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Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses: Bahee Hadaegh Iran Siamak Shahabi Iran
Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses: Bahee Hadaegh Iran Siamak Shahabi Iran
[PP: 16-30]
Bahee Hadaegh
Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics, Shiraz University
Iran
Siamak Shahabi
Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics, Shiraz University
Iran
ABSTRACT
In the present article, the role of nationalism and postcolonialism in James Joyce's Ulysses is explored. The
novel is used to reveal the political and postcolonial layers of Joyce's work and represent how colonization
works through politics. This helps the readers to realize more about political Joyce and to apprehend his
political views as a fresh reading of his oeuvre. The significance of this article is to depict how an author
from a colonized society is influenced by the colonizing forces and cultural invasions and to scrutinize the
very psychology of a colonized nation. This task is done through Attridge and Howes's methodology as the
theoretical framework containing key roles in analyzing the main discussion. Through analyzing Ulysses,
this article clearly shows that Joyce was a part of nationalistic movements such as the Irish Revival; however
he had major conflicts with some individuals and movements that claimed to be nationalists. Therefore, Joyce
is concluded to be a 'semicolonial' writer who has his own specific mode of nationalism.
Keywords: Nationalism, Postcolonialism, James Joyce, Ireland, Semicolonialism
ARTICLE The paper received on: 28/11/2015 , Reviewed on: 17/01/2016, Accepted after revisions on: 06/02/2016
INFO
Suggested citation:
Hadaegh, B. & Shahabi, S. (2016). Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses. International Journal of English
Language & Translation Studies. 4(1), 16-30. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org
countries, about the colonized people as its of Trieste prove this matter. In fact, they are
subject matter. the proofs of political Joyce and good
James Joyce is a writer who makes the sources of reference for a new analysis of
best use of different discourses to discuss his works and views.
the colonial power and its attempts to 2. Methodology
subjugate the Irish nation. The way Joyce The main methodology of this article
portraits Ireland and its relationship with has to do with the core issues and principles
England or the English empire has been the of nationalism and politics inspired by
subject of much scholarly research. Earlier Derek Attridge and Marjorie Howes. As
readings of Joyce such as those by Stuart Attridge and Howes put it, "semicolonial"
Gilbert, Richard Ellmann, and Frank Joyce can be defined as a political Joyce
Budgen focus on the absorbing aspect of who is neither a nationalist nor an anti-
Joyce's writing which depicts the national nationalist. Emer Nolan analyzes the same
boundaries of the time. Beginning by issue. The present article benefits from their
Dominic Manganiello's Joyce's Politics observations in order to assemble a good
(1980), many critics realize that they can amount of practical reasons to come to a
observe Joyce apart from his native country. unified conclusion about political Joyce and
While, despite his exile which was self- his attitude towards nationalism.
imposed, he never left Ireland mentally. Analyzing Joyce's Ulysses under this
Dublin and Ireland have always been two methodology brings together primary
dominant subjects of his works. In order to commentators on the Irish dimension of
understand Joyce better, it is important to Joyce's writing. Contributors explore
realize the fact that Joyce is a political Joyce's undecided and changing response to
writer who is deeply involved in the Irish nationalism and reassess his writing in
political conditions of Ireland. Here, the the context of the history of Western
economic and social forces which shaped colonialism. The article tries to provide
him as an artist are significant. fresh insights into Joyce's ingenious
Evoking and complicating oppositions commitment with political issues that
at the same time is a characteristic of Joyce's remain highly relevant today. The main
works. It roots in his interest in political and approach which suits this paper well is
ethnic issues. Attridge and Howes (2000) postcolonialism as it includes many
believe that philosophically James Joyce different aspects such as religion, social
can be considered a separatist and a unionist phenomena, historical events, nationalism,
at the same time. Joyce even separates and politics, etc. which all play vital roles in
unites notions like undecideability and Joyce’s works.
hybridity. As a result of this combination, Nationalism in relation with
they cannot be defined or functioned colonialism and historical events of the era
separately. He actually makes a connection such as Irish resistance and religious
between two separated issues. For each conflicts are scrutinized and discussed in
issue, separatism and unionism, we have this article. Ireland is colonized by the
two equals in Joyce's mind and writings, British Empire through the traditional way
nationalism and anti-nationalism. He does of colonization and one comes to the
not actually belong to either party. His realization that the concept of the resistance
works, letters, lectures, and articles in or out of the Irish is not actually the resistance of
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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies ISSN:2308-5460
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a non-European country. In fact, Ireland has The connection between material and
a special situation. Therefore, Nationalism metaphorical space and between a nation's
and postcolonialism in Ireland needs its modernity and capitalist modernity are
own way of analysis. being considered as critical issues. There
3. Literature Review are scholars who believe that Ireland's
Ezra Pound in 1922 commented that in entrance into a colonial modernity was
Ulysses Ireland is presented under the shocking and rough. Scholars like Hechter
"British yoke" (p. 17). But it was not until (Internal Colonialism, 1975), Gibbons
the very end of 1970s that Irish-British (Transformations, 1996) and Eagleton
relationship was being scrutinized in (Heathcliff and the Great Hunger, 1995)
Joycean studies. Most of the works dealing believe that colonial Ireland was not an
with different aspects of Joyce and the underdeveloped country. James Joyce is
relation of his works to colonial and known as a writer who is against colonial
postcolonial studies, politics and power of the empire. Vincent Cheng in
nationalism do not start from a certain point Joyce, Race and Empire (1995), introduces
and get to the same place. Joyce as a postcolonial writer. His works
The 1980s saw the appearance of a few have been read politically in Manganiello's
essays which place Joyce in the context of Joyce's Politics (1980) and it is stated that
Irish history and Irish nationalism like Joyce is evidently hostile towards all
Deane's New Perspectives, Fredric political state formations. His view of
Jameson's "Ulysses in History," and Tom nationalism has become clearer in Breuilly's
Pauline’s "The Irish Presence in Ulysses," Nationalism and the State (1993).
but when the historical issues got back on In general, according to Lloyd (1993),
the agenda in the following decade, the nationalism is believed to be a "political
studies continued with Deane's chapter phenomenon" (p. 276). Therefore "the
"Joyce the Irishman" in The Cambridge critique of nationalism is inseparable from
Companion to James Joyce (Attridge, the critique of post-colonial domination."
2004) and the discussions of Joyce by (Lloyd, 1993, p. 115). Lloyd discussed a
Deane, Eagleton, and Jameson in the Field kind of hybridity in the Irish culture, a
Day collection entitled Nationalism, hybridity which includes many nationalists.
Colonialism, and Literature (Eagleton et In Anomalous States, Lloyd (1993) asserts:
al., 1990) followed by a series of books that Irish streets ballads and folk songs are
pursued issues of Irish nationalism, read, against nationalist refinements of
colonialism, and postcoloniality: Enda them, as being vital representations of
Duffy's The Subaltern "Ulysses" (1994); the hybridity of a colonial culture. That
Vincent J. Cheng's Joyce, Race, and Empire these songs, while stylistically and
(1995); Emer Nolan's James Joyce and tonally inassimilable to nationalist
Nationalism (1995); and the volume representations, were nonetheless sites
entitled Joyce: Feminism / Post/ of resistance and possibly even means of
Colonialism, edited by Ellen Carol Jones popular instruction, illuminates the
(1998). politics of style in Ulysses in relation to
Homi Bhabha (1994) and Smith's ways a popular rather than aesthetic
of looking at issues are complementary. consciousness. Both Ulysses and this
They both examine the concerns which are popular tradition are recalcitrant to the
at the center of the problems of a nation. emergent nationalist as to the imperial
Cite this article as: Hadaegh, B. & Shahabi, S. (2016). Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses. International
Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 4(1), 16-30. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org
Page | 18
Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses Hadaegh, Bahee & Shahabi, Siamak
Irish to be hybrids, "compounded of the old different, although each discourse belongs
Celtic stock and the Scandinavian, Anglo- to a very different political position.
Saxon and Norman races… with the various In Inventing Ireland (1996), Declan
elements mingling and renewing the ancient Kiberd states that: "if [nationalist
body" (Joyce, 1907, p. 161). Joyce's intellectuals] were to create an authentic
Orientalist assertion of exotic complicates movement, … if they were to invent
the Unionist view that Ireland's political Ireland, they must first invent the Irish"
future must be determined as it is (Kiberd, p. 100-136). This builds an
considered as a part of Britain, an important important question: Is the national self-
part which is the West Britain in fact. Of definition an invention or it is authentic?
course, the Irish culture is not only Emer Nolan believes that "authenticity"
influenced by the British culture but by the continues to be a major theme in the works
Atlantic Ocean with many other older of Irish scholars (such as Richard Kearney),
cultures. "whereas the [post-structuralist] theorists to
Joyce's emphasis is on the historical which they are occasionally indebted attack
connection between Ireland and the very idea of a self to which one might
Mediterranean. According to some be true or false" (as cited in Attridge &
historical proofs and myths, Joyce discusses Howes, 2000, p. 243).
this matter. He believes in a mystic The issue of cultural identity is a
connection of these two in his writing. critical one for Irish society and in Joyce's
In Joyce's works there is the discourse works. In Transformations, Luke Gibbons
of "otherness" which is the product of the (1996) has also argued that we should
process of "othering". The Irish were question any generalizations about a
defined through their differences with the cultural identity: "It is important not only to
English and therefore they were depicted as re-think but to re-figure Irish identity, to
"other" by the English. The features of this attend to those recalcitrant areas of
other nation were as quaint, primitive, and expertise which simply do not lend
wild Irish. This is a discourse which themselves to certainty , and which impel
justifies and even encourages barbaric societies themselves towards indirect and
domination and violence against the figurative discourse" (1996, p. 18) as "there
conquered culture. is no prospect of restoring a pristine, pre-
For the nationalist movement, the main colonial identity", Gibbons believes that
challenge is to find a self-definition for "instead of being based on narrow ideals of
national identity. What is Irishness? What racial purity and exclusivism, identity is
are the characteristics of a real Irish? open-ended and heterogeneous" (1996, p.
Stephan Dedalus is engaged with these 179). In his idea Irishness is not a
questions. He is at the first place bewildered premodern but a modern concept and Irish
by realizing the fact that he is a nationalist culture experienced modernity sooner than
or not, and then he is in the dilemma of it would. Disintegration and fragmentation
choosing to be a real Irish, or to be an artist. were a part of Irish history.
To be an Irish has its own definitions and Ireland is not the only exception but
elements which are in some cases subjective this is "the common inheritance of cultures
and self-representative. Both in the racialist subjected to the depredations of
imperial discourse and the nationalist self- colonialism" (Gibbons, 1996, p. 6). The
definition one, Irishness is "other" and radicality of Joyce's works as Lloyd states,
Cite this article as: Hadaegh, B. & Shahabi, S. (2016). Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses. International
Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 4(1), 16-30. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org
Page | 20
Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses Hadaegh, Bahee & Shahabi, Siamak
comes from its insistence "on a deliberate As Stephan's conversation with the
stylization of dependence and Dean of Studies indicates, Joyce thought
inauthenticity, a stylization of the hybrid that Ireland is a colonized territory of the
status of the colonized subject as of the British Empire and the Irish are a colonized
colonized culture, their internal adulteration nation. The truth is that Irish were involved
and the strictly parodic [and hybrid] modes in imperial activities of the empire. They
that they produce in every sphere" (1993, p. participated in civilizing and missionary
110). It is unavoidable that Anglicized projects that were part of the activities of the
voices and English cultural desire are seen British in Europe.
in Irish culture. The young poet Stephan Dedalus in
In Ulysses, there is a chapter which is Ulysses of James Joyce bears a resemblance
entitled "Wandering Rocks". In it, Father to his creator, Joyce, in 1904. "Stephan's
Conmee's 'ivory bookmark' (Joyce, 1986, p. ambitions and attitudes are presented, and
190) starts a kind of connection between since irony predominates, we see more
Jesuit missionary work and British attitude than ambition" (Kain, 1993, p. 82).
imperialism, and Conmee thinks of "the Ulysses is a representation of human nature
soul of black and brown and yellow men in an Irish form. Joyce never had to invent
and of the propagation of the faith" (Joyce, situations or tales as he could find them all
1986, p. 143-5). In fact Joyce's references to in reality. Dublin was a source of inspiration
ivory explain the relations of world and to Joyce. The people, the situations, the
different local influences of colonialism and incidents, the places, and everything related
nationalism. to Dublin and the Irish were like material of
Joyce believes that British Empire construction to Joyce. Despite a lifelong
conquers different countries for economic exile Joyce often said that his imagination
benefits and not for religious devotion. never left Dublin.
Countries like the Belgian Congo: "Raping In the political stage of Ireland there
the women and girls and flogging the were many sacrifices for liberty and Home
natives on the belly to squeeze all the red Rule. Political pressure led to extreme
rubber they can out of them" (Joyce, 1986, violence and was a big threat to the very
p. 1546-7). generation. Independence was finally won
The context of Joyce's writings proves for a part of Ireland but at a sorry cost. Irish
that he was hostile to colonialism in any nationalism was supported by many
form. Decolonization is what Joyce streams, from politicians to poets. As Kain
supports via nationalism. His interest in remarks, "Often bravery became mere
socialism is ambivalent in his letter to bravado, for the fatal fascination of
Stanislaus in 1906, "If the Irish question rebellion easily induced a romantic urge to
exists, it exists for the Irish proletarian die as a martyr rather than live as a slave in
chiefly" (Joyce, 1906, p. 237). In Joyce's an insufferable environment" (1993, p. 107-
works, colonialism and nationalism are 108). During these years James Joyce was
relative realities, which are subject of involved in writing controversial series of
debate and opposition, expressed through articles which he wrote for the Trieste
creativity, fantasy, language proficiency, newspaper on the subject of Irish politics.
and complexity. Due to betrayals of many Irish activists
such as Parnell's, (a symbol of the ideal
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Stephan's quest for his Irish individual such currents lives within them at the same
identity is a symbol of the entire nation's time.
quest for individuality. What happens to an Observing Ulysses in general, it can be
individual like Stephan is what happens to a suggested that Irish collectivity is able to
nation. Sense of nationalism which may be comfort the imperialist narratives of
invoked in an individual is the result of this characters such as Haines and Deasy. This
very quest for individuality, Howes believe is at odds with the evasion of nationalism
that, "Joyce leaves open the possibility that which is implied. Howes believes that,
such a transformation is just faking" (1990, "Above all , however, Ulysses offers, not a
p. 265). portrait of 'a' community, or even portraits
Stephan gives a nationalistic portrait of of several communities, but different ways
himself both in Ulysses and in A Portrait. of conceptualizing community" (Howes,
For instance, in chapter five of A Portrait, 1990, p. 267). The 'community' mentioned
Stephan's mind is the home of the is not only those who live in Ireland but also
intellectual constructions of the Revival. those who emigrated or live in other places
Joyce's Stephan rejects the movement at the of the world with the same situation.
same time but he is in debt to many of its Joyce's attention to Irish culture
values and disciplines. Stephan wants to fly emerges from this point that he sees Irish
by the 'nets' of "nationality, language, culture changing as a reaction when it is
religion" (Joyce, 1986, p. 171), while at the comforted by other cultures. This is defined
same time he rejects the current forms of as hybridity in post-colonial studies. Joyce
cultural nationalism. Howes comes to an chose the popular culture of his day, as he
opposition here when he states, "But he was interested in it and wrote lines on them
continues to think of the 'nation' in precisely in his books. There is no doubt that the
the terms those forms would offer him" cultural mixing and hybridity of Irish
(Howes, 1990, p. 265). He believes that society resulted in nationalism which is
Irish nation is defined by cultural considered as a popular culture of Joyce's
nationalism and concepts of Irishness, not a time and as a social phenomenon it rooted
"Conglomeration of all the people who deep in the mind and works of many Irish
lived in Ireland or who considered literary figures like Joyce.
themselves Irish" (Howes, 1990, p. 265). Joyce's politic and nationalism are seen
Irishness lives within the nation but it is both on his individuality and his oeuvre.
different in its degree among diverse From the examples mentioned, it is shown
regions, populations, and cultural artifacts. how Ulysses records the complexities of
Stephan is captivated by this idea of nationalism among the Irish colonialism
distinguishing Irish 'race' and the natural and nationalism which are investigated in
essence of his people. The truth is that Joyce in the analyses of the individuals, the
Stephan's mind is too much occupied with general arguments and affinities, and even
the cultural nationalism he declares to in the form of his works. Such discussions
reject. He (Joyce or his hero, Stephan) is on his works bring us deep into the
naturally supersaturated by different individual's tendencies in the Irish society
movements and issues such as cultural of that age, as a microcosm, and to the
nationalism but the tendency of resistance institutions, communities, political conflicts
toward many values or accepted concepts of and historical forces.
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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies ISSN:2308-5460
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purity that Joyce was seeking, neither in our attention to what extend modern
nationalism nor in any cultural, social, and communication and interpretation are in
historical context is found. As Joyce debt to Joyce's works.
himself wrote, "Our civilization is a vast The settings of Joyce's novels are so
fabric, it is useless to look for a thread that clear and detailed that if Dublin was
may have remained pure and virgin without demolished after the Second World War, it
having undergone the influence of a was possible to rebuild it according to
neighboring thread" (1964, p. 165-66). Joyce's descriptions. The way that he
5. Conclusion visualizes the city is not just considered as
Reading Joyce is a complex job. There his artistic aptitude. But his insistence on his
are different layers hidden in his oeuvre nationalism and spiritual sense of belonging
which demand a high knowledge of history, to the place that he was born in and
society, culture, language, etc. to be realized belonged to, despite his self-exposed exile.
to some extent. The way that Joyce looks at There are people of different social
various phenomena around him is hard to be backgrounds and different religious and
grasped and any critic of Joyce has to nationalistic foundations in his works,
scrutinize every word of him to come to a precisely like a real society. The portrayal
conclusion on his ideas regarding different of such aspects makes it easier for Joyce's
issues. Joyce is hard to read and far more audience to feel the spirit of those ages of
intricate to understand. He creates each and Dublin and in case of this research, the
every one of his characters according to real colonial and nationalistic spirits of the age.
people of not just the Irish people but from If it was possible to rebuild Dublin from
diverse nations, from Asia to Europe. Every what Joyce writes, so it is rather an easy job
character is representative of a type of to imagine, understand, and know the Irish
individual which we may encounter in our society of Joyce's time, with all its aspects
real lives so this fact makes his characters according to Joyce's writings, including the
more tangible. facts and details of politics and nationalism
Joyce's influences and effects on of Joyce's time.
literature of his age and everyday writings, Joyce is not only the author of his
novels, and artistic works are so vast that we novels but he is a part of his stories. His
encounter them regularly in our everyday intrusion is formed and characterized under
lives. Joycean techniques of parody and the name of his hero, Stephan Dedalus.
pastiche, fragmentations of his words and Stephan is a portrait of Joyce's past, present,
images, self-referentiality, multiple points and future as an artist and as an Irish.
of view, open-ended narrative, and Joyce's personality and characteristic are
mythologies are not the only great features reflected in his protagonist. Both are similar
of his works done after him. He manifested in their behavior and the way they look at
cultural and political situations in his works. issues of religion, politics, society, and
Joyce's works are complicated as they have nationalism. Their childhood and
their roots in the social, economic, and adolescence and the progression of their
political changes that occurred before and artistic potential are formed in the same
during his lifetime. As Attridge claims, "far way. Stephan experiences things in life just
more people read Joyce than are aware of as Joyce does, and he is under the influence
it" (2004, p. 1), by which he means to draw of the issues which Joyce is. They both react
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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies ISSN:2308-5460
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to colonization of the Irish, nation's sense of puts nationalism near other social
nationalism and different trends and phenomena such as modernity, political
movements in the same way. Stephan to conflicts and social movements, to make the
Joyce is like Zarathustra to Nietzsche in relationship among them clearer. He
Thus Spake Zarathustra. observes many interrelated discourses in the
Different studies and criticisms of Irish society of his time to define and
Joyce are various like the colors of a present comprehensible elements which
rainbow. They are united but at the same move in parallel or create more
time they move parallel and show different contradictions and paradoxes.
colors. Their differences exist to the end. Post-colonial studies can examine
Meanwhile, it is concluded from every colonialism and nationalism in Joyce on a
study of Joyce that his works cannot be number of diverse points, from analyses of
understood without accepting the fact that individual words and sentences to
Joyce and his works are political indeed and arguments of wide-ranging propensity and
they have a direct relation to the Irish overall form. It enables us to see them as
struggle for independence and their much discussed and fiercely debated issues,
nationalistic movements. Joyce's writing is and as a set of overarching and often
like a mirror which reflects the history of implicit suppositions about the world of
Ireland and shows us the Irish political Joyce's time. It integrates their immense
memory. Joyce's engagement with the worldwide correlations and their minute
social, political, cultural, historical, and local separations. In Joyce, colonialism and
economical changes of Ireland is parallel nationalism constantly take us inward, to
with his shifts in his writings; features like the fantasies, divisions, and traumas of
uncertainties, different narrative individual psyche; just as continually they
experiments and contradictions which are take us outward, to the institutions,
equal to the fluctuate Irish society of the competing communities, political conflicts,
time. The result drawn out is that, Joyce and historical obligations of our interrelated
seeks Irish national independence and world. If we move toward Joyce's writings
political freedom. while keeping these points in mind, it
The opinions and criticisms of the becomes clear that some of the apparent
many distinguished researchers and paradoxes that construct them- his
theoreticians which are brought in this nationalism versus his internationalism, his
research support the fact that they are not fascination with Ireland versus his
totally harmonious in discussing Joyce's habitation in Europe, his rejection of the
political views and approaches and his Irish Literary Revival versus his
attitudes toward nationalism and involvement in it- are not really paradoxes
postcolonialism, but they all regard Joyce as at all. They merely indicate the everyday
a political writer whose writings are complexities that surround the topic of this
mingled with Irish nationalism and research. They are in fact the controversial
postcolonialism. issues of history that influence the whole
Joyce presents the dominance of society, including artists and writers.
nationalism in every episode of his books, The result drawn out of the discussed
especially in A Portrait of the Artist as a matters bring us to this conclusion that
Young Man. Meanwhile, he investigates the Joyce was a part of nationalistic movements
existing contradictions and ironies. Joyce such as the Irish Revival. Although he had
Cite this article as: Hadaegh, B. & Shahabi, S. (2016). Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses. International
Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 4(1), 16-30. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org
Page | 28
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Cite this article as: Hadaegh, B. & Shahabi, S. (2016). Nationalism in James Joyce's Ulysses. International
Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 4(1), 16-30. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org
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