Exercise 1: Based on the passage given, write a summary of not more than 60 words on

the the various communicative methods practiced by animals in the wild.

Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown,
depending on our moods. Animals too, communicate, much to our surprise. Just like us,
interaction among animals can be both verbal and non-verbal. Singing is one way in which
animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds often use their melodious songs to
catch the attention of the females. Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to
adventurous sailors.

Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals' communication
tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks and
shoulders, while the submissive ones normally "surrender" to the powerful parties. Colours,
which are most conspicuously found on animals, are also important means of interaction
among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the gaudiest colored feathers often,
hang themselves upside down from branches, displaying proudly their feathers, attracting
the opposite sex.

Dogs communicate using pheromones. They sniff each other to collect this chemical
reaction and these chemicals are released in the urine. Tactile signals, an important part of
communication is common in insects. Two organisms must be right next to each other in
order to touch to communicate. Tactile signals also play an important role in social
relationships. For instance, in many primate species, members of a group will groom one
another removing parasites and performing other hygiene tasks.

Electro communication is a rare form of communication in animals. It is seen

primarily in aquatic animals, though some land mammals, notably the platypus and
echidnas, sense electric fields that might be used for communication.

Cloze Text

Each of the numbered blanks below stands for one word that has been
omitted. Read the text and the fill in each blank with one appropriate word. The
first blank has been done for you.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

_____ (1) _____ coronavirus. Most people infected with _____ (2) _____COVID-19
virus will _____ (3) _____ mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without
requiring _____ (4) _____ treatment.  Older people, and those with underlying
medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease,
and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The _____ (5) _____ way to
prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed _____ (6) _____ the
COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. _____ (7) _____
yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or _____ (8) _____ an
alcohol-based rub frequently and not touching your face. The COVID-19 virus
spreads primarily through droplets of saliva _____ (9) _____ discharge from the
nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also
_____ (10) _____ respiratory etiquette.