ in radians
a(t)
Angular frequency ω=2·π·f Angular velocity of a circular motion, whose projection results in Acceleration a = y ŷ a
a harmonic oscillation, indicates the exceeded phase angle of the φ
vibration per time period ˆ · ω2 · sinφ
a = -y Time t in sec
a Phase angle
a = -y · ω2 φ in radians
170 171
3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Vibrations
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 161 TM 162
Rod and gravity pendulum Bifilar/trifilar suspension of pendulums
• oscillation period of gravity and rod • influence of thread length on the oscil-
pendulum lation period
• determine centre of gravity on the rod • determine the mass moment of inertia
pendulum
• reduced pendulum length and centre Specification
of inertia of the rod pendulum
[1] investigation of the vibration beha-
Specification viour of various pendulum bodies in
bifilar and trifilar suspension
[1] experiments on pendulum swings, [2] investigation of a mathematical pen-
comparison of physical and mathem- dulum (bifilar) and a physical pendu-
atical pendulums lum (trifilar)
[2] rod pendulum as physical pendulum, [3] choice of three pendulum bodies:
made of metal and mounted on knife- beam, cylinder, circular ring
edge bearing [4] change the thread length with a
[3] knife-edge bearing mounted to slide clamping device
on the rod to effectively vary the pen- [5] stopwatch to measure the oscillation
dulum length period
[4] weight for the rod pendulum, sliding [6] determine the mass moment of iner-
[5] gravity pendulum as a mathematical tia
pendulum [7] bracket for wall mounting
[6] adjustable length of the gravity pen-
dulum Technical data
[7] stopwatch to measure the oscillation
period Pendulum bodies
[8] bracket for wall mounting • beam
· LxWxH: 40x40x160mm
Technical data · mass: 2kg
• cylinder
Gravity pendulum · diameter: 160mm
• length: up to 2000mm · height: 19mm
• nylon rope · mass: 3kg
• weight • circular ring
· diameter: 50mm · outer diameter: 160mm
· mass: 0,52kg · inner diameter: 100mm
· height: 41mm
Description Rod pendulum Description · mass: 4kg
• length:1000mm
• investigation of pendulum swings The TM 161 unit is used to study pendu- • diameter: 8mm • ideal mathematical pendulum can The TM 162 unit can be used to study Thread length: up to 2000mm
• comparing physical and mathem- lum swings. A gravity pendulum (math- • mass: 0,39kg be demonstrated pendulum swings with bifilar or trifilar
atical pendulums ematical pendulum) and a rod pendulum • pendulum weight • moment of inertia in an experi- suspension. A beam, a cylinder or a cir- Stopwatch: 1/100s
(as a physical pendulum) are compared · diameter: 50mm ment on a rotary pendulum cular ring are used as pendulum bodies.
Pendulums perform oscillations. Gravity to each other. The unit contains a metal · mass: 0,49kg The length of the threads can be adjus- LxWxH: 205x200x2000mm
produces the restoring moment. We rod with a movable auxiliary mass as the In a bifilar suspension, the pendulum ted using clamping devices. The mo- Weight: approx. 12kg
distinguish between mathematical and rod pendulum. The suspension point can Stopwatch: 1/100s body is suspended over two threads. ments of inertia of the pendulum body
physical pendulums. A mathematical be adjusted on the knife-edge bearing of The pendulum body oscillates in a plane can be calculated from the measured Scope of delivery
pendulum describes an idealised gravity the pendulum. The length of the gravity LxWxH: 250x80x2000mm purely translationally without rotation. oscillation period. The oscillation period
pendulum. In physical pendulums, the pendulum can be easily changed using a Weight: approx. 5kg This kind of pendulum can be considered can be varied by changing the thread 1 experimental unit
shape and size of the pendulum body is clamping device. as a mathematical pendulum. In a trifilar length. 1 set of instructional material
taken into account. Both are theoretical Scope of delivery suspension with three threads, the pen-
models for the description of a real pen- The experimental unit is designed to be dulum body is set in a torsional vibration. The experimental unit is designed to be
dulum. fixed to a wall. 1 experimental unit The torsional vibration can be used to fixed to a wall.
1 set of instructional material determine the moment of inertia by ex-
periment.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
172 173
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Vibrations
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TM 163 TM 164
Torsional vibrations Coil spring vibrations
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
174 175
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Vibrations
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TM 150 Vibration trainer
TM 150.20 System for data acquisition TM 150.02 Free and damped torsional vibrations
176 177
3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Vibrations
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gunt
TM 150 TM 150
Vibration trainer Vibration trainer
• experiments with pendulums [1] vibration trainer with experiments on damping, res-
· Kater’s pendulum onance, dual-mass system and vibration absorption
· reduced pendulum length [2] 6 pendulum oscillators, 2 bar-type oscillators and
· spring-mass system 1 spring-mass oscillator
• bar-type oscillator [3] electrical imbalance exciter
· undamped oscillation [4] control unit for the imbalance exciter with a digital
· damped oscillation frequency display and a TTL output for triggering ex-
· forced vibration ternal devices
• damped and undamped resonance [5] tuneable absorber with a leaf spring
• absorber effect in multi-mass oscillat- [6] adjustable oil damper
ors [7] electrically operated drum recorder for recording
free vibrations
[8] polar chart recorder for determining the amplitude
and phase of forced vibrations
1 pendulum bearing, 2 bar-type oscillator, 3 container for oil damper, 4 control unit for im-
balance exciter, 5 storage for additional pendulums, 6 imbalance exciter, 7 drum recorder,
8 spring
Technical data
Imbalance exciter
• 0…50Hz
• 100cmg
Absorber
x • leaf spring: WxH: 20x1,5mm
• total mass: approx. 1,1kg
1 rod pendulum, 2 wooden pendulum with adjustable additional mass, 3 gravity pendulum, • tuneable: 5…50Hz
4 bifilar suspended gravity pendulum with additional masses
Drum recorder: 20mm/s, width 100mm
Description Polar chart recorder: Ø 100mm
• detailed, wide-ranging series of The topics range from simple pendulum- The measured values can be displayed 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
experiments on the mechanical vi- swinging forced vibrations with reson- and analysed on a PC using the optional 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
bration theory ance to vibration absorption. TM 150.20 unit for data acquisition. UL/CSA optional
• experiments on various pendu- LxWxH: 1010x760x1800mm
lums, bar-type oscillators and The central element of the vibration Frame opening WxH: 870x650mm
spring-mass systems trainer is a sturdy profile frame, to which Weight: approx. 150kg
• damping, resonance and ab- the different experimental setups are
sorber effects in forced vibra- easily attached. The extensive accessor- Scope of delivery
tions ies are housed in a mobile laboratory
table with drawers. In addition to free vi- 1 trainer
Mechanical vibrations are usually found brations, forced vibrations can also be 6 pendulums
as an unwanted side effect in many represented by means of an electric mo- 2 beams
areas of engineering. Examples include tor imbalance exciter. The excitation fre- 3 springs
vehicle vibrations on uneven roads or en- quency is set and displayed on a control 1 control unit for imbalance exciter
gine vibrations. Vibration theory is a par- unit. Absorber effect of additional masses: 1 imbalance exciter
ticularly challenging area in the field of The shaded area shows the resonance of an undisturbed bar-type oscillator at fR.
1 oil damper
The two grey shaded areas at f1 and f2 are the new resonances of the system.
mechanics. An oil damper allows the study of At fR, the amplitude of the newly occurring vibration system created by the absorber com- 2 recorders
damped vibrations with adjustable pletely disappears. 1 set of instructional material
The TM 150 vibration trainer can be damping ratios. Vibration absorbing is
used to study many topics from the field demonstrated with a tuneable bending
of vibration theory through experimenta- oscillator. A mechanical drum and a po-
tion. lar chart recorder make it possible to
record vibrations.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
178 179
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3 Engineering mechanics – dynamics
Vibrations
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TM 150.20 SE 110.58
System for data acquisition Free vibrations in a bending beam
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
180 181
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Engineering mechanics and engineering design
gunt
4
Machine dynamics
Machine dynamics
TM 625 PT 501
Elastic shafts 198 Roller bearing faults 220
TM 620.20 Overview
Vibrations in machines System for data acquisition 200 PT 500 Machinery diagnostic system 222
TM 155 PT 500
Free and forced vibrations 188 Machinery diagnostic system, base unit 224
HM 159.11 PT 500.05
Natural vibration on a ship model 194 Brake & load unit 230
PT 500.10
Mass forces and mass balance Elastic shaft kit 232
TM 180 PT 500.11
Forces in reciprocating engines 206 Crack detection in rotating shaft kit 234
GL 112 PT 500.12
Investigation of cam mechanisms 208 Roller bearing faults kit 236
PT 500.13
Couplings kit 238
PT 500.14
Vibration isolation Belt drive kit 240
TM 182 PT 500.15
Vibrations on machine foundations 210 Damage to gears kit 242
TM 182.01 PT 500.16
Piston compressor for TM 182 212 Crank mechanism kit 244
PT 500.17
Cavitation in pumps kit 246
PT 500.18
Vibrations in fans kit 248
PT 500.19
Electromechanical vibrations kit 250
182 183
4 Machine dynamics
Introduction
gunt
Basic knowledge
Machine dynamics
y(t)
Resonance
with amplitude peaking
Machine dynamics plays a prominent role in modern mechanical engineering. The requirements of lightweight construction and ever
greater power-to-weight ratios make machines particularly susceptible to harmful vibrations. Machine dynamics provides ways Measures to avoid vibration problems
and means to address these problems.
Vibrations should be combated at the
source wherever possible. Thus, the
procedure should follow the priorities
What is machine dynamics? When do vibration problems occur? presented here:
• minimise excitation forces by
Machine dynamics refers to the study of a system’s motion Vibration problems may occur if the following two conditions balancing or mass balancing
based on the forces acting on the system. are met:
• prevent propagation of the forces by
Machine dynamics applies knowledge of engineering mechanics, • periodic excitation forces isolating the vibrations or absorbing
especially dynamics, to the problems of real machines. The effect • vibratory system the vibrations
of inertia and the occurrence of vibrations play a major role here. • reduce vibratory capacity of the
Machine dynamics makes it possible to predict the vibrational system by making the components
behaviour of a machine and, where possible, to compensate it. !(¡{
1 more rigid, applying additional mass
Depending on the task, the vibrations may be desired (shakers, or using dampers
vibrating conveyors) or undesired (engines, turbines).
Rotating or Mass, flexibility
Methods from vibration measuring technology are used to swinging masses and low damping
!(¡{
2
assess and evaluate vibrations. There are also close links to the generate periodic create an
fields of engineering design, machine elements and drive sys-
tems.
excitation forces vibratory system !(¡{
4
!(¡{
3
Excitation of
vibrations with Minimising undesired vibrations using the example of a ship’s engine system:
possible
1 diesel engine equipped with mass balancing,
resonance 2 balanced generator, 3 spring-loaded support for vibration isolation,
4 reinforced ship structure to make the system more rigid
184 185
4 Machine dynamics
Introduction
gunt
Basic knowledge
Machine dynamics
In machine dynamics, real machines are represented by the- vibratory systems and for the sources of excitation forces.
oretical models. More often than not, however, machines are Using these mathematical models, it is relatively quick and easy Reciprocating engines
very complicated and not easy to calculate. By simplification to predict the behaviour of the machine.
and abstraction, mathematical models can be obtained for both Machine dynamics plays an important role in reciprocating
engines. Various inertia forces are produced by large back-
and-forth and rotating masses. These forces can cause con-
siderable vibration problems in a poor design. The resulting
Linear vibratory system with one or more inertia forces can be kept small by distributing the masses
degrees of freedom over several cylinders, suitable kinematic ratios and the
The simplest model of an vibratory system is the spring- arrangement of balancing masses. This enables a low-vibra-
mass system. This model provides many insights into tion operation of the reciprocating engine.
the behaviour of an vibratory system. Often the rigidity Crank mechanism
and mass distributions of a real system can be described
sufficiently well by using concentrated point masses and
inertia-free springs.
Cam mechanism
Spring-mass system Cam mechanisms are used to convert a rotating motion
into a back-and-forth motion. Cam mechanisms are used
as a valve drive in engines or in packing machines. Poorly
designed cam mechanisms produce high accelerations
and inertia forces. This results in vibrations and noise. The
Continuous vibratory system application of machine dynamics allows a design with the
Similarly, simple systems exist for continuous vibration lowest possible loads and vibrations.
systems such as a ship’s hull. In this case, a simple-beam
Camshaft with roller plunger
model provides initial indications of the vibratory behaviour
when excited by ocean waves. Natural frequencies and
their associated natural modes are of interest here.
186 187
4 Machine dynamics
Vibrations in machines
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 155 TM 155
Free and forced vibrations Free and forced vibrations
Specification
1 imbalance exciter, 2 rigid bar as discrete oscillator, 3 damper, 4 control unit for imbal- Technical data
ance exciter, 5 drum recorder for recording vibrations, 6 suspension and vibration spring
Bar-type oscillator: LxWxH: 700x25x12mm, 1,6kg
Coil springs
• 0,75N/mm
• 1,5N/mm
x • 3,0N/mm
• demonstration of basic funda- The spring, damper and vibration exciter • free vibrations Mechanical drum recorder
mentals of mechanical vibration can be mounted in any position. An im- • damped vibrations • feed: 20mm/s
theory balance exciter and a displacement ex- • inertia force and displacement excita- • paper width: 100mm
• damping and resonance in forced citer are available for spring base-point tion
vibrations excitation. • forced vibrations 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
• two different principles of vibra- • resonance 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
a) displacement exciter with rigid coupling rod K, b) imbalance exciter with eccentrically
tional excitation The excitation frequency is set and dis- • amplitude response and phase re- mounted flywheel disk M UL/CSA optional
played on a control unit. An oil hydraulic sponse LxWxH: 1000x420x900mm
Forced vibrations occur in a variety of damper allows damped vibrations with Frame opening WxH: 870x650mm
ways in engineering. While they are de- adjustable damping level. A mechanical Weight: approx. 52kg
sirable in vibrating screens or vibrating drum recorder offers the option of re- Storage system:
conveyors, they are often unwanted in cording the vibrations. The measured LxWxH: 1170x480x237mm
engines or other rotating machines. The values can be displayed and analysed on Weight: approx. 12kg
TM 155 experimental unit clearly a PC using the optional TM 155.20 unit
demonstrates the fundamentals needed for data acquisition. A demonstration Scope of delivery
to deal with free and forced vibrations. unit for torsional vibrations (TM 150.02)
The differences between the two main is available as an accessory. 1 experimental unit
types of excitation for forced vibrations 1 bar-type oscillator
can be shown on a simple vibration mod- 3 coil springs
el. 1 imbalance exciter
1 displacement exciter
The central element of the experimental 1 control unit for imbalance exciter
unit is a sturdy aluminium profile frame 1 damper
to which the different experimental 1 amplitude meter
setups are attached. A bar-type oscillat- Modes of vibration for varying damping D: a) no damping, D = 0, continuous vibration, b) low 1 drum recorder
damping, 0 < D < 1, c) D=1, aperiodic limit case, d) strong damping, D > 1, creep case; 1 storage system with foam inlay
or is used as the vibration system. This y elongation, t time
offers easy and flexible configuration. 1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Vibrations in machines
gunt gunt
gunt
VORLAGE
TM 150.02 TM 155.20
Momentengleichgewicht
Free and damped torsional
amvibrations
zweiarmigen Hebel System for data acquisition
Lerninhalte/Übungen
Learning objectives/experiments Learning objectives/experiments
Grundlagen
• natural des Momentengleichge-
frequency of a rotary oscillator • supported experiments with TM 155
wichts: angreifende
• influence of torsionalKräfte, erzeugte
stiffness, mass · natural vibration of a bar-type oscil-
Momente
and und Gleichgewicht
damping lator
• Wirkung von Kräften in Abhängigkeit · damped vibration of a bar-type oscil-
vom Hebelarm
Specification lator
· forced vibration of a bar-type oscillat-
[1]Spezifikationen
supplementary experiment for tor- or (damped and undamped reson-
sional vibrations for the TM 150 and ance)
[1] Untersuchung des Momentengleich-
TM 155 vibration trainers · frequency and period time measure-
[2] gewichts ambars
3 torsion zweiarmigen Hebel
with different diamet- ments
[2] kugelgelagerter Balken effective
ers, freely selectable mit integrier-
length
[3] tem Maßstabmass
3 different als zweiarmiger Hebel
disks with clamping Specification
VORLAGE [3] stabiler,
chuck standfester Rahmen aus
[4] Metall
3 with ball bearings and clamping [1] data analysis for TM 155
[4] Aufbewahrungssystem
chuck für die Teile [2] measurement, recording and analys-
[5] oil damper for damped vibrations is of frequency response and trans-
[6]Technische
recorder for recording the vibrations
Daten fer function
in TM 150/TM 155 [3] function as digital storage oscillo-
Balken scope
• Technical data
LxBxH: 600x30x10mm, mittig kugel- [4] interface box with 3 sensor inputs,
gelagert 3 analogue outputs
• Hebellänge:
Torsion 2x 300mm
bars, stainless steel [5] 1 inductive displacement sensor
Gewichte
• Ø 3mm, 5mm, 6mm (amplitude), 2 reference sensors (ex-
3x 1N (Hänger)
• length: 800mm citer force)
• 6x 5N [6] GUNT software for data acquisition
• 12xdisks
Mass 1N via USB under Windows 7, 8.1, 10
• small: Ø 150mm approx. 2,7kg
LxBxH:
• large:600x300x410mm
Ø 228mm approx. 4,8kg Technical data
Gewicht: ca. 10kg
Aufbewahrungssystem:
Clamping chuck: Ø 0,5…8,0mm Sensor input channels: 3
LxBxH: 200x70x40mm Inputs in oscilloscope mode: 2
x LxWxH: 480x240x1180mm
LxBxH: 95x68x35mm x Time basis: 10 … 750ms/DIV
Weight: approx. 33kg Record length: 2000 points
Lieferumfang
Scope of delivery Displacement sensors
Beschreibung 1 Versuchsgerät • measuring range: 5…10mm
Description 1 Satz
experimental
Gewichte unit Description • frequency range: 0…50Hz
• Grundlagen des Momentengleich- werden verschiebbare Reiter gesetzt 1 Satz
setdidaktisches
of instructional material
Begleitmaterial
• influence of mass,
gewichts und torsional
Anwendung rigid-
des He- The rigidity of the
und Gewichte torsion bars
aufgebracht. canVer-
Durch be • measurement and illustration of In addition to the software, a displace- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
ity and damping on the behaviour
belgesetzes adjusted
schieben by derselecting
Gewichte the effective
wird length
ein Gleich- Artikel-Nummer 049.04900 frequency and phase response ment sensor and a reference sensor, 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase
of a rotary oscillator of the bar,
gewicht such thatAbstände
eingestellt. the natural
vomfre-Dreh- • digital storage oscilloscope the system also includes an interface 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase; UL/CSA optional
Mit EM 049 werden am Beispiel eines quency of the
punkt, die torsionalkönnen
Hebelarme, vibration
aufcan be
einer box. The box supplies up to three LxWxH: 265x260x110mm (interface
Torsional
zweiarmigenvibrations
Hebelsplay a major roledes
die Grundlagen in adjusted within
integrierten wide
Skala limits. werden.
abgelesen This system for data acquisition is an ad- sensors, prepares their measuring sig- box)
drive systems. Selecting anuntersucht.
Momentengleichgewichts inappropri- Die Berechnung der Hebelarme wird im dition to the experimental unit TM 155 nals for the PC and offers them to three Weight: approx. 7kg
ate natural frequency
Auftretende Momentecan amlead to sollen
Hebel reson- Bearings and mass disks are clamped
Versuch überprüft. and makes it possible to analyse vibra- analogue outputs for display. LxWxH: 600x400x170mm (storage sys-
ance phenomena, gebracht
ins Gleichgewicht which in some circum-
werden. to positions on the torsion bars using tion signals on a PC. Frequency and tem)
stances may lead to serious damage. clamping chucks.trägt
Eine Standsäule An oilden
damper
Hebel,iseine
used phase response curves can be easily All components of the system are ready
Ein mittig gelagerter Balken stellt einen to display
stabile damped vibrations.
Grundplatte The vibra-
gewährleistet siche- generated, saved and output using this at hand and securely housed in a stor-
The TM 150.02 unitdar.
canAuf
be den
usedHebel
to pro- tions are recorded on the system. The system also offers all the age system.
Required for operation
zweiarmigen Hebel ren Stand.
duce free torsional vibrations and to TM 150/TM 155 recorder. essential functions of a digital storage
PC with Windows
study the effects of torsional stiffness, oscilloscope and can calculate the fre-
mass and damping on frequency and quency spectra of the signals.
amplitude. The accessory kit is designed Scope of delivery
to be installed in the TM 150 or
1 interface box
TM 155 vibration trainers.
1 displacement sensor
The accessory kit contains three differ- 2 reference sensors (exciter force)
ent torsion bars and two different mass 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
disks with which to create torsional vi- 1 set of cables
brations. 1 storage system
1 manual
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gunt
TM 140 TM 140
Free and forced torsional vibrations Free and forced torsional vibrations
Specification
Torsion bar
• 1300mm
• Ø 6mm
x • stainless steel
Mass disks
Description Learning objectives/experiments • Ø 150mm, approx. 2,7kg
• Ø 228mm, approx. 4,8kg
• investigation of torsional stiff- A damper makes it possible to set differ- • determine the torsional stiffness of a
ness and torsional vibrations ent degrees of damping. The torsional vi- torsion bar Exciter frequency: 1…20Hz
• behaviour of two-mass and three- brations are picked up via rotary en- • determine the mass moments of iner-
mass torsional oscillators coders on the bearings of the torsion tia Damper coefficient: 0,25…3,5Nm/rad/s
bar and are available on the control unit • decay behaviour of torsional vibrations
Torsional vibrations are often observed as an electrical signal. All signals are • determine the damping in torsional vi- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
Crankshaft as an example of a torsional oscillator
in belt-driven systems. With appropriate also available via a USB port and can be brations 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
excitation of resonances, large vibration transferred to a PC. • forced torsional vibrations, resonance UL/CSA optional
amplitudes can occur, which can lead to • torsional vibration systems with mul- LxWxH: 1400x410x400mm
strong loads on shafts and gears, poten- The GUNT software allows the signals to tiple masses Weight: approx. 50kg
tially resulting in damage. be recorded and analysed, for example · two-mass torsional oscillator
recording a resonance curve or display- · three-mass torsional oscillator Required for operation
The TM 140 unit can be used to pro- ing the natural mode.
duce free and forced torsional vibrations PC with Windows recommended
and to study the effects of torsional stiff-
ness, mass and damping on frequency Scope of delivery
and amplitude.
1 frame
The core of the experimental unit is a 4 bearing units
metal torsion bar. Mass disks with differ- 1 torsion bar
ent rotational inertias can be attached 3 mass disks
to the bar using clamping chucks. This 1 exciter
allows a torsional vibration system to be 1 rotational damper
created with up to three masses. The Example oscillograph: left – torsional vibration of a torsion bar with mass disk, weakly 1 display and control unit
torsional stiffness can be adjusted by damped; right – the same vibration with strong damping 1 set of cables
varying the effective bar length. An ex- 1 hexagon screwdriver size 4
citer unit driven by an electric motor is 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
used to represent forced vibrations. The 1 set of instructional material
frequency can be adjusted and read on
the control unit.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
192 193
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4 Machine dynamics
Vibrations in machines
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gunt
HM 159.11 HM 159.11
Natural vibration on a ship model Natural vibration on a ship model
Specification
Technical data
Vibration exciter
• electrodynamic type with permanent magnet
• max. force: 8,9N
• frequency range: 5…12000Hz
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Function generator
• dynamic behaviour of a ship The model ship is attached to a rigid • measure and record natural frequen- • adjustable frequency, amplitude and offset
structure cross-member by springs. The enclosed cies and modes of the model ship • output: 0…10Vss, 50 Ohm
• simple ship form simplifies the box cross-section with high rigidity (in air)
mathematical approach means the natural frequency of the • vibration behaviour of the model ship Acceleration sensor
• different excitation signals pos- cross-member is negligibly high. in air • measuring range: ±5g
sible • comparison between theory (approxim- • frequency range: 0…400Hz
• optional excitation and measuring An electrodynamic vibration exciter ation formula for determining the first Elongation y of the vibration, shown over the length L of the model ship
points causes the model ship to vibrate. A func- bending frequency) and practice blue: first order natural frequency, red: second order natural frequency Model ship
tion generator produces the excitation (measured natural frequency) • deck stringer with fastening holes for sensors and
Nowadays, experiment-based vibration signal, which can be adjusted in amp- • influence of discrete additional masses suspension
analysis is an essential component in litude and frequency. An arbitrarily posi- or ballast on natural frequency and
shipbuilding design and development. tionable acceleration sensor measures mode (ballast and extra weights not in- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
the model’s response to the excitation cluded) 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
The HM 159.11 unit helps students signal. In this manner, the transfer func- • vibration behaviour of floating model UL/CSA optional
take their first steps in the field of exper- tions for various points of the model ship ship (possible with additional tank) LxWxH: 1800x400x1700mm (frame)
imental vibration analysis or modal ana- can be generated step by step. These LxWxH: 1200x200x150mm (model)
lysis of structures. Using this trainer, the can be used to determine the vibration Weight: approx. 50kg
dynamic behaviour of a ship structure is modes for various natural frequencies.
studied, teaching students the funda- Experiments can also be conducted in Scope of delivery
mentals of experimental vibration analys- water.
is. 1 trainer
An additional tank is required to conduct 1 model ship
The HM 159.11 unit can be used to these experiments (not included). Com- 4 springs
measure and record the natural fre- plementary experiments can be conduc- 1 measuring amplifier
quencies and modes of a model ship. ted with additional ballast and weights. 1 power amplifier
1 blue: first order natural frequency, 2 red: second order natural frequency 1 vibration exciter
The simple, idealised ship shape makes
it easier to approach the problem math- 1 function generator
ematically. The plastic model ship has 2x multimeter
nine ribs and an elliptical line plan. 1 acceleration sensor
1 set of cables
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
194 195
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4 Machine dynamics
Rotor dynamics
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gunt
TM 620 TM 620
Bending elasticity in rotors Bending elasticity in rotors
Specification
1 switch box, 2 motor, 3 inductive speed sensor, 4 flexible coupling, 5 mass disk, 6 rotor Technical data
shaft, 7 protective cover, 8 safety bearing, 9 self-aligning ball bearing
Three-phase motor
• power: 0,25kW
• max. speed: 3000min-1
x Rotor shaft
• L=500mm
• Ø 6mm
• high tensile steel
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
196 197
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4 Machine dynamics
Rotor dynamics
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gunt
TM 625 TM 625
Elastic shafts Elastic shafts
Specification
6 shafts
• Ø 3mm, 6mm, 7mm
• L: 600mm, 900mm
x • high-tensile steel
Mass, disk-shaped
• Ø 80mm
• m: 965g
Description Learning objectives/experiments • high-tensile steel
• investigation of the natural The TM 625 experimental unit can be • investigation of a Laval rotor Motor
modes of various shafts with con- used to study the natural modes of · critical speed • power: 0,25kW
tinuous mass distribution and of these different models. Illustrative exper- · self-alignment • max. speed: 6000min-1
a Laval rotor iments are used to explain resonance • natural modes on a shaft with continu- • speed electronically controlled
• optimal visibility and simultan- and the supercritical or subcritical ous mass distribution with
eous protection thanks to trans- states of a vibrating system. Six shafts · different bearing clearances Vibration behaviour of a Laval rotor: n speed, A amplitude, nc critical speed with resonance,
Shaft bearing
parent protective cover of different lengths and diameters are · different shaft diameters shaded area: subcritical speed, red shaded area: supercritical speed with self-centring • 4x self-aligning ball bearings
available. The shafts can be mounted on · different shaft lengths • 3x safety bearings
The terms “critical speed” and “reson- four self-aligning ball bearings and fitted
ance” are often used when referring to with a mass disk to construct a Laval ro- Measuring ranges
rotating systems. Resonance occurs tor. The axial positions are read on a • speed: 0…6000min-1
when the natural frequency and the ex- scale mounted parallel to the shaft. A • scale for clearance measurement: 0…1000mm
citation frequency match. The natural three-phase motor drives the shaft via a
frequency of an oscillatory system is flexible coupling. The electronically con- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
that frequency at which the system os- trolled speed can be selected via two po- 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
cillates with the associated natural tentiometers and is continuously vari- UL/CSA optional
mode after a single excitation. Operation able. It is displayed digitally. LxWxH: 1550x380x450mm
at critical speed can damage the system Weight: approx. 65kg
because of the high vibration amp- A transparent protective cover and
litudes. In order to study the phenomen- safety bearing ensure safe operation. Scope of delivery
on of shaft vibration in more detail, there
are two simplified calculation models. In The measured values can be displayed 1 experimental unit
the first case, the mass of the elastic and analysed on a PC using the optional 6 shafts
shaft is evenly distributed along its TM 620.20 unit for data acquisition. 1 set of tools
length. In the second case, the shaft Natural modes of a shaft with continuous mass distribution: a) first natural mode, b) second 1 set of instructional material
natural mode, c) third natural mode; red: amplitude of the vibration, blue: position of the
consists of massless, elastic shaft sec- safety bearing; L clearance of the shaft bearing
tions and the masses are combined into
discrete mass disks.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
198 199
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4 Machine dynamics
Rotor dynamics
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gunt
TM 620.20 TM 620.20
System for data acquisition System for data acquisition
Specification
Technical data
2 displacement sensors
• measuring principle: inductive, non-contact
• output signal: analogue 1…9V
• measuring distance: 5…10mm
1 measuring amplifier and A-D converter, 2 USB output to PC, 3 speed sensor, 4 inductive • measuring velocity: <1,5mm/ms
displacement sensor, 5 TM 620 experimental unit
Measuring amplifier
• 4 input signals
• 4 analogue output channels via BNC
• A-D converter
x • output signal via USB
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
200 201
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4 Machine dynamics
Balancing
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gunt
TM 170 TM 170
Balancing apparatus Balancing apparatus
Specification
Technical data
Measuring ranges
1 variable weight, 2 pulley, 3 shaft, 4 imbalance masses, 5 angular scale, 6 drive belt, • speed: 0…1400min-1
7 foundation with elastic bearing
230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
UL/CSA optional
LxWxH: 420x400x380mm
Weight: approx. 26kg
Scope of delivery
1 experimental unit
Description Learning objectives/experiments 1 set of tools
1 set of weights
• representation of the fundament- The main element of the experimental • demonstration of imbalance vibrations 1 set of instructional material
al processes involved in balancing unit is a smooth shaft to which four vari- at different speeds
• static and dynamic imbalance able imbalance masses are attached at • comparison of static, dynamic or gen-
any angular and longitudinal position. eral imbalance
Imbalances on rotating machines are of- The shaft is mounted on ball bearings. It • determine an imbalance
ten the cause of disruptive vibrations is driven by a variable-speed electric mo- • perform a balancing operation 1 static imbalance, 2 dynamic imbalance; S centre of gravity; blue: mass distribution,
and noise. During imbalance, the princip- tor and a belt. The speed of the shaft is red: principal axis of inertia
al axis of inertia or centre of gravity of displayed digitally.
the rotating machine component is out-
side its axis of rotation. By adding or re- In order to determine the imbalance, a
moving masses, the centre of gravity or defined external moment is applied via
the principal axis of inertia can be shif- an additional pulley with weights. This
ted so that both coincide with the axis of moment is compared to the moment of
rotation. This process is called balan- the imbalance masses. A transparent
cing. The machine component is then cover protects against contact with ro-
balanced and runs without vibration. tating parts and allows a clear view of
the shaft. Unwanted vibrations are sup-
The TM 170 experimental unit can be pressed by using an elastic bearing for
used to demonstrate imbalance and the the foundation.
balancing process clearly. The difference
between a static and a dynamic imbal-
ance can be shown. Imbalance is de-
termined and balanced by appropriate
measures.
Determining imbalance:
1 pulley, 2 variable weight, r radius, e eccentricity, α angle of deflection, mu mass of the im-
balance, g gravitational acceleration, mk mass of the variable weight
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
202 203
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4 Machine dynamics
Balancing
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gunt
PT 502 PT 502
Field balancing Field balancing
Specification
Technical data
x Flywheels
• 2x mass: 1,675kg
• radius for balance masses: 60mm
• angular division: 15°
Drive motor
Description Learning objectives/experiments • speed: 300…3000min-1
• power: 370W
• measurement of imbalance vibra- The core of the PT 502 unit comprises • measure and assess machine vibra- Imbalance or balance masses
tions two flywheels that are driven by an elec- tions • 2…10g
• single and two-plane balancing tric motor. Defined imbalances can be • occurrence of imbalance vibrations • max. total imbalance: 2x 42cmg
attached to the flywheels. At the foot of • static, dynamic or general imbalance Acceleration sensors
In rotating machines such as turbines or the motor are two acceleration sensors • dependence of imbalance vibration on • frequency range: 1…10000Hz
pumps, vibrations due to imbalance lead that measure the imbalance vibrations. position and magnitude of the imbal- Left: imbalance force F due to eccentricity e of the centre of gravity S; 1 static imbalance
• sensitivity: 100mV/g
to comfort problems or even damage The speed is measured by an optical ance with eccentric centre of gravity, 2 dynamic imbalance with inclined inertial axis; m mass, • resonant frequency: 32kHz
related to overloading. The imbalance of sensor. The motor is mounted on the • basic principles of balancing U imbalance, W axis of rotation, ω angular velocity Optical speed sensor
a rotating machine part may cause base plate with vibration-damping rub- • field balancing in one plane • scan range: 3…150mm
harmful vibrations in the entire machine. ber elements. The unit is driven at vari- • field balancing in two planes • laser class II: 675nm
A familiar example is unbalanced tyres able speed by a frequency converter. • assessment of balancing quality
on a car. These cause annoying and un- • using a computerised vibration analys- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
pleasant vibrations in the steering. This The measured values are transmitted er 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
is why almost all rotating parts are bal- directly to a PC via USB, where they can UL/CSA optional
anced. If this balancing is done not on a be analysed using the vibration analysis LxWxH: 510x450x380mm (experimental unit)
particular machine but directly on the software that comes included. This ana- LxWxH: 370x360x160mm (control unit)
machine in operation located on-site, it is lysis software has the following features: Weight: approx. 39kg (total)
known as field balancing. Field balancing dual-channel oscilloscope for investiga-
is done in four steps. In the first step, tions in the time range, dual-channel Required for operation
the vibrations are used to measure the spectrum analyser for investigations in
initial imbalance. In the second step, ad- the frequency range, vibration amplifier PC with Windows
ditional known test imbalances are ap- and balancing module for single and two-
plied and the system is measured again. plane balancing. Scope of delivery
In the third step, the balancing is calcu-
lated from these two measurements 1 experimental unit
Two-plane balancing using the GUNT software for vibration analysis 1 control unit
and is applied. The fourth step is a con-
trol run to check whether the balancing 1 set of accessories
has been successful. 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
204 205
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4 Machine dynamics
Mass forces and mass balance
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TM 180 TM 180
Forces in reciprocating engines Forces in reciprocating engines
Specification
Technical data
1 piston, 2 cylinder, 3 crankshaft, 4 foundation plate, 5 display and control unit, 6 force
sensor, 7 drive motor Engine
• number of cylinders: 4
• piston mass: 40g
• additional mass: 41g
x Crank drive
• mass of connecting rod: 18g
• centre distance of cylinders: 35mm
• crank radius: 15mm
• length of connecting rod: 70mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Measuring ranges
• investigation of free mass forces The engine model comprises pistons • effect of mass forces • speed: 100…3000min-1
and moments of a reciprocating with plastic slide bushes. The slide · mass forces in dependence on the • force: 0…500N
engine bushes do not require lubrication. For speed
• continuous adjustment of the each cylinder, the angle between cranks · mass forces in dependence on the 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
angle between cranks can be adjusted continuously. As an aid, piston mass 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
• simulation of single, two- or four- marks are provided at 0°, 90°, 180° · first and second order mass forces UL/CSA optional
Left: definition of the rotating (mROT) and oscillating (mOSC) masses at the crank
cylinder engines and 270°. • comparison of different crank drives drive, right: possible configurations of the crankshaft: red: single cylinder, blue: two-cylinder, LxWxH: 420x370x350mm
· 4-cylinder, symmetrical, 180° angle green: four-cylinder Weight: approx. 40kg
Every reciprocating engine generates The oscillating masses can be varied by between cranks LxWxH: 230x230x80mm (display and control unit)
mass forces. The mass forces of the os- using additional weights at the pistons. · 4-cylinder, non-symmetrical, 90° Weight: approx. 1kg
cillating masses cannot be com- The four-throw crankshaft is driven by a angle between cranks
pensated completely, while the mass DC motor and a synchronous belt. The · 2-cylinder, 180° angle between Required for operation
forces of the rotating masses are fully speed is electronically controlled and di- cranks
compensated. By using several cylinders gitally displayed. The free forces and mo- · single cylinder PC with Windows
it is possible that the forces com- ments are recorded by force sensors
pensate each other. However, disturbing placed at the support of the model. All Scope of delivery
moments may still occur. electronic functions are integrated in
the display and control unit. The display 1 engine model
The experimental unit TM 180 enables and control unit also contains the USB 1 display and control unit
investigation of the free masses and mo- interface for data acquisition. 1 set of accessories (tools, additional masses)
ments of a reciprocating engine with a 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
single cylinder, with two cylinders or with The GUNT software enables the detailed 1 set of instructional material
four cylinders. evaluation of the signals of forces and
moments.
Left: effect of the oscillating (blue, FOSC) and the rotating (green, FROT) mass forces and their
vectorial addition to the free mass force (red, FU).
Right: mass forces course during a crankshaft revolution
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Mass forces and mass balance
gunt gunt
gunt
GL 112 GL 112
Investigation of cam mechanisms Investigation of cam mechanisms
Specification
Technical data
Drive motor
• DC asynchronous motor with frequency converter
• power: 250W
• speed: 60…670min-1
• record elevation curves of cam By varying the spring stiffness, spring • elevation curves in non-matching enga- Spring stiffness
mechanisms preload and oscillating mass, it is pos- ging member • hard: 5026N/m
• four different cam members, two sible to study the dynamic limits of the • elevation curve in sprung-engaging • medium: 2601N/m
different engaging members respective cams. The cam motions and member • soft: 613N/m
• influence of spring stiffness and valve raising can be clearly demon- • determine the limit speed and com-
mass on the dynamic behaviour strated using a stroboscope (not in- pare with theory 1 engaging member (rolling receiver with plunger / flat receiver with plunger), 2 cam-
Masses
cluded). • influence of moving mass on the mo- shaped cam member; a tangent cam with roller plunger, b circular arc cam with flat plun- • additional weight: 200g
Cam mechanisms play an important role tion of cam member/plunger ger, c hollow cam with roller plunger • plunger: 530g
in the conversion of rotary motion into A recorder synchronised with the cam • influence of return-spring stiffness and • flat receiver: 93g
oscillatory motion. The most common member records the actual elevation preload on the motion of cam mem- • rolling receiver: 20g
application of cam mechanisms is the curve of the cam mechanism. A speed- ber/plunger
activation of valves in engines. This ap- controlled drive motor with a large fly- • comparison of the elevation curves of Recorder: toothed belt drive
plication is highly dynamic: valves must wheel generates a speed as constant as different cam-member shapes
be opened and closed in very quick suc- possible. The open design means that • comparison of elevation curves with 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
cession. The contact between the valve the motion is clearly visible in every de- theory 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
and a cam must not be lost, otherwise it tail. UL/CSA optional
would result in uncontrolled oscillations, LxWxH: 800x440x440mm (experimental unit)
valve float and possible damage to the A transparent protective cover ensures Weight: approx. 40kg
engine. safe operation. The experimental unit is LxWxH: 360x320x160mm (display and control unit)
intended for demonstration in engineer- Weight: approx. 5kg
The GL 112 experimental unit allows the ing education. It is not suitable to be
dynamic investigation of a cam mechan- used as a test bench in the field of en- Scope of delivery
ism at various speeds. Four typical cams durance testing/tribology.
with corresponding engaging members 1 experimental unit
are compared in terms of their motion 1 display and control unit
Elevation curves; s stroke, α opening angle; blue: hollow cam, red: circular arc cam, 4 cam-shaped cam members
behaviour. The valve is simulated with a green: tangent cam
mass and a spring. 2 engaging members
3 return springs
3 blocks of recorder paper
1 set of tools
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Vibration isolation
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TM 182 TM 182
Vibrations on machine foundations Vibrations on machine foundations
Specification
Technical data
Drive motors
x • max. speed: 6000min-1
• max. torque: approx. 3,40Nm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Vibration isolation
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TM 182.01 VORLAGE
Installation and
Piston compressor for TM 182 Momentengleichgewicht am zweiarmigen Hebel
Erstklassige
commissioning
Learning objectives/experiments Lerninhalte/Übungen
Handbücher
• in conjunction with trainer TM 182: • Grundlagen des Momentengleichge-
· generating vibrations on machine wichts: angreifende Kräfte, erzeugte
foundations with a “real machine” Momente und Gleichgewicht
• Wirkung von Kräften in Abhängigkeit
Specification vom Hebelarm
used here as a “machine” that gener- Mit EM 049 werden am Beispiel eines punkt, die Hebelarme, können auf einer
A piston compressor is a typical ma- ates vibrations on the foundation. The Have your
zweiarmigen new
Hebels die equipment
Grundlagen descommis- integrierten Skala abgelesen werden.
chine, on which imbalance and oscillat- compressed air generation function is sioned by traineduntersucht.
Momentengleichgewichts expert personnel. Die Berechnung der Hebelarme wird im
ing masses generate vibrations. Balan- not used. Auftretende
Our highlyMomente amed
qualifi Hebel
staffsollen Versuch überprüft.
will gladly
cing the “machine” does not adequately ins Gleichgewicht gebracht werden.
reduce these vibrations. In this case, a The TM 182.01 is available as a com- assist you. Eine Standsäule trägt den Hebel, eine
vibration isolating machine foundation plete assembly and consists of a single Ein mittig gelagerter Balken stelltequipment
einen stabile Grundplatte gewährleistet siche-
helps to avoid unwanted vibrations from cylinder compressor with integrated mo- Commissioning of the
zweiarmigen Hebel dar. Auf den Hebel ren Stand.
being transmitted to the surroundings. tor. To generate vibrations with different includes the following services:
frequencies, the compressor is fitted
with a frequency converter. • setup of equipment in the
laboratory
• connection to the laboratory’s
supply systems
• commissioning the equipment
• testing the equipment
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15 - 17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
gunt
Machinery diagnosis
The aim of machinery diagnosis, also known as machinery status detected when it occurs. This increases the overall equipment
The significance of vibrations in machinery diagnosis
monitoring or condition monitoring system (CMS), is to c
onduct effectiveness (OEE), a measure of the added value of a plant, and
needs-based maintenance or repair and therefore to minimise optimises the cost structure.
The mechanical condition of a machine or its parts can be measuring signals requires a good understanding of the operat-
the repair and downtimes of a machine. Damage should be
assessed by the nature and extent of the vibrations produced. ing mechanisms and a certain amount of experience.
To do this, vibrations are recorded and analysed by sensors
and measuring instruments. The correct interpretation of the
What characterises the condition of a machine?
The following are some measurable state variables using the example of a diesel generator:
Causes of vibration Examples from practice for remedy
Piston ring nuts:
measurable wear 1. Circumferential or periodic forces from Elastic vibration-damping mount of the machine to
• pressing or punching prevent/minimise propagation of the vibration.
Exhaust gas: Cylinder: pressure
temperature, Cooling water: • jamming, alignment errors
exhaust temperature,
emissions, soot chemical
composition
2. Inertial forces due to rotating and Tyres are balanced to correct imbalances.
oscillating masses
• reciprocating pistons
• rotating imbalances
Generator:
current, voltage, Shaft:
electromagnetic speed, bearing,
radiation vibrations, 3. Plungers Preloaded bearings make it possible to align
occurrence the shaft precisely, increase the rigidity and reduce
• play in the contact points and thereby
of vibrations
changing contact surfaces in positive force the bearing clearance.
(imbalance)
transmission
Oil: fill level, age,
• contact loss in the case of non-positive force
temperature, transmission Good lubrication must be provided to minimise
pressure • rolling over faults in the surface damage to the gears and to prevent
Lines with con
the occurrence of fault points in the surface.
necting points
and seals:
tightness Foundation:
noise, vibrations
4. Gas forces Forces occur in the crankcase from the transmission
• expansion due to the build up of dynamic of gas forces from the cylinder head to the crankshaft
gas forces and excitation of longitudinal and bearing. Stiffened crankcase and expanding screws
bending vibrations avoid vibrations and fatigue in the material.
Machinery diagnosis is used for Machinery diagnosis leads to • non-uniform rotation and excitation of
torsional vibrations
• weak-point analysis to optimise a process or to detect • increased and optimum use of the lifecycle of plant
expected errors in good time and machinery
• condition-based maintenance, e.g. the use of car tyres • improved operational safety 5. Flow forces When designing rotors, such as those for fans and
when these fail to meet the prescribed minimum tread depth • increased plant reliability • surfaces are excited by turbulence, with asso compressors, the number and shape of the rotors
• avoid or minimise failures thanks to pre-determined • optimised operating processes ciated pressure fluctuations in the form of must be taken into account relation to of the possible
maintenance, e.g. oil change in motor vehicle at a fixed interval positive surge waves (howling, noise, whis- occurrence of vibrations.
• reduced disturbances
or after a certain mileage tling); this is the opposite of sound radiation
• reduced costs
• periodic flow forces on blades
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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Machinery diagnosis
Internal forces and energies of the machine are of real inter- proper normal operation of the machine, others are amplified
Learning objectives
est for machine diagnostics. These variables cannot be mea- or produced by defects. By interpreting the measuring sig-
sured directly, but their effects – vibration – can. Vibration nals, we can assess the condition of the machine and identify
measurement and analysis allows a picture of these forces defects. Mechanical vibrations Causes, mechanisms of occurrence, imbalance, Laval rotor, resonance,
to be obtained. We can see the structure of the forces, their damping, shock
In machinery diagnosis we differentiate between characteristic-
causes and their behaviour over time from the vibration mea-
value monitoring and frequency analysis.
surements. The measuring signals are mostly frequency spec-
tra, which arise from superposition of various vibrations with Vibration measuring methods Measuring sensor, measuring amplifier, representation, oscilloscope, speed
different frequencies. Some of these vibrations are part of the measurement
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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Machinery diagnosis
Envelope analysis In balancing we try to bring the centre of gravity of the rotor determine the unknown imbalance. Since the imbalance cannot
back in line with the axis of rotation. To do this, weights are added be measured directly, it must be determined indirectly from the
Envelope analysis is used to identify, for example, damage to in a normal spectrum only with difficulty, or may even be impos-
to or removed from the rotor. In order to determine the position measurable bearing vibrations.
roller bearings and gears. The damage produces shocks with sible to identify. Envelope analysis demodulates the high-fre-
and size of the required balancing masses, it is first necessary to
very-high-frequency vibration components. The low shock fre- quency shock signal and allows the shock frequency to be
quency that is relevant for diagnosing damage can be identified measured.
Conduct FFT to obtain spectrum of the envelope. The speed (10 Hz) 10 Hz
and the shock frequency (35,8 Hz) can be seen clearly. 35,8 Hz 3. Identification of cracks in shafts
The sidebands spaced at the speed (35,8 -10, 35,8 +10)
indicate an amplitude modulation. This is evidence of damage Shafts with cracks produce a characteristic vibration signal a large speed range and studied in a special filter for different
to the outer ring with rotating load. 35,8 -10 35,8 +10 71,6 Hz
that can be used to identify the crack. One analysis method is orders of rotation-frequency.
tracking analysis, in which the vibration signal is recorded over
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 501 PT 501
Roller bearing faults Roller bearing faults
Specification
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
220 221
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
gunt
PT 500 Machinery diagnostic system
PT 500.11 PT 500.16
Crack detection in rotating shaft kit Crank mechanism kit
Vibration behaviour of a Vibrations in crank mecha
cracked shaft, identification nisms, free inertia forces,
of the crack from the impacts and shocks due to
vibration signal bearing clearance and wear
PT 500.12 PT 500.17
Roller bearing faults kit Cavitation in pumps kit
Identification of bearing damage Noise and damage due
from the running noise, to cavitation, conditions for
different pre-damaged roller cavitation
bearings included
PT 500.13 PT 500.18
The core element of the training system is the PT 500 base unit. The components of the base
Couplings kit Vibrations in fans kit
unit, together with the PT 500.04 computerised vibration analyser, allow a series of experiments Properties of different coupling Vibrations in fans,
on the topic of machinery diagnostics. In addition, the PT 500.10 – PT 500.19 accessory sets are types, influence of axial and demonstration of vibration
available to simulate different, reproducible types of damage. In addition to pure measuring exer- radial runout and pitch error excitation by blade passage,
cises on vibration measurement (measuring deflection, velocity and acceleration of the vibration on vibration behaviour influence of gyroscopic effect
in the time or frequency domain), it is possible to practice field balancing on rigid rotors and the
alignment of shafts. Almost any topic in machinery diagnostics can be covered thanks to a wide
range of accessories. PT 500.14 PT 500.19
A complete summary of all Belt drive kit Electromechanical vibrations kit
options of the modular The base unit contains a vibration-damped fixing plate, a speed-controlled drive motor with a Vibrations on belt drives, Interaction in an electro
system can be found in our tachometer, a shaft with two mass disks and two bearing units, a coupling and balancing weights. resonance and critical speeds, magnetic-mechanical system,
PT 500 brochure, which influence of belt tension, influence of load, air gap geome-
is available for download radial runout and alignment try and electrical asymmetry
at www.gunt.de.
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500 PT 500
Machinery diagnostic system, base unit Machinery diagnostic system, base unit
Specification
• base unit for setting up wide ran- frequency converter and tachogenerat- • introduction to vibration measuring 2 shafts: Ø=20mm, length 300mm, 500mm
ging experiments in machinery or, and the display and control unit with methods on rotating machinery sys- 2 unbalanced flywheels: Ø=150mm, each 1675g, with
diagnostics using modular ac- digital displays for power output and tems interchangeable balance weights (bolts)
cessory sets speed. · fundamentals of measurement of 2 bearing blocks with roller bearings 6004 (can be ex-
• aluminium base plate with slots shaft and bearing vibrations changed)
for quick, flexible assembly of dif- The motor base plate is mounted on a · basic variables and parameters The illustration shows the components in the storage system.
ControlflexR coupling: nominal torque: 15Nm
ferent experimental setups carriage, enabling the motor to be · sensors and measuring devices
aligned. The large aluminium base plate · influences of speed and shaft layout 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
In order to avoid serious damage to ma- with locating slots allows quick, flexible · influence of sensor positioning 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
chines and to carry out maintenance on and precise assembly of the system • field balancing of rigid shafts 230V, 60Hz, 3 phases
time, the condition of the machine must components. A transparent protective • influence of alignment between motor LxWxH: 1100x800x500mm (base plate + hood)
be known. The state of a machine or ma- cover provides the necessary safety dur- and coupling LxWxH: 475x420x200mm (control unit)
chine parts can generally be judged well ing operation, and enables clear system • understanding and interpreting fre- LxWxH: 600x390x325mm (storage system)
in terms of the type and size of its vibra- viewing during experiments. All parts are quency spectra Weight: approx. 95kg (total)
tions. The machinery diagnostic system clearly laid out and well protected in a • use of a computerised vibration analys-
can be used to simulate certain types of storage system. er Scope of delivery
damage and investigate its effects on
the vibration spectrum. To measure and evaluate all experi- 1 base plate with protective hood
ments, the computerised vibration ana- 1 display and control unit
The PT 500 base unit permits vibration lyser PT 500.04 is required. The ac- 1 asynchronous motor with frequency converter
measuring exercises (measurement of cessory sets PT 500.10 – PT 500.19 2 shafts
vibration displacement, velocity and ac- enable repeatable simulation of the dif- 2 unbalanced flywheels
celeration in the time/frequency range). ferent types of damage. 2 clutches
Field balancing of rigid rotors and align- Screenshot of evaluation software: field balancing in two planes. 2 bearing units
ment of shafts can also be practiced. Use of the trolley PT 500.01 is recom- 1 holder plate
mended for flexible deployment of the 2 clamp sets
The key components of the base unit training system. 1 set of tools
are the mechanical elements (clutch, 1 storage system with foam inlay
bearing blocks and shaft with rotors), 1 set of instructional material
the drive motor with variable speed via
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500 Classification PT 500.01
Experimentation kits and required/optional components Laboratory trolley
Specification
Components
Technical data
Laboratory trolley
Elastic shaft kit
LxWxH: 1100x770x820mm
PT 500.04
PT 500.05
PT 500.01
PT 500.10
PT 500.14
PT 500.12
PT 500.15
PT 500
Scope of delivery
Experiments 1 trolley, complete
PT 500.10
Elastic shaft kit
PT 500.11
Crack detection in rotating shaft kit
PT 500.12
Roller bearing faults kit
PT 500.13
Couplings kit
PT 500.14
Belt drive kit
The illustration shows PT 500.01 together with the base plate with protective hood from the base unit PT 500.
PT 500.15
Damage to gears kit Description
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.04 PT 500.04
Computerised vibration analyser Computerised vibration analyser
Specification
Technical data
x Acceleration sensors
• frequency range: 1…10000Hz
• sensitivity: 100mV/g
• resonance frequency: 25kHz
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.05 PT 500.05
Brake & load unit Brake & load unit
Specification
Technical data
1 magnetic particle brake, 2 fan, 3 shaft for direct connection of brake, 4 belt drive, 5 shaft Continuous braking power: approx. 450W/3000min-1
for connection of brake via belt drive Transmission ratio between brake shafts: i=3
The illustration shows PT 500.05 together with PT 500, PT 500.01, PT 500.15 and
PT 500.04.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.10 PT 500.10
Elastic shaft kit Elastic shaft kit
Specification
Technical data
Elastic shaft
1 elastic shaft, 2 bearing, 3 safety bearing, 4 bores for displacement sensors, 5 bearing • min. diameter: Ø=10mm
block with pendulum ball bearing, 6 bores for acceleration sensors • diameter at bearings: Ø=20mm
• length: 530mm
• nominal length between bearings: 450mm
Scope of delivery
1 elastic shaft
Description Learning objectives/experiments 2 bearing blocks
1 safety bearing
• flexural vibration of the elastic The accessory setup is mounted on the • familiarisation with the terms “critical 1 storage system with foam inlay
shaft base plate of the machinery diagnostic speed” and “resonance” 1 manual
• resonance and critical speed base system PT 500. • influence of unbalanced excitation
• alignment of the elastic rotor
This accessory setup enables the re- To measure and evaluate the experi- • influence of alignment errors
sponse of an elastic rotor to unbalanced ment, the computerised vibration analys- • understanding and interpreting fre- The illustration shows PT 500.10 together with PT 500, PT 500.01 and PT 500.04.
excitation to be studied. The subcritical, er PT 500.04 and two displacement quency spectra
supercritical and resonance running sensors PT 500.41 are required. It in- • use of a computerised vibration analys-
states can be demonstrated. A compar- cludes all the necessary sensors, a er
ison of the orbits (path curves) in the measuring amplifier and analysis soft- • together with two displacement
subcritical and supercritical range is of ware to record the vibration phenom- sensors PT 500.41
particular interest. ena. · study of the orbit in the subcritical
and supercritical range
The field balancing of elastic rotors is an-
other area which can be investigated.
The supplied pendulum ball bearings en-
sure full mobility of the shaft. The safety
bearing limits the amplitudes to harm-
less values at speeds close to reson-
ance.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.11 PT 500.11
Crack detection in rotating shaft kit Crack detection in rotating shaft kit
Specification
1 flange with short shaft (loaded by belt drive), 2 bolt, 3 pick-up disk, 4 clamp set, 5 driving Technical data
shaft, 6 shaft with maximum crack (flange joint with 2 load-bearing bolts), 7 shaft with small
crack (flange joint with 5 load-bearing bolts), 8 shaft with no crack (flange joint with 6 load-
bearing bolts) Flange diameter: Ø=90mm
6 hexagon flange bolts M8x20
Shafts
x 2E • diameter: Ø=20mm
• short shaft: L=85mm
• long shaft: L=200mm
• max. permissible bending torques
· short shaft for belt pulley: 15,9Nm
Description Learning objectives/experiments · long shaft for mass disk: 3,9Nm
• vibration behaviour of shaft with The accessory setup includes two shafts • change in characteristic vibration be- LxWxH: 400x300x120mm (storage system)
radial crack of different lengths: one short and one haviour (natural frequency, resonance Weight: approx. 3kg
• identification of damage long. The short shaft simulates a pro- speed, amplitude and phase of vibra-
truding shaft end, and is loaded with the tions) due to a crack Scope of delivery
Cracks due to material fatigue are very PT 500.14 belt drive. The long shaft is • crack identification from the change in
dangerous for rotating machines. Early used in conjunction with a safety bearing vibration spectrum 1 pick-up disk
detection of any crack is therefore es- from PT 500.10 and an inertia disk • detection of cracks in rotating shafts 1 long shaft
sential before permanent rupture and from the base unit to investigate the ef- at the protruding shaft end The illustration shows PT 500.11 together with PT 500, PT 500.01, PT 500.14 and 1 short shaft
PT 500.04. 1 centering arbor for alignment of shafts in experi-
often fatal consequences can occur. The fects of a crack in a shaft on the elastic • understanding and interpreting fre-
crack influences the vibration behaviour rotor. quency spectra mental setup
of the shaft by changing its rigidity. Us- • use of a computerised vibration analys- 6 bolts
ing suitable analysis software, this The accessory setup is mounted on the er 1 clamp set
change can be registered and inspec- base plate of the machinery diagnostic • in conjunction with a safety bearing 1 storage system with foam inlay
tion of the machine organised in good base system PT 500. (e.g. from PT 500.10 – elastic shaft 1 manual
time. accessory setup)
To measure and evaluate the experi- · detection of cracks in rotating shafts
In the experiment, the crack is simulated ment, the computerised vibration analys- (the elastic rotor)
by an asymmetric flange joint. Variable er PT 500.04 is required. It includes all
tightening of the flange bolts produces a the necessary sensors, a measuring
temporary gaping of the butt joint, which amplifier and analysis software to re-
closely approximates to the behaviour of cord the vibration phenomena.
a crack.
Tracking analysis of a rotor with crack: significant rise in amplitude in 2 nd order (marked
red)
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.12 PT 500.12
Roller bearing faults kit Roller bearing faults kit
• vibrational spectrum of the running [1] investigation of the vibrations of roller bearings
noise of roller bearings [2] roller bearing with damage to outer race
• familiarisation with the envelope ana- [3] roller bearing with damage to inner race
lysis [4] roller bearing with damage to a roller body
• influence of damage to outer race, in- [5] roller bearing with combined damage
ner race or roller body, on the spec- [6] long-running roller bearing
trum [7] new and undamaged roller bearing
• estimating service lives of roller bear- [8] radial loading of bearings with PT 500.14 (belt
ings drive)
• influence of the lubricant on the vibra- [9] accessory set for PT 500 machinery diagnostic
tion spectrum training system
• detection of faulty roller bearings [10] stackable storage system to house the compon-
• understanding and interpreting fre- ents
quency spectra
• use of a computerised vibration analys- A) undamaged bearing, B) bearing with damage to outer race, C) bearing with damage to in- Technical data
er ner race, D) bearing with damage to a roller body, E) bearing with damage to roller body,
outer and inner race, F) heavily worn bearing
Pendulum ball bearing of type NU204-E-TVP2
• inside diameter: Ø 20mm
• outside diameter: Ø 47mm
• width: 14mm
• number of rollers: 12
Scope of delivery
6 roller bearings
1 bearing block
2 circlips
1 circlip pliers
x 2E
1 storage system with foam inlay
1 manual
The illustration shows PT 500.12 together with PT 500, PT 500.01, PT 500.14 and
PT 500.04.
Description
• assessment of bearing condition This accessory setup contains six roller To measure and evaluate the experi-
by vibration analysis bearings on which different faults can be ment, the computerised vibration analys-
• comparison of bearings with dif- detected and explained. The radial load er PT 500.04 is required. It includes all
ferent faults on the bearing can be set within broad the necessary sensors, a measuring
limits using the belt drive accessory set amplifier and analysis software to re-
Vibration analysis is a key tool in estimat- PT 500.14 (setting of belt tension; fixed cord the vibration phenomena.
ing the condition of a roller bearing. The load).
slow change in the vibration spectrum
provides indications of the remaining life The accessory setup is mounted on the
of a bearing and can be used as a cri- base plate of the machinery diagnostic
terion for its replacement. The spectral base system PT 500.
distribution can deliver accurate inform-
ation on the type and location of the
damage.
Envelope analysis of the bearing with damage on outer ring (B) at
f=1800min-1, damage frequency f1=3,58f, harmonic waves f2 to f7
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.13 PT 500.13
Couplings kit Couplings kit
Specification
Technical data
Pin coupling
• 1x centric pin
x • 1x eccentric pin
· eccentricity of pin: 1mm
• max. pitch fault: 180° ±1,909°
The illustration shows PT 500.13 together with the claw coupling of PT 500.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.14 PT 500.14
Belt drive kit Belt drive kit
Specification
Technical data
V-belt pulleys
x • large: Ø=125mm
• small: Ø=63mm
• small, eccentric: Ø=63mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.15 PT 500.15
Damage to gears kit Damage to gears kit
Specification
1 shaft end, 2 bearing cover with shaft gland, 3 bearing cover with centre distance adjust- Technical data
ment facility, 4 tapped hole for vibration sensor, 5 transparent gear unit cover; a helical
gear set, b spur toothed gear set, c damaged gear sets; F fault
Transmission ratio i: 1:3
Centre distance adjustable
Reference profile to DIN 867
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.16 PT 500.16
Crank mechanism kit Crank mechanism kit
Specification
1 connecting rod, 2 crosshead, 3 adjustment of bearing clearance, 4 pressure spring, Technical data
5 bearing block with journal bearing, 6 piston rod, 7 crank disk, 8 articulated head, 9 bal-
ance mass
Stroke: 50 – 75 – 100mm
Pressure spring
• relaxed length: 170mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments • spring stiffness: R=0,55N/mm
• vibrations of crank drives The transmission of alternating torque • experimental modal analysis of mech- LxWxH: 600x400x170mm (storage system)
• bearing clearance or slack in os- in toothed gearing mechanisms can be anical systems Weight: approx. 8kg
cillating machine components investigated together with accessory set • familiarisation with the envelope ana-
PT 500.15 (for investigating damage to lysis Scope of delivery
Crank drives are frequently used in com- gears). • influence of bearing clearance and
pressors and pumps. They cause vibra- shock impact 1 crank drive
tion due to the oscillating masses and The accessory set is mounted on the • inconsistent torque characteristic The illustration shows PT 500.16 together with PT 500, PT 500.01 and PT 500.04. 2 springs
forces. Under the alternating stress in base plate of the machinery diagnostic • wear measurement on piston rods 2 balance masses
the drive mechanism, bearing clearance, base system PT 500. • understanding and interpreting fre- 1 set of tools
for example, can generate shock im- quency spectra 1 storage system with foam inlay
pacts with high-frequency exciter spec- To measure and evaluate the experi- • use of a computerised vibration analys- 1 manual
tra. In addition, free mass forces gener- ment, the computerised vibration analys- er
ate harmonic vibrations due to their non- er PT 500.04 is required. It includes all • in conjunction with PT 500.15
linear kinematics. the necessary sensors, a measuring · transmission of alternating torque in
amplifier and analysis software to re- toothed gearing mechanisms
The PT 500.16 accessory set enables cord the vibration phenomena. • in conjunction with PT 500.14 or
the stroke, mass balance and bearing PT500.15
clearance on the crosshead to be adjus- · influence of gas forces on the vibra-
ted. The speed is adjusted using the tion spectrum
base unit PT 500. Gas forces such as
occur in compressors or combustion
engines can be simulated using springs.
Experiments with gas forces require
higher torques which are attained by re-
ducing the speed of the drive motor Envelope analysis on crank drive with clearance at 600min-1.
Dominant is the 2 nd order 2n with harmonic waves 4n, 6n, 8n etc.
from the base unit PT 500. This reduc-
tion is achieved either with the
PT 500.14 belt drive or the PT 500.15
gear unit.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.17 PT 500.17
Cavitation in pumps kit Cavitation in pumps kit
Specification
1 pump housing vent screw, 2 pump housing, 3 manometer, 4 valve, 5 intake side hose, Technical data
6 housing cover, 7 thumb screw to open the housing cover
Centrifugal pump
• max. flow rate at 3300min-1: 17L/min
• max. head at 3300min-1: 12m
• impeller with 3 blades
x • min. speed for cavitation: approx. 2240min-1 (with re-
striction on intake side)
Tank
• material: HDPE
Description Learning objectives/experiments • capacity: 20L
• observation and measurement of The pump can be driven directly through • observing and understanding cavitation Manometer
cavitation a flexible coupling on the base system in a centrifugal pump • delivery side: 0…4bar
• understanding conditions for PT 500 or by the PT 500.14 belt drive. · visually • intake side: -1…1,5bar
cavitation · stroboscopically (stroboscope avail-
The accessory set is mounted on the able as accessory) LxWxH: 600x400x320mm (storage system)
Cavitation can play a major role in the vi- base plate of the machinery diagnostic · by vibration analysis Weight: approx. 16kg
The illustration shows PT 500.17 together with PT 500 and PT 500.01.
bration of pumps during operation. base system PT 500. • investigation of the operational vibra-
tions of a centrifugal pump Scope of delivery
With the PT 500.17 accessory set, To measure and evaluate the experi- • understanding and interpreting fre-
cavitation can be experimentally induced ment, the computerised vibration analys- quency spectra 1 pump
and its influence on the vibration spec- er PT 500.04 is required. It includes all • use of a computerised vibration analys- 1 tank
trum investigated. the necessary sensors, a measuring er 1 set of hoses
amplifier and analysis software to re- 1 storage system with rubber mat
The principal elements of the accessory cord the vibration phenomena. 1 manual
set are a single-stage centrifugal pump
and a storage tank. The pump and tank
are interconnected by hoses. Valves and
manometers in the delivery and intake
lines allow various operating conditions
to be set. The transparent plastic pump
housing provides a view into the interior
of the pump during operation. This en-
ables the formation of cavitation bubbles
to be observed. Stroboscopic analysis is Software screenshot: frequency spectrum in cavitation
specially recommended (stroboscope
not supplied).
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
Machinery diagnosis
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PT 500.18 PT 500.18
Vibrations in fans kit Vibrations in fans kit
Specification
1 guard disk, 2 adjuster screw for gap between magnet and blades, 3 permanent mag- Technical data
net, 4 fan rotor with 7 blades, 5 bearing block, 6 mass disk to simulate axial forces, 7 fan
rotor with 3 blades, 8 fan rotor with 5 blades, 9 fan blade, 10 fan shaft
Sheet-steel fan rotor
• 3 blades
• 5 blades
• 7 blades
x • Ø 204mm
• max. speed: 3000min-1
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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4 Machine dynamics
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PT 500.19 PT 500.19
Electromechanical vibrations kit Electromechanical vibrations kit
• influence of the gap on vibration beha- [1] investigation of vibration behaviour of an electric
viour motor
• influence of electromagnetic asym- [2] asynchronous motor with adjustable gap
metry on vibration behaviour [3] asymmetric magnetic field by winding with shut-off
• influence of the load on the level of vi- facility
bration [4] variable speed via frequency converter of base unit
• influence of the gap on electromagnet- [5] speed display on display and control unit of base
ic losses and efficiency unit PT 500
• influence of speed on vibration beha- [6] power display on display and control unit of base
viour unit PT 500
• understanding and interpreting fre- [7] accessory set for PT 500 machinery diagnostic
quency spectra training system
• use of a computerised vibration analys- [8] stackable storage system to house the compon-
er ents
• in conjunction with a current measur- 1 current measuring probe tap for the 3 phases, 2 connection to the display and control
ing probe unit of PT 500, 3 bearing cover with adjustable centering and scale, to adjust gap, 4 motor
shaft, 5 adapter for acceleration sensors
Technical data
· measurement of current consump-
tion per phase Asynchronous motor with variable speed
• speed range: 100…6000min-1
• nominal power output: 370W
Scope of delivery
The illustration shows PT 500.19 together with PT 500, PT 500.01 and PT 500.05.
Description
• interaction of electromagnetic The PT 500.19 accessory set features To measure and evaluate the experi-
and mechanical elements of the an adjustable centering device to adjust ment, the computerised vibration analys-
system an asymmetrical gap. A winding that can er PT 500.04 is required. It includes all
• adjustable asymmetric gap be switched off generates an electro- the necessary sensors, a measuring
between stator and rotor magnetic asymmetry. The display and amplifier and analysis software to re-
• electromagnetic asymmetry with control unit of the PT 500 base system cord the vibration phenomena.
winding that can be switched off powers the asynchronous motor and
permits the speed to be adjusted. The
Asynchronous motors are in widespread motor is subjected to load by the
use as drive mechanisms. These motors PT 500.05 brake and load unit.
can generate machine vibrations. If
there is an asymmetric gap, the circulat- The accessory set is mounted on the
ing magnetic forces induce rotational base plate of the machinery diagnostic
and bending vibrations. The same ap- base system PT 500. Typical spectrum of an electric motor
plies to partial failure of the electrical rotary frequent vibration with n, 2n because of balance error
windings. In this case, the asymmetrical power frequent vibration with 2fe, 4fe because of magnetic forces
magnetic field also induces mechanical
vibrations.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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Engineering mechanics and engineering design
gunt
5
Engineering design
Engineering design
GL 300.02 GL 110
Cutaway model: mitre gear 271 Cam mechanism 281
GL 300.03 TM 123
Engineering drawing Cutaway model: spur gear 271 Spur gear unit 282
TZ 200.11 GL 200
Assembly of bending device 266 Lathe gear 294
TZ 200.71 AT 200
Assembly of lever shears 268 Machine elements: connecting elements Determination of gear efficiency 296
Overview
Machine elements 272
MG 901
Nuts and bolts kit 274 Assembly exercises
MG 903 Overview
Screw-locking devices kit 275 Assembly exercises 298
MG 905 MT 170
Thread types kit 276 Assembly shaft with journal bearings 300
TM 320 MT 171
Screw connections testing 277 Assembly hydrodynamic journal bearing 302
TM 310 MT 120
Thread testing 278 Assembly exercise: spur gear 304
MT 110.02
Assembly spur wheel/worm gear mechanism 306
MT 172
Machine elements: bearing elements Alignment of drives, shafts and gears 308
MG 911 MT 190
Roller bearings kit 279 Assembly materials tester 310
MT 190.01
Assembly data acquisition for materials tester 312
252 253
5 Engineering design
Introduction
gunt
Engineering design
rin
gd
assembly instructions
ematic o
Engineering Engineering Descriptive • define the instructions for manufacturing and assembly
mechanics design geometry • create operating instructions and documentation
Chapter 1–3 Chapter 5
S ch
From the idea for a product to its illustration in the form of a production-oriented engineering drawing
To start with, the fundamentals of engineering design are these components do and how they work. Based on this knowl-
taught, such as descriptive geometry, engineering drawing and edge, engineering design exercises can be solved.
Idea as a sketch Single-part drawings General arrangement drawing standardisation. Then we look at machine elements such as
screws, shafts, bearings and gears. The aim is to learn what
254 255
5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
gunt
Engineering drawing and cutaway models
The representation of a body and the “folding” (or changing of tial imagination. These skills are vital for creating perspective
the direction of projection) causes difficulties for many students. drawings and interpreting drawings and sketches, known as the
It requires a large capacity for abstraction and spatial imagi- ability to “read” drawings.
nation. These skills can be developed with appropriate training.
The GUNT geometric models have been designed to teach spa-
standards, identified by the name DIN, ISO or EN ISO, include, for example: 10.5
° 15
and sections 30
r (v')
nach nach ISO 13DZ nach ISO 13715
• surface characteristics
Titel, Zusätzlicher Titel
TZ100.10.01.003
Modell 3
Änd. Ausgabedatum Spr. Blatt
2010-04-13 de 1/1
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5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
gunt gunt
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TZ 100 TZ 100
Engineering drawing: three-dimensional display Engineering drawing: three-dimensional display
Specification
Technical data
5 prismatic models
Room corner made of three Plexiglas planes with inlaid drawing and a prismatic model • LxWxH: 40x30x50mm
4 cylindrical models
• ØxH: 40x50mm
1 transparent model
• LxWxH: 40x30x50mm
3 Plexiglas planes
• LxWxH: 100x100x100mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
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TZ 200.61 TZ 200.61
Engineering drawing: rotationally symmetrical components Engineering drawing: rotationally symmetrical components
Specification
Technical data
Sectional view of the drilling jig with the workpiece to be drilled (bearing cap)
LxWxH: 420x300x75mm (storage system)
Weight: approx. 2kg
Scope of delivery
• GUNT course: engineering draw- The cut-out quarter is also provided on • introduction to graphical representa-
ing the base plate, so that the difficult topic tion of rotationally symmetrical com-
• consists of drilling jig and work- of sectional views can be demonstrated ponents
piece clearly. • familiarisation with sectional views: full
• introduction to sectional views section and half section Assembled drilling jig with workpiece:
All parts are clearly arranged on a base • dimensioning of rotating parts and 1 fastening screw, 2 drill plate, 3 drill bush, 4 workpiece (bearing cap), 5 base
Reading and understanding complex en- plate. An exploded view, attached to the threads
gineering drawings are core skills. They base plate, illustrates the overall ar- • production engineering aspects
are at least equivalent to drawing ability rangement. · devices as aids for drilling and ream-
itself, and are the aim of this GUNT ing
course. The use of concrete applications The manufactured parts are precision- · complete machining on modern tool-
and real-world workpieces and standard manufactured and therefore are also ing machines
parts is intended to develop engineering suitable for measuring exercises. · tolerances, fits, surface specifica-
communication skills. The actual draw- tions
ing tasks are developed from a larger Ideally, the parts should be used in the • classification of the workpiece (bearing
technological environment. classroom as an exercise. Two or three cap) in a larger technological context
students can work meaningfully with one
TZ 200.61 provides an introduction to kit.
the graphical representation of rotation-
ally symmetrical components and the
representation of sections. The central
element is a drilling jig that can be used,
in this case, to drill into a bearing cap. A
quarter has been cut out of the base of Instructional material
the drilling jig. This illustrates the con-
cepts of “section” and “half-section”.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
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TZ 200.02 TZ 200.08
Engineering drawing: casting Engineering drawing: safety catch
2 models
Description 1 set of instructional material Description
• GUNT course: engineering draw- The two components can be used to de- • GUNT course: engineering draw- The manufactured parts are precision-
ing scribe the process from forming to ma- ing manufactured and therefore also suit-
• from raw casting to finished ma- chining. An ideal learning situation would • complete production-ready draw- able for measuring exercises. The sur-
chine part be to allow two or three students to ing set faces of the manufactured parts are
study the model set together. burnished to prevent corrosion.
A bearing housing made from sand-cast The model of a safety catch is part of
aluminium is used in teaching as an ex- the extensive GUNT course providing an Ideally, the part should be used in the
ample to illustrate the subject of cast introduction to engineering drawing. The classroom as an exercise. Two or three
parts in a detailed and practical way. didactic approach is based on a real- students can work meaningfully with one
TZ 200.02 comprises a raw casting of a world component and systematically de- kit.
bearing housing, manufactured and pol- velops transferable learning content.
ished in a foundry, and a finished part of
the same bearing housing, which has
been machined after being cast. The
machined part has also been prepared
as a cutaway model.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
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TZ 300 TZ 300
Assembly of lever press Assembly of lever press
Specification
Technical data
• GUNT course: engineering draw- The assembly kit includes all single parts • introduction to engineering drawing
ing required to assemble a functional lever · read and understand engineering
• lever press as assembly kit press. The parts are clearly displayed on drawings
• exercise for interdisciplinary a base plate. All single parts and the cor- · three-dimensional display
teaching responding drawings are available in a · sectional views
standards-compliant and practical form. · drawing types Exploded drawing of the lever press
A drawing is the most important means · 3D representation
of information and communication in en- The manufactured parts are precision- · lists of parts
gineering. The ability to read and under- manufactured from original materials · dimensioning
stand drawings, graphics and schemat- and with common tolerances and sur- · surface and tolerance specifications
ics is a fundamental element in the de- faces. The surfaces of the manufactured · difference between standard and
velopment of professional competence parts are burnished to prevent corro- production parts
in all engineering disciplines. Linking en- sion. All parts are clearly laid out and · materials specifications
gineering communication to the associ- well protected in a storage system. Mul- • planning and execution of simple as-
ated technical operations such as as- tiple storage systems can be stacked on sembly operations
sembly structure, work plans and manu- top of each other, allowing space-saving · plan and describe operations
facturing is just as important. storage. · evaluate results
• measuring exercises
The TZ 300 assembly kit is an interdis- Usage in the classroom should ideally be · longitudinal measurements
ciplinary and practical project. In addition as a practical exercise, in which two or · angular measurements
to the primary learning area of “engin- three students can work comfortably on • manufacturing processes
eering drawing”, it is also possible to one assembly kit. · working examples of handmade pro-
deal with the topics of machine ele- duction and production on machine
ments, assembly processes and in par- tools Functional groups of the lever press: fork, pressure pin, main body
ticular production engineering.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
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TZ 200.11 TZ 200.11
Assembly of bending device Assembly of bending device
Specification
Technical data
3D representation of the assembled bending device LxWxH: 540x350x75mm (storage system)
Weight: approx. 6kg
Scope of delivery
• GUNT course: engineering draw- The parts are grouped on a base plate • introduction to engineering drawing
ing so that individual assembly sequences · read and understand engineering
• bending device as assembly kit are clearly displayed. Above the base drawings
• exercise for interdisciplinary plate is a transparent cover plate with a · three-dimensional display
teaching graphical representation of the as- · sectional views Graphical representation of the assembly structure
sembly structure. The graphic symbol- · drawing types
A drawing is the most important means izes standard and production parts and · 3D representation
of information and communication in en- displays fixed and moving connections · lists of parts
gineering. The ability to read and under- differently. All single parts and the cor- · dimensioning
stand drawings, graphics and schemat- responding drawings are available in a · surface and tolerance specifications
ics is a fundamental element in the de- standards-compliant and practical form. · difference between standard and
velopment of professional competence production parts
in all engineering disciplines. Linking en- The manufactured parts are precision- · materials specifications
gineering communication to the associ- manufactured from original materials • planning and execution of simple as-
ated technical operations such as as- and with common tolerances and sur- sembly operations
sembly structure, work plans and manu- faces. The surfaces of the manufactured · plan and describe operations
facturing is just as important. parts are burnished to prevent corro- · evaluate results
sion. All parts are clearly laid out and • measuring exercises
The TZ 200.11 assembly kit is an inter- well protected in a storage system. Mul- · longitudinal measurements
disciplinary and practical project. In addi- tiple storage systems can be stacked on · angular measurements
tion to the primary learning area of “en- top of each other, allowing space-saving
gineering drawing”, it is also possible to storage.
deal with topics such as assembly plan- Bending process
ning and execution as well as measuring Usage in the classroom should ideally be
exercises. The assembly kit includes all as a practical exercise, in which two or
single parts required to assemble a three students can work comfortably on
functional bending device. one assembly kit.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Engineering drawing
gunt gunt
gunt
TZ 200.71 TZ 200.71
Assembly of lever shears Assembly of lever shears
Specification
Technical data
Scope of delivery
• GUNT course: engineering draw- Above the base plate is a transparent • introduction to engineering drawing
ing cover plate with a graphical representa- · read and understand engineering
• lever shears as assembly kit tion of the assembly structure. drawings
• exercise for interdisciplinary · three-dimensional display
teaching The graphic symbolizes standard and · sectional views Graphical representation of the assembly structure
production parts and displays fixed and · drawing types
A drawing is the most important means moving connections differently. All single · 3D representation
of information and communication in en- parts and the corresponding drawings · lists of parts
gineering. The ability to read and under- are available in a standards-compliant · dimensioning
stand drawings, graphics and schemat- and practical form. · surface and tolerance specifications
ics is a fundamental element in the de- · difference between standard and
velopment of professional competence The manufactured parts are precision- production parts
in all engineering disciplines. Linking en- manufactured from original materials · materials specifications
gineering communication to the associ- and with common tolerances and sur- • planning and execution of simple as-
ated technical operations such as as- faces. The surfaces of the manufactured sembly operations
sembly structure, work plans and manu- parts are burnished to prevent corro- · plan and describe operations
facturing is just as important. sion. All parts are clearly laid out and · evaluate results
well protected in a storage system. Mul- • measuring exercises
The TZ 200.71 assembly kit is an inter- tiple storage systems can be stacked on · longitudinal measurements
disciplinary and practical project. In addi- top of each other, allowing space-saving · angular measurements
tion to the primary learning area of “en- storage. • manufacturing processes
gineering drawing”, it is also possible to · working examples of handmade pro-
deal with the topic of assembly pro- Usage in the classroom should ideally be duction and production on machine Functional groups of the lever shears: shear body, base, stop
cesses, in particular production engin- as a practical exercise, in which two or tools
eering. three students can work comfortably on
one assembly kit.
The assembly kit includes all single parts
required to assemble functional lever
shears. The parts are grouped on a
base plate so that individual assembly
sequences are clearly displayed.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Cutaway models
gunt
GL 300.01 GL 300.02 GL 300.03
Cutaway model: worm gear Cutaway model: Cutaway model:
mitre gear spur gear
GL 300.04 GL 300.05
Cutaway model: Cutaway model:
two-stage planetary
spur gear gear
GL 300.06 GL 300.07
Cutaway model: Cutaway
variable speed model:
belt drive control gear
270 271
5 Engineering design
Machine elements: connecting elements
gunt
Machine elements
Components of a technical application that fulfil certain func- Simple machine elements such as screws, cylinder pins, This section presents the following machine elements:
tions in structures are known as machine elements. Machine feather keys or seals are defined according to standards and • various connecting elements
elements can be both single components and assemblies: therefore can be exchanged without difficulty. More complex • roller bearings
machine elements such as bearings, couplings, gears or shafts • various types of gears
• individual parts such as screws, bolts or gears
are standardised in only certain important properties, such as
• assemblies consisting of individual machine elements, such main dimensions or flanges, and as such are not fully inter-
as couplings, ball bearings, transmissions or valves changeable.
Connecting elements
An individual machine element always performs the same func- Connecting elements are used when the components in the machine are intended to
tion, even though it is used in very different structures. be fixed firmly to each other. Fixing screws, rivets and studs are discrete elements that
are usually detachable and can be reused.
Screws are the most commonly used machine elements and are classified according to
Classification of machine elements their function: fastening screws connect two or more parts firmly to each other and
can be detached. Motion screws convert rotary motion into linear motion and are used
Some machine elements can perform different tasks. For example, couplings can be used as linking and /or transmission elements under load following assembly.
and shafts can be used for bearing and /or transmission.
Motion seals Complex machine elements used to alter the motion variables means of a traction gear. Here, a distinction is made between
• lip seals of path, velocity and acceleration are known as conversion ele- non-positive traction drives (belt drive) and positive traction
• radial shaft seals ments or gears. In a gear drive, positively locking gears trans- drives (chain or toothed belt drive).
• labyrinth seals fer the rotary motion from one shaft to another. In a traction
drive, the rotary motion is transferred between two shafts by
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: connecting elements
gunt gunt
gunt
MG 901 MG 903
Nuts and bolts kit Screw-locking devices kit
• extensive kit comprising the most This kit is used for demonstration and in- • extensive kit of screw-locking This kit is used for demonstration and in-
important screws and nuts used formation. It is not designed for perform- devices formation. It is not designed for perform-
in mechanical engineering ing exercises or experiments. The origin- • standardised designations, terms ing exercises or experiments. Screw-
• standard designations, terms and al standard parts are screwed clearly in- and applications locking devices are shown in their in-
graphical representation to an aluminium plate. The symbols on stalled state on an aluminium plate. A
the plate show the DIN and standard Screw-locking devices are designed to transparent box contains a large num-
Screws and nuts are standardised ma- designation of the relevant part, in addi- prevent the unwanted loosening of ber of Screw-locking devices.
chine elements that are classified as de- tion to the correct graphical representa- screw connections because of external
tachable elements. These connecting tion. influences such as vibration or corro- The kit is arranged clearly in a storage
elements are used when components of sion. The lock machine element is added system.
a machine need to be firmly fixed to The kit is arranged clearly in a storage to a screw connection by the manufac-
each other. Different screws and nuts system. turer as an additional component.
are used depending on the application.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: connecting elements
gunt gunt
gunt
MG 905 TM 320
Thread types kit Screw connections testing
• familiarisation with the most important • axial tension force in a bolt joint de-
thread types used in mechanical engin- pendent on the tightening torque or
eering and their specific applications the elastic deformation of a slotted
• use the thread gauge to determine the block
thread type • measurement of the breakaway
torque, including for different fitting
Specification situations of the bolt joint
• measurement of thread friction and
[1] kit of thread types overall friction
[2] 8 thread types, arranged clearly
[3] cut-out sections make thread flanks Specification
visible
[4] galvanised parts [1] experiment on the correlation
[5] thread gauge for determining thread between the tension force and tight-
type ening torque of bolts
[6] all parts arranged clearly in the stor- [2] bolt size M8x100, wrench jaw size
age system 13mm
[7] multiple storage systems can be [3] elastic deformation of a slotted block
stacked on top of each other by the bolt
[4] determining the tightening and
Technical data breakaway torque with a mechanical
torque measuring device
Thread size: 24mm [5] 2 dial gauges
Thread gauge for external and internal [6] sensitive torque setting by hand
thread wheel
• metric ISO thread
• Whitworth thread Technical data
• Whitworth pipe thread
Tension force
LxWxH: 500x350x110mm (storage sys- • max. 40kN
tem)
Weight: approx. 3kg Force/travel constant
• 20kN/mm (on slotted block)
Scope of delivery
Max. tightening torque
1 complete kit, arranged in storage • 40Nm
Description system Description
1 set of instructional material Torque/travel constant
• extensive teaching kit of the most This kit is used for demonstration and in- • correlation between tightening The bolt joint is tightened and slackened • 10Nm/mm (on torque measuring
important thread types used in formation. It is not designed for perform- torque and tension force on using a special torque wrench, which device)
mechanical engineering ing exercises or experiments. Different standardised bolts can be set sensitively with the aid of a
• standardised designations, terms bolt and nut threads are shown. The • breakaway torque of a bolt joint threaded spindle. By using an axial bear- Dial gauge
and specific applications thread flanks are made visible by cut-out ing, the head friction of the bolt can be • 0…10mm
sections. A thread gauge allows you to The main element of the unit is a slotted, largely excluded, so that only the friction • graduation: 0,01mm
Threads are the basis for detachable determine the thread type and size. elastically deformable steel block. By of the threaded joint is measured.
connections, such as screws with ex- tightening the bolt joint, the slotted area LxWxH: 450x400x260mm
ternal threads and nuts with internal The kit is arranged clearly in a storage is deformed, thereby generating an axial Weight: approx. 27kg
threads. A number of thread types have system. tension force in the bolt. The resulting
been developed over time, depending on deformation is recorded by a mechanic- Scope of delivery
the application and loads that a thread al dial gauge, and is directly related to
has to withstand. Standards guarantee the bolt tension force generated. 1 experimental unit
the function of paired components with 1 set of bolts in transparent container
internal and external threads.
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: connecting elements
gunt
Engineering design
Machine elements: bearing elements
gunt
gunt
TM 310 MG 911
Thread testing Roller bearings kit
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
278 279
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
GL 100 GL 110
Principle of gear units Cam mechanism
Specification Specification
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
280 281
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 123 TM 124
Spur gear unit Worm gear unit
• development of the main variables and • development of the main variables and
relationships in a straight-toothed spur relationships in a worm gear
gear · investigation of transmission ratio,
· velocity ratios in spur gears torque, friction and self-locking
· gear with intermediate wheel or two- · determine the efficiency
stage gear
· influence of gear ratio on friction Specification
· determine the efficiency
[1] function and design of worm gears
Specification [2] bronze worm wheel
[3] steel worm
[1] function and design of gear drives [4] 2 aluminium cable drums
[2] 4 galvanised steel gear wheels [5] worm, worm wheel and pulleys
[3] 2 anodised aluminium pulleys mounted on ball bearings
[4] ball-bearing-mounted gears and pul- [6] anodised aluminium base plate
leys
[5] anodised aluminium base plate Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
TM 125
Laboratory and
Cable winch
conceptual
Learning objectives/experiments
• determine
· transmission ratio
design
· unwinding rate
· angular velocity
· efficiency
• behaviour under load
Specification
Scope of delivery
1 experimental unit
2 cable drums
1 set of weights
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 220 TM 220
Belt drive and belt friction Belt drive and belt friction
Technical data
Flat belts
• 1x leather/polyamide, 15x2,2mm, Extremultus LT10
1 support column, 2 pulley, 3 crank handle, 4 spring balance, 5 belt tension adjustment, • 1x polyamide, 15x0,6mm, Extremultus TT2
6 pivoting belt holder
V-belt
• ISO 4184
• profile: SPZ
• 9,7x8,0mm, rubber/fabric
Cable
• hemp, Ø=3mm
Pulley
• Ø=300mm
• material: grey iron
Dynamometer: 100N ±1N
LxWxH: 700x350x1100mm
Weight: approx. 47kg
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
GL 410 GL 410
Assembly simple gears Assembly simple gears
Specification
Technical data
1 worm gear, 2 spur gear, 3 bevel gear, 4 square steel tube frame Toothed belt disk
• number of teeth: z=30, 60
Chain wheels
• number of teeth: z=20, 30
• DIN 8192 ISO 10B-1
Spur wheel
• number of teeth: z=30, 60
• module m=2mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
GL 420 GL 420
Assembly combined gears Assembly combined gears
Specification
Technical data
1 two-stage spur gear, 2 combined spur-bevel gear, 3 square steel tube frame
Toothed belt disk
• number of teeth: z=30, 32, 48, 60
Chain wheels
• number of teeth: z=20, 30
• DIN 8192 ISO 10B-1
Gear wheels
• number of teeth: z=30, 36, 50, 60
• module: m=2mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Pair of bevel gears
• flexible and robust assembly kit Individual activities such as understand- • familiarisation with main components • number of teeth: z=30
for continuing mechanical gear ing the task and reading the drawing, as- and forms of mechanical gear engin- • module: m=3mm
engineering sembling the components, adjusting, cal- eering • transmission ratio: i=1
• uses industrial components to ibrating and checking the gear, and per- · two-stage belt drive • angle of rotation: 90°
represent the real world accur- forming calculations are performed one · chain gear with tensioning wheel and Bevel gear: drive and driven shaft at 90 degrees to each other. The outer form of the gear
ately after the other. The unit is driven by a spur gear ratio LxWxH: 1000x500x500mm (assembled frame)
wheels (envelope) is equivalent to cones. The central axes intersect.
• quick and simple assembly hand crank. A solid frame made of · two-stage spur gear Weight: approx. 72kg
square steel tubes and various bearings · combined bevel and spur gears LxWxH: 600x400x120mm (storage system)
Different types of gear can be combined ensures sufficient accuracy to be able to · combined worm and bevel gears LxWxH: 600x400x170mm (storage system)
to achieve significantly altered transmis- set precise tooth interlocking. All com- · rack-and-pinion drive with spur gear
sion functions and new properties. The ponents of the exercise system are • calculations on mechanical gears Scope of delivery
combination or interconnection can be ready at hand and securely housed in a • practical setup of different gears, asso-
done in series or in parallel. For ex- storage system. ciated with setup and configuration ex- 1 frame
ample, several gear stages are often ercises 1 set of bearings
connected in series in order to achieve GUNT offers three assembly kits in this • read and understand engineering 1 set of gear components
larger transmission ratios. product range: from simple gears drawings, familiarisation with technical 1 set of tools
(GL 410) to combined gears (GL 420) terms 1 set of instructional material
The GL 420 unit offers extensive exer- and control gears (GL 430). Each as-
cises on the fundamentals of gear engin- sembly kit can be used completely inde-
eering. The unit focuses in particular on pendently of the other parts in the
the practical assembly of gear compon- range.
ents.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
GL 430 GL 430
Assembly control gear Assembly control gear
Specification
Technical data
1 spur gear, 2 worm gear, 3 change gear, 4 Norton gear, 5 square steel tube frame Spur gears
• number of teeth: z=24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 50, 60, 76,
80, 95
• module: m=2mm
Worm gear
• worm
· number of teeth: z=6
• worm wheel
· number of teeth: z=62
· module: m=3,15mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments
LxWxH: 1000x500x500mm (assembled frame)
• flexible and robust assembly kit Individual activities such as understand- • familiarisation with main components Weight: approx. 80kg
for continuing mechanical gear ing the task and reading the drawing, as- and forms of mechanical gear engin- LxWxH: 600x400x120mm (storage system)
engineering sembling the components, adjusting, cal- eering LxWxH: 600x400x170mm (storage system)
• uses industrial components to ibrating and checking the gear, and per- · step pulley gear
represent the real world accur- forming calculations are performed one · sliding gear drive Scope of delivery
Worm gear
ately after the other. The unit is driven by a · Norton gear
• quick and simple assembly hand crank. A solid frame made of · tumbler gear 1 frame
square steel tubes and various bearings · change gear 1 set of bearings
Control gears are also known as variable ensures sufficient accuracy to be able to · cam box (tripping device for lathe) 1 set of gear components
or change gears. They are character- set precise tooth interlocking. All com- • calculations on mechanical gears 1 set of tools
ised by the fact that the speed is trans- ponents of the exercise system are • practical setup of different gears, asso- 1 set of instructional material
ferred differently via various pairs of ready at hand and securely housed in a ciated with setup and configuration ex-
gear wheels. The most famous example storage system. ercises
is the transmission in a car, which has • read and understand engineering
one pair of gear wheels for each “gear”. GUNT offers three assembly kits in this drawings, familiarisation with technical
product range: from simple gears terms
The GL 430 unit provides different con- (GL 410) to combined gears (GL 420)
figurations of control gears, which serve and control gears (GL 430). Each as-
as an introduction to gear engineering. sembly kit can be used completely inde-
The unit focuses in particular on the pendently of the other parts in the
practical assembly of gear components. range.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
GL 200
Lathe gear
Learning objectives/experiments
First-rate
handbooks
• investigation of all essential gear func-
tions of a lathe
• main gear
• change gear
• tumbler gear
• feed gear (Norton gear)
Description
• safe and clear demonstration of The tool slide in this experimental unit
the gear functions on a lathe performs only longitudinal motion. The
automatic longitudinal feed is achieved
The GL 200 lathe gear has all the es- by a lead screw. A removable recorder
sential features and characteristics of a drum simulates the workpiece, while the
workshop lathe: a shiftable main gear, a cutting tool is replaced by a stylus.
feed gear for driving the lead screw
(Norton gear), a change gear and a tum- Since the gear parts are exposed, all
bler gear. functions can be observed clearly. All ex-
periments are easily repeatable and of-
Drive is supplied by a hand crank with fer numerous variations.
graduated dial. As such, the processes
run slowly and completely safely.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Machine elements: transmission elements
gunt gunt
gunt
AT 200 AT 200
Determination of gear efficiency Determination of gear efficiency
Specification
Technical data
1 spring balance, 2 motor, 3 worm gear, 4 display and control unit, 5 spur gear, 6 brake, Three-phase AC motor with variable speed
7 brake lever arm, 8 coupling • power output: 0,25kW
• speed: 0…3000min-1
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
gunt
Assembly exercises
Learning objectives
Develop broad knowledge of assembly Introduction to technical terms and
technology as a basis for the design of technical language
assemblies
Familiarisation with machine elements Recognise assemblies, understand
and standard parts functions, describe systems
Joining (DIN 8593) Handling (VDI 2860) Special operations Read and understand technical Plan and execute assembly steps and
documentation sequences
• joining together • retaining • cleaning
Familiarisation with typical tools and Check and evaluate work results
• filling • changing quantities • aligning devices
• pressing on and impressing ·· dividing • marking
·· merging
• joining by moulding • lubricating
• joining by forming
• moving
• ...
Our instructional material for assembly exercises
·· turning
• welding ·· positioning
• soldering • securing
• bonding ·· holding
• textile joining ·· detaching
• inspecting
·· checking
An optimum design based on assembly requirements is char- of the workpiece. In design based on assembly requirements,
acterised by the fact that only a few simple, unique or essential the prerequisites and constraints have to be taken into account The core of the teaching material is a complete set of drawings conforming to
steps are required to assemble a product. Similarly, a parallel when building the product in assembly. Design based on assem- standards. In addition to the assembly drawing with parts list, you will find all manufacturing
assembly of components should be planned at the design stage. bly cannot be learned by theoretical teaching, but must be drawings of the individual parts. So you are able to produce your own parts,
If fully automated assembly is planned, this requires sophisti- practised. or have them manufactured for you.
cated solutions especially for the automated, safe grasping
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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MT 170 MT 170
Assembly shaft with journal bearings Assembly shaft with journal bearings
Specification
Technical data
1 steel shaft, 2 pedestal bearing, 3 spacer, 4 base plate, 5 bolt to fix MT 170 into MT 172
Shaft
• Ø 25mm
• shaft journal for coupling: Ø 16mm
Materials
• pedestal bearing, bearing cap: grey cast iron
• bearing shells: red bronze to DIN 8221
• shaft: hardened and ground steel
The illustration shows the tool box with the kit and, in the foreground, the fully assembled journal bearing.
• Stauffer lubricator: steel
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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MT 171 MT 171
Assembly hydrodynamic journal bearing Assembly hydrodynamic journal bearing
Specification
Technical data
Sectional drawing of a hydrodynamic journal bearing
Bearing bore
• Ø 80mm
Drive shaft
• nominal diameter: Ø 80mm
Materials
• bearing housing: grey cast iron
The illustration shows the tool box with kit and parts compartment insert. A fully assembled journal bearing is shown in the foreground.
• bearing shells: steel supports, coated with white metal
• seal: ultra-heat-resistant, fibre-reinforced plastic
Description Learning objectives/experiments • shaft: stainless steel
• practical kit of a hydrodynamic The MT 171 kit is part of the • function and design of a hydrodynamic LxWxH: 690x360x312mm (tool box)
journal bearing GUNT-Practice Line for assembly, main- journal bearing Weight: approx. 60kg
• part of the GUNT-Practice Line tenance and repair, which has been de- • principles of lubrication and sealing ele-
for assembly, maintenance and signed for technical colleges and com- ments Scope of delivery
repair pany training centres. The close link • assembly and disassembly, including Operation of a hydrodynamic journal bearing: 1 to 4 build-up of a load-bearing oil film at in-
between theory and practice-based for the purposes of maintenance and 1 kit
creasing speed
Journal bearings generally execute a learning content is evident. MT 171 en- repair 1 drive shaft
sliding motion between a bearing journal ables a hydrodynamic journal bearing to • read and understand engineering 1 set of tools
and a bearing shell. This sliding motion is be assembled and disassembled. Stu- drawings and operating instructions 1 set of small parts
usually lubricated by an intermediate dents become familiar with all the com- 1 tool box with foam inlay
medium. Hydrodynamic journal bearings ponents and how they work. 1 set of instructional material
give wear-free continuous duty for large
diameters at high speeds, and are suit- The individual parts are laid out clearly
able for high and shock-type loading. and are well protected in a tool box. The
They are usually constructed as split accompanying material details the indi-
bearings. Frictional heat occurring dur- vidual steps involved in assembly, and
ing operation must be dissipated by the provides additional information on the
lubricant. areas of application, mode of operation
and design of the journal bearing.
MT 171 is a horizontally split hydro-
dynamic pedestal journal bearing. The
bearing shells are supported by a spher-
ical face in the bearing housing so as to
ensure uniform transfer of any forces
that arise on the bottom part of the
housing. The journal bearing is lubric-
ated by a loose lubricating ring. Stand-
ard commercially available mineral oils
can be used. An auxiliary shaft is sup-
plied together with the bearing as an aid
to assembly and functional testing.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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gunt
MT 120 MT 120
Assembly exercise: spur gear Assembly exercise: spur gear
Specification
transparent sectional view of the assembled gear (screenshot from assembly video) Technical data
Transmission ratio
• pinion
· number of teeth: z=24
· real pitch module: m=1mm
The illustration shows the assembled gear and the GUNT Media Center on a tablet (not included).
• gear wheel
· number of teeth: z=68
Description Learning objectives/experiments · real pitch module: m=1mm
• transmission ratio: i=2,83
• broad scope of learning with in- unit are designed to allow the complete • function and design of a helical spur
terdisciplinary problems assembly process to be performed by gear unit Max. output torque
• part of the GUNT-Practice Line hand. • planning and presentation of the as- • 54Nm at 494min-1
for assembly, maintenance and sembly process
repair The contemporary multimedia instruc- • assembly and disassembly, including Shaft connections
storage system with foam inlay open: all components have their place, the foam is labeled.
• multimedia instructional materi- tional materials provide extensive tech- for the purposes of maintenance and • drive: ØxL: 16x40mm
als on USB stick and online in nical information as base for lesson repair • output: ØxL: 20x40mm
GUNT Media Center: 3D PDF, design. The core element of the teach- • read and understand engineering
CAD files, STEP files, videos ing materials is a complete set of draw- drawings (PDF files, CAD files, STEP LxWxH: 600x400x540mm (storage system)
ings as files with lists of parts, single- files) Weight: approx. 20kg
The MT 120 unit is a spur gear unit with part drawings, exploded views, assembly • familiarisation with various machine
helical gear wheels. The gear is single- drawings and 3D drawings. All drawings elements: ball bearings, shaft seals Required for operation
stage and has a fixed transmission ratio are to standard and are dimensioned in • familiarisation with assembly aids and
(fixed gear unit). Helically cut gear accordance with production require- jigs PC with Windows recommended
wheels run more smoothly and quietly ments. The set of drawings consists of • generation of programs for 3D print
than straight-toothed gears because the CAD files, STEP files and PDF files. As- and CNC machining Scope of delivery
gear teeth intermesh gradually and mul- sembly videos are also useful features.
tiple teeth are engaged. They are suit- The files are also available free of 1 kit
able for higher speeds, and can with- charge online in the GUNT Media Cen- 1 set of tools
stand greater loading than comparable ter. 1 set of assembly jigs
straight-toothed gears. 1 set of small parts
The transport roller MT 120.02 or the 3x storage system with foam inlay
The MT 120 kit is part of the trolley MT 120.01 are suitable for con- screenshot of the GUNT Media Center 1 set of instructional material, consisting of technical
GUNT-Practice Line for assembly, main- venient transport of the kit. description of system, complete set of drawings
tenance and repair, which has been de- with lists of parts (PDF, CAD, STEP), description of
signed for technical colleges and com- assembly and disassembly sequences, assembly
pany training centres. The close link videos, online access to the GUNT Media Center
between theory and practice-based
learning content is evident. The as-
sembly and disassembly processes can
be completed easily within standard les-
son times. Only basic tools are required
for assembly, all of which are supplied
with the kit. The fit seatings of the gear
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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gunt
MT 110.02 MT 110.02
Assembly spur wheel / worm gear mechanism Assembly spur wheel / worm gear mechanism
Specification
Technical data
The illustration shows the assembled gear unit. Gear dimensions without shaft couplings
• LxWxH: 282x138x188mm, approx. 22kg
Transmission ratios
• spur gear stage: i=2,83
• worm gear stage: i=12,33
• total gear ratio: i=34,89
• practical assembly of an industri- The contemporary instructional materi- • function and design of a combined Worm gear stage
al gear unit, using simple tools als provide extensive technical informa- gear unit • worm: z=3
and devices tion that provides the basis for lesson • reading and understanding engineer- • worm gear wheel: z=37, m=2,578mm
• broad scope of learning with in- design. The core element of the teach- ing drawings
terdisciplinary problems ing materials is a complete set of draw- • familiarisation with components and Max. output torque: 212Nm
Drive principle of the two-stage spur wheel / worm gear mechanism
• part of the GUNT-Practice Line ings with lists of parts, single-part draw- assemblies, their design features and
for assembly, maintenance and ings, exploded views and assembly draw- functions Materials
repair ings. All drawings are to standard and • dimensioning exercises, gauging of • housing: cast iron
are dimensioned in accordance with pro- parts • shafts: tempered steel
The MT 110.02 unit deals with a two- duction requirements. Pdf files and as- • work planning, in particular planning • spur gear wheels, worm: alloyed case-hardened steel
stage gear. The kit contains all the indi- sembly videos are also useful features. and representation of the assembly
vidual parts to build the gear. The gear process Shaft connections
comprises a spur gear stage as its in- The fully assembled gear can be tested • familiarisation with assembly aids and • drive: ØxL: 16x40mm
put, with a downstream worm gear for functionality using the optionally avail- jigs • driven: ØxL: 30x60mm
stage (combined gear). The fit seatings able MT 172. • assembly exercises: assembly of mod-
of the gear unit are designed to allow ules and complete units LxWxH: 700x380x320mm (tool box)
the complete assembly process to be • analysis of faults and damage, in con- Weight: approx. 38kg
performed by hand. All parts are laid out junction with maintenance and repair
clearly and are well protected in a sheet- steps Scope of delivery
steel tool box. Small parts are contained • material selection criteria
in a box with a transparent lid. A set of 1 kit
tools is included. • in conjunction with MT 172 1 set of tools
· functional testing of the assembled 1 set of assembly jigs
The project-based nature of this as- gear unit 1 set of small parts
sembly kit allows for varied and above all 1 set of gaskets
interdisciplinary work in the classroom. 1 tool box with foam inlay
The project is particularly recommended 1 set of instructional material, consisting of technical
for a practical-based teaching organisa- description of system, complete set of drawings
tion, in conjunction with independent stu- with individual parts and parts list, description of as-
dent activity and teamwork. sembly and disassembly sequences, pdf files, as-
sembly videos
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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gunt
MT 172 MT 172
Alignment of drives, shafts and gears Alignment of drives, shafts and gears
Specification
Drive motor
• 4-pole asynchronous motor
• max. power: 0,55kW
2E • speed: 1400min-1
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
308 309
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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gunt
MT 190 MT 190
Assembly materials tester Assembly materials tester
Specification
Technical data
x
Test force: max. 20kN
Stroke: max. 45mm
Free installation space for specimens: 165x65mm
Tensile specimens: B6x30mm, DIN 50125
Description Learning objectives/experiments Hardness specimens: LxWxH 30x30x10mm
Sphere for hardness testing: Ø 10mm
• kit of a unit for basic experiments The assembled MT 190 experimental • read and understand technical docu-
in materials testing unit represents a real, fully functional mentation Measuring ranges
• can be expanded with electronic materials tester that can be used to • plan and execute assembly steps and • force: 0…20kN, graduation: 0,5kN
data acquisition conduct tensile tests and Brinell hard- sequences • travel: 0…10mm, graduation: 0,01mm
• part of the GUNT-Practice Line ness tests. The experimental unit has • familiarisation with machine elements
for assembly, maintenance and been developed specifically for experi- and components LxWxH: 610x520x850mm (assembled)
repair ments in small groups and is character- • commission and inspect materials Sectional drawing of the horizontal hydraulic cylinder: 1 trapezoidal nut, 2 hand wheel axle, Weight: approx. 53kg
ised by a clear design, simple operation tester after successful assembly 3 crank side flange, 4 cylindrical tube, 5 trapezoidal threaded spindle, 6 clamping bolt, 7 re-
The MT 190 unit is supplied as a kit and and accessories that are easy to ex- • plan, implement and evaluate mainten-
tainer, 8 piston, small, 9 pressure side flange Scope of delivery
contains all mechanical parts, measur- change. ance operations
ing units, hydraulic components with • fault analysis: troubleshooting, fault 1 kit
seals and pipe material with all connect- The tensile specimens are clamped analysis and remedy 1 set of tools
ing parts. Assembly comprises the between the upper cross member and 1 set of assembly jigs
mechanical structure, the hydraulic as- the crosshead. The hardness specimens • after successful assembly 1 set of small parts
sembly of both cylinders and the piping are secured between the crosshead and · tensile test on metallic specimens 1 set of accessories
installation. All tools and aids required lower cross member. The test force is · plot load–extension diagrams 1 set of specimens (4 tensile specimens, 4 hardness
are included, as well as extensive teach- generated by means of a hand-operated · Brinell hardness test specimens)
ing materials. hydraulic system and displayed on a 1 set of instructional material, consisting of: technical
large force gauge with a drag indicator. description of system, complete set of drawings
The MT 190.01 assembly set allows for A dial gauge measures the elongation of with individual parts and parts list, description of
data acquisition as an extension to the the specimens. maintenance and repair processes, suggested ex-
range of experiments. Using MT 190, ercises
students can learn about working on a
complex project. This involves the plan-
ning, implementation and checking of
processes related to assembly, commis- Piston in detail: 1 O-ring, 2 piston sealing ring, 3 guide ring
sioning and repair.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
310 311
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5 Engineering design
Assembly exercises
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MT 190.01 MT 190.01
Assembly data acquisition for materials tester Assembly data acquisition for materials tester
Specification
Technical data
Port for connecting data acquisition to the basic unit: 1 displacement sensor, 2 pressure Pressure sensor for force measurement
sensor for force measurement, 3 measuring amplifier, 4 USB cable • 0…100bar
Displacement sensor
• 0…50mm
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
312 313
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Engineering mechanics and engineering design
gunt
6
Materials testing
SE 100 TM 260.01
Frame for load testing, 400 kN 336 Rolling friction in friction wheels 356
SE 110.48 TM 260.02
Bending test, plastic deformation 338 Elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour 358
TM 260.03
Dynamic friction in pin – disk 360
TM 260.04
Impact test Frictional vibrations 362
WP 400 TM 260.05
Impact test, 25 Nm 340 Dynamic friction in cylindrical pin – roller 364
WP 410 TM 260.06
Impact test, 300 Nm 342 Pressure distribution in journal bearings 366
TM 232
Bearing friction 368
TM 282
Torsion test Friction in journal bearings 370
WP 500 TM 280
Torsion test, 30 Nm 344 Pressure distribution in journal bearings 372
WP 510 TM 290
Torsion test 200 Nm, motor drive 346 Journal bearing with hydrodynamic lubrication 374
CE 105
Corrosion of metals 376
Fatigue of materials
WP 140
Fatigue strength test 348
WP 600
Creep rupture test 350
314 315
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Mechanical testing methods
316 317
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Mechanical testing methods
Compression test to determine flow curves Various methods for determining hardness
Compression tests are less significant for testing metallic Hardness refers to the mechanical resistance with which a body opposes the intrusion of another body. .
materials compared to tensile tests. However, when study-
F
ing building materials such as natural stone, brick, concrete,
wood etc., the compression test is fundamentally import- Principle of the Brinell hardness test
ant. A standardised specimen with a known cross section is In this test method, a standardised test body – a hard F
loaded uniformly with low increasing force in the longitudinal metal sphere – is pressed into the workpiece under defined
direction. A uniaxial stress state prevails in the specimen. conditions. The surface of the lasting impression is then
The ratio of stress to compression can be shown from the measured optically. The impression surface is calculated
plotted force-path diagram. The stress-compression dia from the impression diameter and the sphere diameter.
gram shows clearly the different behaviour of the various A triaxial stress state develops in the specimen,
!(¡{
1 separate materials and provides the characteristic values underneath the impressing test body.
for compression strength, 0,2% offset yield point and the !(¡{
1
!(¡{
2 compression yield stress. The Brinell hardness is calculated from the test load and
impression surface of the spherical segment. !(¡{
2
!(¡{
3
d2
1 1 Test process and optical measurement of
1
d
Test process in the compression test 0,102 · F 0,102 = = the permanent indentation
HB = 9,81 g
1 thrust plate, 2 specimen, 3 pressure plate, F test load AB to convert N 1 hard metallic sphere, 2 specimen,
into kgf F test load, d1 and d2 diameters perpendic- 90°
ular to each other
HB Brinell hardness value, F test load in N, AB impression surface
Stress-compression diagram in mm2, g= 9,81 gravitational acceleration
σ
!(¡{
2 Principle of the Vickers hardness test F
The test method is similar to the Brinell hardness test.
Unlike the Brinell method, a pyramid-shaped diamond
is used as the test body. The impression diagonal is
!(¡{
1 determined by measuring the two diagonals d1 and d2 and
!(¡{
1
d2
σ0,2 σy σF Test process and optical measurement of the permanent indentation
a
!(¡{
1
d
b
!(¡{
2
c
I II III
318 319
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Mechanical testing methods
Bending tests for the study of deformation behaviour Shear test to study the load capacity against shearing
The most frequently studied bending load in materials testing between the load of a bending beam and its elastic deformation. The shear test is applied when testing screws, rivets, pins and means of external shear forces until the specimen shears off.
is the three-point bending test. Using this method, a beam The effects of modulus of elasticity and second moment of area parallel keys in order to determine the shear strength of the The resistance of a material against the shear stress can be
mounted on two supports is studied under a single force applied are shown. material or the behaviour of the material under shear strain. determined by two different methods, the single-shear and the
to the centre. The bending test demonstrates the relationship To do this, the shear stresses are produced in the specimen by double-shear testing method.
!(¡{
3
The cupping specimen to be tested is clamped between a In the torsion test, a specimen is clamped at one end and
blank holder and die and is indented with a hardened spherical subjected to the load of a steadily increasing moment, known
stamp (cupped) until the specimen cracks. The depth achieved as the twisting moment or torsional moment. The twisting
is considered a standard of comparison for the cold formabil- moment causes shear !(¡{
1 !(¡{
2 !(¡{
3 !(¡{
4
ity. In addition, the type of crack and the surface structure of stresses in the cross-
the sagging area are analysed. section of the specimen
!(¡{
1
F and a stress state that
leads to deformation and
ultimately to fracture.
γ φ τ
!(¡{
2
!(¡{
3
Test process in the torsion test
1 rigid clamping, 2 specimen, 3 rotating clamping, 4 drive;
Test process in the cupping test !(¡{
4
Mt twisting moment, γ shearing angle, φ twisting angle,
Mt
1 stamp, 2 specimen, 3 die, 4 crack, F test load τ shear stress
Mt
320 321
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Mechanical testing methods
Impact test to determine the toughness property Notched-bar impact work-temperature diagram
The impact test is a method with sudden loading and is suit- the material does not depend on the material alone, but also on
able primarily for determining the cleavage fracture tendency other external conditions such as temperature or stress state.
or toughness property of a material. This test method does not
Different testing methods are used to determine the notched-
provide any values of material characteristics. The determined
bar impact strength. In the Charpy test, the test body is
values of the impact test, the notched-bar impact strength, do Metal with face-centred
mounted on two sides and a pendulum strikes the centre of the
not fit directly into calculations on strength. Rather, they help cubic lattice structure
test body at the height of the notch. In the Izod and Dynstat
only with a rough selection of materials for a specific task. Cu, Al, Ag, Pb
tests, the test body is upright and a pendulum strikes the free
The deformation behaviour is often an important criterion for end of the test body above the notch.
the selection of materials. It can be used to identify quickly which
of the selected materials are brittle or tough. The brittleness of Ak
!(¡{
c
Principle of the Charpy notched-bar impact test
bent specimen
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6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Mechanical testing methods
Materials behave differently under lasting static loads at without an increase in load lead to a slow but steady irreversible
Fatigue strength test increased temperatures than they do under the same load at plastic deformation, also known as creep. After a sufficiently
room temperature. After a certain amount of time, increased long, even load time, this leads to fracture of the specimen.
The fatigue strength defines the load limit up to which a material high number of load cycles with stresses that are far below the temperatures under stresses below the hot yield point and
that is loaded dynamically withstands without breaking. Moving yield point and far below the fracture stress.
machine parts in particular are subject to dynamic loads, caused
by vibrations for example. In this case, a fracture occurs after a Principle of the creep rupture test
In the creep rupture test, a specimen is subjected to load at a characteristic curve, which is known as the creep curve.
!(¡{
1 !(¡{
2 F !(¡{
3 constant stress and constant temperature. This experiment is The creep rupture test determines the characteristic values for
F F MB MB n performed multiple times with different stresses, but always at the creep strength and the various strain values.
the same temperature. The plastic deformations are measured
in continuous intervals. All measured values can then be
Differently loaded specimens transferred to a creep diagram. The measured elongation shows
1 specimen with tensile and compression stress, 2 specimen with stress from alternating bending,
3 specimen with stress from rotary bending; F force, MB bending moment, n speed
Creep curve
Principle of the fatigue strength test with stress on rotary bending If the elongation is plotted over time, we get the creep curve.
The Wöhler diagram contains three regions: Phase 3, the tertiary creep with again increas-
σ (log)
324 325
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Course
Fundamentals of materials testing
Series WP
A complete course
in the fundamentals
of materials testing
326 327
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Course
Fundamentals of materials testing
The WP 410 experimental unit generates The compact WP 600 experimental unit is used
a 300 Nm work capacity to conduct creep rupture tests
• Charpy notched-bar impact test with increased work • simple creep rupture tests with lead and plastic specimens
capacity • experiments can be conducted at room temperature
• pendulum impact tester based on industrial standards/ • cooling elements allow experiments to be conducted below room temperature
DIN EN ISO 148-1
• experiments last from a few minutes to an hour
• safe experiments thanks to two-hand release of the
hammer and optional protective cage for pendulum impact
tester WP 410.50
• preparation display and storage with the WP 410.20
system for data acquisition
328 329
6 Materials testing
Introduction
gunt
Course
Fundamentals of materials testing
Accessories for various materials tests WP 400, 25 Nm test load WP 410, 300 Nm test load
Impact test Impact test
WP 300, 20 kN test load WP 310, 50 kN test load WP 400.01 Set of 10 V specimens 10x5, WP 410.01 Set of 10 ISO-V specimens 10x10, St 37k
construction steel WP 410.02 Set of 10 ISO-V specimens 10x10, Cu
Tensile tests Tensile tests
WP 400.02 Set of 10 V specimens 10x5, CuZn WP 410.03 Set of 10 ISO-V specimens 10x10, CuZn
WP 300.02 Set of 4 tensile specimens, Al, Cu, St, CuZn WP 310.05 Clamping device for tensile specimens, WP 400.03 Set of 10 V specimens 10x10, CuZn
round and flat WP 410.50 Safety cage for pendulum impact tester
WP 300.21 Set of 4 tensile specimens, Al
WP 400.04 Set of 10 U specimens 10x5,
WP 310.12 Set of 10 tensile specimens free cutting steel
WP 300.22 Set of 4 tensile specimens, Cu F10x50 DIN 50125, St (S235JRC+C) WP 400.05 Set of 10 R7 specimens,
WP 300.23 Set of 4 tensile specimens, St WP 310.06 Clamping device for tensile specimens, free cutting steel
WP 300.24 Set of 4 tensile specimens, CuZn threaded end WP 400.06 Set of 10 R5 specimens,
WP 300.14 Clamping device for flat tensile specimens WP 310.11 Set of 10 tensile specimens free cutting steel
B10x50 DIN 50125 M16, St (S235JRC+C)
WP 300.25 Set of 4 tensile specimens, flat, WP 400.07 Set of 10 R7 specimens,
Al, Cu, St, CuZn WP 310.07 Clamping device for tensile specimens, heat treatable steel
dumbbell-shaped
WP 400.08 Set of 10 R7 specimens, WP 510, 200 Nm test load
WP 310.13 Set of 10 tensile specimens, dumbbell-shaped, construction steel
St (S235JRC+C)
WP 400.09 Set of 10 V specimens, Torsion test
Compression tests Compression tests construction steel WP 510.01 Set of 5 torsion specimens, St
WP 300.05 Compression plates for compression tests, large WP 310.04 Compression plates for compression tests WP 400.50 Safety cage for pendulum impact tester WP 510.02 Set of 5 torsion specimens, CuZn
WP 510.03 Set of 5 torsion specimens, Al
WP 300.70 Set of 4 compression specimens, gypsum WP 310.15 Set of compression specimens,
WP 300.71 Set of 4 compression specimens, wood 4x plastic, 1x wood WP 500, 30 Nm test load
WP 300.72 Set of 4 compression specimens, plastic Material fatigue with WP 600
Torsion test
Brinell hardness tests Brinell hardness tests Creep rupture test
WP 500.01 Set of 6 torsion specimens, St, Al, CuZn
WP 310.01 Experimental setup for Brinell hardness test WP 600.01 Set of 10 specimens, PE
WP 300.03 Set of 4 hardness specimens, Al, Cu, St, CuZn WP 300.03 Set of 4 hardness specimens, Al, Cu, St, CuZn WP 600.02 Set of 10 specimens, Pb
Material fatigue with WP 140
WP 300.31 Set of 4 hardness specimens, Al WP 300.31 Set of 4 hardness specimens, Al
WP 300.32 Set of 4 hardness specimens, Cu WP 300.32 Set of 4 hardness specimens, Cu Fatigue strength test Accessories
WP 300.33 Set of 4 hardness specimens, St WP 300.33 Set of 4 hardness specimens, St
WP 300.34 Set of 4 hardness specimens, CuZn WP 300.34 Set of 4 hardness specimens, CuZn WP 140.01 Set of 3 specimens, various fillet radii, St WP 300.09 Laboratory trolley
WP 300.12 Measuring magnifier for Brinell hardness test WP 300.12 Measuring magnifier for Brinell hardness test
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6 Materials testing
Tensile, compression, bending and hardness testing
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 300 WP 300
Materials testing, 20kN Materials testing, 20kN
16 tensile specimens
• material: 4x Al, 4x Cu, 4x St, 4x CuZn
16 hardness specimens
• LxWxH: 30x30x10mm
• material: 4x Al, 4x Cu, 4x St, 4x CuZn
Sphere for hardness testing: Ø 10mm
Measuring ranges
x • force: 0…20kN, graduation: 0,5kN
• travel: 0…20mm, graduation: 0,01mm
Stress-strain diagram for various materials: a hardened steel, b tempered steel, c annealed
steel, d alloyed aluminium LxWxH: 610x500x860mm
Weight: approx. 48kg
Description
Scope of delivery
• compact, simple experimental Compression, bending, shear and cup- The experimental unit can also be
unit for basic destructive tests ping tests can be conducted using the equipped with electronic force and dis- 1 experimental unit
• tensile tests, Brinell hardness accessories. Disk and coil springs can placement measurement. Using the 1 device for hardness test
test also be tested. The experimental unit WP 300.20 system for data acquisition, 1 force gauge
has been developed specifically for ex- the measured values for force and dis- 1 elongation dial gauge
A solid understanding of the properties periments in small groups and is charac- placement can be transferred to a PC 4 sets of tensile specimens (4 pieces each)
of materials is essential for technical terised by a clear design, simple opera- where they can be analysed with the 4 sets of hardness specimens (4 pieces each)
and scientific professions. This know- tion and accessories that are easy to ex- software. 1 set of instructional material
ledge helps select the suitable material, change.
monitor production and processing and
ensure the requirements in terms of a The tensile specimens are clamped
component. The materials test provides between the upper cross member and
the necessary data in a reproducible the crosshead. The hardness specimens
and precisely quantified manner. The are secured between the crosshead and
tensile test, bending test and hardness lower cross member. The test force is Brinell hardness test: 1 hardened steel ball, 2 specimen; F test load, d1 and d2 dimensions
test are all part of classic destructive generated by means of a hand-operated of the impression surface
materials testing. hydraulic system and displayed on a
large force gauge with drag indicator. A
The range of experiments with WP 300 dial gauge measures the elongation of
covers tensile tests and Brinell hard- the specimens.
ness tests in the base unit.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Tensile, compression, bending and hardness testing
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 310 WP 310
Materials testing, 50kN Materials testing, 50kN
• together with the accessories [1] hydraulically operated trainer for materials testing,
· tensile test based on industrial standards
· compression test [2] generation of tensile and compressive forces
· Brinell hardness test [3] adjustable test load and travel velocity
· bending test [4] generation of test load via gear pump and double-
· shear test acting hydraulic cylinder
· cupping test [5] force measurement via a strain-gauge full bridge
· spring testing with acoustic overload signal, max. overload 150%
[6] displacement measurement via linear potentiomet-
er
[7] LED displays for force and displacement with tare
and maximum-value storage
[8] GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under
Windows 7, 8.1, 10
1 hydraulic cylinder for generating tensile and compressive forces, 2 operating area with [9] wide range of accessories available
the accessory WP 310.05, 3 force sensor, 4 adjustable height lower cross-member with
lock, 5 displays and controls, 6 displacement sensor
Technical data
Measuring ranges
• force: 0…50kN
• displacement: 0…150mm
x
230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
The illustration shows WP 310 together with the accessory WP 310.05. Stress-strain diagram for various materials: a hardened steel, b tempered steel, c annealed 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
steel, d alloyed aluminium UL/CSA optional
LxWxH: 1080x830x2300mm
Description Weight: approx. 330kg
• hydraulically operated trainer, The clean layout and simple operation The extensive accessories provide Required for operation
based on industrial standards mean the experimental sequence can be tensile and compression tests, Brinell
• direct generation of tensile and observed in all details and phases. The hardness tests, bending, shear and cup- PC with Windows recommended
compressive forces power of the trainer allows tests to be ping tests. Plate and coil springs can
• extensive accessories for experi- performed on an industrial scale. Mater- also be tested. The test load and elonga- Scope of delivery
ments from destructive materials ial specification data and laws can be tion of the specimen are measured by
testing verified using self-determined measured sensors and are displayed. 1 trainer
values. 1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
A classic discipline of materials testing The measured values are transmitted 1 set of instructional material
is the destructive testing method, in The vertical, hydraulically operated train- directly to a PC where they can be ana-
which specimens are mechanically er with direct force generation can pro- lysed using the software included.
tested to failure. The materials test duce both tensile and compressive
provides data for hardness, rigidity and forces. The height of the lower cross-
strength in a reproducible and precisely member can be adjusted for coarse ad-
quantified manner. justment. Cylindrical receptacles on the Software screenshot: Brinell hardness test
cross-members allow for easy exchange
The WP 310 unit, in conjunction with of accessories.
the accessories, offers experiments
from destructive materials testing.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Tensile, compression, bending and hardness testing
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 100 SE 100
Frame for load testing, 400kN Frame for load testing, 400kN
Specification
Technical data
The illustration shows SE 100 together with various accessories
Frame
• steel profiles: U 400, St52
Description Learning objectives/experiments • frame opening WxH: 4100x1700mm
• clear span in the double frame: 635mm
• load tests on components from The design of the frame means experi- • together with the accessories
steelwork and civil engineering ments can be conducted quickly and · bending tests Test loads
• specially designed for large com- without complicated assembly. The unit · load tests • centre position: max. 300kN
ponents at a 1:1 scale offers a very wide range of possibilities · compression tests • off-centre: max. 2x 200kN
• wide range of applications thanks in conjunction with the accessories and
to extensive accessories the load application device. LxWxH: 5000x1350x2820mm
Suggestions for your own tests with various large components, for example 1 load on Weight: approx. 2600kg
The demands of modern, technically The hydraulically operated load applica- frame, 2 load on beam or girder
sophisticated designs require a solid un- tion device, available as accessory Scope of delivery
derstanding of the strength and deform- SE 100.12, includes a double-action hy-
ation of components. Different load draulic cylinder and a hand-operated 1 frame of steel profiles
states can be simulated in load experi- pump mounted on a table.
ments and the reaction to the load re-
corded and analysed. This makes it pos- The load application device is mounted
sible to demonstrate the load bearing on rollers and can be positioned at any
capacity of the design by means of ex- point on the upper cross-member of the
periment. The SE 100 frame for load frame. Depending on the experimental
tests has been designed specifically for setup, it is also possible to use two load
experiments in the fields of steelwork application devices (SE 100.02) and
and civil engineering. Large components therefore generate several forces. The
at a 1:1 scale are studied. bending is indicated by means of dial
gauges, available as accessory
The frame is delivered in prefabricated SE 100.03.
parts that must be assembled on site.
This makes it possible to transport the Large components such as reinforced
Bend test on a plane truss SE 100.04; 1 unloaded truss, 2 loaded truss, F test load,
separate parts through normal door- concrete beams, girders or steel frames FA and FB support forces, w bending
ways. The frame is set up on four ad- can be subjected to loads and investig-
justable and vibration-damping feet. The ated experimentally. The SE 100.04 ac-
generous operating area is designed as cessory is available for experiments on
a double frame so that longer compon- trusses. The forces on typical bars of
ents can also be studied. the truss are recorded by means of
strain gauges.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Tensile, compression, bending and hardness testing
gunt gunt
gunt
SE 110.48 SE 110.48
Bending test, plastic deformation Bending test, plastic deformation
Specification
Technical data
Beams
• 1x 1000x15x3mm, steel
• 1x 1000x15x3mm, aluminium
• 1x H-profile, 1000x15x15x2mm, aluminium
1 load application device, 2 SE 112 frame, 3 beam, 4 movable support, 5 fixed support,
6 dial gauge Load application device
• max. load: ±5000N
• max. travel: 100mm
Measuring ranges
• travel: 0…50mm
LxWxH: 1170x480x178mm
The illustration shows SE 110.48 in a frame similar to SE 112. Weight: approx. 30kg
• observe and determine the trans- The transition from elastic to plastic de- • load on a beam with a point load 1 set of beams (3 pieces)
ition from elastic to plastic de- formation is observed and determined in • plot a load–extension diagram and de- 1 load application device
formation the experiment. The values obtained are termine the nonlinear behaviour 2 supports
• plot load–extension diagrams used to create a load–extension dia- • compare the load and relief curves 1 dial gauge
gram, in which the nonlinear behaviour • demonstrate the invalidity of the super- 1 tension device
Mechanical stress, to which design ele- of the deformation is demonstrated. position principle in the plastic region 1 storage system with foam inlay
Plastic deformation of a beam, both beam profiles included in the scope of delivery
ments are generally exposed, generates 1 set of instructional material
stresses in the affected component or The parts of the experiment are laid out
the material. If these stresses are too clearly and housed securely in a storage
large, there is plastic deformation of the system. The entire experimental setup is
material in addition to the elastic, revers- constructed in the SE 112 mounting
ible deformation. The component does frame.
not return fully to its original form after
the deformation, resulting in a change of
shape.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Impact test
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 400 WP 400
Impact test, 25Nm Impact test, 25Nm
• determine the notched-bar impact [1] classic Charpy notched-bar impact test
work [2] pendulum impact tester based on
• determine the notched-bar impact DIN EN ISO 148-1
strength [3] hammer mass can be varied by adding or removing
• analyse the fracture surface charac- weights
teristics [4] brake to reduce the residual energy
• plot a notched-bar impact work–tem- [5] safe operation thanks to two-hand release of the
perature diagram hammer
• influence of notch shape, material and [6] required protective cover for pendulum impact test-
specimen temperature on the notched- er vailable as accessory WP 400.50
bar impact work [7] scale for displaying the notched-bar impact work
[8] notched-bar impact specimens (U/V/R notch):
free cutting steel, heat treatable steel, construction
steel, brass
1 hammer with removable additional weights, 2 protective ring, 3 scale with drag pointer, [9] system for data acquisition (WP 400.20) available
4 notched bar impact specimen, 5 two-hand trigger and brake, 6 hammer fixing as an option
Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Impact test
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 410 WP 410
Impact test, 300Nm Impact test, 300Nm
• determine the notched-bar impact [1] Charpy notched-bar impact test with increased
work work capacity
• determine the notched-bar impact [2] pendulum impact tester based on industrial stand-
strength ards / DIN EN ISO 148-1
• analyse the fracture surface charac- [3] hammer mass can be varied by adding or removing
teristics weights
• plot a notched-bar impact work–tem- [4] brake to reduce the residual energy
perature diagram [5] safe operation thanks to two-handed release of the
• influence of notch shape, material and hammer
specimen temperature on the notched- [6] required protective cover for pendulum impact test-
bar impact work er available as accessory WP 410.50
[7] scale for displaying the notched-bar impact work
[8] ISO-V notched specimens made of stainless steel,
specimens of copper, brass and steel available as
1 hammer with removable extra weights, 2 scale, 3 notched bar impact specimen, 4 drag accessories
pointer, 5 two-hand release, 6 brake [9] system for data acquisition (WP 410.20) available
as an option
Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Torsion test
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 500 WP 500
Torsion test, 30Nm Torsion test, 30Nm
Specification
Technical data
x
Max. twisting moment: 30Nm
Loading device, worm gear
• transmission ratio: 1:63
Specimen mount: 2x 17mm, hexagonal
Description Learning objectives/experiments Specimens
• diameter: 6mm
• generate the twisting moment by The twisting moment is applied manually • torsion tests with different materials • 4x 75mm, steel
means of a worm gear by means of a handwheel and a worm and load until specimen fracture • 4x 75mm, aluminium
• measure the twisting moment by gear. The base plate is torsionally rein- • determine the twisting strength • 4x 75mm, brass
means of a strain-gauge measur- forced. A transparent protective cover • plot the diagram of twisting moment • 2x 175mm, steel
ing shaft protects against flying fragments. over twisting angle • 2x 350mm, steel
• incremental encoder for measur- • influence of • 2x 700mm, steel
ing the twisting angle The effective twisting moment is meas- · specimen material Principle of operation of torsion test: Mt twisting moment, φ twisting angle
ured by means of a moment-measuring · specimen cross-section Measuring ranges
The torsion test is a destructive testing shaft fitted with strain gauges and can · specimen length • twisting moment: 0…30,0Nm
method that studies the plastic beha- be read directly on a display. The twist- • angle of twist: 0…±3200°, resolution: 0,1°
viour of materials. In practice, compon- ing angle is recorded by an incremental
ents that are twisted in their application encoder and can also be read. The 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
(e.g. screws, shafts, axles, wires and measured values are transmitted dir- 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
springs) are studied with this test meth- ectly to a PC where they can be ana- UL/CSA optional
od. lysed using the software. LxWxH: 1400x700x500mm (experimental unit)
LxWxH: 230x210x120mm (measuring amplifier)
The WP 500 experimental unit allows Specimens of different materials and dif- Weight: approx. 43kg (total)
torsion tests in which specimens are ferent lengths are included in the scope
subjected to load until they fracture. The of delivery. The measuring device can be Required for operation
clean layout and simple operation mean moved on the rigid frame to adapt to dif-
the experimental sequence can be ob- ferent specimen lengths. PC with Windows recommended
served in all details and phases.
Scope of delivery
In the experiment, metallic specimens
are twisted until they are destroyed by a Torsion test of metallic materials to fracture: Mt twisting moment, φ twisting angle, a speci- 1 experimental unit
men fracture 1 measuring amplifier
typical shear fracture.
1 set of specimens (18 pieces)
1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Torsion test
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 510 WP 510
Torsion test 200Nm, motor drive Torsion test 200Nm, motor drive
Specification
Technical data
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Fatigue of materials
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 140 WP 140
Fatigue strength test Fatigue strength test
Specification
1 protective cover, 2 electric motor, 3 switch box, 4 tool, 5 specimens, 6 bearing, Technical data
7 clamped specimen, 8 load application device with spring balance and hand wheel
Electric motor
• speed: 2800min-1
• power: 0,37kW
x Load force
• 0…300N
• different specimens show the in- The necessary force is generated in the • fatigue strength of bars under reverse Specimens
fluence of notching and surface load application device by means of a bending stress • material: steel Ck35
quality spring balance and a movable support. • influence of different fillet radii and sur- • 3 different fillet radii
• continuous adjustment of the The load amplitude can be adjusted con- face qualities on the fatigue strength
load amplitude tinuously using the preload of the spring • Wöhler diagram 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
• automatically shuts down when balance by means of a threaded spindle. 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
Functional principle of a fatigue strength test: cantilever mounted rotating specimen, loaded
the specimen fractures An electronic counter registers the with a single force; F force, Mb bending moment UL/CSA optional
number of load cycles and displays it di- LxWxH: 840x410x600mm
Moving components and machine parts gitally. The impulse for the counter is Weight: approx. 31kg
are often exposed to periodically fluctu- provided by an inductive proximity switch
ating loads. Even if the dynamic load is on the motor coupling. The counter can Scope of delivery
far below the static load capacity, this also be used to measure the speed.
load can lead to fracture of the compon- 1 experimental unit
ent after a long time because of materi- When the specimen breaks, the stop 1 set of specimens (9 pieces)
al fatigue. The fatigue strength and switch stops the electric motor auto- 1 set of instructional material
design strength of components are de- matically. A protective cover protects
termined in fatigue strength tests or en- against flying fragments.
durance tests.
Specimens with various fillet radii are in-
The WP 140 trainer demonstrates the cluded in the scope of delivery to demon-
basic principles of fatigue strength test- strate the notching effect and the influ-
ing and the creation of a Wöhler dia- ence of the surfaces.
gram. The clean layout and simple oper-
ation mean the experimental sequence By using the WP 140.20 system for
can be observed in all details and Woehler diagram for two different materials N: number of load cycles, σ: stress load on the
data acquisition, the measured values
specimen
phases. In the experiment, a cantilever- can be transferred to a PC where they With increasing number of cycles, the permissible load of a material asymptotically ap-
mounted and rotating cylindrical speci- can by analysed with the software. proaches the fatigue strength σW.
men is subjected to a single force. The
load on the specimen corresponds to a
cantilever bending beam. The specimen
is subjected to a pure reverse bending
stress and breaks after a certain num-
ber of load cycles because of material
fatigue.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Fatigue of materials
gunt gunt
gunt
WP 600 WP 600
Creep rupture test Creep rupture test
Specification
Technical data
1 thermometer for temperature-controlled box, 2 storage element for cooling the speci- Specimens
men, 3 clamped specimen, 4 specimens, 5 weight, 6 adjustable stop for the lever, 7 lever, • LxW: 25x5mm, thickness 2mm
8 dial gauge
• 10x lead
• 10x plastic (PE)
Weights
• 1x 1N (hanger)
• 2x 5N
• 3x 2N
• 3x 1N
• 2x 0,5N
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Measuring ranges
• typical phenomena of creep pro- Experiments can also be conducted be- • creep in specimens of various materi- • tension: 5…25N/mm2
cesses low room temperature by means of a als • travel: 0…10mm, graduation: 0,01mm
• experiments at or below room transparent temperature-controlled box • record a strain–time diagram (creep • temperature: -50…300°C
temperature are possible with storage elements. curve)
• influence of temperature and load on LxWxH: 700x350x510mm
Components that are subjected to long- In the experiment, the specimen is sub- the creep Weight: approx. 23kg
term constant loads deform plastically. jected to a constant tensile load at a giv- • load and recovery in plastics Principle of operation of the creep rupture test: 1 dial gauge, 2 specimen, 3 lever for load
This material behaviour is called creep. en, constant temperature. The tensile transfer, 4 weight; F force, ε strain Scope of delivery
The creep rupture test is a destructive load is generated by a lever and stepped
test method for determining the materi- weights. The specimen holders are 1 experimental unit
al behaviour (creep) at constant test equipped with knife-edge bearings to 1 set of specimens (20 pieces)
temperature (room temperature and avoid bending stresses on the specimen. 1 set of weights
below) and after prolonged exposure to An adjustable stop protects the dial 1 stopwatch
a constant load. gauge at fracture of the specimen and 1 temperature-controlled box with 2 storage ele-
prevents the loads impacting the experi- ments and 1 thermometer
The WP 600 experimental unit demon- mental unit. 1 set of instructional material
strates typical phenomena such as
phases of different creep rates or tem- The elongation of the specimen over
perature-dependent creep behaviour. time is recorded by a dial gauge and a
The clean layout and simple operation stopwatch and represented in a
mean the experimental sequence can be strain–time diagram as the so-called
observed in all details and phases. Lead creep curve.
and plastic specimens are used in order
to achieve acceptable creep rates at
room temperature.
Strain-time diagram (creep curve) of plastic: a load, b recovery, c elastic recovery,
d plastic recovery, e permanent deformation, ε strain, σ stress, t time
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Tribology and corrosion
gunt
Tribology and corrosion
Tribology Corrosion
Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in contains all elements such as components and substances that Corrosion refers to the reaction of a metallic material to its environment, which causes a measurable change in the material.
relative motion. The application of tribology in engineering is used are involved in a tribological load, as well as their properties. This can lead to impairment of the function of a metal component or a whole system.
to study friction, wear and lubrication. These studies extend to Material components such as body, counter body, intermediate
all areas of development, engineering design, production and substance and ambient medium form the system structure. The The form of the material changes due to corrosion
maintenance of mechanical motion systems. Wear processes input variables and disturbance variables are summarised as
are analysed by means of a so-called tribological system and collective stresses.
are described by "systemic" loss variables. A tribological system Surface erosion, uniform erosion Pitting corrosion, crater-shaped Figure left and below: intergran-
of the workpiece surface or pinhole-like depressions that ular corrosion along the grain
undermine the surface boundaries.
Collective Structure of the tribological system Output variables Tribological system, repre Figure right: transgranular corro-
stresses • force sented using the example sion, transverse through the grains
• elements
of bolts/bearing shell
(1 body, 2 intermediate substance, • torque
Input variables 3 counter body, 4 ambient medium) • speed
• type of motion
• motion sequence
• material and geometric properties
• interaction between the elements
• mechanical !(¡{
3
energy
• load
• material
!(¡{
1
• velocities
• temperatures
variables !(¡{
4
F
• load duration
!(¡{
4
!(¡{
2
Disturbance v !(¡{
3
variables
• external mechani-
!(¡{
2
cal vibrations
• radiation
!(¡{
1
Loss variables
1 body, Processes during corrosion
• friction • emissions 2 intermediate substance,
Technical function of • heat • wear 3 counter body, The environmental conditions of the material are significant (ion-conducting liquids). In metals, corrosion is caused primarily
the tribological system • vibrations • material erosion 4 ambient medium
for corrosion. Essentially, these are gases from the surround- by electrochemical or chemical processes.
ing atmosphere and liquids. Solutions can be electrolytes
In the analysis of tribological systems, loss variables such as
μ e-
FN FN FN coefficient of friction, frictional forces and frictional vibrations
are determined by suitable measuring methods. The change of e- e-
an input variable or disturbance variable can change the friction !(¡{
1 !(¡{
3 !(¡{
1 !(¡{
2 Cu++
Cu
v v v and wear behaviour significantly. Experiments are required in
!(¡{
a !(¡{
b !(¡{
c order to investigate dependencies of loss variables.
Fe Fe++
The Stribeck curve gives a good overview of occurring friction +2e- Fe
Fe++
states, such as in slide bearings. The relationships between
coefficient of friction, friction pressure and bearing force are
!(¡{
2 !(¡{
3
352 353
6 Materials testing
Tribology and corrosion
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 260 TM 260
Drive unit for tribological investigations Drive unit for tribological investigations
Specification
[1] base module with drive unit and display and control
unit for studying tribological phenomena
[2] horizontal or vertical position of the drive shaft by
means of pivotable motor block
[3] various experimental units available as accessories
[4] drive unit and experimental units secured by quick-
action chucks
[5] drive unit comprising DC motor with worm gear
[6] speed of the DC motor is continuously adjustable
[7] speed measured by incremental encoder
[8] frictional force measured by force sensor
[9] force and speed displayed on display and control
unit
1 motor and gear, 2 quick-action chuck, 3 drive shaft, 4 pivotable drive Technical data
DC motor
• rated speed: 3000min-1
• torque: 18,5Nm
Measuring ranges
• force: 0…50N
Description Learning objectives/experiments • speed: 0…200min-1
• base module for studying various The TM 260 units comprise a frame on • together with the experimental units 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
cases of sliding and rolling fric- which the drive unit is mounted together TM 260.01 to TM 260.06 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
tion with an experimental unit and a display · rolling friction of two disks with slip UL/CSA optional
• contact force by means of and control unit. Quick-action chucks · elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour (EHD LxWxH: 500x450x280mm (base module)
weights and lever make it quick and easy to assemble. The theory) in rolling friction of a sphere Weight: approx. 10kg
1 TM 260.03 experimental unit studies a tribological system, consisting of a pin and disk, LxWxH: 360x330x170mm (display and control unit)
• electronic measurement of the drive unit has a pivotable motor block against a flat surface which slide against each other, 2 TM 260 drive unit
frictional force between friction bearing. This allows the drive shaft to be · wear test: pin against disk Weight: approx. 6kg
partners installed horizontally or vertically. The · wear test: friction wheel experiment
speed of the DC motor is continuously · frictional vibrations and slip–stick Scope of delivery
Tribology studies friction, wear and lub- adjustable and is detected by means of phenomenon
rication. Friction occurs when two solids an incremental encoder. The frictional · pressure distribution in the journal 1 base module
are in contact with each other and their forces are measured by a force sensor bearing 1 display and control unit
movement is impeded. If material is lost in each experimental unit. 1 set of cables
progressively during this process, it is 1 set of instructional material
referred to as wear. Lubricants are The display and control unit shows fric-
used to minimise friction and wear. tional force and speed, the latter of
which can be adjusted continuously.
The TM 260 drive unit, together with
the experimental units TM 260.01 to The following experiments can be con-
TM 260.06, offer a complete course ducted: Rolling friction in friction wheels
with a series of experiments to study tri- (TM 260.01), Elasto-hydrodynamic be-
bological phenomena. Various rolling haviour (TM 260.02), Dynamic friction in
and sliding cases can be demonstrated a pin on a disk (TM 260.03), Frictional
in the classroom or studied in the labor- vibrations (TM 260.04), Dynamic fric- 1 TM 260.05 experimental unit studies a tribological system, consisting of a cylindrical pin
atory. The parameters of a tribological and a roller, which slide against each other (point contact), 2 TM 260 drive unit
tion in a cylindrical pin on a roller
system are recorded and analysed. A (TM 260.05), Pressure distribution in
comprehensive range of friction pairings journal bearings (TM 260.06).
makes it possible, among other things,
to represent how the frictional force is
independent of the contact area.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 260.01 TM 260.01
Rolling friction in friction wheels Rolling friction in friction wheels
Specification
Friction wheels
• Ø=49mm
The illustration shows TM 260.01 on the TM 260 frame.
• Ø=45mm, incl. rubber ring
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 260.02 TM 260.02
Elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour Elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour
• together with the drive unit [1] elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour of a lubricating film
· determine the thickness of the lub- layer between sphere and rotating glass plate
ricating film at the contact point of a [2] quick and easy assembly of the experimental unit
sphere with a plane surface – com- on the frame of the drive unit
pare with theoretical value [3] determine the thickness of the lubricating film by
· study the effect of load and speed on optical interference
the thickness of the lubricating film [4] glass plate is driven by a clampable coupling
between drive unit and gear unit
[5] hardened steel sphere, polished
[6] rotating plane-parallel glass plate with dielectric
coating
[7] continuous load on the sphere via lever arm
[8] load measured by force sensor
[9] displays of force and speed and speed adjustment
1 reflected light microscope, 2 halogen lamp, 3 steel sphere, 4 load application device, on the drive unit
5 cross table, 6 frame of TM 260, 7 drive unit from TM 260, 8 glass plate
Technical data
Sphere
• diameter: 25,4mm
• hardened steel, polished
Glass plate
• diameter: 150mm, plane-parallel
• coating: BK 7, dielectric, R=30%
Microscope
• magnification: x50
Determine the thickness of the lubricating film by optical interference: 1 halogen lamp,
• halogen lamp: 10W
2 glass plate with dielectric coating, 3 lubricating film, 4 steel sphere;
arrows orange: incident light, green: dielectric coating reflects 30% of the light, blue: steel Force sensor: 0…50N
sphere reflects the remaining light
Description LxWxH: 350x250x550mm
Weight: approx. 8kg
• elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour To do this, the lubricating film between a The glass plate is driven by a clampable
between the sphere and rotating- sphere and a glass plate is determined coupling between drive unit and gear Scope of delivery
glass-plate friction pair and studied using a reflected-light micro- unit. The display and control unit of the
• investigation of the thickness and scope. The experimental unit contains a drive unit shows contact force and 1 experimental unit
shape of the lubricating film rotating glass plate and a steel sphere speed and allows the continuous adjust- 1 sphere
as the friction pair. The steel sphere is ment of the speed. 1 glass plate
Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication occurs pressed against the glass plate from un- 1 set of instructional material
in roller bearings, gear wheels and cam derneath. The contact force between In the experiment, light waves from the
followers, whose contact surfaces are the friction partners can be adjusted reflected-light microscope pass through
subjected to high loads. These surfaces continuously by means of a lever. A lub- the glass plate and the lubricating film
are elastically deformed because of high ricating film is located between the and are reflected by the surface of the
contact pressures. The theory of elasto- sphere and glass plate at the contact steel sphere. The light waves are refrac-
hydrodynamics (EHD theory) takes into point. The glass plate is plane-parallel ted in the lubricating film, making colour
consideration the elastic deformation of and dielectric coated. The surface of the interference fringes visible. The
the bodies in contact with each other hardened steel ball is polished. The re- wavelength of light increases or de-
and provides a basis for calculating the flected-light microscope stands on an creases with the variable thickness of Effect of lubricating film thickness on speed: 1 static case, 2 to 4 increase in lubricating film
width (lubricating oil ISO VG 100)
influence of lubrication on damage to adjustable xy cross table and has a fo- the lubricating film. The thickness of the
gears and roller bearings. cus drive. lubricating film is determined visually by
means of the colour of the interference
The tribological system in TM 260.02 al- The TM 260 drive unit is required in or- fringes created. The contact force is
lows a clear representation of the elasto- der to conduct experiments. The experi- measured by a force sensor.
hydrodynamic behaviour of lubricating mental unit is mounted quickly and easily
film layers. on the frame of the drive unit with quick-
action chucks.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 260.03 TM 260.03
Dynamic friction in pin - disk Dynamic friction in pin - disk
Specification
Technical data
Disk
• Ø=50mm
• hardened stainless steel, ground
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Pin, ØxH: 4x25mm
• frictional forces between two slid- Different lubrication conditions can be • together with the drive unit • 3x aluminium
ing friction pairs studied, such as dry friction, water or oil · frictional forces in different friction • 6x brass
• investigation of wear lubrication. Pins made of different ma- pairs and loads • 6x steel
• use of different lubricants pos- terials are included in the scope of deliv- · frictional forces with different lubric-
sible ery to study different friction pairings. ation Force sensor for frictional force
· frictional forces at different relative Tribological system pin and disk: 1 pin as counter body, 2 rotating disk as main body, 3 cup
• 0…50N
In bearing and drive technology, dynamic The TM 260 drive unit is required in or- speeds of the friction partners with lubricant as intermediate substance, 4 contact area; F force, n speed
friction occurs at the sliding and rolling der to conduct experiments. The experi- · wear under different friction para- Weights
points, which leads to power losses in mental unit is mounted quickly and easily meters and lubrication conditions • 1x 5N (hanger)
the technical systems. Dynamic friction on the frame of the drive unit with quick- • 1x 20N
is differentiated into sliding, rolling and action chucks. The disk is driven by a • 1x 10N
spinning friction. In dynamic friction, clampable coupling between drive unit • 1x 5N
there is relative translation between the and gear unit. The display and control
two bodies. unit of the drive unit shows frictional LxWxH: 350x430x230mm
force and speed and allows the continu- Weight: approx. 8kg
The tribological system in TM 260.03 al- ous adjustment of the speed.
lows a clear representation of the dy- Scope of delivery
namic friction and an analysis of the fric- The frictional force and the coefficient of
tional forces. The experimental unit con- friction can be determined in experi- 1 experimental unit
tains a fixed pin that is pressed axially ments. The frictional forces are meas- 1 disk
against a rotating disk as the friction ured by a force sensor. The wear can be 1 set of pins
pair. The contact force between the fric- determined precisely by measuring the 1 set of weights
tion partners can be adjusted gradually change (reduction) in length of the pin. 1 set of instructional material
up to a maximum of 80 N by means of a
lever. The rotating disk is enclosed by an Effect of the lubricating film on friction: 1 pin, 2 disk, 3 lubricant; a dry friction, b mixed fric-
tion, c fluid friction; FN force, v velocity
open cup that can be filled with different
lubricants for the experiments.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 260.04 TM 260.04
Frictional vibrations Frictional vibrations
Specification
Technical data
1 force sensor, 2 frame of TM 260, 3 drive unit from TM 260, 4 rotating disk, 5 friction
ring, 6 weight, 7 spring and cable Disk
• Ø: 60mm
• stainless steel
Friction ring
• outer diameter: 80mm
• inner diameter: 50mm
• 1x stainless steel
• 1x brass
• 1x plastic (PA)
Description Learning objectives/experiments
Force sensor for frictional force
• slip–stick phenomenon at the A tension spring prevents the friction • together with the drive unit • 0…50N
transition from static to dynamic ring from rotating. The necessary hold- · observation of the transition from
friction ing force is measured by a force sensor. static to dynamic friction Weights
• friction rings of different materi- · influence of lubrication on slip–stick • 1x 5N
als for the study of different fric- The TM 260 drive unit is required in or- phenomenon • 3x 10N
tion pairings der to conduct experiments. The experi- · influence of the force between the Friction oscillations (Slip-stick phenomenon): 1 spring, 2 body, 3 drive; F force, v velocity,
mental unit is mounted quickly and easily friction partners on the slip–stick a static, b dynamic Weight: approx. 7kg
Friction is the resistance of a body on the frame of the drive unit with quick- phenomenon
against movement on a base. Static fric- action chucks. The disk is driven by a · influence of the relative velocity of Scope of delivery
tion means that a body remains at rest clampable coupling between drive unit the friction partners on the
under the action of a force. If a limit and gear unit. The display and control slip–stick phenomenon 1 experimental unit
value is exceeded, the body begins to unit of the drive unit shows frictional 1 disk
move on the base, resulting in dynamic force and speed and allows the continu- 1 friction ring
friction. Self-excited friction oscillations, ous adjustment of the speed. 1 spring
also known as slip–stick phenomenon, 1 set of weights
occur if the static friction is significantly The frictional force and the coefficient of 1 set of instructional material
higher than the dynamic friction. friction can be determined in experi-
ments. The frictional forces are meas-
The tribological system in TM 260.04 al- ured by a force sensor. Friction rings
lows a clear demonstration of the trans- made of different materials are included
ition from static to dynamic friction and in the scope of delivery to study different
the occurrence of friction oscillations. friction pairings.
The experimental unit contains a rotat-
ing stainless-steel disk and a loosely fit-
ting friction ring as the friction pair. The Frictional force at static and dynamic friction: 1 static friction, 2 slide limit, 3 dynamic fric-
tion, FR frictional force, F traction, FH static frictional force, FG dynamic frictional force, a rest
contact force between the friction part- state, b motion
ners can be adjusted gradually up to a
maximum of 40 N by means of weights.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 260.05 TM 260.05
Dynamic friction in cylindrical pin - roller Dynamic friction in cylindrical pin - roller
Specification
Technical data
Roller
• Ø=40mm
Description Learning objectives/experiments • hardened stainless steel, ground
• frictional forces between two slid- Different lubrication conditions can be • together with the drive unit Cylindrical pin, ØxH: 10x20mm
ing friction pairs studied, such as dry friction, water or oil · frictional forces in different friction • 3x aluminium
• investigation of wear lubrication. Cylindrical pins made of dif- pairs and loads • 6x brass
• use of different lubricants pos- ferent materials are included in the · frictional forces with different lubric- • 6x steel
sible scope of delivery to study different fric- ation
tion pairings. · frictional forces at different relative Force sensor for frictional force
In bearing and drive technology, dynamic speeds of the friction partners Tribological system of cylindrical pin and roller (point contact): 1 fixed cylindrical pin as • 0…50N
friction occurs at the sliding and rolling The TM 260 drive unit is required in or- · wear under different friction para- counter body, 2 rotating roller as main body, 3 lubricant as intermediate substance; F force,
n speed Weights
points, which leads to power losses in der to conduct experiments. The experi- meters
the technical systems. Dynamic friction mental unit is mounted quickly and easily • 1x 5N (hanger)
is differentiated into sliding, rolling and on the frame of the drive unit with quick- • 1x 20N
spinning friction. In dynamic friction, action chucks. The roller is driven by a • 1x 10N
there is relative translation between the clampable coupling between drive unit • 1x 5N
two bodies. and gear unit. The display and control
unit of the drive unit shows frictional LxWxH: 570x100x120mm
The tribological system in TM 260.05 al- force and speed and allows the continu- Weight: approx. 8kg
lows a clear representation of the dy- ous adjustment of the speed.
namic friction and an analysis of the fric- Scope of delivery
tional forces. The experimental unit con- The frictional force and the coefficient of
tains a fixed cylindrical pin that is friction can be determined in experi- 1 experimental unit
pressed radially against a rotating roller ments. The frictional forces are meas- 1 roller
as the friction pair. There is point con- ured by a force sensor. 1 set of cylindrical pins
tact between the friction partners. The 1 set of weights
contact force between the friction part- 1 set of instructional material
ners can be adjusted gradually up to a
maximum of 80 N by means of a lever.
The experimental unit includes a tank
that supplies lubricant.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 260.06 TM 260.06
Pressure distribution in journal bearings Pressure distribution in journal bearings
• together with the drive unit [1] demonstration and visualisation of the pressure dis-
· pressure distribution in the journal tribution in a journal bearing with hydrodynamic lub-
bearing depending on speed rication
· pressure distribution in the journal [2] quick and easy assembly of the experimental unit
bearing depending on load or bear- on the frame of the drive unit
ing gap width [3] roller is driven by a clampable coupling between
· stability limit as a function of the gap drive unit and gear unit
width [4] bearing housing is completely transparent
[5] moveable bearing housing, adjustable bearing gap
[6] 13 radial pressure measuring points on the bear-
ing shell
[7] radial pressure distribution indicated with 13 tube
manometers
[8] TM 260 base module required for operation
1 TM 260 base module, 2 bearing gap width adjustment, 3 oil pan, 4 shaft, 5 bearing hous-
ing with bearing shell, 6 tube manometers
Technical data
Shaft
• diameter: 50mm
• length: 50mm
• material: stainless steel
Bearing shell
• diameter: 52,5mm
• bearing gap adjustable from: 0…2,5mm
Oil
• ISO viscosity grade: VG 32
Measuring ranges
How adjustment of the bearing shell (bearing gap width) works: 1 bearing shell in right-hand
position, 2 bearing shell in left-hand position • pressure: 360mm oil column
• speed: 0…200min-1
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 232 TM 232
Bearing friction Bearing friction
• determine the frictional moment in [1] comparison of dynamic friction and rolling friction
slide bearings with various friction [2] experiments on rotational dynamics are possible
pairs [3] bearing shells of different materials as slide bear-
• determine the frictional moment of a ings
rolling bearing [4] steel flywheel, galvanised
• comparison of slide and rolling bear- [5] drive via cable drum and weights
ings [6] storage system for parts
• basic experiments on rotational dy- [7] bracket for wall mounting
namics
Technical data
Flywheel
• Ø=300mm
• weight: 22,2kg
Weights
• 1x 1N (hanger)
• 5x 1N
• 1x 2N
• 3x 5N
1 interchangeable bearing shells of cast iron, red bronze and plastic (PTFE), 2 roller bear-
ing; FN normal force, FR frictional force
Base plate
• LxW: 250x200mm
LxWxH: 200x330x300mm
Description Weight: approx. 30kg
LxWxH: 290x140x130mm (storage system)
• friction in slide bearings and In both types of bearings—the slide bear- The coefficients of friction are determ-
roller bearings ing and the roller bearing—frictional ined in experiments. Bearing shells Scope of delivery
• interchangeable bearing shells forces occur during operation, which op- made of different materials are included
for slide bearings of different ma- pose resistance to the movement. in the scope of delivery in order to study 1 experimental unit
terials different friction pairings. The bearing 6 bearing shells
The TM 232 experimental unit allows in- friction is very low when using the roller 2 roller bearings
Bearings can be classified as slide bear- vestigations of friction on slide bearings bearing. In this case, the flywheel can be 1 set of weights
ings or roller bearings depending on the with different bearing shells and on used for basic experiments on rotational 1 storage system
nature of their motion. In slide bearings, roller bearings. A shaft with a cable dynamics. 1 set of instructional material
there is a sliding motion between the drum and flywheel is mounted on a base
bearing and the supported component. plate. The weight of the heavy flywheel The experimental unit is designed to be
In roller bearings, there is both sliding generates bearing forces. A moment is fixed to a wall. The parts of the experi-
motion and rolling motion between applied by means of weights, which is ment are clearly laid out and securely
a dynamic friction in the slide bearing, 1 sliding surface
rolling bodies and the supported com- equal to the friction moment at the start housed in a storage system. b dynamic friction and rolling friction in the rolling bearing, 2 roller bearing; FN normal force,
ponent. Sliding motion is undesirable in of the rotation. Replaceable bearing FR frictional force
roller bearings, e.g. between rolling body shells are used as slide bearings.
and cage. The bearing force is trans-
ferred in the roller bearing by means of
rolling.
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
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TM 282 TM 282
Friction in journal bearings Friction in journal bearings
Specification
Technical data
Journal bearing
• shaft diameter: Ø=30mm
• bearing width: 45mm
• friction pair: steel/bronze
Motor: 0,37kW
Description Learning objectives/experiments Oil viscosity grade: ISO VG 32
• fundamentals of hydrodynamic The applied load is transmitted to the • develop an understanding of technolo- Weights
lubrication bearing housing through a load applica- gical relationships of hydrodynamic lub- • 1x 50N, 1x 20N, 2x 10N, 2x 5N, 2x 5N
• friction states under different op- tion device and can be varied by means rication by experimentation • lever transmission ratio: 5:1
erating conditions of weights. The frictional moment is de- • frictional moment in a journal bearing
• electronic speed control and di- termined by means of a movable weight as a function of Measuring ranges
gital display of speed and lubric- that balances the moment on a balance · speed • temperature: -50…200°C
ant temperature beam. The journal is driven by an electric · bearing load 1 journal bearing housing with shaft journal, 2 tare weight, 3 belt to transfer force to the • speed: 100…3000min-1
motor at a speed that can be adjusted · lubricant and lubricant temperature bearing housing, 4 loading lever, 5 weights, 6 measuring lever with scale and sliding weight, • bearing load: max. 525N
There a many factors that influence the by a frequency converter. The temperat-
7 drip oiler • friction moment: max. 295Nmm
friction states in a hydrodynamic journal ure (and therefore the viscosity) of the
bearing. Speed, load and viscosity of the lubricant is recorded by a temperature 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
lubricant used are focused on in particu- sensor in the bearing shell and shown 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
lar. on a screen on the display and control UL/CSA optional
unit. The lubricant is supplied via a wick LxWxH: 610x440x360mm (experimental unit)
TM 282 allows the study of various oiler that applies the oil via two grooves LxWxH: 360x340x160mm (display and control unit)
factors that influence friction. The journ- in the bearing bush. The accumulated Weight: approx. 40kg
al bearing comprises an electrically driv- leakage oil is collected in a collecting
en shaft journal that rotates in a freely tank. Scope of delivery
movable bearing housing. The move-
ment of the oil in the bearing can be ob- 1 experimental unit
served. 1 display and control unit
1 set of weights
1 oil (0,5L)
1 set of instructional material
Influence of the loading force F and the speed n on the frictional moment M
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
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6 Materials testing
Tribology and corrosion
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 280 TM 280
Pressure distribution in journal bearings Pressure distribution in journal bearings
• visualisation and investigation of in- [1] visualisation and investigation of pressure distribu-
stability in journal bearings tion in journal bearings
• displacement of the shaft journal as a [2] bearing housing is completely transparent
function of the speed [3] continuously adjustable speed, electronically con-
• pressure distribution in the bearing un- trolled
der constant load and different speeds [4] bearing subjected to load by means of weights
• critical speed as a function of the load [5] temperature measurement in the bearing housing
• critical speed as a function of the oil [6] 12 measuring points on the periphery, 4 measur-
temperature ing points in the longitudinal direction
[7] pressure distribution indicated with 16 tube mano-
meters
[8] digital display of speed on the display and control
unit
1 tube manometers, 2 tank for oil, 3 weight, 4 display and control unit for speed control, Technical data
5 measuring hoses, 6 journal bearing with drive
Bearing
• nominal bearing diameter: 51mm
• bearing gap width: 4mm
• bearing width: 75mm
• bearing load: 6,7…16,7N
Motor
• power: 0,37kW
• max. speed: 3000min-1
Weights
• 1x 1N (hanger)
1 measuring points, 2 transparent bearing housing, 3 journal, 4 measuring point, 5 weight,
• 2x 2N
6 anti-twist device, 7 bellows, 8 drive motor, 9 radial sealing ring • 1x 5N
Measuring ranges
Description • pressure: 1770mm oil column, 16x
• temperature: -10…50°C
• ideal observation of the function The TM 280 unit is used to visualise the The displacement of the shaft journal de- • speed: 0…3000min-1
thanks to transparent bearing pressure curve in the journal bearing pends on the speed and direction of ro-
housing with hydrodynamic lubrication. To do tation as well as the characteristic beha- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
• clear representation of the pres- this, there are twelve measuring points viour during start-up, and can be ob- 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
sure distribution in the journal around the circumference of the bear- served through the transparent bearing UL/CSA optional
bearing ing shell and four measuring points in housing. Speed and direction can be ad- LxWxH: 1100x750x2650mm
• investigation and visualisation of the longitudinal direction. The respective justed. The load on the journal bearing Weight: approx. 110kg
instability in journal bearings pressures can be read via a 16 tube can be adjusted by varying the weights.
manometers with reference to the The temperature in the bearing gap is Scope of delivery
In hydrodynamic journal bearings, the height of the liquid columns. measured in order to determine the vis-
shaft and the bearing shell are separ- cosity of the lubricant. 1 trainer
ated from each other by a lubricating The journal bearing comprises an elec- 1 display and control unit
film during operation. The supporting trically driven shaft journal that rotates 1 set of tools
function of the lubricating film in a journ- in a freely movable bearing housing. Oil Detailed view of the TM 280 journal bearing unit 1 set of weights
al bearing can be described by the pres- is used as the lubricant. 1 hydraulic oil (5L)
sure distribution in the bearing gap. 1 handheld temperature measuring unit
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
372 373
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6 Materials testing
Tribology and corrosion
gunt gunt
gunt
TM 290 TM 290
Journal bearing with hydrodynamic lubrication Journal bearing with hydrodynamic lubrication
• determine the coefficients of friction at [1] friction states in hydrodynamically lubricated journal
various loads and speeds, compare bearing
with Stribeck curves [2] 5 shafts with different diameters for experiments
• influence of speed, bearing clearance with different bearing clearances
and bearing load on the displacement [3] shaft driven by three-phase motor with frequency
of the shaft converter for continuous adjustment of the speed
• influence of speed, bearing clearance, [4] controller to adjust the oil temperature
bearing load and lubricant on the fric- [5] radial load of the bearing by means of compression
tional moment spring and threaded spindle with handwheel and
• locus of the shaft measured via force sensor
[6] determine the frictional moment by means of lever
arm with force sensor
[7] 8 inductive displacement sensors for measuring
the displacement of the shaft
1 handwheel for load, 2 force sensor for frictional moment, 3 inductive displacement [8] digital displays for radial load, frictional moment, po-
sensors, 4 shaft, 5 bearing housing, 6 displays and controls sition of the shaft (X and Y direction), oil pressure,
peak oil pressure, oil temperature and speed
[9] GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under
Windows 7, 8.1, 10
Technical data
Journal bearing
• rated diameter of the shaft: 50mm
• radial load: 0…1000N
• bearing clearance: 0,12mm; 0,14mm; 0,16mm;
0,18mm; 0,28mm
Drive motor with frequency converter
• power: 0,55kW
• speed: 0…1600min-1
Hydraulic unit to adjust the oil temperature
x • flow rate: 1,4L/min, pressure: 2bar
Sectional views of the journal bearing: 1 bearing shell, 2 shaft, 3 bearing housing, 4 dis-
• tank capacity: 10L
placement sensors (4 in X direction, 4 in Y direction), 5 oil supply; F load
Measuring ranges
• frictional moment: 0…1Nm
Description • radial load: 0…1000N
• displacement in X direction: ±1,000mm
• frictional moment under different The TM 290 trainer allows the study of Inductive sensors detect the relative mo- • displacement in Y direction: ±1,000mm
bearing clearances and loads a hydrodynamically lubricated radial tion of the shaft in the bearing. This • oil pressure supply: 1x 0…10bar
• pressure distribution in the journ- journal bearing. Five shafts with different measurement makes it possible to plot • oil pressure journal bearing: 1x 0…16bar
al bearing diameters allow the operating behaviour a locus of the shaft as a function of load • oil temperature: 0…100°C
• locus of the shaft under different to be analysed as a function of the bear- and speed. The position is measured, av- • speed: 0…1600min-1
loads and speeds ing clearance. eraged and displayed at four points on
the shaft in each of the X and Y direc- 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase
In hydrodynamic bearings, the shaft and The radial load on the journal bearing is tions. 230V, 60Hz, 1 phase; 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
the bearing shell are separated from applied by means of a handwheel and UL/CSA optional
each other during operation by a sup- measured electronically. Similarly, the Oil temperature, oil pressure and oil LxWxH: 1200x800x1450mm
porting lubricating film. The pressure in frictional moment is measured using a peak pressure in the bearing are meas- Weight: approx. 225kg
the lubricating film in hydrodynamic force sensor. The shaft is driven by a ured and displayed by additional
journal bearings is generated by the rel- three-phase motor. The speed is con- sensors. The measured values are read Required for operation
ative motion between bearing shell and tinuously adjustable via a frequency con- from digital displays and can be trans- Movement of the shaft centre point during operation or startup behaviour, blue: theoretical
shaft. The position of the shaft in rela- verter and is displayed digitally. The oil mitted simultaneously via USB directly to semicircle curve, red: measuring results of TM 290; δ relative lubricating film thickness PC with Windows recommended
tion to the speed and the load is import- temperature is adjusted using a control- a PC where they can be analysed using
ant for an analysis of the tribological pro- ler. the software included. Scope of delivery
cess in the bearing shell of a journal
bearing. 1 trainer
1 set of tools
1 oil (5L)
1 GUNT software CD + USB cable
1 set of instructional material
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
374 375
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6 Materials testing
Tribology and corrosion
gunt gunt
gunt
CE 105 CE 105
Corrosion of metals Corrosion of metals
Specification
1 electrical connecting sockets, 2 electrolyte vessel with specimens and specimen holders Technical data
(clamps), 3 electrolyte vessel with specimen holders (hooks), 4 flow control valves, 5 gas
supply, 6 power pack, 7 diaphragm pump switch, 8 air / external gas supply reversing valve
Electrolyte vessels
• capacity: 1000mL
• material: glass
Power pack
• voltage: 0…30VDC
• current: 0…5A
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040) 67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, Email sales@gunt.de, Web www.gunt.de
376 377
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gunt
The complete GUNT programme –
equipment for engineering education
Engineering
mechanics and
Mechatronics Thermal engineering Fluid mechanics Process engineering
2E345
engineering design Energy & environment
Eq uip me
• waste
nt
fo r En gin
ee rin g
Ed uc at
ion
EntireBrief Overview
ple
ma com
Program
– Progra
GUNT –
Your pa
rtner for
efficient
technolo
gy educ
ation
378 379
Index
gunt
Index
Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page)
A breakaway torque of screws TM 320 (277) Cremona diagram SE 130 (42) SE 130.01 (44) E
absorber effect TM 150 (178) TM 182 (210) bridge connection (strain gauge) FL 100 (122) critical speed PT 500.10 (232) eccentrically loaded compression struts WP 120 (110)
abutment line SE 110.17 (50) Brinell hardness test MT 190 (310) WP 300 (332) PT 500.14 (240) efficiency of gears AT 200 (296) GL 210 (158)
WP 310 (334) TM 620 (196) TM 625 (198) GL 212 (160) TM 123 (282)
Ackermann steering principle KI 160 (151)
buckling SE 110.19 (104) SE 110.57 (106) cupping test WP 300 (332) WP 310 (334) elastic line FL 160 (114) SE 110.14 (82)
alignment MT 172 (308) PT 500 (224)
WP 120 (110) WP 121 (108) curved beam FL 170 (94) SE 110.20 (92) SE 110.44 (96)
alignment error PT 500 (224) PT 500.10 (232) SE 110.47 (86) WP 100 (90)
PT 500.13 (238) buckling force SE 110.19 (104) WP 120 (110) cylindrical workpieces TZ 100 (258)
WP 121 (108) WP 950 (84) WP 962 (33)
alternating torque PT 500.16 (244) elastic shaft PT 500.10 (232)
buckling stress SE 110.19 (104) WP 120 (110)
amplitude response TM 155 (188) WP 121 (108) elastohydrodynamics (EHD theory) TM 260.02 (358)
apparent force TM 605 (166) D
electromechanical vibrations PT 500.19 (250)
arch SE 110.16 (52) damage analysis PT 500 (224)
elevation curve of cam mechanisms GL 110 (281) GL 112 (208)
articulated beam SE 110.12 (48) C damage to gears PT 500.15 (242)
energy methods SE 110.44 (96)
assembly process MT 110.02 (306) MT 120 (304) cable friction TM 220 (74/286) damage to rolling bearings PT 500.12 (236)
PT 501 (220) engineering drawing TZ 100 (258) TZ 200.02 (262)
MT 170 (300) MT 171 (302) cable under constant line load SE 110.18 (46) TZ 200.08 (263) TZ 200.11 (266)
MT 190 (310) TZ 200.11 (266) damped vibration TM 150 (178) TM 155 (188) TZ 200.61 (260) TZ 200.71 (268)
TZ 200.71 (268) TZ 300 (264) cable under dead weight SE 110.50 (34)
deflection of a spring, elastic TM 110.01 (18) TZ 300 (264)
asymmetric arch SE 110.17 (50) cable under point load SE 110.50 (34)
deflections of beams SE 110.47 (86) envelope analysis PT 500.12 (236) PT 500.16 (244)
axial run-out PT 500.13 (238) cable winch TM 125 (284) WP 100 (90) PT 501 (220)
axial second moment of area FL 160 (114) cam box GL 430 (292) WP 950 (84) WP 960 (30) equilibrium conditions of statics SE 110.53 (24)
cam mechanism GL 110 (281) GL 112 (208) WP 961 (32) WP 962 (33)
axial stress FL 130 (132) FL 140 (134) equilibrium of a rigid body SE 110.53 (24)
cantilever beam SE 110.14 (82) SE 110.47 (86) deformation energy SE 110.44 (96)
equilibrium of forces TM 110 (16) TM 110.01 (18)
WP 100 (90) WP 950 (84) deformation in tension FL 100 (122) TM 225 (73)
cardan error KI 150 (150) deformation in torsion SE 110.29 (88) equilibrium of moments EM 049 (23) TM 110 (16)
B WP 100 (90)
Castigliano SE 110.44 (96) TM 121 (26) TM 122 (27)
backlash PT 500.15 (242) PT 500.16 (244) deformation of a bar WP 100 (90)
catenary SE 110.18 (46) SE 110.50 (34) Euler‘s buckling formula SE 110.57 (106) WP 120 (110)
balancing PT 500 (224) PT 502 (204) deformation of a beam WP 100 (90) WP 121 (108)
TM 170 (202) cavitation in pumps PT 500.17 (246)
centre distance (gears) PT 500.15 (242) deformation of a beam with a FL 170 (94) Eytelwein‘s belt friction formula TM 220 (74/286)
bar-type oscillator TM 150 (178) curved axis
beam theory FL 160 (114) SE 110.14 (82) centre of gravity TM 161 (172)
deformation of a frame SE 110.20 (92)
SE 110.47 (86) WP 100 (90) centre of inertia TM 161 (172)
WP 950 (84) deformation of a parabolic arch SE 110.16 (52) F
centrifugal force TM 600 (162) TM 632 (168)
beam, curved FL 170 (94) deformation of a straight beam FL 100 (122) FL 102 (124) fatigue fracture PT 500.11 (234)
centrifugal governor TM 632 (168) SE 110.47 (86)
bearing clearance MT 170 (300) PT 500.16 (244) chain gear GL 410 (288) GL 420 (290) WP 950 (84) fatigue strength test WP 140 (348)
TM 290 (374) FFT analysis PT 500.04 (228)
change gear train GL 430 (292) deformation of a truss SE 110.44 (96)
bearing condition PT 501 (220) field balancing PT 500 (224) PT 500.10 (232)
Charpy notched bar impact test WP 400 (340) WP 410 (342) descriptive geometry TZ 100 (258)
bearing damage PT 500.12 (236) PT 500.15 (242) PT 502 (204)
PT 501 (220) circular beam FL 170 (94) determine modulus of elasticity FL 100 (122)
WP 100 (90) first-order elasticity theory (trusses) SE 110.20 (92)
bearing elements, machine elements MG 911 (279) MT 170 (300) coefficient of friction TM 110.01 (18) TM 200 (72)
TM 210 (70) TM 225 (73) WP 120 (110) flat belt TM 220 (74/286)
MT 171 (302)
TM 232 (368) TM 260.01 (356) determining bar forces FL 111 (22) flexibility method FL 170 (94) WP 950 (84)
bearing friction TM 232 (368) TM 282 (370) TM 260.03 (360) TM 260.04 (362) SE 110.21 (38) flywheel TM 232 (368) TM 612 (156)
bearing vibrations PT 500 (224) TM 260.05 (364) TM 290 (374) SE 110.22 (40)
TM 310 (278) SE 110.44 (96) force transmission TM 110.02 (19) TM 122 (27)
bearing, hydrodynamic TM 282 (370) MT 171 (302) TM 125 (284)
combined load FL 160 (114) SE 130 (42)
belt drive GL 100 (280) GL 410 (288) TM 115 (21) forced vibration TM 140 (192) TM 150 (178)
GL 420 (290) GL 430 (292) commutative theories SE 110.14 (82) WP 950 (84) TM 155 (188)
TM 220 (74/286) PT 500.14 (240) diffraction angle (universal joint) KI 150 (150)
composite stress FL 160 (114) WP 130 (116) forces at a section on a beam WP 960 (30) WP 961 (32)
belt friction TM 220 (74/286) dimensioning MT 110.02 (306) MT 120 (304)
composition of forces TM 110 (16) TM 115 (21) TZ 200.02 (262) WP 962 (33)
belt tension PT 500.14 (240) compression struts with various SE 110.19 (104) WP 120 (110) TZ 200.08 (263) forces at a section on a frame SE 110.20 (92)
bend test FL 100 (122) SE 100 (336) support methods WP 121 (108) TZ 200.11 (266) forces at a section: normal force, WP 960 (30) WP 961 (32)
SE 110.14 (82) SE 110.47 (86) compression test SE 100 (336) WP 300 (332) TZ 200.61 (260) shear force, bending moment WP 962 (33)
SE 110.48 (338) WP 100 (90) WP 310 (334) TZ 200.71 (268)
WP 300 (332) WP 310 (334) TZ 300 (264) forces with a common point of action TM 110 (16)
connecting elements, MG 901 (274) MG 903 (275) four-joint link KI 130 (148)
bending and torsion FL 160 (114) WP 100 (90) machine elements MG 905 (276) TM 320 (277) direct stress FL 140 (134) WP 130 (116)
WP 130 (116) TM 310 (278) direction of principal stress FL 120 (130) FL 130 (132) fracture behaviour WP 400 (340) WP 410 (342)
bending beam FL 160 (114) SE 110.58 (181) contact area TM 262 (98) FL 140 (134) frame, deformation SE 110.20 (92)
bending deformation of a beam FL 160 (114) contact force TM 262 (98) disk cam GL 110 (281) free vibration SE 110.58 (181) TM 155 (188)
with L-profile cross-section double crank KI 130 (148) free-body diagram SE 110.21 (38) SE 110.22 (40)
control gear GL 430 (292)
bending deformation of a beam FL 160 (114) double rocker mechanism KI 130 (148) SE 110.53 (24) SE 130 (42)
with U-profile cross-section Coriolis force TM 605 (166)
drive belt TM 170 (202) TM 220 (74/286) frequency spectra PT 500 (224)
bending deformation of a curved beam FL 170 (94) correlation between damage PT 500.12 (236)
and running noise drive systems GL 410 (288) GL 420 (290) friction TM 110.01 (18) TM 200 (72)
bending deformation of a FL 100 (122) FL 102 (124) GL 430 (292) TM 210 (70) TM 220 (74/286)
straight beam SE 110.47 (86) WP 100 (90) corrosion CE 105 (376) TM 225 (73)
WP 950 (84) coupling vibration PT 500.13 (238) dual belt PT 500.14 (240)
friction gear GL 100 (280)
bending moment diagram WP 960 (30) WP 962 (33) crack identification PT 500.11 (234) dynamic friction TM 110.01 (18)
TM 200 (72) friction oscillation TM 260.04 (362)
bending vibration SE 110.58 (181) PT 500.10 (232) crack in the shaft PT 500.11 (234) TM 210 (70) friction wheels TM 260.01 (356)
TM 620 (196) crane boom TM 115 (21) TM 225 (73) friction, roller bearing TM 232 (368)
Bernoulli hypothesis FL 160 (114) crank mechanism KI 110 (146) KI 120 (147) TM 232 (368)
TM 260.01 (356) friction, slide bearing TM 232 (368) TM 282 (370)
bevel gear GL 300.02 (269) GL 410 (288) KI 140 (149) PT 500.16 (244)
GL 420 (290) TM 180 (206) TM 260.03 (360) frictional force TM 200 (72) TM 210 (70)
TM 260.04 (362) TM 260.01 (356) TM 260.03 (360)
biaxial bending FL 160 (114) crank offset TM 180 (206) TM 260.05 (364) TM 260.04 (362) TM 260.05 (364)
biaxial stress state FL 130 (132) crank slider KI 120 (147) KI 140 (149) dynamic fundamental law of TM 612 (156) frictional forces on journal bearings TM 232 (368)
blade oscillation PT 500.18 (248) crank-rocker mechanism KI 130 (148) rotational movement fundamental equation of SE 110.47 (86) WP 950 (84)
blade pass frequency PT 500.18 (248) creep rupture test WP 600 (350) dynamic imbalance PT 500 (224) straight bending
380 381
Index
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Index
Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page)
382 383
Index
gunt
Index
Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page) Keyword Code (page)
384 385
Product overview
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Product overview
386 387
Contact
G. U. N.T. Gerätebau GmbH
Hanskampring 15 – 17
D-22885 Barsbüttel
Germany
Tel. +49 (0)40 67 08 54-0
Fax +49 (0)40 67 08 54-42 Visit our website
Email sales@gunt.de www.gunt.de
Web www.gunt.de