Course Outline

ENV364
Pollution Prevention
Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program
Semester 2020
Environment 364 : Pollution Prevention/Green
Technology
• Lecturer : Nugraha Syarif Husein, ST, M.Eng
• Email : nugrahasyarif@gmail.com
• Phone/WA : 0895-3480-75723
• Room : B204
• Schedule : Friday, 14.30 – 17.00 WIB
• Credit Value : 3 credits
Environment 364 : Pollution Prevention/Green
Technology
Objective:
• The objective of this lecture is to introduce the principles of pollution
prevention, environmentally benign products, processes and
manufacturing systems. Students will learn the impacts of wastes
from manufacturing and post-use product disposal, environmental
cycles of materials, sustainability, and principles of environmental
economics. Materials selection, process and product design, and
packaging are addressed.
Env364 : Pollution Prevention/Green Technology
Course Description & Syllabus
Week Topic
1 Introduction to Pollution Prevention
2 Properties and Fates of Environmental Contaminants
3 Industrial Activity and the Environment
4 Environmental Regulations
5 Improved Manufacturing Operations
6 Life-Cycle Assessment
7 Pollution Prevention Economics
8 Mid Exam.
9 Pollution Prevention Planning
10 Design for the Environment
11 Water, Energy, and Reagent Conservation
12 Residual Management
13 Fugitive Emissions
14 Municipal Pollution Prevention Programs
15 Toward a Sustainable Society
16 Final Exam.
Env364 : Pollution Prevention/Green Technology

Text Book
Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice, 2000, Paul L. Bishop,
McGraw-Hill

Grading
• Attendance : 50 % (involved in group discussion)
• Assignment : 15 % (assignment)
• Mid Test : 10% (written test)
• Final Test : 25% (oral test / presentation)
 Grading & assessment
• The midterm test will be open book.
• The final test will be a project presentation about pollution
prevention topic, the electronic PowerPoint Presentation is to be
received a few hours before the presentation.
• The assignment will be given during the class in the first meeting, the
second and third TBA
 Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand about pollution prevention, source reduction and waste
minimization
2. Appreciate introductory contaminant characteristic, fate and transport
3. Understand aspects of industrial waste production and energy consumption
4. Evaluate and improve some manufacturing processes.
5. Understand the roles of economics and ethics related to pollution prevention.
6. Perform simple present cost calculations.
7. Select better design and conservation strategies.
8. Propose treatment measures for industrial wastes.
9. Prepare a strategy for reducing fugitive emissions.
10. Identify and use valid sources of information and proficiently communicate
technical information in writing and verbally.
 Student assistance

• If you Interested about pollution prevention project

for your final thesis, please contact me for more
assistance and discussion.
Introduction to Pollution
Prevention

Week 1
1. Introduction to Pollution Prevention
Background
Pollution Prevention
The historical Perspective
The Industrial revolution
Impact of Industrialization
What is Pollution Prevention?
Waste definition
Pollution Prevention definition
Other terms
Sustainability
The pollution Prevention Hierarchy
Recycling vs Pollution Prevention
Environmental Ethics
 “We have learned the inherent limitations of treating and
burying wastes. A problem solved in one part of the
environment may become a new problem in another part. We
must curtail pollution closer to its point of origin so that it is
not transferred from place to place”

William Reilly (EPA administrator, 1990)

 The Historical Perspective (Past – Bad
Practice)

In the past, during the first industrial revolution until the second, industry showed little
concern for the types or amounts of wastes generated, and the public had little knowledge
of the impacts of these wastes on the environment. These wastes were usually just
discharged into the air or a nearby river, or they were dumped or buried on land without any
treatment.
 The Historical Perspective (Recent – Good
Practice)

In 1960’s, As these impacts became known, industries began to treat their wastes to remove the
hazardous ones. This practice known as end-of-pipe treatment or Pollution Control. In this sense,
companies utilized additional equipments in the productive process for removing pollution. However in the
most of the cases, pollution do not disappear, but just are transformed in another category of pollutants.
 Historical Perspective (Current – Best
Practice)

In 1975, Dr. Joseph Ling, vice president of 3M company, introduce a program to reduce
wastes generation known as Pollution Prevention Pays (3P). This program firstly adopted by
UK, France and Germany for their environmental policies in 1977s.
 Lesson Learn : 3M Pollution Prevention Pays

• The 3M Company, a major multinational corporation with more than 130

manufacturing sites in the United States as well as others in 41 countries,
produces everything from Magic Tape and Post-it Notes to heart-lung
machines.
• In addition to being one of the largest producers of consumer products, 3M
was also one of the largest producers of wastes, both toxic and nontoxic
• Not only were wastes produced during manufacturing processes at 3M, but
they were also produced during the processing and manufacture of the
goods and chemicals that went into 3M's products, during the
transportation of these raw materials to the manufacturing plant and of
the finished products from manufacturing to the consumer, and after the
consumer had finished with the product and discarded it
 Lesson Learn : 3M Pollution Prevention Pays

• 3M, as well as many other companies, began examining their waste

management practices as a result of public pressure & regulatory
pressure
• When 3M started looking at the company's waste, management
realized that they could never reach their goal of a clean environment
through treatment of these wastes. Most treatment technologies do
not destroy wastes, but rather move them from one medium to
another, only delaying the eventual pollution problem.
• Consequently, 3M decided that preventing the wastes from being
created in the first place was its only viable solution
 Lesson Learn : 3M Pollution Prevention Pays
• The 3P program has been a success. It has evolved into a fully
integrated, high- quality environmental management system, creating
an environmentally sensitive corporate culture.
• Environmental engineers are assigned to business unit facilities to
assist in 3P implementation, employees are given awards for
identifying ways to pre- vent waste generation or ways to recover and
recycle materials, and meetings and conferences are held throughout
the company by employee groups to exchange ideas on pollution
prevention
• Each year, 3M budgets approximately $150 million for research and
development related to environmental issues, such as reducing the
environmental impacts of products and processes
As of the end of the first quarter of 2010, 3M has
prevented more than 3 billion pounds of
pollution, which translates into nearly $1.4 billion
in savings to 3M.
 Pollution Prevention

• In the 1980s, Congress, the EPA, and environmental

professionals came to the conclusion that a new industrial
waste management philosophy was needed if the ever-
expanding industrial pollution and resource depletion
problems were to be solved.
• Indiscriminate use of virgin resources in manufacturing and
subsequent end-of-pipe treatment of resulting wastes would
not provide the resource sustainability and environmental
quality demanded by the public.
 Pollution Prevention
• As a result, a new paradigm was developed which emphasized
minimizing the use of harmful or overexploited resources and
eliminating or minimizing waste production at the source in the
industry's production area
• This philosophy became known by many names, including waste
minimization, source reduction, waste reduction, green engineering,
and sustainable engineering, but the name that is most often
associated with it is pollution prevention.
 What is pollution prevention?
Pollution prevention is a term used to describe production technologies
and strategies that result in eliminating or reducing waste streams. The
EPA defines pollution prevention as:

“the use of materials, processes, or practices that reduce or eliminate

the creation of pollutants or wastes at the source. It includes practices
that reduce the use of hazardous materials, energy, water or other
resources and practices that protect natural resources through
conservation or more efficient use.”
 What is pollution prevention?

• Thus pollution prevention includes both the modification of

industrial processes to minimize the production of wastes and the
implementation of sustainability concepts to conserve valuable
resources
• The main premise underlying pollution prevention is that it makes far
more sense for a generator not to produce waste than to develop
extensive treatment schemes to ensure that the waste poses no
threat to the quality of the environment
 Pollution Prevention Practice (3P)

1. Product reformulation
2. Process modification
3. Equipment redesign
4. Recycling and reuse of waste materials
 Waste definition

• We usually tend to think of waste as a solid product left over at

the end of a process or action, but waste is a much broader issue
than that
• It encompasses wastage of energy or water in producing or using
a product
• Industrial waste is usually described as materials coming from a
manufacturing process that are not directly used within the
corporation and that are marked for disposal or release to the
environment
“A waste is a resource out of place”
 Categories of Wastes
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Hazardous waste
• Industrial waste
• Medical waste
• Construction and demolition debris
• Radioactive waste
• Mining waste
• Agriculture waste
 Others term:
• Source reduction is an activity that reduces or eliminates the waste at the
step where the pollution is created
• Waste minimization and source reduction are often used interchangeably
• Emission reduction is an activity that reduces or eliminates pollutants
within the industry boundary limits so that they are not emitted into the
environment
• Waste reduction is any activity that reduces the amount of waste that is
generated at any step of manufacture, use, or disposal. Thus, changes to an
industrial process to increase efficiency of process chemicals utilization is
deemed source reduction, while treatment of the residual chemicals
leaving the process to either destroy them or recycle them back to the
process is emission reduction
 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
• In almost all cases, total pollution elimination through source
reduction or recycling will not be possible. There will always be some
residuals that cannot be prevented or reclaimed.
• The remaining pollution requiring treatment after source reduction
and recycling should be greatly reduced in volume, however, thus
making treatment easier and much less expensive.
• Some will always need to be disposed of, either to a secure chemical
landfill or directly to the environment at levels that the environment
can safely assimilate
 Pollution Prevention Goal:
• The goal of pollution prevention is zero pollution, but this is
a goal only; not all waste can be prevented or recycled and
there will always be some waste to finally be disposed of.
The objective should be to make the volume of this waste
small enough that it can be managed effectively in an
environmentally safe manner.
 Problems
1. Waste can be defined as "a resource out of place." Examine the
contents of your home trash and determine the potential uses for
the materials being discarded. How difficult would it be to
recycle/reuse these materials? What fraction of your waste is
potentially recyclable/reusable?
2. The quantities of waste generated by almost all activities can
generally be reduced. Consider a typical business office, such as
your university engineering department office. What are the
sources of waste in the office and how could they be reduced?
Consider all waste sources.
 Environmental Ethics (1)
• Most pollution prevention activities are initially begun because of
regulatory pressure, an understanding that there could be cost
savings associated with minimizing waste generation, or a desire to
improve a corporate image.
• In recent years, however, some companies have moved beyond these
impetuses to espouse pollution prevention on a more moral basis.
They base their pollution management decisions on environmental
ethics.
 Environmental ethic (2)
• Environmental ethics is a systematic account of the moral
relationships between human beings and their natural environment
• Environmental ethics is concerned with humanity's relationship to the
environment, its understanding of and responsibilities to nature, and
its obligation to leave some of nature's resources to posterity
• Pollution, population control, resource use, food production and
distribution, energy production and consumption, the preservation of
the wilderness and of species diversity all fall under the purview of
environmental ethics
 Environmental ethic (3)
There are several philosophies used to describe environmental ethics:
• Conservationism: Its basis is the view that wilderness is a resource that must be
utilized and protected at the same time
• Preservationism: This philosophy promotes the ethic that nature is meant to be
enjoyed and experienced by humans and that it is our duty to protect the
wilderness for our future enjoyment
• Deep ecology: Deep ecology extends the base of morality to include all life on
Earth, including plants and animals
• Social ecology: Social ecology places a strong value on human existence while still
recognizing the uniqueness of nature

All of these philosophies have a common element there is a responsibility for all
people to minimize their impact on the environment as much as they can
 Corporate ethics
• Corporate ethics involves the moral issues and decisions confronting
corporations and the individuals working in those corporations,
including moral conduct, character, and ideals. Corporate
environmental ethics concerns the way corporations conduct
business in relation to their impact on the environment.
• In US Based on their environmental performance, Bhat (1996)
classifies companies as red, yellow, or green.
• In Indonesia, Ministry of environment classified corporate
performance using “Proper program” is Indonesian program for
pollution control, evaluation and rating. Classified as red, blue, green
and gold
 Assignment
• Using the Internet, find a corporation that has established a
corporate environmental ethics policy, then describe and
critique the main components of the policy.
Pollution Prevention Advantages:
1. Liability reduction & regulatory compliance. Facilities are
responsible for their wastes from “cradle- to-grave.” By eliminating
or reducing waste generation, future liabilities can also be
decreased. Additionally, the need for expensive pollution liability
insurance requirements may be abated.
2. Enhanced public image. Consumers are interested in purchasing
goods that are safer for the environment and this demand,
depending on how they respond, can mean success or failure for
many companies. Business should therefore be sensitive to
consumer demands and use pollution prevention efforts to their
utmost advantage by producing goods that are environmentally
friendly.
Pollution Prevention Advantages:
3. Reduced waste treatment costs. The most obvious economic benefits
associated with pollution prevention are the savings that result from the
elimination of waste storage, treatment, handling, transport, and disposal.
Waste management costs associated with recordkeeping, reporting, and
laboratory analysis are reduced or eliminated.
4. Decreased worker exposure. By reducing or eliminating chemical exposures,
businesses benefit by lessening the potential for chronic workplace exposure,
and serious accidents and emergencies. The burden of medical monitoring
programs, personal exposure monitoring, and potential damage claims are also
reduced.
5. Decreased energy consumption. As mentioned previously, energy conservation
strategies are often interrelated and complementary to each other. Energy
expenditures associated with the treatment and transport of waste are
reduced when the amount of waste generated is lessened, while at the same
time the pollution associated with energy consumed by these activities is
abated.
Barriers to pollution prevention:
1. Technical limitations. Given the complexity of present
manufacturing processes, waste streams exist that cannot be
reduced with current technology. The need for continued research
and development is evident.
2. Lack of information. In some instances, the information needed to
make a pollution prevention decision may be confidential or is
difficult to obtain. In addition, many decision makers are simply
unaware of the potential opportunities available regarding
information to aid in the implementation of a pollution prevention
program.
3. Consumer preference obstacles. Consumer preference strongly
affects the manner in which a product is produced, packaged, and
marketed. If the implementation of a pollution prevention program
results in the increase in the cost of a product, or decreased
convenience or availability, consumers might be reluctant to use it.
Barriers to pollution prevention:
4. Concern over product quality decline. The use of a less hazardous
material in a product’s manufacturing process may result in
decreased life, durability, or competitiveness
5. Economic concerns. Many companies are unaware of the economic
advantages associated with pollution prevention. Legitimate
concerns may include decreased profit margins or the lack of funds
required for the initial capital investment.
6. Resistance to change. The unwillingness of many businesses to
change is rooted in their reluctance to try technologies that may be
unproven, or based on a combination of the barriers discussed in
this section.
 Historical Perspective (Future – Ideal
Practice)