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Engineering Mechanics
Study Material
Part - 2
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Measurin Classes Engineering Mechanics Study Material -2

Tension:
 When tensile force acting on a body, then it is said that body is in under
tension.
 Tension is the force of resistance
which opposes the elongation of
the member
 Rope in under tension in tug of war.
 It is always away from the point and along the member.
 Strings are always under tension.
Compression:
 When compressive force is acting
on a body, then it is said that body
is in under compression.
 It is the force of resistance which opposes any contraction of a member (rod)
under external load.
 Direction of the compressive resistance is always towards the point and along
the members.
 Tension and compression are the axial resistive forces.
 Rod is in compression.
Action and Reaction:
 Action means active force. Reaction means reactive force.
 It is a self-adjusting force
developed by the other bodies,
which come in contact with the
body under consideration.
 Reaction is equal and opposite to
the action.
 Its direction is normal to the
surface of contact if the surface is
smooth.
 A horizontal plane having vertical reaction and a vertical
plane have horizontal reaction.
Free Body Diagram:
 A body is said to be free body if it is isolated
from all other connected members.
 Free body diagram of a body is the diagram
drawn by showing all the external forces and
reactions on the body and by removing the
contact surfaces.
 Steps to be followed while drawing free body diagram (FBD)

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Measurin Classes Engineering Mechanics Study Material -2

 Remove all the supports and isolate

the body from all other bodies.
 Indicate the external forces on the
free body.
 The magnitude and direction of the
known external forces should be
mentioned
 The force exerted by the supports on
the body should be replaced by the
reactions and should be clearly
indicated.
 Mark the dimensions in the free body diagram.
Resultant of Force System: -
 Resultant is a force, which will produce the same effect that is produced by the
system of forces acting on a body.
 The process of finding out the resultant force is called composition of forces.
 Resultant of the system can be evaluated by:
a) Graphical method
b) Analytical method.
Graphical Method:-
Triangle Law of Force:-
 If two numbers of forces acting on a body are
represented by two sides of a triangle then the
closing side represents the resultant of the force
system in magnitude and direction taken in the
reverse order.
 Let P and Q be the two forces represents the two
sides of the triangle OA and AB respectively, then R will be there resultant
represented by OB.
Polygon Law of Force:-
 If all the forces acting on a
body are represented by
adjacent sides of a polygon
then the closing side represents
the resultant of the given force B
system taken in reverse order.
 Here closing side AE represents
the resultant R.

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Analytical Method:
Parallelogram Law of Forces:
It state that- “if two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of a
parallelogram which passes through their points of intersection.
 When two adjacent sides of a parallelogram represent two concurrent forces P& Q
acting on a body, the diagonal passing through their point of concurrency
represents the resultant force R in magnitude and direction.
 Let's consider a body which is acted upon by
a concurrent force system as shown in the
figure.
Mathematically,

Resultant R = �P2 + Q2 + 2PQcosθ

The inclination of R and P force is given by
Qsinθ
α = tan−1 [ ]
P + Qcosθ
Notes: Q P
Case-1: When θ = 0°
R = P+Q
R=P+Q (Maximum resultant) P
Q
Case-2: When θ = 180°
R=P-Q (Minimum resultant) R = P-Q
Case-3: When θ = 90°

R = �P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos90°

R = �P2 + Q2 (∴ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐90 = 0)

Q
α = tan−1
P
Case-4: When P = Q
θ θ
R= 2P cos or 2Q cos and
2 2

θ
α= i.e. the resultant bisects the angle between the forces
2

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Measurin Classes Engineering Mechanics Study Material -2

Lami’s Theorem:-
 According to the Lami's theorem- "If three co-
planar and concurrent forces are acting at a
γ
point are in equilibrium then, each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between
the other two forces."
 Here P, Q and R are three coplanar concurrent
forces. ∝, β and γ are the angle between QR,
PR and PQ respectively.
Mathematically,
P Q R
= =
sin ∝ sinβ sinγ
How to apply Lami’s Theorem in Problems:
 Make sure minimum three forces should be there
 Draw the Free body diagram for the given problem
 Show the weight, reaction forces, tension in string and compression on rod in
free body diagram.
R
 The arrow head of each forces should either inside
to the body or outside to the body as shown in P Q
figure. Q P
 In Free body diagram don’t represent some forces R
inside to the body and some forces outside to the
body.
 Each angle should be find out before applying Lami’s Theorem.

Equilibrium:-
 If the resultant of a number of forces, acting on a particle is zero, the particle
will be in equilibrium. Such a set of forces, whose resultant is zero, are called
equilibrium forces.
 The force, which brings the set of forces in equilibrium, is called an
equilibrant.
 The equilibrant is equal to the resultant force in magnitude but opposite in
direction.
General Conditions for Equilibrium:
 When a body subjected to a system of coplanar forces:
 ∑H=0 i.e. the algebraic sum of components of all the forces in
horizontal direction is zero.
 ∑V = 0 i.e. the algebraic sum of components of all the forces in vertical
direction is zero.
 ∑M = 0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all the moments is zero.

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Measurin Classes Engineering Mechanics Study Material -2

Resolution of forces:
 The Resolution of forces is exactly the opposite process of composition of
forces.
 It is process of finding a number of component forces which will have the same
effect on the body as the given single force.
 Exactly the opposite process of composition can be employed to get the
resolved component of a given force.
 A force is generally resolved along two mutually
perpendicular directions.
 After resolving two mutually perpendicular direction
of a force, the new generated forces are called
resolved part of the force.
 In the figure F Sinθ and F cosθ are two resolved
parts.

Principle of resolution:
 It states that the algebraic sum of the resolved parts of a number of forces in a
given direction is equal to the resolved part of their resultant in the same
direction.
 The forces are resolved in the vertical and horizontal directions.
Process of finding resultant by method of resolution:
Coplanar- concurrent forces acting on a body is
worked out analytically by adopting the step-by-step
procedure as follows:
 Find the components of each force in the
system in two mutually perpendicular X and
Y direction i.e. the F1 make the angle 𝜃𝜃1 with
x-axis then its horizontal component is
F1cos 𝜃𝜃1 and vertical component is F1sin 𝜃𝜃1.
Similarly do it for all the forces.
 Make algebraic addition of component in each direction to get two components
∑ Fxand∑ Fy.
∑ Fx = F1cos 𝜃𝜃1+ F2cos 𝜃𝜃2+ F3cos 𝜃𝜃3 + F4cos𝜃𝜃4 + F5cos 𝜃𝜃5
∑ Fy =F1 sin 𝜃𝜃1+ F2sin 𝜃𝜃2 + F3sin 𝜃𝜃3 + F4sin 𝜃𝜃4 + F5 sin 𝜃𝜃 5

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Measurin Classes Engineering Mechanics Study Material -2

Resultant, R = �(∑ Fx)2 + (∑ Fy)2

∑ Fy
Direction, tan ∝= ∑ Fx
Notes:
The value of the angle θ will vary depending upon the values of ∑ Fy and ∑ Fxas
discussed below:
 When ∑ Fy is +ve, the resultant makes an angle between 0° and 180°.
 But when ∑ Fy is –ve, the resultant makes an angle between 180° and
360°.
 When ∑ Fx is +ve, the resultant makes an angle between 0° to 90° or 270°
to 360°.
 But when ∑ Fx is –ve, the resultant makes an angle between 90° to 270°.
Types of Support and Their Reaction:
Frictionless Support:
 In this type of support, the no. of support reaction is one and it acts normal to
the surface at the point of contact.
Ball Support/ Roller Support:
 No. of support reactions is one and that is in vertical direction.
 Reaction is perpendicular to the plane and passes through the centre of the
ball.
 In this type of Support, the body can be move in the horizontal direction.
Hinged or Pinned Support:
 No. of support reactions is
two.
 It has both horizontal and
vertical reactions. About
this support the body can be
rotated horizontally.
Fixed Support:
 No. of support reactions is
three.
 The beam is rigid about this support.
 It has vertical, horizontal and moment at the fixed end.
Determination of support reaction:
The support reactions are determined by using following three equilibrium equation:
(i) ∑ H=0 (← = →)
(ii) ∑ V=0 (↑ = ↓)
(iii) ∑ M=0 ( = )

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Measurin Classes Engineering Mechanics Study Material -2

Moment of a Force:
 It is the turning effect produced by a force, on the
body, on which it acts.
 The moment of a force is equal to the product of the
force and the perpendicular distance of the point,
about which the moment is required and the line of
action of the force.
 Mathematically, the moment of a force F about point O F
O
is M=F×d
 The unit of moment is Newton-metre (N-m). d
 Example of moment:
1. The door is opened and closed by applying a single force (push or pull).
Turning or rotating effect produced is the moment of force.
2. Tightening of nut by a spanner produces the moment of force.

Tightening by spanner

Types of Moment:
The moments are of the following two types:
1. Clockwise moments. 2. Anticlockwise moments.
 Clockwise Moments:
 It is the moment of a force, whose effect is to turn or rotate the body,
about the point in the
same direction in which
hands of a clock moves.
 The given figure shows
the clockwise moment.
 Anticlockwise Moments:
 It is the moment of a
force, whose effect is to turn or rotate the body, about the point in the
opposite direction in which the hands of a clock move as shown in
Figure.
Principle of Moment:
The algebraic sum of moments of all the coplanar forces acting about a point
lying in the same plane is zero.
Mathematically,
∑M = 0
i.e. total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment

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Varignon’s Theorem/ Law of Moment:

 If a no. of coplanar forces are acting on a particle simultaneously, the
algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the
moment of their resultant force about the same point.
Parallel Forces:-
 The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other are known as
parallel forces.
 There are two types of parallel forces a. like parallel forces and. unlike
parallel force
Like Parallel Force:
 The forces, whose lines of
action are parallel to each
other and all of them act
in the same direction as
shown in Figure are
known as like parallel
forces
Unlike Parallel Force:
 The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other and all of them do
not act in the same direction as shown in Figure are known as unlike parallel
forces.
Couple:
 Two equal and opposite parallel forces separated by a
finite distance can produce a couple.
 A couple is unable to produce any translatory motion but
it can produce rotation.
 Moment of couple = F × d
Where, F= force and d= arm of couple
 Example of couple:
1) The steering wheel of car is the moment of
couple.
2) Rotation of key to lock or unlock is the moment
of couple.
3) Opening and closing of a tap is the moment of
couple.
Type of Couple:
 Clockwise couple (+ ve)
 Anticlockwise couple (- ve)
Characteristics of Couple:
 The algebraic sum of the forces forming the couple is zero.
 A couple can be balanced by another couple of opposite sense.
 The translator effect on a couple on a body is zero.
 Any number of coplanar couples can be reduced to a single couple whose
magnitude will be equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of all the couples.
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