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St. Peter’s College of Misamis Oriental, Inc.

15th de Septiembre St., Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

Academic Year 2020 - 2021

Accessibility of College Students to Online Learning Implicates:

Students’ Achievements
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

COVID-19 gained its name from the newly existing virus that was first

discovered in Wuhan, China last December 2019 (WHO, 2020). The coronavirus

disease (COVID-19) spread like wildfire that erupted all over the world and became

a pandemic. The Philippines had its first case on the 30 th of January and the next

cases just spread like a gush of the wind (WHO, 2020). As of the latest update, there

has been 4,868 total cases in Northern Mindanao, where there are 494 cases from

Misamis Oriental, and of this count, there are 64 confirmed cases in Balingasag,

Misamis Oriental (DOH, NMCHD, 2020; COVID-19 Philippines, n.d.). With this count

of positive cases that has penetrated our country and even our locality, the

Department of Education still opt to continue the studies of individuals who want to

better their lives through education without disregarding the safety of the students.

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in the Philippines implemented

guidelines on the implementation of flexible learning in accordance with the pertinent

provisions of RA No. 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994 and RA No. 11469,

otherwise known as Bayanihan to Heal as One Act. This is to be implemented in

public and private institutions in the Philippines (CHED, 2020).

Flexible learning, according Naidu, is a state of being in which learning and

teaching is increasingly freed from the limitations of the time, place and pace of

study (2017) and is interpreted by CHED as the design and delivery of programs,
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courses, and learning interventions that address learners' unique needs in terms of

place, pace, process, and products of learning (2020). This design and delivery of

programs are followed by the educational institutions in the locality of Northern

Mindanao but are different per institution’s administration, but all of these

implemented designs of education follow distance learning and the implemented

guidelines from CHED. To be able to catch up with studies and continue learning,

students need to connect with each other and with their respective teachers through

modern medium, that is, by using smart phones and other appropriate gadgets for

learning, which are also used for compliance to the new system of education in the

country.

Of all these mentioned news and facts, there are challenges faced by

students nowadays. What at first was just observation and adjustment to the “new

normal” in education is now an accepted challenge that calls for identification of

barriers to learning and innovations to answer the challenges. Nevertheless, these

seemingly minor challenges may pose a threat to the learning and overall

performance, which is called achievement in this study, to students who chose to

enroll despite the limitations that they may have at home. These limitations are

grounded such that complaints and student’s performances are affected – and their

future are spelled by grades. These grades are at the tip of their fingers yet when

there are barriers such as internet connection, audio clarity, perhaps outdated

device and software, and other factors that may affect their achievement, grades

may seem to be dependent on the teacher’s understanding and consent for re-doing
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some outputs or online class activities instead of the student’s own effort and

control of their time, which is so unlikely to be in their hands.

Accessibility, on the other hand, is defined as the concept of whether a

product or service can be used however it is encountered (IDF, n.d.). In online

courses, accessibility means making it possible for all students to use all course

materials and tools regardless of physical or developmental impairment

(Accessibility for Online Courses: IU - Teaching Online, n.d.). Accessibility to online

learning in the Philippines still have gaps and challenges in their responses in terms

of alternative learning modes and technologies in education delivery (Biana, Dacela,

& Joaquin, 2020). From the same article by Biana, Dacela, & Joaquin, socio-

economic concerns for online learning in developing countries exist and some

students in far-flung areas still do not have electricity, computers, or the internet in

that sense. In addition to factors connected to accessibility, the current internet

infrastructure even in urban areas have limited internet access. Apart from this,

spelling “digital divide”, student achievement is ought to be affected as well – and in

this time of crisis, the people do not need more reason to be stressed and to feel

always on edge during this social isolation stage amidst COVID-19 pandemic.

Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

Learning is a necessity for students to achieve success. It aids in their self-

confidence to improve and to have fun along the learning process. In other terms,

learning is the process and learning is the goal of the process. To achieve this, an

adequate environment conducive for learning is a must. The following theories and
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conceptual frameworks related to the study are observed as basis for the foundation

of this study.

Before anything else, let's first define theory, learning and the other concepts

that act as variables in this study. Theory is defined as a set of statements,

principles, or ideas that relate to a particular subject and usually describes, explains,

and/or predicts phenomena (Picciano, 2017). Learning, on the other hand, just like

any other word has a lot of meanings. For Houwer, Barnes-Holmes, & Moors (2013),

learning is defined as the changes in behavior of an organism that result from

regularities in the environment of the organism.

This study is grounded on the memorandum order from CHED under RA No.

7722 or the Higher Education Act and other pertinent provisions of RA No. 11469,

otherwise known as Bayanihan to Heal as One Act (CHED, 2020). This subsection

will present the connection and relation of independent and dependent variables that

affects the result of the study. The independent variables pertain to the respondents’

demographic profile particularly the enrolled college students in the School Year

2020-2021 at St. Peter’s College, Misamis Oriental Incorporated (SPC, MOI) and the

online learning in general. The dependent variables include student achievement in

online learning and the student’s accessibility to online learning in general as well.

Last September 2, 2020, CHED Chairman J. Prospero De Vera III signed the

guidelines on the implementation of flexible learning (CHED, 2020). Flexible learning

is a modality of learning that, according to Chairman De Vera III, is not equivalent to

online learning alone but also employs other methods to deliver lessons to

students without internet connectivity such as take-home activities and learning

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packets to be submitted upon the lifting of the quarantine (San Juan, 2020). The

terms flexible learning and online learning are usually used interchangeably, but

they actually have a difference. According to CHED, flexible learning “ensures the

continuity of inclusive and accessible education when the use of traditional modes of

teaching is not feasible, as in the occurrence of national emergencies (Magsambol,

2020)” while online learning will involve in-person interaction between teachers and

students on a regular basis because online learning is used as a blended learning

technique along with other teaching strategies (Stauffer, 2020).

“Accessibility in e-learning involves using technology and standards to create

training content that is fully accessible to all learners, regardless of whether they

have a disability or not” (Truckle, 2019). This study also adapts this definition for the

term accessibility. Further down below is a schema that reflects the specified

and generalized relation of the variables.

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Schematic Diagram

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Profile of Students:
 Sex
Submission of Assignments
 Age
 Civil Status Periodical Examinations
 Course
 Gadgets Availability

Figure 1. A Schema Showing the Relationship of Variables

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine if online learning accessibility has an implication to

students’ achievement.

Specifically, it will seek answers to the following questions:

1. What are the respondents’ profile in terms of:

1.1. Sex

1.2. Age

1.3. Civil Status

1.4 Course

1.5 Gadgets Availability

2. What are the challenges college students from SPC, MOI experience in

relation to online learning?

3. Is there a significant relationship between online learning accessibility to

students’ achievement in online learning?

3.1 What are these implications?

3.2 Is it a positive or negative implication?

3.3 What could these implications mean to students related to their

achievement?

Hypothesis

Problem 1, 2, & 3 are hypothesis free. Based on problem 4, the null

hypothesis will be formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

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HO1: There is no significant relationship between online learning accessibility to

students’ achievement in online learning considering the respondent’s profile of:

1.1. Sex

1.2. Age

1.3. Civil Status

1.4 Course

1.5 Gadgets Availability

Significance of the Study

It is hoped that the findings of this study will redound to the benefit of society

considering that the country (Philippines) went on to continue the legacy of

educating “the hope of the future”, as quoted by Dr. Jose Rizal and will help voice

out challenges and concerns to make LGUs in the locality aware of situations

students may be facing. This will also benefit students especially those studying

through flexible online learning in SPC, MOI SY 2020 – 2021 as they will be able to

voice out their concerns and gain knowledge and insights from the study given that

the researchers in our locality are currently scarce – or is mainly focused to COVID –

19.

Apart from students, this will also be able to help the teachers know how far

their students have gone with their learning and how wide have their readings been.

They can also measure the level of awareness of their students regarding the

pandemic and to what extent it has affected their lives.

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To the parents, this study will help them know how the DepEd implemented

modes of teaching that will require less physical contact (face-to face) with the

students to avoid any possible contamination and/or unknown spread of the SARS-

COV-2 virus to each other and would emphasize the importance of online learning

and their child’s safety without freezing their unknown number of months meant for

learning.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on the accessibility of students to online learning and its

implications to students’ achievement.

The respondents of the study will be the ten (10) 4 th year college students

from SPC, MOI of the education course, specifically from BEED and BSED in the

S.Y. 2020-2021. This study will be limited on the respondents’ profile on age, sex,

civil status, role or responsibility at home, source of income towards the implications

of online learning accessibility to 4 th year college students. It will also include online

learning as the modality of flexible learning being focused in the study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally to achieve a better

understanding of the study:

Accessibility. This refers to the accessibility in online learning that involves

technology and other factors that contribute to this modality.

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Achievement. In this study, achievement pertains to the outputs of students

during online classes, their project or assignment performances, and the

respondent’s subjective view of their achievements.

Modern Medium. This refers to gadgets and computer technology like smart

phones like iPhones or android phones, tablets, netbooks, chrome books, and

laptops.

Online Learning. Here, it is defined as a modality of flexible learning that

uses technology and online available classrooms for instruction deliverance.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Here, the researchers present the review of the studies related to the

accessibility of the college students to online learning and its implications to student

achievement.

Related Literature and Studies in Foreign Setting

Technology is now common in classrooms of all varieties, placing a

responsibility on instructors and administrators to ensure the equitable use of

technology (CourseArc, 2018).   To get to the core of this, the researchers will first

define the problem, which is accessibility. According to Petrie, Power, & Savva

(2015) accessibility means that “all people, particularly disabled and older people,

can use websites in a range of contexts of use, including mainstream and assistive

technologies; to achieve this, websites need to be designed and developed to

support usability across these contexts”, yet this definition among many is not

directly applicable to the study except that the notion is similar. Someone from IU –

Teaching online was able to give a definition for accessibility. In the context of online

courses, accessibility means making it possible for all students, regardless of

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physical or developmental impairment, to use all course materials and tools (IU-

Teaching Online, n.d.). Similarities from these definitions include that of the students

using technology. Accessibility is not only the right thing to do, but often also brings

benefits to all users (IDF, n.d.). What makes this definition applicable to the concept

of accessibility in this study is the fact that these college students are like impaired

individuals who cannot freely socialize in public or go by how they usually do their

days because of the pandemic. Therefore, this pandemic is the causative agent for

their impairment.

The World Health Organization has declared Covid-19 as a pandemic that

has posed a contemporary threat to humanity. This has resulted in tremendous

crisis-response migration of universities with online learning serving as the

educational platform.  (Adedoyin & Soykan, 2020).  Research suggests that online

learning has been shown to increase retention of information, and take less time,

meaning the changes coronavirus have caused might be here to stay (Lalani & Li,

2020).

Online education enables the teacher and the student to set their own

learning pace, and there’s the added flexibility of setting a schedule that fits

everyone’s agenda (Josep, 2020). There are advantages to online learning like

everyone can access education no matter the location, can learn about anything the

student likes, comfort, and flexibility (Entrepreneurship Campus, 2020). There are,

however, disadvantages to online learning. Some of these disadvantages are that

online courses (learning) require more time than on-campus classes, make it easier

to procrastinate, and may create a sense of isolation (MC, 2020). However, this
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modality of flexible learning, was implemented by the DepEd to ensure safety of

students while making use of the months when COVID-19 spread rampant all over

the world to learn.

Learning, according to Merriam Webster, is a knowledge or skill acquired by

instruction or study. E-learning, commonly termed as online learning, refers to the

students and instructor being in a classroom together while working through their

digital lessons and assessments. As opposed to digital learning, online learning is a

modality where students work online at home while the teacher assigns work and

checks in digitally (Stauffer, 2020).

Related Literature and Studies in Local Setting

In the Manila Bulletins, Amadora wrote in her article the common problems

that arise during online classes. In the Philippines these common problems include

that of internet connection as the country is an internet-challenged country, the audio

clarity as there may be drawbacks from microphones being used or may be caused

by poor internet connection, an outdated device and software, some system glitches,

and that the students may have short attention span (2020).

According to Biana, Dacela, & Joaquin in their paper entitled The Philippine

Higher Education Sector in the Time of COVID – 19, despite innovations made by

Philippine HEIs or Higher Education Institutions, there are still gaps and challenges

in their responses in terms of alternative learning modes and technologies to deliver

education (2020). Among a billion learners in the Philippines, over 28 million Filipino

learners across academic levels who have to stay at home and comply with the
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Philippine government’s quarantine measures (UNESCO, 2020). There are policies

included in HEIs in the Philippines with modified forms of online learning. For

students who cannot participate in online learning in DLSU, flexible learning options

are laid in for them to complete course requirements throughout the academic year

(De La Salle University, 2020). UST, like DLSU, opted to continue with synchronous

and asynchronous online classes, and a flexible grading of student outputs and

assessments (University of Santo Tomas, 2020).

The Philippines’ Commission on Higher Education (CHED) advised HEIs to

continue the “deployment of available flexible learning and other alternative modes

of delivery in lieu of on-campus learning” (Commission on Higher Education, 2020).

Without implementing rules and regulations, however, private HEIs are left to make

their own policies (Biana, Dacela, & Joaquin, 2020).

However, there was a time when students and faculty urged CHED to

mandate the cancellation of online classes through an online petition stating “while

we understand the need for learning to continue, the different circumstances of

students across universities are not ideal and conducive for such” (Biana, Dacela, &

Joaquin, 2020). Lack of environments conducive to learning at home and the

effectiveness of the online lectures and adding more workload for the students

increases their burden contradicting the purpose of lockdown to help families

prepare and adjust to the situation (Bagayas, 2020). Since there is a lack of human

interaction in the learning process, students may learn less in such a set-up as

opposed to those in the traditional classroom (Edge and Loegering, 2000; Gamage

et al., 2020).
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On top of these concerns deep socio-economic concerns for online learning

in a developing country like the Philippines also exist. Moreover, given current

internet infrastructure, even students in urban areas may have limited internet

access, which results in a “digital divide” between those who do have access and

those who do not (Biana, Dacela, & Joaquin, 2020).

With the above-mentioned research literatures, supporting details to the

importance of the study has now solid ground. These peer reviewed literatures will

aide the researchers to find solution to the problem presented in the study.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes and justifies the research design, the respondents, the

sampling procedure, and data gathering procedure. It also outlines the details of the

instrument of the study, scoring procedure, as well as statistical treatment employed.

Research Design

This study will use descriptive research design that will focus on describing

the accessibility of college students in SPC, MOI S.Y. 2020 – 2021 to online learning

and on giving action to the result of the problem. Therefore, apart from using a

descriptive approach as a research design for the study, action research is also

going to be applied in the study. There will also be traces of comparison in the

results given that the factors related to the respondent’s demographic profile will be

subjective, comparing collected data will be inevitable. That is why this study will
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also use a comparative research design. It aims to find out if online learning

accessibility has an implication to students’ achievement. Using these three different

research designs to analyze results through survey questionnaires in google

documents and to further gather accurate data will conduct an online interview or

call to the respondents after acquiring their consent to do so. With the combinations

of these research designs, a rich yield in data is ought to be gathered and reviewed.

Research Setting

With the present restrictions to face-to-face and physical contact, the

research setting will be done solely online. There will be no face-to-face or physical

contact between researchers and the respondents as compliance to the

implemented guidelines for flexible learning from CHED. However, if this was the old

norm, the researchers will conduct this study in St. Peter’s College, Misamis Oriental

Incorporated educational institution limiting the respondents to 4th year college

students from SPC, MOI of the education course, specifically from BEED and BSED

in the S.Y. 2020-2021. The researchers chose these respondents for the study to

limit the variety of choices and acquire a solid data based on the controlled

restrictions of the study or the variables. Overall, at present, online will be the

research setting of this study.

According to Gregory in Online Communication Settings and the Qualitative

Research Process: Acclimating Students and Novice Researchers, there have been

research scholars that began methodological and analytic interrogation to issues

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concerning online research settings as both data sources and instruments for digital

methods (2018). As mentioned, online setting can be a research setting. The

distance can be measured by the strength of the signal or bandwidth used in an

area.

Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study will be ten (10) 4th year college students from

SPC, MOI of the education course, specifically from BEED and BSED in the S.Y.

2020-2021. The respondents will be chosen through simple random sampling. To

make sure that the respondents have enrolled in the said educational institution

(SPC, MOI), enrolment verification or any proof of enrolment will be asked from the

respondents to prove that they are enrolled for the current school year and ask for

their consent in the study. To maintain the respondents’ privacy, a list of coded

letters will be in place of their names from these ten respondent constituents. In-

depth interview will also be employed in this study. The researchers will get

respondents from the education course offered in St. Peter’s College, Misamis

Oriental Incorporated.

Research Instruments

There will be three parts of the questionnaire. The Part I is the Respondents’

Profile which includes sex, age, civil status, course enrolled in, current educational

institution enrolled in, role or responsibility at home, and source of income. Part II will

include questions to detail the accessibility of college students to online learning

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which will be in a subjective perspective of the respondents. Part III will include

questions and details regarding the current achievement of student to online learning

– and gain their insights about the online learning system of the current school year.

The research questions will be a researcher – made questionnaire formulated

through questionnaires of peer-reviewed studies related to the problem of the study

and based on the researchers’ own perception of the concepts and needed data.

Considering that some of the instruments taken from the foreign contexts,

these will test to ensure reliability that the items measure the constructs of the study

as presented. Survey questionnaires will use four Likert Scale.

Categorization of Variables and Scoring Procedure

I. Respondent’s Profile:

Sex:

Male

Female

Age:

30 years and above

20 – 29 years’ old

Civil Status:

Single

Married

Separated

Annulled
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Course:

Education

BSED

BEED

Gadgets Availability

Student is able to access an available gadget

Student is not able to access an available gadget

Data Gathering Procedure

For the purpose of gathering reliable data for this study, in depth interviews

and survey questionnaires will be used. In depth interviews are personal and

unstructured interviews, that aims to identify participant’s emotions, feelings, and

opinions regarding a particular research subject that can be conducted through

various forms of media including by telephone, smartphones, and through online

means. The main advantage of in-depth interviews is that it allows respondents to

share their unbiased opinions from those of other participants. As far as data

collection tools will be concerned, the conduct of the research will involve the use of

semi-structured questionnaire, which will be used as an interview guide for the

researcher.

Before the distribution of the questionnaire to the 4 th year college students of

SPC, MOI in S.Y. 2020 -2021, their consent will be asked prior. A separate session

will be conducted for the in-depth interview of the randomly chosen participants.
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Retrieval of the data for the questionnaires in google form will be collected within

one week.

Statistical Treatment

The following statistical tools will be employed to facilitate the analysis and

interpretation:

Descriptive statistics such as the percentage, frequency, mean, and standard

deviation will be used to describe the variables in this study.

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) will be employed to

determine the significant relationship between the accessibility of online learning to

its implication’s student achievement.

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