Experiment name: Study and operation

of bench drilling machine

Objective:
To study the Bench Drilling Machine.

Introduction:
Drilling is the easiest way to cut a hole into solid metal. It is also done to
enlarge holes and then may be called core drilling or counter drilling.
When a hole of two or more diameters is cut by one drill, the operation
is called step drilling.
Boring is the enlarging of a hole, sometimes with the implication of
producing a more accurate hole than by drilling. Enlarging a hole for a
limited depth is called counter boring. If the depth is shallow so the cut
leaves in effect a finished face around the original hole, it is called spot
facing. The cutting of an angular opening into the end of a hole is
countersinking, also loosely termed chamfering. Reaming is als a hole
enlarging process but its specific purpose is to produce a hole of
accurate size and good surface finish, and stock removal is small.
In drilling operation two motions are involved:
a. Rotation of the cutter spindle.
b. Feed motion.
The feed of a drill is the distance it advances in one revolution. The unite
of feed is mm/revolution. Feeds depend upon the drill size and work
piece materials. Alloy and hard steel should generally be drilled at a
lighter feed, while cast iron, brass and aluminium may usually be drilled
with a heavier feed.

Drilling tools:
The most common form of metal working drill is the twist drill with
helical groves or flutes. Those with three or more flutes cannot start
holes but can only enlarge holes previously drilled or cored. They are
called core drills. A multicut drill makes holes of two or more diameters
as in step drilling.

Drilling machine accessories and attachments

 Tool holder - Chuck is used as the tool holder in drill machines.
On drill presses the chuck often is permanently attached to the
machine spindle.
 Work holders - Drill vise, parallel bars, drill jig, step blocks or,
fasteners such as claps and t-bolts, washers, nuts, etc.
 Multiple-spindle drill heads
 Positioning Tables
 Fixture and jigs
Major parts of bench drilling machine:
The principal parts of a drilling machine are as follows
1. Base: The support of the machine and in some cases the workpiece
itself.
2. Column: The main vertical piece where other components of the
machine are mounted on and aligned.
Motor: The power is transmitted from the gear case by the use of
 shaft, belts or direct coupling and is located in the back of the
column.
3. Table: Mounted on the column and can be raised and lowered or
clamped into position to support the work for proper height of
drilling.
4. Head: Contains feed and speed gearing and mounts the necessary
controls for the different motions of the machine.
5. Spindle: Equipped with a tapper nose to accept tapered shanks of
drills, drill-mounting pieces, taps, and reamers.
Safety precaution:
 Do not support the workpieces by hand. Use a holding device to
prevent the workpiece from being tom from the operator’s hand.
 Never clean away chips with your hand. Use a brush.
 Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools.
 Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating.
 Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting
the operation.
 Never place tools or equipment on the drilling tables.
 Keep all guards in place while operating.
 Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work to avoid
damaged tools or workplaces.
 Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating.
 Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machines.

Precautions for Drilling machine:

 Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
 Chips should be removed using brush.
 Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting.
 Machines should be cleaned after use.
 T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, pulley should be cleaned.
ASSIGNMENT

Q1. Name the different types of drilling machine.

Answer
There are various types of drilling machines. Some of the types are as
follows:
1. Upright drill: the upright drill stands on the floor and consists of table
for holding the workpart, a drilling head with powered spindle for the
drill bit, and a bed and column for support.
2. Sensitive drill: similar drill press as upright drill but smaller, which is
mounted on a table or bench rather than a floor.
3. Radial drill: A large drill press designed to cut holes in large parts, has
a radial arm along which the drilling head can be moved and clamped.
4. Gang drill: A drill press consisting basically of a senes of two to six
upright drills connected together in an arrangement. Each spindle is
powered and operated independently.
5. Multiple spindle drill: A drill press, in which several drill spindle are
connected to drill multiple holes simultaneously into the workpiece.
6. Numerical control drill: Numerical control drill presses are available
to control the positioning of the holes in the workpart, which is directly
computer controlled.
7. Portable drill: A portable drill is smaller in size and is sometimes
powered or non-powered used to drill small holes in different directions,
i.e; upright, downward, inclined, etc.
Q2. Sketch a twist drill and name its principal parts.
Answer
Sketch of a twist drill machine is drawn below:
Twist drill is made from a round bar of tool material , and has three
principles parts: the point, the body and the shank. The drill is held and
rotated by its shank. The point comprises the cutting elements while the
body guides the drill in the operation. The body of the drill has two
helical grooves called “ flutes”. The flutes from the cutting surface and
also assist in removing chips out of the drilled hole. The principal parts
of twist drill are:

Point:
The point is the cone shaped end and it does the cutting. It consists of
the following:
(A) Dead center: It is the sharp edge at the extreme tip of the drill. This
should always be the exact center of the drill.
(B) Lips: these are the cutting edges of the drill.
(C) Heel : It is the portion of the point back from the cutting edge.

Shank:
It is the portion of the drill by which it is clamped in the spindle. The
shank may be either straight or tapered. Straight shank drills are used
with a chuck. Tapered shank drills have self-holding tapes that fit
directly into the drill press spindle. On the taper shank is the another
term is used which is called tang. This fits into a slot in the spindles
sleeve.

Body:
It is the portion between the point and the shank. The body consists of
the following parts:
(A) Flutes:
Two or more spiral grooves that run the length of the drill body are
called flutes. The flutes do four things.

 Help from the cutting edge of the drill point.

 Curl the chip tightly for easier removal.
 From channels through which chips can escape from the hole being
drilled.
 Allow the coolant and lubricant to get down to the cutting edge.
(B) Margin
It is the narrow strip extending back the entire length of the flute. It is
the full diameter of the drill.
(C) Body Clearance:
It is the part of the drill body that has been reduced in order to cut down
friction between the drill and the wall of the hole.

Q3. Why sensible drilling machine is so called?

Answer
A sensible drilling machine responds to delicate adjustments. This
machine is generally used for moderate-to-light duty work. It gets its
name due to the fact that the machine can only be hand fed. Hand
feeding the tool into the workpiece allows the operator to feel the cutting
action of the tool. As the operator senses the cutting action, that’s why it
is so called.
Q4. Describe some operations performed in a Drilling
Machine with figure.
Answer
Some operations performed in the drilling machine are:

COUNTERBORING
Counterboring is the process of using a counterbore to enlarge the upper
end of a hole to a predetermined depth and machine a square shoulder at
that depth. Spot facing is the smoothing off and squaring of a rough or
curved surface around a hole to permit level seating of washers, nuts, or
bolt heads. Counterbored holes are primarily used to recess socket head
cap screws and similar bolt heads slightly below the surface. Both
counterboring and spotfacing can be accomplished with standard
counterbore cutters.
TAPPING
Tapping is the process of cutting a thread inside a hole so that a cap
screw or bolt can be threaded into the hole. Also, it is used to make
threads on nuts.
Tapping is cutting a thread in a drilled hole. Tapping is accomplished on
the drilling machine by selecting and drilling the tap drill size, then
using the drilling machine chuck to hold and align the tap while it is
turned by hand. The drilling machine is not a tapping machine, so it
should not be used to power tap. To avoid breaking taps, ensure the tap
aligns with the center axis of the hole, keep tap flutes clean to avoid
jamming, and clean chips out of the bottom of the hole before attempting
to tap.
Countersinking
The cutting of an angular opening into the end of a hole is
countersinking, is also loosely termed chamfering.
Countersinking is the tapering or beveling of the end of a hole with a
conical cutter called a machine countersink. Often a hole is slightly
countersunk to guide pins which are to be driven into the workpiece; but
more commonly, countersinking is used to form recesses for flathead
screws and is similar to counterboring.
Reaming
Reaming a drilled hole is another operation that can be performed on a
drilling machine. It is difficult, if not impossible, to drill a hole to an
exact standard diameter. When great accuracy is required, the holes are
first drilled slightly undersized and then reamed to size . Reaming can be
done on a drilling machine by using a hand reamer or using a machine
reamer. When you must drill and ream a hole, it is best if the setup is not
changed. For example, drill the hole (slightly undersized) and then ream
the hole before moving to another hole. This method will ensure that the
reamer is accurately aligned over the hole. If a previously drilled hole
must be reamed, it must be accurately realigned under the machine
spindle. Most hand and machine reamers have a slight chamfer at the tip
to aid in alignment and starting
Centering
Turn on the lathe and set the speed to around 600 RPM. Use the tailstock
crank to advance the drill slowly into the end of the workpiece and
continue until the conical section of the center drill is about 3/4ths of the
way into the workpiece. This is as far as you need to go with the center
drill since its purpose is just to make a starter hole for the regular drill.
Back the center drill out and stop the lathe.