VERTICAL

TRANSPORTATION
FOUR STAR HOTEL

SARANGI NAIR
17AR09
SCOA
MODES OF VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION :

• STAIRCASE
• LIFTS
• ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS
STAIRCASE
• Any building having more than three floors including
basement floor(s) shall have at least two staircases, one of
which may be a fire escape staircase.
• The number and width of stair shall be determined with
respect to the occupant load as table 16 ( 50 occupants/75cm
exit width) of these rules and maximum travel distance
between two stairs shall not be less than 60m.
For such stair:- (a) minimum width of stair shall be 120
centimeters, (b) minimum width of tread shall be 30
centimeters,
1. maximum height of riser shall be 15 centimeters
2. minimum height of handrail shall be 90 centimeters
3. The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of
a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m.
Ramps, if provided as a substitute for
stairways, shall be laid with a slope not
exceeding 1 : 10 and such ramp shall
comply with all requirements of a
stairway and shall be surfaced with
approved non-slippery materials .
For wheelchair ramp , the ratio is 1: 12
TYPES OF STAIRCASE
FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE
Fire escape staircase shall be provided for every building under:—
(a) Residential occupancy exceeding three storeys above ground level;
(b) Non-residential occupancies exceeding two storeys above ground
level

• Width of fire escape staircase shall not be less than one metre
• Tread shall not be less than 25 centimetres
• Riser shall not exceed 19 centimetres and the number of risers shall not
exceed 16 per flight of stairs
• Height of handrail of a fire escape staircase shall not be less than 100
centimetres and not more than 120 centimetres.
• The spacing between the balustrades should be less than 15 centimetres.
• The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to buildings up to 10 metres
in height. Spiral staircase shall not be less than 150 centimetres in
diameter and shall be designed to give adequate head room.
• Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight for building exceeding 10
metres height
• Entrance to fire escape stair shall be separated and as far as possible
remote from other staircase(s) if any.
• If the staircase provided for the building up to three storeys satisfies the
provisions of fire escape stair also, no separate fire escape stair is
needed.
ESCAPE LADDERS AND ACCCESS
• Ladder access points must tbe located so that
those in danger can attract the attention of
people on public roads.
• Emergency ladders are items of building
equipment which can be used for the rescue of
occupants. Access ladders, also described as
vertical fixed ladders, are required for climbing
onto roofs, chimneys, silos, containers, tanks,
machines, plant etc.
• For buildings over 5 m high, access ladders are
required to have back protection.
• Each ladder run has a maximum climbing height
of 10m. Hoop diameter 0.70 m.\
MODES OF VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION :
• STAIRCASE
• LIFTS
• ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS
 LIFTS
• Two basic considerations, namely, the quantity of service required
and the quality of service desired, determine the number and type
of lifts to be provided in a particular building.
• The quantity of service factor, that is, how many people might use
the lift system over a defined period of time is represented by the
handling capacity.
• The quality of service factor, that is, how well the lift system deals
with its passengers is represented by passenger waiting time and
lobby queuing.
• Generally, if a lift system (using a conventional landing call system)
is sized correctly for the up-peak traffic pattern, all other traffic
patterns should be adequately served. The notable exceptions to
this, in our case is Hotels where check-in/check-out clashes with
meal times.
• The most demanding time is during the check-in and check-
out period and two-way traffic occurs during this period with
guests going to and from rooms and restaurants and in and
out of the hotel.
• Calculations should be made assuming an equal number of up
and down stops during this period. Average room occupancy
may range from 1.5 to 2 persons and arrival rates from 10 to 15
percent.
• Security considerations need to be taken into account whilst
establishing the circulation and lift requirements.
• Adequate number of service lifts need to be provided for
service movement of housekeeping and room service staff as
well as movement of material.
Any building exceeding four storeys in the case of A2 (hotels) occupancies shall have at
least one lift:
Provided that, additional lift shall be provided at the rate of one lift for every 2500 sq.
metres of the total built up area or part thereof (except parking area provided inside the
building) in excess of the first 4000 square metres, or by adopting the provisions in the
National Building Code for calculating the number of lifts/ escalator.

• Where a lift is arranged to serve two, three or four flats per floor, the lift may be
placed adjoining a staircase, with the lift entrances serving direct on to the landings.
Where the lift is to serve a considerable number of flats having access to balconies or
corridors, it may be conveniently placed in a well-ventilated tower adjoining the
building.

• However, in case this is not possible, it is desirable to have at least a battery of two
lifts at two or more convenient points of a building. If this is not possible, it is
advisable to have at least two lifts side by side at the main entrance and one lift each
at different sections of the building for inter-communication.

• When two lifts are installed side by side, the machine room shall be suitably planned
with sufficient space for housing the machine equipment.

• The positioning of lifts side by side gives the following advantages:

a) All machines and switch gear may be housed in one machine room,
b) Lifts can be inter-connected more conveniently from an installation point of view,
and
c) Greater convenience in service owing to the landing openings and each floor being
adjacent.
FLOWCHART
FOR
PRELIMINARY
DESIGN OF
LIFTS
Information to be provided by Architect
• As a result of preliminary discussions, the drawings of the building should give the following particulars and finished sizes:
• a) Number, type and size of lifts and position of lift well;
• b) Particulars of lift well enclosure;
• c) Size, position, number and type of landing doors;
• d) Number of floors served by the lift;
• e) Height between floor levels;
• f) Number of entrances;
• g) Total headroom;
• h) Provision of access to machine room;
• j) Provision of ventilation and, if possible, natural lighting of machine room;
• k) Height of machine room;
• m) Depth of lift pit;
• n) Position of lift machine, above or below lift well
 TYPES OF ELEVATORS

HYDRAULIC
• LIMITED TO HEIGHTS ABOUT 60FT. ( 6 FLOORS)
• LOWER SPEED
• LOWER INITIAL COST – HIGHER POWER
CONSUMPTION

TRACTION (ELECTRIC)
• VIRTUALLY LIMITLESS ( HIGH AND MID RISE )
• HIGH SPEEDS BUT INSTALLATION COST IS HIGH

ARRANGEMENT OF LIFTS
MODES OF VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION :
• STAIRCASE
• LIFTS
• ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS
ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS
• Escalators are desirable where the movement of
people, in large numbers at a controlled rate in the
minimum of space, is involved.
• These encourage people to circulate freely and
conveniently.
• Inclined moving walks are preferable where trolley
movement is expected between levels.
• As the escalators and moving walks operate at a
constant speed, serve only two levels and have a
known maximum capacity, the traffic study is rather
easy, provided the population to be handled in a
given time is known. It is easy to predict the rate at
which the population can be handled.
FLOWCHART ON
PRELIMINARY
DESIGN OF
ESCALATORS/MOVINGWALKS
• Escalators are typically used for short range of movement
between adjacent floors. They are usually situated in an
obvious circulation path making it easy for pedestrians to
board them.
• Escalators and moving walks should only be accessed
from adjacent corridors/walkways, landing and lobby
areas, where people do not obstruct other pedestrian
circulation routes.
• Space should be available to accommodate queuing at
the boarding point.
• It is especially important that the boarding and alighting
areas adjacent to an escalator or moving walk are not part
of another circulation route, in order to provide a safe
area for passengers to board and alight at landings. The
area of this space is defined as a distance between the
handrails plus 160 mm, multiplied by a depth of 2.0 m to
2.5 m, depending on the configuration of escalator or
moving walk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• KMBR 2019 FORMATTED
• NEUFERT’S ARCHITECT’S DATA – FOURTH EDITION
• INDIA NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016 VOL. 2