MICROPROCESSORS AND INTERFACING MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

“BI-DIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER”

Submitted

In the partial fulfilment of the requirements for

The award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

By

S.Manasa 171FA04177

B.V Sai Chandana 171FA04191

E. Raja Rajeswari 171FA04199

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr.K.Chenna Kesava Rao, Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

VIGNAN'S FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
(Accredited by NAAC “A” grade)
Vadlamudi, Guntur.

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 VIGNAN’S FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
(Accredited by NAAC “A” grade)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Minor project Report entitled “Bi-Directional Visitor Counter”is
being submitted by S.Manasa(171FA04177),B.VSaiChandana(171FA04191) and E.Raja
Rajeswari(171FA04199) in partial fulfilment for the award of B.Tech degree in Computer
Science and Engineering to the Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research,
Deemed to be University, is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under my
supervision.

Guide Name External Examiner Dr.D.Venkateshwarlu

Mr.K.Chenna Kesava Rao HOD, CSE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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We are very grateful to our beloved Chairman Dr. Lavu. Rathaiah, and Vice Chairman Mr. Lavu.
Krishna Devarayalu , for their love and care.

It is our pleasure to extend our sincere thanks to Vice-Chancellor Dr. M.Y.S. Prasad and Dean
Engineering & Management, Dr. V.MADHUSUDAN RAO, for providing an opportunity to do
my academics in VFSTR.

It is a great pleasure for me to express my sincere thanks to Dr. D.Venkatesulu HOD, CSE of
VFSTR, for providing me an opportunity to do my Minor Project.

We feel it our responsibility to thank Mr.Krishna Chenna kesava Rao under whose valuable guidance
that the project came out successfully after each stage.

We extend our whole hearted gratitude to all our faculty members of Department of Computer
Science and Engineering who helped us in our academics throughout course.

Finally we wish to express thanks to our family members for the love and affection overseas and
forbearance and cheerful depositions, which are vital for sustaining effort, required for
completing this work.

With Sincere regards,

S.Manasa (171FA04177)
B.V Sai Chandana(171FA04191)
E.Raja Rajeswari(171FA04199)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page.No.
1. Abstract 05
2. Applications 05
3. About Arduino and its Functions 06-08
4. Circuit diagram and working 09
5. Code 10-11
6. Result 12
7. Future Scope 13
8. Conclusion 14
9. References 14

ABSTRACT:
 The project of “Bi-Directional Visitor Counter” is based on the interfacing of some

the components such as sensors,motors etc.. with arduino microcontroller.

 This counter can count people in both directions.

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  This circuit can be used to count the number of persons entering a

hall/mall/home/office in the entrance gate.

 It can count the number of persons leaving the hall by decrementing the count of same

gate or exit gate and it depends upon sensor placement in hall/mall.

 It can also be used at gates of parking areas and other public places.

 This project is divided into parts: sensors,controller,counter display.

 The sensor would observe an interruption and provide an input to controller which

would run the counter increment or decrement depending on entering or exiting of the

person.

 And counting is displayed on a 16*2LCD through the controller.

APPLICATIONS:

 Seminar Hall/Function Hall

 Home Applications

 Office Meetings

 Shopping Malls

Arduino UNO

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  The Arduino uno is an open source microcontroller board based on the microchip
ATmega328P microcontroller. The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a
type B USB cable.
Arduino pins functions:
• LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it's off.
• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V).
• 3.3V: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
• GND: Ground pins.
• IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF

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 pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on
the outputs towork with the 5V or 3.3V.
• Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the
board.

LDR(Light Dependent Resistor):

• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a
function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are called light
sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or
simply photocells.
They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
• LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on
them and that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in
dark, its resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be
as high as 1012 Ω and if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will be
decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is
increased the current starts increasing.

LIGHT SENSOR:
There are different types of light sensors available such as photoresistors, photodiodes,
photovoltaic cells, phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, phototransistors, charge coupled
devices, and so on. But, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor or photoresistor) is used as a
light sensor in this light sensor circuit. These LDR sensors are passive and doesn’t
produce any electrical energy. But, the resistance of the LDR changes with the change in
the (light illuminated on the LDR) daylight intensity. LDR sensor is rugged in nature,
hence can be used even in dirty and rough external environments. Hence, LDR is
preferable compared to other light sensors as it can be used even in the outdoor lighting of
homes and in automatic street lights as well.

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WORKING OF ARDUINO:
The LDR is a special type of resistor that allows higher voltages to pass through it(low
resistance)whenever there is a high intensity of light ,and passes a low voltage(high
resistance)whenever it is dark. As per the circuit diagram, we have made a voltage divider
circuit using LDR and 100k resistor.The voltage divider output is feed to the analog pin of
the Arduino.The analog Pin senses the voltage and gives some analog value to Arduino. The
analog value changes according to the resistance of LDR. So, as the light falls on the LDR
the resistance of it get decreased and hence the voltage value increase.Intensity of light ↓ -
Resistance↑ - Voltage at analog pin↓ - Light turns ON.As per the Arduino code, if the analog
value falls below 300 we consider it as dark and the light turns ON. If the value comes above
300 we consider it as bright and the light turns OFF.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WORKING:
There are three sections of whole Bi-Directional visitor counter circuit that are sensor
section,control section,display section.
Sensor Section:
In this section we have used two IR Sensors which contains IR
diodes,potentiometer,Comparator(Op-Amp) and LED’s.Potentiometer is used for setting
reference voltage at comparator’s one terminal and IR Sensors sense the object or person and
provide a change in voltage at comparator’s second terminal.Then comparartor compares
both voltages and generates a digital signal at output.Here in this circuit we have used two
comparartors for two sensors.
Control Section:
Arduino UNO is used for controlling whole the process if this visitor counter project.The
outputs of comparartors are connected to digital pin number 14 and 19 of arduino.Arduino
read these signals and send commands to relay driver circuit to drive the relay for light bulb
controlling.
Display Section:
Ts contains a 16*2 LCD.This section will display the counted number of people and light
status when no one will in the room.

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CODE:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13,12,11,10,9,8);
#define in 14
#define out 19
int count=0;
void IN()
{
count++;
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Person In Room:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(count);
delay(1000);
}
void OUT()
{
count--;
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Person In Room:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(count);
delay(1000);
}
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print("Visitor Counter");
delay(2000);
pinMode(in, INPUT);
pinMode(out, INPUT);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Person In Room:");

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 lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(count);
}
void loop()
{

if(digitalRead(in))
IN();
if(digitalRead(out))
OUT();

if(count<=0)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Nobody In Room");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Light Is Off");
delay(200);
}
}

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RESULT:

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FUTURE SCOPE:
• The future scope of this project is we can add relay and also we can control home
appliances.
• By applying image processing concept we can also find the persons faces.

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CONCLUSION:
Hence we concluded that , by using our project we can findout the number of people entering
into room and leaving from room.
REFERENCES:
https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/automatic-room-light-controller-with-
bidirectional-visitor-counter-using-arduino

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